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Immigration and American History: The Twentieth Century. Dr. Marni Davis Assistant Professor of History Georgia State University. 1920s - 2000: Three Frameworks Changes in federal immigration POLICY DEMOGRAPHIC transformations Evolution of ATTITUDES toward immigration and immigrants - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Immigration and American History:
The Twentieth Century
Dr. Marni DavisAssistant Professor of History
Georgia State University
1920s - 2000: Three
Frameworks• Changes in
federal immigration POLICY• DEMOGRAPHIC
transformations• Evolution of
ATTITUDES toward immigration and immigrants
After dinner: THE SOUTH
The closing of the gates …• 1921: Quota Act limited immigration
to 3% of nationality in U.S. in 1910• 1924: Johnson-Reed Act further
limited immigration by national origin (2% / 1890)
SAMPLE ANNUAL QUOTAS AFTER 1924Germany 51,227 Poland 5,982 Africa (except Egypt) 1,100 Great Britain 34,007 Italy 3,845 Armenia 124 Ireland 28,567 Hungary 473 Australia 121 Sweden 9,561 Russia 2,248 Palestine 100 Norway 6,453 Yugoslavia 671 Syria 100 France 3,954 Romania 603 Turkey 100
TOTAL ANNUAL IMMIGRANT QUOTA: 164,667(http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5078/)
IMMIGRATION “WAVES” 1924-19641) Refugees
1943: Chinese Exclusion Act repealed 1948: Displaced Persons Act (202,000 annually) Residents of Communist nations seeking
asylum
2) Transborder populations Quota Acts of 1920s did not restrict
migrants from Western HemisphereCanadians (1.4 million)Mexicans (840,000 immigrants; 4.7 million guest workers)
Why do immigrants emigrate?
The PUSH and the PULL PUSH• Cataclysm or crisis in home country• Persecution• Reduction of economic opportunity
PULL• Attraction of destination country• Reduced costs of migration• Economic opportunity: jobs, land• Chain migration (kin networks, neighbors)
http://www.museumca.org/picturethis/pictures/mexican-workers-are-seen-arriving-train-1942-part-bracero-program
MEXICANS IN THE U.S. 1920s-1960s
1920s: agricultural
migrant labor 1930s: 500,000
Mexicans forcibly
repatriated Bracero
Program (1942-64)
Operation Wetback (1950-
55)
http://mexicanborder.web.unc.edu/the-bracero-program-3/
Immigration and Nationality Act (1965)
End of national origins quota system Raised number of visas from 150,000 to
290,000: max. 20,000 from any country Set visa ceilings for both Eastern and Western
Hemispheres Created preference for families of immigrants
already here and naturalized
The liberalization of immigration policy: reopening the gates
but alsoThe creation of the “illegal” Mexican
immigrant
Ten Countries with Largest Population in U.S. (as % of total foreign born)
1980 20001960
SOURCESMigration Policy Institute:
http://www.migrationinformation.org/datahub/historicaltrends.cfm#source
New York Times Interactive Map:http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/03/10/us/20090310-immigration-
explorer.html