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Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL Département d’Imagerie Cardiovasculaire Institut de Cardiologie, La Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale INSERM-CNRS ICAN Imaging Core Lab SFICV Imagerie des valves Deauville, juin 2017

Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

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Page 1: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Imaging of the Mitral ValveRole of CT and MRI

Pr. Alban REDHEUIL

Département d’Imagerie Cardiovasculaire

Institut de Cardiologie, La Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris

Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale INSERM-CNRS

ICAN Imaging Core Lab

SFICVImagerie des valvesDeauville, juin 2017

Page 2: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Valvular Heart DiseasePrevalence and Outcome

Nkomo VT et al. Burden of valvular heart diseases: a population-based study. Lancet 2006

PREVALENCE SURVIVAL

Page 3: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Iung et al. EHJ 2003

Page 4: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Carabello BA et Paulus WJ. Aortic stenosis. Lancet 2009;373: 956-66

Valvular heart diseaseClinical presentation and role of imaging: example of AS

Page 5: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Valvular Heart DiseaseRole of imaging

• Primary diagnosis: lesion, etiology, severity

• Associated valvular disease

• Differential diagnosis: MR vs. DCM

• Cardiac remodeling: LV, LA, RV and PA

• Coronary arteries (preoperative workup)

• Timing of valvular intervention

• Post operative assessment/follow-up

Page 6: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Transthoracic echocardiography

• First line modality for initial assessment and longitudinal evaluation

• cost-effective, widely available

• great temporal resolution (≈2 ms)

• absence of partial volume effects

• Pulmonary pressures (SPAP)

• Exercise

• Limitations– Incomplete acoustic windows

(pulmonary valve)

– operator dependent

Page 7: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Transesophageal echocardiography

& 3D

• if TTE is of suboptimal

quality

• if thrombosis, prosthetic

dysfunction or

endocarditis is suspected

• optimal investigation for

mitral leaflet assessment

• superior leaflet detail

• 3D images

Page 8: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Guidelines ESC

IRM• Exploration échographique

insuffisante ou résultats conflictuels

• Quantifications des insuffisances/sténoses valvulaires

– Insuffisance>sténose

– Valve pulmonaire

• Examen de référence

– Volumes, fonction bi ventriculaire

– Fibrose myocardique

Scanner

Vahanian et al. EHJ 2012

Page 9: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

8%8%

Page 10: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Intérêt de l’IRM

FORCES•Imagerie CV exhaustive et non invasive (ETO)

•Multiparamétrique: anatomie (angio 3D), cinétique (ciné), flux (contraste de phase)

•Référence pour Fonction VG et VD

•Anomalies associées: aorte, OG, veine cave, HTAP, fibrose ventriculaire

•Préopératoire– IRM de stress (détection ischémie)

– Viabilité

FAIBLESSES•Résolution temporelle et spatiale (0,8-1mm, 10-30ms)

•Visualisation des jets très dépendante de la séquence (GRE/SSFP)

•Sous estimation relative des Vmax mais robustesse des Vmoy

•Plusieurs R-R

Page 11: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Protocole Acquisition IRM - CINE

• Séquences dynamiques ciné

– Multiplan

• Long axe: 2cavités VD et VG, 3, 4

cavités VG

• Petit axe: volumes

biventriculaires et masse VG

– Haute résolution

• Spatiale: 0,8-1mm, FOV ajusté,

épaisseur: 5mm

• Temporelle: ajuster #vps pour

obtenir 10-30ms, accélération=2

– SSFP ou GRE (3T)

Page 12: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Fonction biventriculaire

• Mesures de référence des

volumes ventriculaires et de la

masse VG (indexer à la SC)

– Fonction systolique VG globale

– Retentissement droit d’une

valvulopathie gauche

– Quantification volumique d’une

régurgitation mono valvulaire

Page 13: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Conséquences ventriculaires des valvulopathies

Normal Surcharge pressionnelle Surcharge volumique

Hypertrophie

concentrique

Hypertrophie

excentrique

Page 14: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Quantification des volumes VD et VG en

scanner

Page 15: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Protocole Acquisition IRM – Contraste de phase

• Séquences dynamiques PC

– Multiplan

• Long axe: repérage du jet avec encodage V dans le plan

• Transversales: encodage des V àtravers le plan

– Haute résolution

• Spatiale: FOV ajusté

• Temporelle: ajuster vps pour obtenir 10-30ms, accélération=2

– Difficultés

• Segmentation: contourage automatisé

• VENC maximale: aliasing

• Décalage des phases (courants de Foucault)

Page 16: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

EHJ 2012

AND

LVESD<55mm

LA dilation

>60ml/m2

and sinus

rhythm

SPAP exertion

>60mmHg

Page 17: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Mitral valve segmentation – Analogy with TEE

A1A1A2A2

A3A3

P1P1

P2P2

P3P3

Page 18: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Mitral valve assessment in CT

N=29

Age: 26-81 yrs

Gender: 13m/16w

Degenerative MR

Taldir G, …Redheuil A. 2012

CT RF vs. Echo gradeCT RF vs. Echo grade

CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motionCT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion

Page 19: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Mitral Valve Regurgitation

• direct flow measurement cannot be optimally performed

• more extensive movement of the valve annulus during ventricular systole

• non-planar geometry of the regurgitant orifice

• eccentric jet directions

Gatehouse…Kilner et al. JCMR 2010

Page 20: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Insuffisance mitrale

Page 21: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Quantification IM en IRM

• Vélocimétrie directe souvent difficile– Jets multiples

– Jets excentrés

• Conservation des débits– FR=VES VG – Débit antérograde

aortique

– FR=VES VG – VES VD ou VES VG/VES VD > 1.4

– Hypothèse atteinte mono valvulaire et absence de shunt

• Jet très important

• Dilatation OG, VG, VD

• Attention à une FEVG à 50% en présence IM sévère

Page 22: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

MRI gradation of MR and AR

Gelfand EV et al. Severity of mitral and aortic regurgitation as assessed by CMR: optimizing correlation with Doppler echocardiography.

JCMR 2006

Regurgitant fraction

(%)

Regurgitant volume

(mL)

Mild <15%

Moderate 15-25% <30

Moderate

-severe26-48% 30-60

Severe >48% >60

Page 23: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation
Page 24: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Rhumatismal Valve Disease

Page 25: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Mitral Stenosis in cardiac CT

Page 26: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Mitral Stenosis in cardiac CT

Page 27: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

EHJ 2012

Page 28: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Mitral Paravalvular leaks in CTvs. TTE/TEE and surgical findings

• Retrospective blinded study

• N=78 redo surgery out of 208 pts

• CT>TTE and equivalent to TEE

• New strategy: TTE followed by

TEE or CT ?

Suh YJ et al. Circulation CVI 2016

Page 29: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Periprosthetic Mitral Valvular Leak

Systole Diastole

Page 30: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

4D-Flow follow-up after 2 paravalvular Amplatzer

Regurgitant Fraction=9%

Page 31: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Mitral Annulus Calcification

Page 32: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Male 49yr, 6Follow-up post MVR

Courtesy A. Azarine

Page 33: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

SPECIFIC MITRAL VALVE DISEASEENDOCARDITIS

ISCHEMIC MR

HCM

ANNULAR CALCIFICATION

Mitral Valve Imaging

Page 34: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Scanner et endocardite valvulaire

Performances Dg

• Reproducitibilité du Dg

positif EI

inter κ=0.96, intra: κ=1

• Abcès et faux anévrisme

Se=Sp=100% vs. 89% pour

l’ETO

• Végétations

Scanner=89% vs. 96% pour

l’ETO

• Valeur spécifique du

scanner pour le CALCIUM

Page 35: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Ischemic MR

Morris MF, Radiographics 2010

• MR mechanism: related MI in LGE

• MR Quantification

• LV dilatation, systolic dysfunction + viability and

residual ischemia

Page 36: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Mid LV obstruction in HCM

Maron BJ Circulation 2008

No SAM

Page 37: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Caseous necrosis of the mitral annulus

• focal degeneration with central softening of the

annular calcification

• adjacent to the posterior mitral leaflet

• hyposignal in all pulse sequences

Page 38: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

ADDITIONAL DATA

NEW STRATEGIES

Mitral Valve Imaging

Page 39: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Safety of preoperative coronary CT for non

coronary CV surgery

Catalàn et al. Radiology 2011

Significant predictor on non diagnostic CT:

Agatston>600

Page 40: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Measuring LA dimensions with CMR

Simpson’s method

Reference methodContours: tediousShort or long axis views

Bi/triplane method

Diameters & area: 2 or 3 planes

Biplane volume calculation:

best of non volumetric methods

Nacif et al. Diag Interv Radiol 2013; Hudsmith et al. , Maceira et al. ; Sievers et

al.

3D modeling method

• d

volume=0.85×4c-area x

2c-area /

perpendicular

axis

Page 41: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Normal values for LA size in CMR

LA dilatation

• Diameters: high variability

• Area / BSA

>16 cm2/m2 in 2ch and 4ch

• Volume / BSA

>52 ml/m2

Kawel-Boehm et al. JCMR 2015

Page 42: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

CT for LA thrombus

• Meta-analysis

19 studies n=2955 patients

(Av. age 61 yrs)– Romero et al. Circ cvi 2014

• Prevalence of LA

thrombus 8.9+/-7%

• Accuracy vs. TEE >92%

with delayed imaging

Page 43: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

A B

Left Atrial Flow in CMR

Evin M. et al.

2D velocity map(control)

ControlSevere MR and HF

3D vorticity maps

3D streamlinescontrol

(Res phase)

Page 44: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Huber A…Kachenoura…Redheuil A. Radiology 2017 in press

LA strain by CMR-FT vs. histology

Page 45: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Scanner post TAVIdysfonction et thrombose silencieuse de prothèse

Page 46: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation

TAVM

• Initial experience

• HIGHLIFE Study: patient n°1 PSL in may 2017

Altisent et al. JACC 2015

Page 47: Imaging of the Mitral Valve - JFICV · Imaging of the Mitral Valve Role of CT and MRI Pr. Alban REDHEUIL ... CT RF vs. Echo grade CT vs. Echo : mitral valve motion. Mitral Valve Regurgitation