Exploration

PORTUGAL

1) Portugal took the lead in early New World exploration

2) Portuguese explorer Bartolomue Dias was the first European to sail to the southern tip of Africa

3) Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama was the first European to sail around the southern tip of Africa and landed in India

4) Portuguese Prince, Henry the Navigator set up a school in order to train sailor on navigation and sailing techniques.

5) Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese explorer sailing for Spain, was the first European to sail around, or Circumnavigate, the world. He died in the Philippine Islands

6) Brazil is the only country in South America that speaks Portuguese due to the Treaty of Tordesillas

Inventions

1) Astrolabe- device used to navigate on the open sea by using the stars as guides

2) Compass- device using magnetic north as a guide for navigation

3) Cartography- the art and science of making maps

4) Caravel- Portuguese and Spanish ship design that allowed the ship to sail in the open ocean as well as shallow water

6) Lateen sails- triangular sails that allowed ships to sail against the wind and be more maneuverable

7) Vikings used Longboats, boats that could operate in the ocean and shallow waters in order to explore

8) Most famous Viking leader was Leif Erikson

Renaissance

1) Began in Italy

2) 1400-1700’s

3) A renewed interest in Classical Greek and Roman literature and thinking

4) Sculpture, art, literature, and Leonardo da Vinci are most closely associated with the Renaissance

Reformation

1) Began in Germany

2) Began by Catholic monk Martin Luther

3) Luther nailed the 95 theses on the Church door on 10/31/1517 beginning the reformation

4) Protestant faith was created as a result of the Reformation

5) Johannes Guttenberg invented the Printing Press/Moveable Type during this period that helped spread the Protestant Reformation

Crusades

1) Holy Wars fought in Jerusalem between European Christians and Middle Eastern Muslims for control of the Holy Lands

2) 1000-1100

3) Crusades helped to introduce Europeans to Middle Eastern and Far Eastern culture and goods

4) Crusades led to an increased European desire to TRADE which led to the desire to explore and find routes to the Far East

Spain and Exploration

1) Spain was the richest and most powerful nation in the age of exploration

2) Juan Ponce de Leon, Spanish governor of Puerto Rico discovered Florida called it “Land of Flowers”

3) Balboa, first European to reach the Pacific Ocean

4) Hernado de Soto, explored the American southeast, died and was buried in the Mississippi river.

5) Coronado, explored the American southwest

6) Hernan Cotez (Cortes) left Cuba looking for Slaves to work on Cuban sugar cane plantations and found the Aztec Empire in Mexico in 1519

7) Francisco Pizzaro conquered the Inca Empire in South America

8) Amerigo Vespucci, first European to find Brazil and explore the Amazon River, America is named for him

9) Spanish and other European explorers brought Small Pox to the America’s which killed millions of the natives

10) Oldest permanent settlement in North America was settled St. Augustine FL. By the Spanish

France and Exploration

1) France wanted to find the Northwest Passage- the northern route through North America to the Pacific Ocean.

2) Verrazona mapped the American coastline from North Carolina to Newfoundland but found no passage

3) Jacques Cartier, mapped the St. Lawrence River

4) Samuel de Champlain, first French explorer to set up a colony in North America.

5) Quebec, Frances first permanent settlement in North America, and the capital of New France

6) France was interested in colonizing for the Fur Trade

7) Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette first Europeans to explore the Mississippi River

8) La Salle, first European to follow the Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf of Mexico

9) Frances main area of colonization in America was in Louisiana

England and Exploration

1) English Reformation is when King Henry VIII breaks with the Catholic Church and creates the Anglican Church

2) Anglican Church still has some elements of the Catholic practice in it and some members of the Anglican Church wanted to “purify” it of the Catholic practices. These people became known as Puritans

3) Separatists were English people who wanted to “separate” from the Anglican Church because they realized that it would never be “purified” of its Catholic practices, therefore a new faith must be practiced entirely. These people left England for America to practice their new faiths

4) Enclosure Movement, when English farmers began to convert their lands from farms to pastures and raise sheep. Led to massive unemployment and people leaving England for a new life in America

5) Joint-Stock Companies, English people who pooled their money together in order to promote trade, exploration and eventually begin colonization of America

6) Privateers, English citizens who owned their own ships and were told by Queen Elizabeth I. to attack Spanish ships and to keep Spanish goods and money that they captured.

7) Walter Raleigh, explored modern day North Carolina and established a colony on the Island of Roanoke

8) Lost Colony of Roanoke, colonists mysteriously vanished leaving only a carving in a tree that said CRO. Colonists were possibly saying the group of Indians that attacked them.

9) 1607, Jamestown founded the first permanent English settlement in North America in modern day Virginia.

10) John Rolfe, Englishman who experimented with varieties of tobacco and found one that would grow well.

11) House of Burgesses, first English form of government in North America in the English colonies

12) Lord Baltimore or George Calvert, founded the colony of Maryland as a safe place for English Catholics to settle

13) Headrights, system in which English colonists bought shares of a joint stock company and were granted 50 acres of land upon arrival in America.

14) Proprietary Colony, The owner of the colony could govern the colony any way he saw fit without interference from the King of England

15) Pilgrims, another name for English Separatists who left England to settle in America and practice a more protestant form of their faith

16) 1620, Mayflower, a ship carrying English Pilgrim Separatists lands at Plymouth, Massachusetts

17) Mayflower Compact, document signed by all people on board the Mayflower saying they would work for the good of the colony and put God first in their lives

18) William Bradford, first governor of the Plymouth Colony

19) Squanto, Indian who helped the Plymouth settlers learn to grow crops

20) John Winthrop, founded the colony of Massachusetts

21) Winthrop, a preacher, gave a sermon as they headed to Massachusetts called “a Model of Christian Charity” in which he said the new colony would be a model Christian example for the world.

22) Winthrop said his colony would be like, “a city upon a hill,” in his sermon.

23) Winthrop founded the city of Boston

24) Heretics, people whose religious beliefs differ from those accepted by the majority

25) Roger Williams, founded Providence b/c he found the Massachusetts colony too strict in its religious doctrine

26) Rhode Island became the state Roger Williams is credited with starting

27) Providence, the city Roger Williams founded would become the capital of the state he founded, Rhode Island

28) Roger Williams is credited with starting the Baptist faith

29) Anne Hutchinson, credited with founding the colony of Portsmouth, in modern day New Hampshire

30) Thomas Hooker, credited with founding the colony of Hartford, in modern day Connecticut

31) King Philips War, war between the Wampanoag tribe of Indians led by Metacomet and the English settlers of the Plymouth colony

32) William Penn founded the colony of Pennsylvania

33) The settlers of Pennsylvania were mainly Quakers, a type of religious faith

34) Quakers were Pacifists, people who do not believe in using violence to settle issues,

35) William Penn’s main settlement in Pennsylvania was at the city of Philadelphia

36) Philadelphia is called, “The City of Brotherly Love” showing the Quaker belief in loving one another and living as Christ wanted.

37) William Penn considered his Pennsylvania colony a “Holy Experiment” in which complete political and religious freedom could be practiced

38) James Ogelthorpe founded the colony of Georgia as a buffer zone between the Seminole Indians in Spanish held Florida and the rich colony to the north South Carolina

39) The Carolinas were settled by the English and eventually split into North Carolina and South Carolina

40) Fundamental Order of Connecticut (1637) Connecticut, the first written Constitution of the American colonies.

Dutch exploration and settlement

1) The Dutch or the country of the Netherlands first settled in North America in modern day New York

2) The Dutch called their colony New Netherlands

3) The main Dutch settlement within the New Netherland colony was called New Amsterdam

4) Colony, is a large area of settlement, think of it like a state

5) Settlement is a smaller area of settlement within the larger colony. Think of the settlement as a city

6) New Amsterdam was located on modern Manhattan Island in New York City, the area where the World Trade Center Towers were attacked 9/11.

7) The English took New Netherlands from the Dutch and renamed it New York after the English owner The Duke of York

8) When the English took over New Netherlands this ended the Dutch in North America

1) Cash Crop, a crop grown in large quantity for sale on a market

2) Plantations, large agricultural estates geared to growing cash crops

3) Sugar Cane, Rice, Indigo, and Tobacco were cash crops in the English Colonies

4) Indentured Servants, were not slaves, they were English people in England who agreed to work for a specified period of time in the American English Colonies if their voyage was paid for. In return for working a set number of years they were given land to farm for their own.

5) Subsistence Farming, the opposite of Cash Crops, Subsistence Farming is where you farm a small parcel of land and grow only enough food to feed your family, NOT FOR SALE.

6) Bacon’s Rebellion, group of farmers who attacked the Natives who had been raiding their homes in Virginia. Bacon and other farmers were mad b/c their voting rights had been restricted and the local govt. was unwilling to fight the Indians to protect their property

7) Middle Passage, middle leg of the Triangular Trade route, the Middle Passage was the ocean area between Africa and the America’s where many slaves died on the way to America

8) Slave Codes, set of laws that formally regulated slavery and defined the relationship between enslaved Africans and free whites

9) New England and Middle Colonies mainly grew Corn, Wheat, Fished on the Outer Banks, and cut Timber for Ship building. NO CASH CROPS.

10) Triangular Trade, Trade from Europe to Africa, Africa to the America’s and the America’s to Europe. (Guns from Europe to Africa for slaves, slaves from Africa to the America’s for sugar, sugar from the America’s to Europe for money is an example)

11) Artisans- skilled people who knew how to manufacture things such as furniture and metals

12) Capitalists- people who have money to invest in new businesses

13) Mercantilism- an ides popular in the 1600’s and 1700’s that for a nation to become wealthy it has to accumulate or acquire gold and silver. Mercantilists also argued that a country should be self sufficient in raw materials where it would not have to buy them from another country.

14) Staple Act (1663) England required everything its colonies in America imported to come through England

15) John Locke, English political philosopher who wrote, Two Treatises On Govt. in which he argue a rulers power came from the people. Locke believed in Natural Rights, rights given to humans at birth by God and no govt. can give them or take them. Locke believed in Life, Liberty and Property. Jefferson used his writings to create the DOI in 1776

16) The Enlightenment, Idea of challenging the authority of the church in science and philosophy and applying Natural Laws to all human institutions. Popular idea during the 17th and 18th centuries

17) Great Awakening, religious revival in colonial America in the early and mid 1700’s

18) Rousseau, French philosopher of the Enlightenment period, wrote the Social Contract, in which he argued that a government should be formed by the consent of the people, who would make their own laws

19) Montesquieu, French philosopher of the Enlightenment period wrote, Spirit of the Laws, argued for three types of political power, Executive, Legislative, and Judicial. He argued for Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances

20) Jonathon Edwards, early 1700’s preacher in New England area who warned followers of hell and that they should repent of their sins and be afraid of hell. Famous sermon, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

21) John Wesley, English preacher who founded the Methodist faith

French and Indian War (FIW)

1) FIW was from 1754-1763

2) FIW began in North America between England and France over control of the Ohio River Valley

3) George Washington became famous for fighting for the British against the French in the FIW

4) 1756 FIW spreads to Europe where it is called the Seven Years War in Europe

5) Albany Plan of Union plan developed by American/English colonists, mainly by Ben Franklin in North America proposing the colonies unite in order to defend themselves from the French during the FIW.

6) 1761 Spain entered the FIW on the side of France against the British

7) 1763, Treaty of Paris, ended the FIW

8) The Treaty of Paris ended French power in North America except for a few off shore islands

9) Proclamation of 1763, England told its American colonies they could not settle any lands west of the Appalachian mtns. so as to avoid upsetting the Indians and causing more fighting. This angered many colonists who wanted the land

10) The British victory in the FIW led Britain to tax its American colonies in order to pay for the FIW. The FIW was a direct cause of the American Revolution then.

11) 1764 Sugar Act, England places a tax on sugar in the American colonies in order to raise $ to pay for the FIW, thus angering the colonists

12) James Otis, American colonist who argued that since the American colonist hand no representation in the English Parliament that it was illegal for England to tax the colonists. “No taxation without representation”

13) Currency Act of 1764, England forbid its American colonies from using paper $ b/c it lost value quickly

14) 1765 Stamp Act, England places a tax on all paper materials within the American colonies. The SA was the first direct tax ever placed on the colonists themselves.

15) Quartering Act, England forces the colonists to pay for housing British troops in the American colonies

16) Sons of Liberty, led by Samuel Adams, were a group of New England men who began to organize meetings in order to talk about and protest the new taxes.

17) 1765 Stamp Act Congress, representatives from the colonies met and sent a letter to King George III. Stating that only the colonists local govt. could tax them not him or England’s parliament

18) Non-importation Agreement, colonists agreed to refused to buy, “boycott” and British goods until Parliament repealed, or did away with the Stamp Act.

19) 1766 Declaratory Act, England’s Parliament responded to the NIA by saying it had the right to tax the American Colonists

20) 1767 Townsend or Revenue Act Britain put a tax on glass, lead and other things in the American colonies

21) Writs of Assistance, British papers that allowed British tax officials to search colonist’s homes to search for evidence of smuggling or not paying taxes

22) Virginia Resolves, 1769, passed by the Virginia House of Burgesses stating that only Virginia had the right to tax Virginians not England’s parliament

23) Daughters of Liberty, Female American Colonists who began to homespin their own cloth material in protest of British taxes

24) Boston Massacre (1770) British troops fire into a crowd of Boston citizens. Crispus Attucks, black man killed here

25) Committees of Correspondence, 1773, created by Jefferson, he suggested each colony create a CoC in order to communicate with other colonies about British activities in the American colonies

26) Tea Act (1773) Stated that the American colonies could only buy English tea from the British East India Company.

27) Boston Tea Party (1773) Several Boston men led by the Sons of Liberty and Samuel Adams dressed as Indians to conceal their identities dumped chests of tea into Boston Harbor in protest of the tea Act.

28) Coercive Acts or Intolerable Acts- Laws intended to punish the citizens of Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party. 1) Shut down the Boston Port. 2) Banned local govts. in Massachusetts

from meeting. 3) Made local MA citizens provide quarter or shelter for British soldiers.4) British officials accused of crimes in the colonies would be tried in England not the colonial courts.

29) First Continental Congress (1774) met in Philadelphia to discuss the British actions.

30) Declaration of Rights and Grievances, expressed loyalty to King George III. as a show of good will, but condemned the coercive or intolerable acts as wrong.

31) Minutemen, local colonial citizens who could be ready to fight at a moment’s notice against the British if called upon to do so.

32) Loyalists or Tories, American colonists who were loyal to England and did not want to go to war with them, favored talks and reconciliation

33) Patriots or Whigs, American colonists who favored war with England and felt talking and reconciliation was long passed.

34) Lexington and Concord, (April 1775) Opening battles of the American Revolution (AR) “Shot heard round the world” English troops were going to capture weapons the colonists had and fighting started

35) Continental Army, led by George Washington was the American Army founded to fight the British in the AR

36) Battle of Bunker Hill, bloodiest battle of AR, “Don’t fire until you see the whites of their eyes.”

37) Olive Branch Petition- (July 1775) colonies sent letter to King George III. saying the colonists were still loyal to him and asked him to call off fighting and both sides try and work out a solution to avoid outright was. King George III. refused to accept it.

38) Hessians, German mercenaries hired by the British to fight the American in the AR

39) Thomas Paine and Common Sense, pamphlet written accusing King George III. not the British Parliament for the war. Pamphlet outlined reasons why the colonists were fighting and why talking about reconciliation was over. Common Sense was the most widely published work in history at the time second only to the Holy Bible.

40) July 4, 1776, America declares its Independence, Declaration of Independence, from Great Britain in this document written by Thomas Jefferson

41) Unalienable Rights, rights given to humans at birth according to the DOI such as Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness

42) Washington’s Crossing of the Delaware River, (December 25 1776) Gen. Washington crossed the DR in the middle of the night to surprise the British troops and defeat them at the Battle of Trenton the next day. America’s first real victory of the AR so far.

43) Thomas Paine and The Crisis, another pamphlet written by Paine and this one encourages the American colonists to not lose heart and give up the fight against the British. “Tyranny.. like hell is not easily conquered.”

44) Valley Forge, in Pennsylvania where Gen. Washington held his troops for the winter of 1777

45) Baron von Steuben, German who trained Washington’s troops at Valley Forge in marching formations and how to effectively fight.

46) Marquis de Lafayette, French military officer also at Valley Forge with Washington who was Washington’s closest friend during the war and provided Washington with help during the entire war.

47) Benedict Arnold, American general who betrayed the Americans and helped the British by turning over plans to the American fort at West Point, NY to the British

48) Battle of Saratoga, U.S. defeats the British led by General John “Gentleman Johnny” Burgoyne at this battle in NY. With this victory the French come in on America’s side in the war. Spain does as well

49) Letters of Marque, Congress issued these which gave privately owned American ships authorization to attack British ships and seize their goods

50) John Paul Jones, most famous American naval commander of the war, famous quote, “I have not yet begun to fight.”

51) American General Nathaniel Greene used guerrilla warfare tactics during the AR

52) American General Francis Marion, nicknamed the “Swamp Fox” did as well

53) Battle of Yorktown (1781) Gen. Washington defeats British General Cornwallis. This battle ends the AR. During the surrender the British band played “The World Turn’d Upside Down”

54) Treaty of Paris (1783) Treaty that ended the AR, 1) British to evacuate all North American lands 2) recognized the U.S. as a country 3) Western boundary of U.S. set as the Mississippi River 4) Britain gave Florida back to Spain

55) republic, a form of government where power resides with a body of citizens who can vote for people who will represent them in a government body.

56) Molly Pitcher, female who carried water and helped fight during the AR

57) Emancipation, term to describe obtaining ones freedom, specifically used in dealing with freedom from slavery

58) Articles of Confederation (1777) U.S. govt’s constitution that it used during and immediately after the AR. Drawbacks were a 1) weak central govt. 2) No Executive Branch and 3) no ability to tax or 4) regulate trade. AoC have been AKA a loose union of states

59) Land Ordinance of 1785 set up a system of surveying western lands

60) Northwest Ordinance (1787) set up a method of how western lands could become territories and then apply to become states

61) Duties, taxes on imported goods

62) Shay’s Rebellion (1786) farmers in western Pennsylvania rebelled b/c their taxes were raised and they began to lose their land b/c of their inability to pay their taxes. Rebellion was led by Daniel Shay and eventually the U.S. govt. put the rebellion down.

63) The Constitutional Convention was held in Philadelphia in 1787 attended by 55 delegates from various every colony except Rhode Island. The purpose of the Convention was to “fix” the Articles of Confederation

64) Benjamin Franklin was the oldest delegate at the CC and George Washington was appointed Presiding Officer of the Convention

65) Virginia Plan/Large State Plan- introduced by James Madison of Virginia at the CC. VA. Plan called for representation in Congress to be based on a state’s population

66) New Jersey Plan/Small State Plan- rejected the VA Plan b/c the larger states would have more representatives and end up with more power in Congress than the smaller states.

67) Great Compromise/Connecticut Compromise- A compromise between the VA Plan and the NJ Plan. The Great Compromise was the idea of Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania and Roger Sherman of Connecticut

68) Great Compromise/Connecticut Compromise- called for a two house (Bi-Cameral) legislature, or Congress. One house the Senate would be like the NJ Plan, each state, regardless of Population would have 2 Senators. The other house of Congress, the House of Representatives, would be like the VA Plan, the number of representatives a state got to send to Congress would be based on the state’s population. Bigger the state’s population, more representatives the state had in Congress or the HR in Congress

69) 3/5 Compromise- South wanted to count all blacks in their population #’s and north objected. 3/5 Compromise stated the south could count every 5 blacks as 3 whites in determining their population and taxes

70) Federalism- sharing power between state governments and the national govt. (Montgomery-Washington D.C.)

71) Legislative Branch- Congress, makes laws, has two houses or Bi-cameral, House of Representatives and the Senate

72) Executive Branch- President, Enforces Laws passed by Legislative Branch,

73) Judicial Branch- Supreme Court, 9 members, Interprets Laws passed by Legislative Branch as Constitutional (legal) or Unconstitutional (illegal) or not.

74) Checks and Balances- Each Branch of Govt. from the 3 above has certain powers over the other Branch in order to prevent one or more Branches from becoming too powerful

75) Veto- the ability of the President to reject a law passed by Congress

76) Impeach- the ability of Congress to actually accuse a President of wrong doing and possibly remove him from office

77) Veto and Impeach are examples of Checks and Balances

78) Constitution was approved in 1787

79) James Madison is Father of U.S. Constitution

80) Amendment- a change to the U.S. Constitution

81) Federalists- supporters of the Constitution, wanted a stronger central govt. and less state power

82) Anti-Federalists- did not really oppose the Constitution just wanted to make sure states held some power and not all by a central govt.

83) Alexander Hamilton- leader of the Federalists

84) Patrick Henry, John Hancock and Thomas Jefferson- leaders of the Anti-Federalists

85) Federalist Papers- Essays written by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison arguing for ratification (accepting, approve, support) of the U.S. Constitution. The Federalist Papers are still used by lawyers and courts today to determine cases.

86) Bill of Rights (1791) - First 10 Amendments to the U.S. Constitution that protects citizens from the U.S. govt. by guaranteeing them certain rights.

87) Federalists agreed to add the Bill of Rights to the U.S. Constitution if the Anti-Federalists would ratify (accept, approve, support) the U.S Constitution

88)1st Amendment- Freedom of Speech, Press, Assembly, Religion,

89) 2nd Amendment- Right to bear arms, have guns

90) 3rd Amendment- U.S. citizens would not have to quarter or keep troops in their homes

91) 4th Amendment- Search Warrants must be obtained by the Govt. to enter people’s homes.

92) 5th Amendment- Grand Jury weighs evidence to see if a trial is needed, Double Jeopardy- cannot be tried for the same crime twice, cannot be a witness against yourself. Due Process- told of the crime you are being charged with, right to an attorney.

93) 6th Amendment- Right to a speedy trial. Call witnesses for your own defense. Be judged by your peers in location of your accused crime took place.

94) 8th Amendment- No bail shall be excessive, bail must be reasonable to fit the accused crime

95) 9th Amendment- Powers reserved to the People, this prevents the govt. from claiming that only rights people have are those listed in the Bill of Rights.

96) 10th Amendment- Powers reserved to the States. Powers not specifically given to the U.S. Govt. in the Constitution are powers the states will have

The New U.S.

1) George Washington elected as the 1st POTUS in 1789

2) Thomas Jefferson first Secretary of State- deals with foreign nations

3) Alexander Hamilton first Secretary of Treasury- deals with U.S. finances

4) Cabinet- department heads that are appointed by the POTUS such as Sec of State, etc.. etc..

5) Tariff of 1789- law requiring importers to pay a % of the value of their cargo when they landed in the U.S.

6) Bonds- paper notes promising to repay $ after a certain length of time with interest

7) Speculators- people willing to take risks in hopes of a future financial gain

8) Enumerated Powers- powers not specifically mentioned in the Constitution

9) Implied Powers- “Necessary and Proper” clause of the U.S. Constitution Article 1, section 8. Powers not specifically stated in the U.S. Constitution but necessary for the govt. to actually do its job

10) Whiskey Rebellion (1794) Alexander Hamilton wanted to tax liquor and farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against it. Washington ordered troops to put down the rebellion

11) Bank of the United States (1791) - created by Hamilton, opposed by Jefferson. Established for 20 years

Political Parties in early U.S.

1) Federalists- led by Alexander Hamilton, strong national govt. higher taxes, wealthy and educated

2) Democratic-Republicans- led by Thomas Jefferson, stronger state powers, farmers

3) Agrarianism- term Jefferson used to describe land owning farmers who he felt should be the ones really running the country

Early U.S. Foreign Policy Issues

1) Jays Treaty1794- John Jay sent to England to stop Britain from seizing U.S. ships

2) Pinckney’s Treaty 1795- Between U.S. and Spain. Gave U.S. right to use the Mississippi River and use the port at New Orleans

3) Washington’s Farewell Address- Washington warned Americans about sectionalism (dividing the country between north and south), Political Parties forming, and becoming involved in Europe’s affairs that the U.S. should be neutral in Europe’s issues.

4) John Adams (1796) elected 2nd POTUS

5) Quasi War- occasional fighting between France and U.S. over France seizing American ships

6) XYZ Affair (1797) Adams sends 3 U.S representatives to France, Elbridge Gerry, John Marshall, and Charles Pinckney to talk with French Foreign Minister Talleyrand. The 3 American are approached by 3 French agents asking for a $ bribe in order for them to speak to Talleyrand. “Millions for Defense but not one cent for Tribute.”

7) Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) Federalist laws that prohibited French people from immigrating to the U.S. Also Sedition, the talk or act of rebellion was made illegal.

8) Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions- 1798- Democratic Republicans response to the Alien and Sedition Acts that said any state who viewed a Federal law as illegal could nullify, or refuse, or not obey it, such as the Alien and Sedition Acts

9) Election of 1800- Thomas Jefferson was elected 3rd POTUS

10) Judiciary Act of 1801- Created 16 new Federal Judges appointed by John Adams right before he left office. Known as the Midnight Judges

11) Marbury vs. Madison (1803) Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall said that Madison had to give William Marbury his judge seat.

12) Marbury vs. Madison established Judicial Review, the Supreme Court can determine if a law or act is Constitutional or not.

13) Louisiana Purchase (1803) - POTUS Jefferson bought the Louisiana territory from French leader Napoleon for $15 million; it doubled the size of the U.S.

14) Lewis and Clark (1804)- Americans who explored the new Louisiana Territory at POTUS orders to see exactly how big the area was and what was in it.

15) Sacajawea- Female Shoshone Indian who translated for Lewis and Clark during the expedition

16) Essex Junto- Small group of New England Federalists who opposed the LA. Purchase and wanted to take New England out of the Union or to secede for fear that the south would be too powerful due to the LA. Purchase

17) Impressment- term used to describe British navy kidnapping Americans and forcing them to be in the British Navy. This is a direct cause of the War of 1812.

18) Chesapeake/Leopard Affair (1807)- British warship Leopard stopped American ship Chesapeake and took Americans off her and made them join the British Navy. Angered Americans

19) Embargo Act of 1807- American response to the Chesapeake/Leopard Affair. POTUS Jefferson halted all trade between U.S. and Europe.

20) War Hawks- Southern and Western members of Congress who advocated war with Great Britain over the impressment issue

21) Tecumseh- Shawnee Indian leader who believed Native tribes should unite to fight Americans moving west onto their lands

22) William Henry Harrison- Governor of Indiana fought Battle of Tippecanoe in which Tecumseh and his brother the Prophet were defeated

23) British troops burned the White House during the War of 1812

24) James Madison POTUS of U.S. during War of 1812

25) First Lady Dolly Madison saved a portrait of George Washington as they evacuate the burning White House

25A) Star Spangled Banner (1814) Written by Francis Scott Key as he watched the British bomb Fort McHenry in Baltimore, MD harbor during the War of 1812

26) Battle of New Orleans (1815) U.S. General Andrew Jackson defeats a British force at New Orleans a month after actual hostilities between the U.S. and England had stopped.

27) Treaty of Ghent (1814) Signed in Ghent, Belgium ended the War of 1812.

28) Era of Good Feelings- Period following the War of 1812, during POTUS James Monroe’s Administration in which America was at peace and prosperous

29) McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819) Supreme Court Case in which court said the Federal govt. had the right to tax states

30) Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824) Supreme Court case in which the Court said the Federal govt. had the right to regulate interstate traffic or trade

31) Cherokee or Worchester vs. Georgia (1832) Supreme Court case in which the Court, led by Chief Justice John Marshall said The Cherokees had a right to live on their lands and POTUS Andrew Jackson refused to obey the court’s decision.

32) Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) Spain sells Florida to the U.S.

33) Alabama becomes state in 1819. Enters the Union as the 22nd State

34) Monroe Doctrine- POTUS James Monroe told Europe America would stay out of its business in Europe and Europe, especially Russia and England should not attempt to set up colonies or influence policy in the Western Hemisphere

35) Robert Fulton- Invented the steamboat, named it Clermont

36) Peter Cooper- Invented the steam locomotive, named it the Tom Thumb, locomotives were sometimes nicknamed the “Iron Horse”

37) Industrial Revolution- began in England in the mid 1700s’

38) Cumberland Road or National Road- Roadway connected Maryland to Illinois

39) Erie Canal- Connected Buffalo, NY to Albany NY by over 300 miles of water canal

40) Samuel Morse- invented the telegraph and Morse code

41) Francis Lowell- opened a series of textile mills in Pennsylvania using modern spinning machines he built after seeing them in England

42) Eli Whitney- Invented the Cotton Gin to separate the Cotton Seeds for the cotton boll

43) Eli Whitney- Invented concept of Interchangeable Parts, transforming gun making from a one-by-one process into a factory process

44) Slave Codes- laws prohibiting slaves from owning property and leaving the slave owners property without permission

45) Nat Turner- enslaved preacher who along with his followers killed more than 50 whites before he was caught and hanged

46) Battle of Horseshoe Bend- 1814 during War of 1812 General Andrew Jackson defeats Creek Indians at this battle in Alabama

47) Missouri Compromise (1820) Allowed Missouri to enter as a Slave State and Maine enter as a Free State to avoid upsetting the 11 free and 11 slave state balances. MC also prohibited any slavery north of Missouri’s southern border which would mean no slavery in nearly all the Louisiana Territory purchased in 1803

48) Election of 1824- Favorite Son’s- term used to describe men who enjoyed the support of leaders from their own state and region: Henry Clay of KY, Andrew Jackson of TN represented the western region, John Quincy Adams of MA represented the North, and William Crawford of GA represented the South

49) American System- Henry Clay favored the national bank, a protective tariff, and nationwide internal improvements.

50) Election of 1824- Andrew Jackson won the most popular votes, but no one had a majority of electoral votes. Therefore the House of Representatives must choose a POTUS. Henry Clay of KY was Speaker of the House of Representatives and Henry Clay hated Andrew Jackson and told John Quincy Adams he would support him as POTUS if he would make him his Sec. of State. John Quincy Adams is chose by the House of Representatives as POTUS in 1824.

51) Corrupt Bargain- Andrew Jackson accuses, and rightly so, Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams of striking a “corrupt bargain” and rigging the POTUS election in 1824 and cheating him out of the Presidency

52) Mudslinging- political candidates criticize one another personally and politically in order to try and convince voter to vote against a candidate and for them

53) Election of 1828- Andrew Jackson of Tennessee is elected POTUS

54) Spoils System- term used to describe Jackson’s Presidency in which he gives jobs in his administration to friends and supporters of his who helped elect him

55) Force Bill of 1833- during POTUS Andrew Jackson in which congress said the POTUS could use military force in order to enforce laws passed by Congress

56) Indian Removal Act (1830) POTUS Jackson pushed through Congress a bill or law providing $ in order to move Indians out of the southeast and relocate them out west

57) Election of 1836- Martin van Buren elected POTUS

58) Trail of Tears (1838) Cherokee Indians forcibly removed from the southeast and forced to walk west by POTUS Martin van Buren, to Reservations, in what is now the State of Oklahoma. Many Cherokee’s died on the march of exposure to the weather, sickness and starvation, hence the term, Trail of Tears.

59) Seminole Indians- Native Indians in the northern and central part of Florida who refused to leave and to be moved west. These Natives are the only Indians never defeated by the U.S. govt. and made to relocate. Hence, why the name for the Florida State University is—Seminoles! Led by Chief Osceola

60) Election of 1840- “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too” William Henry Harrison the hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe was elected POTUS with John Tyler as his VPOTUS

61) William Henry Harrison- delivered his inauguration speech which lasted for over 2 hrs, on March 4, 1841 in a bitter cold day, without a hat or coat. He caught pneumonia as a result and died 32 days later. This is the shortest term of any POTUS in history.

62) VPOTUS John Tyler- Assumes the POTUS as a result of the death of William Henry Harrison in 1841. Congress and the Press dub Tyler and his term in office, “His Accidency”

63) Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) established a firm boundary between the U.S. and Canada from Maine to Minnesota

64) Nativism- hostility towards immigrants from other countries, hostility towards foreigners

65) Second Great Awakening- Began in Kentucky in the early 1800’s. Basic message was individuals needed to be closer to Christ and that all people can attain Grace and Forgiveness for sins through Faith in Christ. Main leader was Charles Finney

66) Joseph Smith- Founder of the Mormon faith, wrote book, The Book of Mormon. Smith and his followers located themselves in Illinois, Smith was later murdered in Illinois and the Mormons left Illinois now led by Brigham Young and headed west where they settled in Utah to escape persecution. Brigham Young and his Mormon followers establish the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints- The official Church of the Mormon faith, which is centered in Provo, Utah still today

67) Romanticism- A philosophical movement began in Europe that advocated feelings over reason, inner spirituality over external rules, the individual above society, and Nature over manmade environments or societies.

68) Transcendentalism- American Romanticism Writing or Literature of New England Writers who urged people to “transcend”, or overcome, the limits of their minds and let their souls reach out and understand the beauty of the universe. I think I am gonna hurl!!!

69) Ralph Waldo Emerson- Most influential transcendental writer who is famous for his book, Nature

70) Henry David Thoreau- Transcendental writer famous for book, Walden, in which he chronicles his time, spent alone living by Walden Pond in a cabin he built away from society so he can “get back to nature.” Tree Hugging Hippie FREAK!!! Also wrote, Civil Disobedience, in which he discussed why he refused to pay his taxes in protest of the Mexican-American War for which he was arrested and spent a night in jail.

71) Margaret Fuller- Female Transcendentalist writer

72) Washington Irving- America’s first prominent writer, famous for Legend of Sleepy Hollow

73) James Fenimore Cooper- American writer who romanticized Native American Indians and frontier explorers in his 5 volume set of books called The Leather Stocking Tales. The most famous volume of the Leather stocking Tales was book, The Last of the Mohicans whose main character was Natty Bumpo, who the native Indians called, The Deerslayer, which is another volume in the Leather Stocking Tales as well.

74) Leather Stocking Tales- The Last of the Mohicans, The Deer Slayer, The Pathfinder, The Prairie, The Pioneers

75) Nathaniel Hawthorne- American author who wrote the famous novel, The Scarlett Letter, about a woman caught up in adultery and sin in Puritanical Colonial America.

76) Herman Melville- American author who wrote the novel, Moby Dick, about a sea captain named Ahab who is obsessed with hunting and killing a white whale he names Moby Dick.

77) Edgar Allen Poe- American author from Baltimore, Maryland whose fame came from writing stories and poems about horror and terror. Most famous works are, The Raven, The Tell-Tale Heart, The Masque of the Red Death and The Pit and the Pendulum. Poe was found delirious in an ally in Baltimore apparently from a drug overdose or from drinking too much. He died 4 days later.

78) Walt Whitman- American Poet who was probably the most influential poet in American history published a volume of poetry in 1855 called, The Leaves of Grass

79) Emily Dickenson- best remembered Female American poet of all time who wrote simple, personal, deeply emotional poetry.

80) Upton Sinclair- American author who wrote the novel, The Jungle, about the horrendous working conditions in meat packing plants and slaughter houses in the mid 1800’s. He was an advocate of better working conditions in factories and opposed using child labor in these facilities.

81) Samuel Clemens- pen name was Mark Twain, famous American author or The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which has been called The Great American Novel, and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

82) Penny Papers- inexpensive newspapers that were published in the mid 1800’s as more Americans became literate (the ability to read and write)

83) Utopia- an ideal society in which groups of people share a common dream or goal and chose to live together in order to see those dreams or goals become realities. These groups of people usually chose to live away from mainstream society, viewing the mainstream society as corrupt and possibly sinful.

84) Shakers- religious group who founded small utopian societies from Kentucky to Maine in the mid 1800’s. Their name comes from a ritual, “shaking” dance they performed. Members did not believe in marrying or having children. Obviously they were extremely HAPPY!!

85) Dorethia Dix- female reformer who advocated reforms in prisons and facilities for the mentally disabled

86) Horace Mann- credited with starting the movement to have Public Education in America

87) Benevolent Societies- reform societies of the mid and late 1800’s that sprang up in order to deal with problems in American society such as alcoholism and poverty.

88) Layman Beecher- prominent minister who is credited with starting the benevolent society movement in America

89) Temperance Movement- American who advocated moderation in consumption of alcohol and preached the evils of alcohol and tried to persuade heavy drinkers to give up their drinking.

90) Mary Lyon- founded the first institution, or school for females to achieve higher education

91) Elizabeth Blackwell- first female to earn a medical degree, Dr. in the U.S. or Europe

92) Catherine Beecher- daughter of Lyman Beecher, she began the concept of True Womanhood, in which she advocated women taking pride in their motherly and female roles in the home. Her most famous book was called, A Treatise on Domestic Economy

93) Suffrage- Term used to describe the desire to obtain the right to vote. The term is usually associated with the women’s movement in the mid-late 1800’s in which women sought the right to vote.

94) Seneca Falls Convention (1848) Considered the first organized meeting of women in the U.S. in which they discussed how to obtain suffrage, or the right to vote and how to organize politically in order to obtain the right to vote.

95) Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott- women who organized the Seneca Falls Convention. Elizabeth Cady Stanton is considered the pioneer in the women’s suffrage movement.

Slavery and the Coming of the Civil War

1) Gradualism- term used to describe the idea of ending slavery by not allowing any importation of new slaves thereby letting the institution of slavery naturally end due to no blacks coming in to America in which case slavery would, “gradually” die out. This was an alternative to Abolitionism and Colonization

2) Colonization- Term used to describe the idea of ending slavery by shipping all the blacks back to Africa from America. Alternative to Gradualism and Abolitionism in ending slavery

3) Abolitionism- Term used to describe the idea of ending slavery by immediately saying it is illegal to purchase, own, or sell Africans. Immediate end to slavery by making it illegal! Alternative to Gradualism and Colonization in ending slavery

4) Abolitionist- Person who believes that slavery is wrong and the practice should be immediately made illegal by the American govt.

5) William Lloyd Garrison- white northern abolitionist who was the strongest voice in the abolitionist movement. Wrote the abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator

6) Emancipation- term used to describe freeing of blacks from slavery. Term is used universally for any individuals or group desiring freedom from some form of oppression. However the term is most closely associated with the issue of slavery in 19th century (1800’s) America.

7) Fredrick Douglass- Most prominent African American Abolitionist writer and speaker who escaped slavery in Maryland and wrote his autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass, in 1845. Douglass also published an Abolitionist newspaper called The North Star

8) Sojourner Truth- Female African American Abolitionist who gained her freedom from slavery and began giving anti-slavery speeches that was deeply spiritual in nature. Truth, lacking a formal education, captivated her listeners with her folksy stories, singing and strong anti-slavery message. She kept it real!

9) Nat Turner- Black enslaved preacher who led an uprising of blacks that killed over 50 whites in Virginia. Turner was caught and hanged for his actions. Turner’s uprising struck fear into many southerners that there was a conspiracy by blacks, aided by northerners, to rise up and kill southerners, especially white slave owners in the south.

10) Manifest Destiny- the idea in the mid 1800’s that Americans had in which they believed that God had given the continent to Americans and wanted them to settle western lands.

11) Squatters- people who settled on lands they did not own

12) Jethro Wood (1819) patented and iron plow

13) John Deere (1837) engineered a plow with sharp edged steel blades that could cut through the grassy soil of the Great Plains area. This reduced by half the labor needed to prepare an acre for farming.

14) Oregon Trail- The most popular route on the east west route to western settlement, other included the Santa Fe Trail and the California Trail

15) Overlanders- settlers who found their way west by using guidebooks written by earlier settlers.

16) Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851) Eight Native tribes agreed to specific geographic boundaries, while the U.S. promised that these territories would belong to the Native Americans forever.

17) Brigham Young, leader of the Mormon faith led his followers to Utah on the Mormon Trail

18) Election of 1844- James K. Polk of Tennessee elected POTUS

19) “Fifty Four Forty or Fight” POTUS Polk’s slogan of wanting all of the Oregon Territory 54 degrees 40’ latitude from Great Britain

Mexican American War (1846-1848)

1) Mexican-American War was called “Mr. Polk’s War”

2) U.S. claimed the Rio Grande River as the southern boundary between Texas and Mexico

3) Mexico claimed the Nueces River was the southern boundary between Texas and Mexico

4) POTUS Polk ordered General Zachery Taylor to cross the Nueces River so the Mexican army would fire first, thus giving Polk the excuse to declare war on Mexico

5) Winfield Scott, American General who captured Mexico City and caused the Mexican govt. to surrender

6) Bear Flag Republic (1846) settlers in California declared it independent of Mexico and called it the B F Republic

7) Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) Treaty that ended Mexican-U.S. War. 1) Rio Grande southern border 2) U.S. gets land that is now states of CA, NV, UT, NM, CO, WY

8) Civil War Generals Robert E. Lee and Ulysses S Grant fought in the Mexican-American War

9) These new lands that the U.S. acquired as a result of the Mexican-American War are directly responsible for the American Civil War. The problem was whether or not slavery would be allowed in these new territories.

10) Wilmot Proviso (1846) David Wilmot of PN proposed a Bill in Congress that there would be NO SLAVERY in any of the territories the U.S. gained from the Mexican-American War. This angered many southerners and failed to pass.

11) Popular Sovereignty- proposed by Lewis Cass of MI. PS is the idea of letting the peoples of a territory or state decide for themselves whether their territory or state permitted slavery or not

12) Conscience Whigs- Northern Whig Party members who opposed slavery and its expansion in the mid 1800’s

13) Cotton Whigs- Northern Whig Party members who voted with Southern Whigs in support of slavery b/c were linked with northern cloth manufacturers who needed southern cotton.

14) Free-Soil Party- Political Party formed due to the Election of 1848. FSP opposed slavery in the “free soil” of western territories

15) 1848 GOLD was discovered in California

16) Forty-Niners- people who arrived in California in 1849 due to the discovery of gold wanting to make their fortunes by panning and mining for this newly discovered Gold.

17) Secession- states removing themselves from the Union. 11 southern states did this prior to the Civil War

18) Compromise of 1850- started by Henry Clay of KY, who was nicknamed, “The Great Compromiser” it 1) admitted California as a free state and 2) had a Fugitive Slave Act.

19) Fugitive Slave Act- 2nd part of the Compromise of 1850. The Fugitive Slave Act stated that any runaway southern slave found in the north had to be returned to their rightful owner in the

south. Aiding or hiding a runaway slave was illegal. This Act more than anything else angered many Abolitionists even led H B Stowe to write Uncle Tom’s Cabin

20) Underground Railroad- network of escape routes in the north that escaping southern slaves used to get to freedom. Harriet Tubman is the person associated with the UR. The Underground Railroad was not actually underground nor was it a railroad.

21) “Conductors” people who helped slaves escape and conducted them or led them on the Underground Railroad to safety

22) “Passengers” term used for slaves being helped to escape on the Underground Railroad

23) Transcontinental Railroad- The opening of Oregon and the admission of California convinced many Americans that a railroad that went across the country was needed.

24) Gadsden Purchase (1853) Mexican leader Santa Anna sold parts of modern day southern Arizona and New Mexico to the U.S. for $10 million. This purchase made the U.S. complete in terms of the Continental U.S. as we know it today.

25) Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) introduced by Stephen Douglas of Illinois, 1) The Kansas and Nebraska territories could determine by Popular Sovereignty whether to be a free or slave state. 2) The Missouri Compromise of 1820 that stated no slavery north of the southern border of Missouri was repealed, thus opening up all that territory to Popular Sovereignty

26) Bleeding Kansas or Bloody Kansas - term used to describe the fighting that occurred in the territory of Kansas between pro-slavery and anti-slavery advocates

27) Charles Sumner- Massachusetts Senator who talked bad about South Carolina Senator Andrew Butler. Butler’s cousin Preston Brooks caned Sumner nearly to death in the Senate Chamber.

28) Election of 1856- James Buchanan a Democrat won the POTUS in 1856

29) Dred Scott Decision (1857) Slave who argued that since he had been taken into free territory he was no longer a slave. Supreme Court said Dred Scott was not free b/c he was Black and therefore not a U.S. citizen so he could not sue the govt. Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney also said that the Missouri Compromise of 1820 was not legal as well.

30) Lincoln-Douglas Debates- 1858 Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas were running against one another for a Senate seat in Illinois. The two began a series of debates which occurred all over Illinois.

31) Freeport Doctrine- Stephen Douglas’s answer to slavery and the Dred Scott Decision. Douglas said that slavery could be kept out of areas if the local people passed laws needed to regulate and enforce it.

32) John Brown’s Raid on Harpers Ferry (1859) Abolitionist John Brown planned to seize the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, VA (now West VA.) and use the weapons he took to start a slave revolt, or insurrection. Brown was captured by Robert E. Lee and hanged. This raid convinced southerners that northerners were trying to help slaves start rioting and rebelling.

33) Election of 1860- Republican POTUS candidate Abraham Lincoln defeats Southern Democrat POTUS candidate John C Breckinridge

34) Lincoln told the southern states he did not intend to work to abolish slavery as it existed in the south. All he wanted was for it to not spread any farther west than it had.

35) When Lincoln was elected POTUS seven southern states immediately seceded from the Union. South Carolina was the first to do so.

36) When Lincoln was sworn into office in March 1861, four more southern states seceded for a total of eleven states seceding.

37) Confederate States of America- South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee

38) Confederacy’s first capital was located in Montgomery, AL; it was moved a few months later to Richmond, Virginia where it remained until the end of the Civil War.

39) Jefferson Davis- President of the Confederacy

40) Alexander Stephens- Vice President of the Confederacy, opposed Davis’ idea of a draft, or conscription and his suspension of habeas corpus

41) Fort Sumter (April 1861) South Carolina, opening shots of the Civil War. Fort Sumter was a Fort in Charleston harbor fired upon by Confederate forces as it was trying to be resupplied

42) Civil War- (1861-1865) over 600,000 men killed bloodiest war in U.S history until WWII.

43) Border States- Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri. States that had slaves but did not join the Confederacy. Important to the North b/c of their railroads and their ability to supply men

44) “I hope to have God on my side but I must have Kentucky” Abraham Lincoln

45) Marital Law- POTUS Lincoln declared Martial Law, suspension of civil liberties or rights (Habeas Corpus), in Maryland so as to prevent MD from seceding. Lincoln kept Baltimore under Martial Law the entire war.

46) Advantages of the South in the Civil War: 1) Fighting on their home turf 2) Better Generals

47) Advantages of the North in the Civil War: 1) More industrialized (railroads and factories) 2) more men for an army

48) Copperheads- Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War and called for negotiation on Lincoln’s part not fighting.

49) Attrition- wearing down of one army by another through exhaustion of soldiers and resources

50) Anaconda Plan- Northern war plan to defeat the South. Idea of Gen. Winfield Scott, in which Northern forces including the navy would squeeze the south into submission by 1) Using the northern navy to block any exports or imports to the Confederacy 2) Control the Miss. River in the West 3) Capture the Confederate Capital of Richmond 4) Capture Tennessee.

The Civil War

1) Civil War Battles often have two separate names: 1) the Union tended to name battles after the nearest body of water, 2) while the Confederates named battles after the nearest town or city

2) Battle of Bull Run or Manassas Junction (July 1861) - First Battle of the Civil War after the opening shots at Fort Sumter

3) P.G.T. Beauregard, (Confederate General) defeats Irwin McDowell (Union General) at the Battle of Bull Run

4) Thomas J. Jackson- Confederate General from VA. who fought at Bull Run in which battle he earned the nickname, “Stonewall” Jackson

5) Ironclads- Iron ships the Union and Confederates had during the Civil War

6) Merrimack- wooden ship the Confederacy captured from the Union and turned it into the Ironclad renamed the C.S.S. Virginia

7) U.S.S. Monitor- Union forces famous Ironclad ship which fought with the Confederate Ironclad C.S.S. Virginia

8) C.S.S. Hunley- Confederate submarine built in Mobile. First submarine in history to sink a ship

9) Blockade Runners- small fast Confederate boats designed to out run and maneuver Union boats. These ships often carried supplies to the Confederacy

10) The C.S.S. Alabama and the C.S.S. Florida were the two most famous Confederate blockade running ships.

11) Admiral David Farragut- Union naval commander who fought at the Battle of Mobile, in which he uttered the famous lines, “Full speed ahead, damn the torpedoes!”

12) Battle of Shiloh (April 6-7 1862) Battle in Tennessee named after Shiloh Church in Corinth, TN which the Union won led by Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and the Confederates led by Gen. Albert Sydney Johnston. The Hornets Nest and The Peach Orchard were famous fights in the Battle of Shiloh. 20,000 men killed or wounded in 2 days. Grant became famous as a Union Commander here. POTUS Lincoln is quoted as saying about Grant after this battle, “I can’t spare this man; he fights.”

13) General George McClellan- Union general who Lincoln fired for not wanting to pursue Lee’s Confederate Army and always moving too slow for Lincolns taste. McClellan ran as a Democrat in 1864 and lost to Lincoln for POTUS.

14) Battle of Antietam or Battle of Sharpsburg (September 17, 1862) located in Maryland. Antietam was a local river. Sharpsburg was the town. Union Gen. George McClellan defeats Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee. Bloodiest one day battle in American history over 22,000 men killed or wounded in one day. Lincoln fired McClellan after The Battle of Antietam b/c McClellan did not pursue Lee’s army and kill it. Lincoln replaced McClellan with Gen. Ambrose Burnside

15) McClellan had discovered Lee’s plans before the Battle of Antietam wrapped around a roll of cigars

16) The Union victory at Antietam ensured that the British or French would not help the Confederacy

17) Emancipation Proclamation (September 22, 1862) As a result of the Union victory at Antietam POTUS Lincoln issues the EP, which was a decree freeing all enslaved peoples within the Confederacy. It did not free slaves in the Border States b/c Lincoln did not want to risk the 4 states going over to the Confederacy.

18) 54th Massachusetts- Black Union soldiers who fought in the Civil War, Famous battle at Fort Wagner in Charleston, SC.

19) Florence Nightingale- British nurse who inspired many Confederate and Union women to work in the army hospitals

20) Elizabeth Blackwell (1861) First female physician in the U.S. started the nation’s first training program for nurses.

21) Clara Barton- Founder of the American Red Cross and nurse during the Civil War

22) Kate Cumming- of Mobile, Alabama served as a nurse after the Battle of Shiloh

23) Andersonville Prison- Famous Confederate prison in which Union troops who were captured (POW) were held. Andersonville was located in SW Georgia. Horrendous living conditions comparable to NAZI Death Camps of WWII. 13,000 Union POWs died here of disease, starvation, and exposure during the summer of 1864. More than 13,000 of the 45,000 Union POWs died here.

24) Henry Wirz- Confederate Commandant of Andersonville Prison. Was the only person executed for War Crimes after the Civil War.

25) Battle of Vicksburg (May-July 1863) Vicksburg was a city in Mississippi on the Miss. River. Union General Ulysses S. Grant put the Confederate city of Vicksburg under siege, to cut off its food and supplies and bombard it until it surrenders. With Grants capture of Vicksburg the Confederacy had been cut in half. The loss of Vicksburg was actually the death blow to the Confederacy and sealed their fate due to the loss of the Miss. River and cutting Texas, Arkansas, and western Louisiana off from the other parts of the Confederacy.

26) Battle of Fredericksburg (December 1862) First major battle following the Battle of Antietam (Maryland) in which Union Gen. McClellan was replaced by Gen Ambrose Burnside. Union Gen Ambrose Burnside was defeated at this battle in Virginia by Confederate General Robert E. Lee

27) Union General Ambrose Burnside is replaced by POTUS Lincoln with Union Gen. Joseph Hooker following the Union defeat at the Battle of Fredericksburg.

28) Battle of Chancellorsville or Battle of the Wilderness (May 1863) located in Virginia. Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee defeats Union Gen. Thomas Hooker. POTUS Lincoln then replaces Gen. Hooker with General George Meade as a result of the defeat.

29) Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3 1863) located in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee launches invasion of North to find shoes and food for his soldiers and to take the fighting out of the south.

30) Pickett’s Charge- Famous Confederate offensive charge of the Battle of Gettysburg. Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee orders Confederate General George Pickett and 15,000 of his men to charge Union positions on Cemetery Ridge. Pickett and his men were literally a mile

wide and had to cross an open farmland before charging up the hill to Cemetery Ridge. Union forces open up cannon and rifle fire on Pickett and his charging men in the open ground killing over 7,000 of them in less than 30 minutes. One of the worst battlefield decisions and mistakes Robert E. Lee ever made.

31) Battle of Gettysburg- Bloodiest battle of the Civil War. Union casualties were 23,000 killed and wounded, Confederate casualties were 28,000 killed and wounded. Union is credited with victory at the Battle of Gettysburg. 51,000 total dead or wounded in 3 days of fighting at Battle of Gettysburg. Lee’s army never recovers from this defeat and for remainder of the war is fighting on the defensive only a matter of time before they are ultimately defeated.

32) Gettysburg Address (November 1863) POTUS Lincoln came to Gettysburg to dedicate a portion of the battlefield as a National Military Cemetery. Lincoln gives one of, if not the most famous speeches in human history here. Lincoln explains that the Civil War was not a battle between regions (North vs. South) but a fight for freedom. Speech lasts only 2 minutes and he DID NOT write it on the back of an envelope as he rode the train to the site that day. Lincoln thought the speech was a failure and not very good. People who organized the event had hired a professional orator, or speaker that day who spoke for 2 solid hrs before Lincoln spoke his famous address. The speaker is quoted as telling Lincoln after he spoke that, “I should be glad if I could flatter myself that I came as near to the central idea of the occasion, in two hours, as you did in two minutes.”

Gettysburg Address ( November 1863 ) POTUS Lincoln

Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

33) Union General William Tecumseh Sherman- famous for his burning of Atlanta, Georgia and his march to the sea to Savannah, Georgia and march up to the Carolinas and set the capital, Columbia, of South Carolina (first state to secede) on fire and burned it to the ground.

34) Sherman’s Hairpins of Hairbows- term used to describe Union Gen. Sherman taking southern railroad tracks heating them in a fire and twisting them into knots to prevent southern railways from being used again as he marched through GA

35) Election of 1864- Republican candidate Lincoln defeats George McClellan for POTUS

36) Appomattox Courthouse (April 9, 1865) Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee formally surrenders to Union Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, thus ending the Civil War

Civil War Amendments

37) 13th Amendment (1865) - banned slavery in the U.S.A.

38) 14th Amendment (1868) - gave citizenship to Black males in the U.S.A

39) 15th Amendment (1870) - gave Black males the right to vote in the U.S.A

40) POTUS Lincoln is assassinated (April 14, 1865) John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln while at Ford’s Theatre in Washington D.C. while watching a play.

41) Reconstruction (1865-1877) Northern effort to rebuild the war torn south following the Civil War

42) POTUS Andrew Johnson- assumed the office of POTUS after Lincoln’s death

43) Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Bill passed requiring the majority of adult white males in the former Confederate states to take an oath of loyalty to the Union or U.S.A. Lincoln vetoes the bill however saying it would hamper reconciliation between to the two regions.

44) Freedman’s Bureau- given the task of feeding and clothing black war refugees now free in the south

45) Black Codes- Southern state legislatures passed a series of laws during the reconstruction era aimed at limiting Blacks rights in the south. These Black Codes were an attempt by the south to “get around” the Civil War Amendments.

46) Impeachment of POTUS Andrew Johnson (1868) House of Representatives charges Johnson with misconduct by refusing to uphold the Tenure of Office Act. The Senate then put POTUS Johnson on trial to determine if he was guilty and to remove him from office but were one vote away from having the 2/3 votes necessary to find him guilty remove him from office. Andrew Johnson becomes the 1st POTUS in U.S. history to be impeached.

47) In the 20th Century (1974) POTUS Richard Nixon resigns office before he can be impeached by the House of Representatives and he would have been convicted by the Senate

48) In the 20th Century (1998) POTUS Bill Clinton is impeached by the HR but not convicted by the Senate. Thus, Bill Clinton becomes the 2nd POTUS in U.S. history to be impeached

49) Election of 1868- Former Union Civil War General Ulysses S. Grant elected POTUS

50) Carpetbaggers- Northerners who moved to the south during Reconstruction aptly named b/c many came with suitcases made of carpet fabric. Many southerners viewed these northerners as coming south to take advantage of the down trodden south during Reconstruction

51) Scalawags- derogatory term many southerners used to refer to fellow southerners who supported Reconstruction and Republicans and seemed to side with “Yankee” ideals.

52) Ku Klux Klan- secret society founded in racist policy towards Blacks following the Civil War. KKK was founded in Pulaski, Tennessee. Some claim former Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest is its founder

53) “Sin Taxes” Taxes placed on items such as alcohol and tobacco

54) Compromise of 1877- POTUS election in 1876 between Republican Rutherford B. Hayes and Democrat Samuel Tilden in which in which a commission appointed Hayes POTUS. Hayes agreed to end Reconstruction in order to get southern Democrats to support him.

55) “New South” phrase developed after the Civil War by many southerners who realized the south would never return to a pre-civil war type of economy and it had to develop a strong industrial economy

56) Tenant farmers- freed blacks who returned to the plantations owned by whites and rented the land they farmed

57) Sharecroppers- whites and blacks in the south post-Civil War in which they did not pay rent for the land they used instead they paid a share of their crops to cover their rent expenses.

58) Furnishing merchants- local store suppliers who furnished sharecroppers with the supplies they needed on credit but at high interest rates

59) Crop liens- merchants were allowed to take part of a sharecropper’s crop instead of payment in order to cover their debts

60) Debt peonage- trapped sharecroppers on the land b/c they could not afford to pay off their debts which could lead to imprisonment

61) Comstock Lode (1859) Henry Comstock discovered a large deposit of Silver in Nevada

62) Open Range- vast area of open pasture land owned by the government which ranchers used free of charge to graze large herds of livestock on in the Great Plains region

63) Great Plains- region of the U.S. that was once referred to as the “Great American Desert” b/c many believed the land worthless die to its lack of trees and water.

64) Homestead Act of 1862- person could get 160 acres of land from the U.S. govt. free by living on it for 5 years

65) Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862- U.S. govt. gave states large tracts of land with the requirement that the states set up colleges that specialized in agriculture, engineering, military training and teacher training. Auburn University in Alabama is the main Land Grant University of the state.

66) sodbusters- derogatory term many cattle grazers called farmers on the Great Plains, die to their plowing of the soil.

67) Bonanza Farms- Large commercial wheat farms on the Great Plains that covered 50,000 acres or more and made huge $ profits.

68) Battle of Little Bighorn (1876) Colonel George Armstrong Custer and his army are killed in Montana by Cheyenne and Lakota Indians.

69) Wounded Knee (1890) Lakota/Sioux Indians were killed in the last battle between natives and U.S. govt. thus ending the Indian Wars. The Lakota were led by Chief Sitting Bull who was also killed in the battle

70) Ghost Dance- ritual dance performed by the above Lakota tribe in which they believed the 1) settlers would leave 2) the buffalo herds would return and 3) their lives would return to normal. U.S. govt forbid the ceremony and blamed Sitting Bull for agitating it and the U.S. govt response was the above Wounded Knee battle.

71) Dawes Act (1887) Congressional act that allowed each head of Indian household 160 acres of reservation land for farming.

American Industrialization (1865-1901)

1) Laissez Faire- French phrase used to mean, “Hands off, or “let do” in which the govt. stays out of private industry and lets the economy operate, succeed or fail, on its own.

2) Alexander Graham Bell (1876) inventor of the telephone, first words ever spoken over a telephone were Bell’s statement to his assistant Thomas Watson, “Come here, Watson I want you.”

3) Thomas Edison- The most famous inventor of the late 1800’s. He invented the light bulb, phonograph, electric generator, battery and motion picture. GE or General Electric Corporation is the modern version of Edison’s companies.

4) George Pullman (1864) Invented The Pullman Railcar. A rail car that could carry passengers and allow them room to sleep and relax

5) Cyrus Fields (1866) laid the first Trans-Atlantic telegraph cable from the U.S to Europe allowing the two continents to instantly communicate.

6) Cornelius Vanderbilt- railroad tycoon who owned the New York Central RR company

7) Robber Barons- term used for wealthy railroad owners who swindled or cheated investors out of their $.

8) Andrew Carnegie- Known for his monopoly of the steel industry in the U.S. founded U.S. Steel

9) Bessemer Process- process of making high quality steel cheaply and efficiently

10) John D Rockefeller- founder of Standard Oil Company which was a monopoly by owning over 90% of oil refining in the U.S.in the 1880’s

11) Monopoly- When a single company achieves complete control of it entire market and there are literally no competitors for the same type product. Think Coke owning Pepsi.

12) Trade Unions- craft workers with specialized skills

13) Industrial Unions- Unions in which craft and common laborers joined together which were opposed by large corporations

14) Knights of Labor – First nationwide industrial Union. These were railroad workers who called for 8 hr work days, no child labor used, equal pay for women.

15) Haymarket Riots (1886) Occurred in Chicago and was a violent protest between the Knights of Labor and the Police

16) American Federation of Labor (AFL) the AFL’s first leader was Samuel Gompers who merged over 20 different unions AFL believed in 1) stay out of politics 2) negotiate not strike if possible 3) Closed Shops- companies could only hire Union workers 4) 8 hr workday

17) Women’s Trade Union League (WTUL) the first national association dedicated to promoting women’s labor issues 1) 8 hr work day 2) creation of minimum wage 3) abolition of child labor

18) Nativism- extreme dislike for immigrants by native born people and a desire to limit immigration. Term used during the 1870s- 1900’s dealing with the immigration issue. Especially Jewish, Italian and Irish Catholic immigrants

19) Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) law barring Chinese for coming into America for 10 years and prevented Chinese already in the U.S from becoming citizens

20) Frank Sprague- developed the first electric trolley car

21) Gilded Age- name of a novel and time period in American history from 1870 – 1900. The Gilded Age was written in 1873 by Mark Twain and Charles Warner

22) Horatio Alger- wrote Brave and Bold, a novel that inspired young people that no matter how many obstacles they faced, success was possible

23) Charles Darwin (1859) Wrote, On the Origin of Species, Darwin argued that plant and animal life had evolved over the years by a process he called Natural Selection.

24) Natural Selection- term used by Darwin in which species that cannot adapt to the environment in which they live will gradually die out, while those that do adapt thrive and live on

25) Herbert Spencer- Philosopher who took Darwin’s theory of Evolution and applied it to human society. Spencer argued that human society progressed and became better because only the fittest people survived

26) Social Darwinism- term used to describe Spencer’s and others belief in the “Survival of the Fittest” idea of humans and their society.

27) Gospel of Wealth- philosophy of Andrew Carnegie that said rich people had a duty to help those less fortunate thorough philanthropy- using great fortunes of the wealthy to help people and further social progress

28) vaudeville- term used to describe entertainment in the cities that included acts such as acrobats, gymnastics, dancers and animals

29) ragtime- type of music of the city life of the 1880’s that included many African American music of the day. African American Scott Joplin became known as the “King of Ragtime”

30 Henry George- wrote, Progress and Poverty, book in which he argue that poverty was not going away just b/c more Americans were getting richer

31) naturalism- type of writing in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that criticized industrial society that said sometimes people’s lives were destroyed through no fault of their own.

32) Social Gospel- Idea led by Washington Gladden, in which people were helped financially while being ministered the Gospel to as well

33) Salvation Army- Began in England organized by William Booth, the SA was a Christian mission and a social welfare organization

34) YMCA- Young Men’s Christian Association- began in England to help industrial workers and the urban poor by organizing bible studies, prayer meetings, and group activities.

35) Dwight L. Moody- organizer of the American YMCA, preacher who founded the Moody Memorial Church in Chicago. Moody believed in helping people not just with $ but with the word of God

36) Americanization- process by which recent immigrant children would become knowledgeable about American ideals and culture in the schools

37) Pendleton Act (1883) allowed the POTUS to decide which federal jobs would be filled and once appointed the person could not be removed for mere political reasons

38) Interstate Commerce Commission (1887) first federal law designed to regulate commerce as it traveled across the U.S.

39) Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890- law that busted up monopolies and legally forbade companies from becoming monopolies or acquiring other companies in order to do so.

40) Populism- political movement after Civil War to increase farmer’s political power and to work for legislation that is in their interest

41) Greenbacks- paper money that could not be exchanged for gold or silver coins.

42) Inflation- decline in the value of money, usually caused by a rapid increase in the money supply

43) Grange- Nations first farm organization sort of like a farm co-op

44) Poll tax- method used by southerners after the civil war to keep blacks from voting. Poll Tax was a tax a person was required to pay in order to vote.

45) segregation- separating of races

46) Jim Crow Laws- Laws passed in southern areas of the U.S to discriminate and keep blacks from participating in the political process FOLLOWING the Civil War

47) Plessey v. Ferguson- (1896) Supreme Court case in which Black man Homer Plessey argued that making him ride in a “colored only” railcar was discrimination. Court case of Plessey v. Ferguson stated that “Separate but Equal” was legal and set the precedent for further discrimination for the next 50 years

48) Booker T. Washington- Founder of the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, He advocated blacks achieving economic goals rather than political or legal goals.

49) Atlanta Compromise- Address Booker T. Washington gave telling blacks to put off their fight for civil rights and instead prepare themselves educationally and then they would naturally get civil rights.

50) W.E. Dubois- Opposed the Atlanta Compromise speech and advocated that blacks work for immediate civil rights. One of the founders of the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored Peoples)

51) Theodore Roosevelt- POTUS 1901-1909 progress reforms of nature, conservation and business. Famous for charging up San Juan Hill in Spanish American War of 1898.

52) USS Maine- U.S. ship that exploded in Havana Cuba in 1898 setting off Spanish American War

53) Niagara Movement- group of black intellectuals who outlined an agenda for black progress and ideas were adopted by NAACP

54) Muckrakers- intellectuals who wrote stories concerning the abuses of big business on workers and consumers

55) F. Scott Fitzgerald- writer in the 1920’ wrote the Great Gatsby

56) Zelda Fitzgerald- from Montgomery, Alabama wife of F Scott Fitzgerald

57) Ernest Hemingway- writer in the 1920’s wrote, The old Man and the Sea and A Farwell to Arms

58) W. C. Handy- from Florence, Alabama, taught music at Al. A&M famous for his blues singing- The St. Louis Blues

59) Harlem Renaissance- a literary and artistic movement by blacks started in Harlem, NY

60) Langston Hughes- black poet and leader of the Harlem Renaissance

61) Jean Toomer- black writer of Harlem Renaissance and wrote novel, Cane

62) Bessie Smith- popular blues singer of the 1920’s

63) Red Scare- time of mass hysteria in the U.S, especially during the early 1950’s in which the govt arrested thousands of radicals usually foreign born suspecting them of being communists.

64) Yellow journalism- sensational newspaper writing that stretches the truth and makes stories more glorious or interesting than they actually are in order to increase newspaper sales. Term is associated with William Randolph Hearst who did this to sell papers during the 1989 Spanish American War

65) Open Door Policy- Basis for U.S foreign policy in the 20th century. To keep China free to open trade and independent between U.S and European powers

66) Prohibition- era in which alcohol manufacturing, sale and consumption was illegal. 18th Amendment prohibited the same, manufacture and use of all alcohol in the U.S. 18th Amendment was later repealed by the 21st Amendment making alcohol manufacture, sale and usage legal

67) Al Capone- Chicago gangster of the 1930’s that made a fortune off off bootlegging, sale of illegal liquor during the prohibition era

68) Speakeasies- clubs that sold illegal alcohol during prohibition era

69) Roaring twenties- an era of increased economic prosperity after WWI in the United States- a wild time of excess

70) William C. Gorgas- US Colonel who found a control for mosquitoes when the US was building the Panama Canal thus helping reduce malaria outbreaks

71) Jazz- A type of music that gained popularity by blacks during the Harlem renaissance

72) Margaret Sanger- nurse who first to promote birth control

73) Dust Bowl- blowing away of huge amounts of top soil from the Great Plains in the 1920’s and 1930’s causing farms to fail economically and people to move to the west coast for jobs.

74) Herbert Hoover- Republican POTUS who is blamed for the Great Depression

75) Roosevelt’s Corollary- added on to the Monroe Doctrine to allow the US to go outside of our own country and interfere in other countries

76) New Deal- POTUS FDR’s program to bring the US out of the Great Depression

77) Works Progress Administration-(WPA) part of FDR’s New Deal, it provided jobs for unskilled and unemployed workers during the Great Depression

78) Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) part of the FDR’s New Deal in which electrical power was brought to the rural south

79) Margaret Mitchell- wrote, Gone with the Wind, historical novel about antebellum southern plantation life during the Civil War and the burning of Atlanta.

80) Fireside Chats- POTUS FDR”S weekly radio addresses to the American people keeping them informed about the economy and even WWII.

20 th century

1) 1917 America enters WWI on the side of the British and French

1A) Triple Entente: Military alliance of Britain, France and Russia in WWI

1B) Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by Serbian terrorist Princip started WWI

1C) Central Powers or Alliance Powers: Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary during WWI.

1D) Lusitania- British passenger ship sank in 1915 by German U-boats carrying American Passengers and weapons to England. This was a cause of U.S. entering WWI in 1917.

1E) Zimmerman note or telegram- telegram intercepted by the British in which Germany asked Mexico to invade the U.S. another reason the U.S went to war in 1917

2) 1918 Armistice Day, fighting in WWI ends (11th hr of the 11th day of the 11th month)

3) 1919-Treaty of Versailles- ends WWI

4) League of Nations- POTUS Woodrow Wilson advocates that an organization of nations form after WWI in order to prevent future wars such as WWI. The League of Nations fails b/c the U.S Senate does not ratify the Treaty of Versailles

5) 1933 Hitler comes to power in Germany

6) 1939 Hitler invades Poland setting off WWII

7) Dec 7, 1941 Japan bombs Pearl Harbor, Hawaii and American under POTUS Franklin D. Roosevelt declare war. American enters WWII.

8) June 6, 1944 (Operation Overlord) or D-Day, Supreme Allied Commander in Europe, Dwight D. Eisenhower leads an invasion of Normandy, France to free Europe of NAZI rule.

9) Benito Mussolini- fascist ruler of Italy during WWII.

10) NAZI- German workers political party headed by Adolf Hitler

11) Douglas Macarthur- U.S. commander of the Pacific during WWII. Famous statement as he evacuated the Philippines was, “I shall return” Later fired during the Korean War for wanting to nuke China and disobeying POTUS Truman

12) F. D. Roosevelt- POTUS when WWI began, had polio and will die in office before WWII ends

13) Harry Truman- VPOTUS under FDR. Takes over as POTUS when FDR dies. POTUS at the end of WWII. Orders the dropping of both atomic bombs on Japan.

14) Allied Powers: U.S., Great Britain, and Soviet Union in WWII.

15) Axis Powers: Germany, Japan, and Italy during WWII

16) August 6, 1945, POTUS Truman orders Little Boy; the first ever atomic bomb dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima from a B-29 bomber nicknamed Enola Gay flown by Colonel Paul Tibbets

17) August 9, 1945, POTUS Truman orders Fat Man; a second atomic bomb dropped on the Japanese city of Nagasaki from a B-29 bomber nicknamed Bocks Car flown by Colonel Charles Sweeney. Japan surrenders, thus ending WWI as a result of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki.

18) USS Missouri- U.S battleship that U.S and Japan formally signed surrender papers on while it was in Tokyo Harbor days after the bombing of Nagasaki

19) Stalingrad- one of the bloodiest battles of WWII in which Soviet Union forces defeated Hitler’s forces.

20) Blitzkrieg- German for “lightening War” military tactic of quick mobile warfare used by Hitler in the beginning stages of WWII

21) Kamikaze- Japanese for “Divine Wind” These were Japanese suicide places that attacked U.S. Navy ships in a last ditch effort to stop the U.S in the Pacific.

22) Island Hopping- Military tactic used by the U.S. in the pacific theatre during WWII in which you take one island at a time until you actually reach the Island of Japan.

23) Doolittle Raid- April 1942 Colonel James Doolittle led a group of bombers off the carrier USS Hornet in order to bomb Japan. This was the first attack on Japan by the U.S. since Pearl Harbor was attacked.

24) Battle of Midway (1942) Islands located midway between Pearl Harbor and Japan in which the U.S defeats a large Japanese carrier force with her own carriers.

25) Battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa- bloodiest battles on land in the Pacific during WWII in which U.S. Marines literally had to kill all Japanese b/c of the proximity of these islands to the Japanese mainland.

26) Fascism- political movement started in Italy in the 1920’s

27) Gestapo- Hitler’s secret Police in Germany

28) Joseph Stalin- Communist leader of the Soviet Union during WWII.

29) War Bonds- certificates issued to people who lends $ to the govt. to pay for WWII. Certificate garners interest and is redeemed for cash at a later time

30) Japanese Internment- Executive Order 9006, the US military force 110,000 Japanese American citizens to live in barracks on federal land until the end of WWII to prevent possible Japanese terrorism in the US.

31) Operation Torch- military code name of the Allied invasion of North Africa during WWII.

32) Winston Churchill- The strong Prime Minister leader of Great Britain during WWII. “The British Bulldog”

33) Manhattan Project- code name for the research and construction of an atomic bomb in the US during WWI headed by Gen Leslie Groves at Los Alamos National Laboratory in NM

34) Trinity Project- the test detonation of an atomic bomb at Alamogordo, NM in July 1945 to see if the science and construction actually worked.

35) Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, KS (1954) Supreme Court Case in which a black lawyer Thurgood Marshal argued that the Plessey vs. Ferguson case of 1896 was illegal. Marshal argued that black kids attending a “separate but equal” school were still unequal. Brown vs. BOE struck down separate but equal and opened the door for the Civil Rights movement of the 1960’s and ushered in integration of black and white students into the same schools. Thurgood Marshal will go on to be appointed as the first black Supreme Court Justice

Important Documents

Declaration of Independence signed July 4, 1776 written by Thomas Jefferson

When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.

U.S. Constitution 1787 James Madison

We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

This opening statement is called the Preamble to the U.S. Constitution

Three Branches of U.S. Government

1) Legislative Branch- Congress, made up of two houses (bi-cameral) 1) House of Representatives, members chosen every two years; HR is based on a state’s population. 2) Senate, each state regardless of population gets to elect 2 Senators each serving a 6 year term. Legislative Branch makes laws

2) Executive Branch- headed by a President, POTUS is elected every 4 years and cannot serve more than two terms as dictated by the 22nd Amendment. Executive Branch enforces laws passed by Legislative Branch.

3) Judicial Branch- headed by a U.S. Supreme Court made up of 9 judges appointed by the POTUS and confirmed by the U.S. Senate for life or good behavior. One of the 9 judges is picked by POTUS to be Chief Justice. Judicial Branch is in charge of Interpreting laws to determine if they are constitutional (legal) or unconstitutional (illegal) or not.

United States Amendments all 1-27Amendments 1-10 are called The Bill of Rights 1791 by James Madison

Amendment I - Freedom of Religion, Speech and the Press; Rights of Assembly and Petition.

Amendment II - Right to Bear Arms

The amendment was adopted so that Congress could not disarm a state militia.

Amendment III - Housing of Soldiers

Grew directly out of an old complaint against the British, who had forced people to take soldiers into their homes.

Amendment IV - Search and Seizure

You may not be searched or have property seized without probable cause and/or a search warrant.

Amendment V - Rights of the accused (Self-incrimination, Double Jeopardy, Due Process, Just

Compensation)

Amendment VI- Rights to a Fair Trial (Speedy and Public Trial by Jury*, Tried in state where crime was committed, Informed of charges against accused, Witnesses, Right to a lawyer)

Amendment VII- Rights in Civil Cases (Trial by jury in civil cases over $20)

Amendment VIII - Cruel and Unusual Punishment

Bails, fines and punishments must be humane and fit the crime committed

Amendment IX - Rights Retained by the People

Any rights not listed in the Constitution are still protected

Amendment X - Powers Retained by the States and the People

States or people have all powers not given to national government. (i.e., marriage)

_____________________________________________________________________________

Amendment XI - Lawsuits Against States

It is impossible for the citizen of one state to sue another state. (So, a citizen of Salem can't sue Iowa)

Amendment XII - Election of President and Vice President

(1804) Provides that members of the electoral college (called electors) vote for one person as president and one person as vice president.

Amendment XIII - Abolition of Slavery

1st CIVIL WAR AMENDMENT - Slavery is illegal

Amendment XIV- Civil Rights

2nd CIVIL WAR AMENDMENT - Slaves receive Citizenship and protection of due process

Amendment XV - African American Suffrage

3rd CIVIL WAR AMENDMENT - African Americans receive the right to vote. Note that there is no mention of gender…

Amendment XVI - Income Taxes

Congress has the power to lay and collect taxes on incomes

Amendment XVII- Direct Election of Senators .The states have the power to directly elect senators to represent them. (before this, the state legislature decided who the senators were)

Amendment XVIII- Prohibition of Liquor

(1919) Forbade people to make, sell, or transport liquor.

Amendment XIX- Women's Suffrage

Gives women the power to vote

Amendment XX- Terms of President and Congress

Moves the date that newly elected presidents and members of Congress take office closer to election time. President: January 20th, Congress: January 3rd

Amendment XXI-Repeal of Prohibition

Repeals the 18th amendment.

Amendment XXII- Limitation of Presidents to Two Terms

No person can be elected president more than twice.

Amendment XXIII- Suffrage in the District of Columbia

Allows citizens of Washington D.C. to vote in the presidential elections. However, they cannot vote for members of Congress.

Amendment XXIV-Poll Taxes

Forbids making voters pay a poll tax before they can vote in a national election.

Amendment XXV- Presidential Disability and Succession

If president is removed, dies, or resigns, the vice president becomes president. The president fulfills a vice presidential vacancy by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress.

Amendment XXVI- Suffrage for 18-Year-Olds

Voting age moved to 18

Amendment XXVII- Congressional Pay Raises

Any increase in congressional pay does not go into effect until after the next regular election of the House of Representatives.