Illustrated Building Pocket Book

Illustrated Building Pocket Book

For my parents with gratitude and love

Illustrated BuildingPocket BookSecond Edition

Roxanna McDonald

AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON •OXFORD • NEW YORK • PARIS • SAN DIEGO •

SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYOButterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier

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First edition 1999Reprinted 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004Second edition 2007

Copyright © 1999, 2007, Roxanna McDonald. Published by Elsevier Limited. All rights reserved

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Contents

Foreword xii

Preface xv

Acknowledgements xvii

About the author xix

I. GENERAL ARCHITECTURE

Design

Module proportions 3Dimensional coordination 4Drawing representation 5Volumes and shapes 6

Drawing techniques

Drawing practice – dimensions, grid lines 7Drawing practice – scale and representation 8Drawing equipment 9Drawing instruments 10Computer drawing 11

Building types

Classical temple 16The Classical orders 17Classical ornament and enrichment 18Mediaeval ornament 19Mediaeval castle 20Styles compared 21Timber framed buildings 22Typical parish church 23Gothic cathedral 24Traditional house 25

Mass-produced house 26Residential buildings 27Rural buildings 31Traditional farm buildings 32

Elements

Entrances 33Outside/inside 36Traditional windows 37

II. CONTROLS

Legal aspects

English land law 41Sunlight and daylight 42

Administration

Planning control 43Planning approvals 44Construction control 45Building control in London 46

III. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

Financial aspects

Development 49Development funding methods 50Estimating and cost control 51

Project execution

Project design 52Project construction 53Building contracts 54

IV. THE BUILDING SITE

General

Setting out 57Accurate survey 58Survey equipment 59Non-destructive survey: method 1 60Non-destructive survey: method 2 61Plant and equipment – cranes 62Plant and equipment – excavation 63Scaffolding – patent 64Scaffolding – independent 65Concrete plant 66Power tools 67Soldering 68Tools 69

V. THE BUILDING FABRIC

Foundations

Strip foundations 73Stepped foundations 74Continuous column foundations 75Piled foundations 76Retaining walls 77Steel column foundations 78Shoring and underpinning 79

Superstructure – external walls

Brick wall construction 80Brickwork 81Bonding of brickwork 82Brick arcade 83Brick types 84Effects of damp 85Stone 86Stone façade 87Stone walling 88

Ashlar 89Cladding 90Curtain wall cladding 91GRC cladding 92

Superstructure – internal walls

Partitions 93Interior 96

Superstructure – roofs

Construction:Pitched roof construction 97Types of pitched roofs 98Traditional timber roof types 99Trusses 100Bolt and connector trusses 102Lean-to half truss 103Truss rafter assembly 104Carpentry joints 106Cross timber joints 107Traditional scarf joints 108Timber mouldings 110Flat roofs 111

Roof coverings:Roof covering types 112Slate 113Plain tiling 114Pantiling 115Thatch 116Traditional timber shingles 117

Roof openings and weatherproofing:Roof openings 118Dormer windows 119Skylights 120Chimneys 121Weatherproofing – lead sheet 122Weatherproofing – flashings and aprons 123Lightning conductor 124Rainwater pipes 125

Superstructure – stairs

Types of staircases 126Traditional timber staircases 127Special stairs and escalators 128Lifts 129

Superstructure – chimneys

Fireplaces 130Fireplace accessories 131

Superstructure – floors

Timber floor construction 132Timber floors – trimmed opening 133Trimming to timber floors 134Panel and angle joints 135Concrete floors 136Reinforced concrete floors 137Ceilings – timber joists 138Suspended ceilings 139Space for services 140Raised floors 141

Superstructure – openings in walls

Doors 142Traditional windows – sash 146Traditional windows – casement 147Ironmongery – knobs and latches 148Ironmongery – bolts and handles 149Ironmongery – locks 150Ironmongery – hinges 151

Superstructure – fixings

Metal fixings – ties 152Metal fixings – joist hangers 153Metal components – expanded steel mesh 154Metal components – lintels 155

Nails and screws 156Bolts and plugs 157

Finishes

Plasterwork tools 158Wattle and daub 159Stucco 160Decorative plasterwork 161Interior walls – dry lining 162Timber finishes 163Panelling 164Carpets 165

Glazing

Stained glass 166Flat glass 167Glazing systems 168

Services – drainage and plumbing

Drainage 169Underground drainage 170Plumbing, water supply and waste systems 171Sanitary pipework 172Lavatory pans and cisterns 173Plumbing connections 174Water heating 175

Services – electrical

Electricity – supply and wiring 176Electricity – accessories 177Electricity – track wiring 178Outdoor lighting 179Electrical fitting 180Electricity – lightbulbs 181

Services – heating

Heating systems 182Central heating – hot water 183Radiators 184Air conditioning 185

External works/landscaping

Earthworks – kerbs 186Irrigation and screening 187Fencing 188Trees 189Grading, turf laying 190Plant care, outbuildings 191

VI. THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

Global warming and the Greenhouse effectGlobal warming and the Greenhouse effect 195

Sustainable ‘Green’ buildingsSustainable ‘Green’ buildings 196Bioclimatic design 197Materials efficiency – waste management 198Energy efficient design: alternative sources of energy 199

Building at risk: natural disasters

Earthquake 201Extreme weather: hurricanes, lightning 204Mass movement: subsistence, landslides 207Floods 212Volcanoes 213

REFERENCES 215

INDEX 217

ForewordSince this book was published six years ago under its original title ‘An IllustratedBuilding Glossary’ changes in the priorities of approach to design and managementhave accelerated, and an understanding of the need for broadly-educated profes-sionals with an understanding of their interdisciplinary responsibilities is increasinglyaccepted. The areas in which the book has been extended witness this change.

Certainly, concern for the protection of the environment has been on the agendaof the specialist for twenty years but the public have finally accepted the seriousnessof the situation we have made for ourselves from the profligate use of our naturalinheritance. It is now recognised that only around a quarter to a third of the energyand resource expended in buildings with a fifty year life span is used in their con-struction. Consequently, the whole life cycle of a building becomes a critical consid-eration from the inception of a project. To achieve an environmentally sustainablebuilding environment, every professional must have an understanding of the devel-opment process if they are to be able to contribute to it in a balanced way. The com-puter has presented a way not only of drawing our ideas but also of coordinating theprocess of design, of anticipating a building’s performance and monitoring theresults. The computer is now a central tool in procurement as design is increasinglymoved directly from the computer model to smart manufacture.

In 1966, when I joined Arup Associates at No. 8, Fitzroy Street, London W1, abasement wall some twenty-five feet long was required to crunch the numbers, hourafter hour, in Ove Arup and partners’ design of the Sydney Opera house shells; oneis reminded of scenes in the epic silent film ‘Metropolis’. I now sit in front of a laptopwith vastly more potential and, if I were clever enough, I could swallow the problemin one bite! This revolution now allows ideas to be shared and tested from their myriadfacets and, from it, we are able to optimise solutions within a new four-dimensionalfreedom.

But what further updates will be needed to the Illustrated Building Pocket Book inten years time? Here optimism clashes with pessimism as we are in the hands ofpoliticians who may well push in the contrary direction to the needs of ‘Everyman’.Maybe I can be permitted to speculate about changes to any future edition.

An accelerating move away from a carbon-based economy towards sustainablesources will sharpen our need for renewables: This change will materialise in anumber of ways but most dramatically, as the price tumbles, the use of photo-voltaics will become universal and will require ingenious transformations to ourdesigns. As the impact of a building’s life cycle permeates the professions, not onlywill elements within buildings be chosen to minimise maintenance but also, increas-ingly the house-buying public will start to judge a potential purchase in terms of thelikely life-cycle running costs as well as the capital investment. Lastly, but sadly

decades away, when the penny finally drops, that endless economic growth willeventually lead to our demise rather than our redemption; there will be a massivechange which will touch every part of our build environment and our means ofachieving it.

Back to the present content of the Pocket book: having been both a practitionerand a university teacher, I am acutely aware of the tendency to treat the young stu-dent and the practitioner as different beings. Of course, the student’s knowledge willbe less rounded, but the act of learning is a continuing process, and to revisit wordsdescribing hard fact, presented in a new and illuminating way, is to be in a positionnot only to re-evaluate those facts but also to explore the ideas that stem from them.

The range of knowledge and skill required to operate in architecture and construction is immense, and in studying one page of the new pocket book, this isall too obvious. Each word related to an item in an illustration is simply a flag mark-ing the tip of an iceberg. Each carefully chosen word is filled with potential; it intro-duces one piece, one aspect, of one element of the process of building.In turn, the process of building is but the beginning of defining the place for a soci-ety to function; a place where the buildings gain a symbolic presence. So the volumeyou are holding is a book with many resonances.

The new volume may have changed its title but it is still a glossary and a veryunusual one. Here, refreshingly, the explanation is visual, and through the clarity andcompleteness of the ‘visual paragraph’, meaning is given and a context described,in a form normally thought to require words. Indeed, the only piece of written text bythe author is her five hundred word preface: an admirable achievement.

What of the presentation of this book? The structure and presentation themselvesare worth study as a piece of design. A large quantity of material has been explored,digested and synthesised to present a core of information clearly without becomingsimplistic. Each illustration is from the same hand and must have taken hours todraw, never mind the weeks of research, assimilation and evaluation involved.Anyone who has tussled with a small design problem and who has attempted topresent a solution in a simple line drawing is all too aware of the time taken in graph-ical study before undertaking the drawing itself.

A book of this kind is only useful if it presents the possibility of relating a term to asubject area and referring from there to an in-depth bibliography. The author’s bibliog-raphy is short but all the reference books are in common use, and from those, furtherchannels can be explored.

In summary, the value of such a book for the experienced professional or craftsperson is that it has much good straightforward information about the processesthemselves, communicated in an attractive way. It contains much for the student to

learn; and for the experienced, it contains much that we once knew and areashamed to admit we have forgotten!

Richard FrewerDirector of Arup Associates 1977-2001

Chair Professor of Architecture, University of Bath 1991-2000Chair Professor of Architecture, University of Hong Kong 2000-2005

PrefaceIt is not the intention of this book to provide an exhaustive list of building terms or toattempt a comprehensive teaching of building technology. There are many specialistencyclopedias, dictionaries and construction manuals which supply ample informa-tion in this respect. The book sets out to be primarily a communication tool using thevisual reference as vocabulary.

The creation of a building is the result of a complex process of interactionbetween people of different professions, views, even nationalities, with varying tech-nical knowledge and motivation. Architects, who at the centre of it all, often findthemselves as ‘interpreters’ between the participants, use image as the safest inter-face.

The language we each use grows from our own personal experience and, some-times, the same word can mean different things to different people depending on thecircumstances in which they have learnt it. The same can apply to building terms.

Images on the other hand leave little room for ambiguity, and many a time a sitequery or dispute has been sorted out with the aid of a sketch scribbled on a wall!Words express ideas we have of tangible objects and can be classified into a systemsuch as an alphabetical dictionary or be placed in context as in a thesaurus. Thesame can apply to images – they can be attached to words arranged in alphabeticalorder or they can be placed in the context to which they are relevant.

It is the later system this book has adopted, attempting to present the terms in the context in which they are likely to apply. The main building terms that form thelanguage of construction are set out to follow the logical sequence of the buildingprocess. If one can’t remember the right word or wants to know what a specific partis called, it should be simple enough to locate it on the sketch in the relevant sec-tion. Similarly, by placing something visually in context it should be much easier tolearn terms rather than to memorize their abstract definition. At the same time, theindex permits the reverse to take place making it possible to find the context of agiven word.

The drawings are simple line sketches concerned mostly with descriptive clarityrather than comprehensive accuracy. The diagrams are intended to identify thesequence and relationships as well as particular terminology.

Compiled primarily as a visual checklist for students and early stages of practicebuilding professionals, the book is also meant to help communication with the otherparticipants to the building industry.

Its spirit, I hope, echoes the intentions of a much older introduction from which Iquote below as it is as valid today as it was when it was first written.

From the introduction to:

AcknowledgementsI am grateful to the following people and organisations for their supportive helpduring the preparation of the first edition of this book:

Rob Dark, Architect, UKB. Goilav, Structural Engineer, FranceDan S. Hanganu, Architect, Montreal, CanadaClaude and Anca Lemaire, Architects, FranceBiblioteque Centre Pompidou, Paris, FranceThe RIBA Library, London, UKVeronique Thierry, Isabelle Mathieu, Monique Beranger, Architects, Paris, FranceBeatrice Jubien, FranceSpecial thanks to Jane Fawcett whose generous advice and personal example werean inspiration.

My further thanks for help in preparing this edition to:

Dominic Hailey (CAD director) of WORK OR PLAY for his advice on the computer drawing chapter. A London based multi-disciplinary organisation, WORK OR PLAY(www.workorplay.org) specialise in CAD data management systems for the constructionindustry advising and training architects in the UK and Europe.

Jason Dunn DSc (Hons) MB Eng Tech RICS MAIBS – for his help in updating theConstruction Control and Building Control in London chapters.

Finally, my most grateful thanks to my editor Alex Hollingsworth for his help, adviceand staunch support in completing this new edition.

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About the AuthorRoxanna McDonald is a practising architect. She works in the UK, France andEastern Europe advising on a wide range of professional issues ranging from theconservation of historic buildings to the re-building of infrastructure damaged bynatural and man-made disasters and building-related environmental issues.

Other books written by Roxanna McDonald:

The Fireplace Book - Architectural Press 1984Illustrated Building Glossary - Butterworth Heineman 1999Introduction to Natural and Man Made Disasters and their effects on

Buildings - Architectural Press 2003


I. GeneralArchitecture

Design

Drawing techniques

Building types

Elements

3

7

16

33


3

Module proportions

Dimensional coordination

4

5

Drawing representation

Volumes and shapes

6

Drawing practice - dimensions, grid lines

7

Drawing practice – scale and representation

8

Drawing equipment

9

Drawing instruments

10

Computer drawing

Image processing softwaremanipulating pixel basedobjects using a combinationof red, green & black dotson screen

Manipulating vector objects tocreate models that can bedisplayed at different scales.Vector objects defined bypoint co-ordinates in virtual space.

Autocad Archicadmicrostation Rhino Vector works

Cartesian co-ordinates – numbers

Architects Graphicdesigners

Graphic format

View designfrom any angleLight penPlotterMouseMonitor

Harddisk

Hardware(Tangeable objects)

CAD system

Computer aided design(Computer based tools for design)

C. A. D.

Computer Keep track of designdependencies

Software(Ideas, Concept–nontangeable)

Photoshop Flash Illustrator Paintshop

Colour

Enables

11

12

Monitor

MouseKey board

Speaker

Computer

Printer

Plotter

Lens

Photo electric cell

Control button

Amplifier

Electronic beam

Light pen

Computer drawing

13

Computer drawingAUTOCAD VECTOR WORKS

Design layer

Sheet layer

Class

Working group reference

Origin

Symbol

Locus

Object info palette

Resource browser

Model space

Paper space

Layer

X ref

UCS

Block

Point

Properties palette

Design centre

Tool palettes

Active layer(active class)

Graphic attributes

Paper space tabs

Model(design layer)

Layout(sheet layer)

Layout 2

Computer drawing

14

Project View

Section

Detail

Elevation

Plan

Cad Design

Level(Floor I number)

Content(Element

classification)

Computer drawing

15

ConsultantCAD data

I:I Scale model files

Live CAD data

Sheet files

Referenced CAD datadisplayed at scale

Drawingissue

Coordinated CADdata

Plotter

Drawing production from cad data

Classical temple

16

The Classical orders

17

Classical ornament and enrichment

18

Mediaeval ornament

19

Mediaeval castle

20

Styles compared

21

Timber framed buildings

22

Cruck framed bam

Timber framedhall house

Jetty

Jetty detail

Typical parish church

23

Gothic cathedral

24

Traditional house

25

Mass-produced house

26

Residential buildings

27


28

29



30

31

Rural buildings

32

Traditional farm buildings

33

Entrances

34

Entrances

35

Entrances

36

Outside/inside

37

Traditional windows


II. Controls

Legal aspects

Administration

41

43


41

English land law

English landand law

Conveyancing

Sunlight and daylight

42

43

Planning control

Planning control

44

Shop andinternet cafesA1 B1

B2 to B7

B8

A2

A3

A4

A5

Office

Food and drinkconsumption onpremises

Business

Generalindustrial

Storagedistribution

Excluded fromA use class

Theatre

Amusementarcade orfun fair

Taxi or hire ofmotor vehicles

Night club andretail warehouse

Sale or displayof motor vehicles

Sale of fuel andvehicles

Launderette

Drinkingestablishments

Hot foodtakeaways

Use classes

A B

Planning approvals

45

Construction control

L1a – in newdwellings

L1b – in existing dwellings

L2a – in newBuildings otherthan dwellings

L2b – in existingBuildings otherthan dwellings

Construction regulationBuilding Act 1984Building Regulations 2000(as amended)

14 approved documentsSchedule 1 – requirements

Part A – Structure

Part B – Fire safety

Part D – Toxic substances

Part E – Resistance to passing of sound

Part F – Ventilation

Part G – Hygiene

Part H – Drainage and waste disposal

Part J – Combustion appliances and fuel storage systems

Part K – Protection from falling, collision and imapct

Part C – Site preparation resistance to contaminates and moisture

Part L – Conservation of fuel and power

Part M – Access to and use of buildings

Part N – Glazing safety in relation to impact, opening and cleaning

Part P – Electrical safety

Control by local authoritybuilding control

Approved inspectors

Building control in London

46

The planning (listed buildingsand conservation areas)Act 1990

14 District Surveyors(Chief Building Regs. Officers)

Building control inInner London

City + 12 boroughs

Since 6 Jan. 1986The Building (Inner London)Regualations 1985 and 1987

Other special controls

Notice of Irregularity

Othercontrollinnglegislation

The town & country planningAct 1990; the planning andcompensation Act 1997

The fire precautions(workplace regulations)1997

Large buildings over 7100 m3

High buildings>30 m high or >25 m if >930 m2

Party structures(Part VI – 1993 Act)

Building line (Beyond which a buildingmay not project)

The regulatory reform(fire safety) order fromOct 2006

The partywall Act 1996

The fire precautions Act 1971

The clean air Act 1993

The highway Act 1980

The work place (Health safetyand welfare) regulations 1992

Disability discriminationAct 1995 (DDA)

Traffic management Act 2004

The housing Act 1985

The licensing Act 2003

The building (Approvedinspectors) Regulations 2000

III. ConstructionProcess

Financial aspects

Project execution

49

52


49

Development

Development funding methods

50

51

Estimating and cost control

Project design

52

53

Project construction

Building contracts

54

IV. The Building Site

General57


57

Setting out

Accurate survey

58

59

Survey equipment

Non-destructive survey: method 1

60

61

Non-destructive survey: method 2

Plant and equipment – cranes

62

63

Plant and equipment – excavation

Scaffolding – patent

64

65

Scaffolding – independent

Concrete plant

66

67

Power tools

Pick

Rammer

Soldering

68

69

Tools

Adjustable square

Tools

70

V. The Building Fabric

Foundations

Superstructure – external walls

internal walls

roofs

stairs

chimneys

floors

opening in walls

fixings

Finishes

73

80

891693

97

126

130

132

142

152

158

Glazing

Services – drainage and plumbing

electrical

heating

External works/landscaping

166

169

176

182

186

73

Strip foundations

Stepped foundations

74

75

Continuous column foundations

Concrete strip

(for columnsclosely spaced)

Raft foundations

Piled foundations

76

77

Retaining walls

Steel column foundations

78

Shoring and underpinning

Asymmetricalflying shore

Wall plate

Wall plate

Multipleraking shore

Wall plate

New foundationdowel bars

between sections

Concretebackfill

Dry pinning

Existing wall

Existing, unsupportedfoundation, cut back

Underpinning wall

Brickwork of each section'loothed' for bonding

Underpinning sections or 'legs'

Sole plate

Foldingwedge

Needle

Needle

Cleat

Cleat

Shoringand underpinning

Underpinning

Top raking shore

Middle raking shore

Middle rakingshore

Top raking shore

Binding

Binding

Rider

Bottom rakingshore

Folding endwedges

Horizontal shore

79

Brick wall construction

80

Solid brick wall

Cavity wall

Inner leaf of concrete blocks

Brick footings

81

Brickwork

Rusticated joints

Channelled

Queen closers

Quoinheaders

Quoin

Perpends

Racking back

Bonding of brickwork

82

83

Brick arcade

Brick types

84

85

Effects of damp

Stone

86

87

Stone façade

Stone walling

88

89

Ashlar

Cladding

90

91

Curtain wall cladding

GRC cladding

92

93

Partitions

Partitions

94

95

Partitions

Interior

96

97

Pitched roof construction

Ridge beam

Rafters

Hip rafter

BattensBattens

ValleyValleyrafterrafterValleyrafter

Tie beam

Strut

CollarPurlinPurlin

Principal rafter

Lathing

Wall plate

Stay Diagonal tie

Jack rafterJack rafterJack rafter

Battens

Purlin

Types of pitched roofs

98

99

Traditional timber roof types

Aisle

Trusses

100

101

Trusses

Bolt and connector trusses

102

103

Lean-to half truss

104

Truss rafter assembly

Details

105

Truss rafter assembly

106

Carpentry joints

Bolt and connectorsandwich joint

Oblique tenon

Birdsmouth joint Finger joint

Counter – sallied cross

107

Cross timber joints

Mortice and tenon

Half-face housing joint

Dovetailed lap

Open (or slot)mortice and tenon

Twin-slotmortice and tenon

Mitred morticeand tenon

Dovetailed housing Splay-shouldered lap

Square housed joint Bevelled housed joint

Double-shouldered tenon Bare-faced tenon

108

Traditional scarf joints

109

Traditional scarf joints

110

Timber mouldings

111

Flat roofs

112

Roof covering types

113

Slate

114

Plain tiling

115

Pantiling

116

Thatch

117

Traditional timber shingles

Bitumen binder

Ceramic granules

Bitumen

Impreo-nated

fibre

Felt shingle

118

Roof openings

119

Dormer windows

120

Skylights

121

Chimneys

122

Weatherproofing – lead sheet

123

Weatherproofing – flashings and aprons

124

Lightning conductor

125

Rainwater pipes

126

Types of staircases

127

Traditional timber staircases

128

Special stairs and escalators

129

Lifts

Motor pump room

Hydraulicpipe

Hydraulic lift well

Point loadings

130

Fireplaces

131

Fireplace accessories

132

Timber floor construction

133

Timber floors – trimmed openings

Trimmedjoist

Trimmingjoist

Trimmer

Bridging joists

Stratting

Single joisted floor plan

134

Trimming to timber floors

135

Panel and angle joints

Dowelled buttjoint

Butt joint onbearers

Tonove andgrooved (T and G)

T and G withloose tongue

Double T and G

Rebated joint

Common dovetailStopped or

lapped dovetailLapped andtongue joint

Square housing Dowelled Dowlled mitred

136

Concrete floors

Concretefinish

Grout

Precast floor

Channelbeams

137

Reinforced concrete floors

138

Ceilings – timber joists

139

Suspended ceilings

140

Space for services

141

Raised floors

Deep void platformfloor supports

142

Doors

143

Doors

144

Doors

145

Doors

146

Traditional windows – sash

147

Traditional windows – casement

148

Ironmongery – knobs and latches

149

Ironmongery – bolts and handles

150

Ironmongery – locks

151

Ironmongery – hinges

152

Metal fixings – ties

153

Metal fixings – joist hangers

154

Metal components – expanded steel mesh

155

Metal components – lintels

156

Nails and screws

157

Bolts and plugs

158

Plasterwork tools

159

Wattle and daub

160

Stucco

161

Decorative plasterwork

162

Interior walls – dry lining

163

Timber finishes

164

Panelling

165

Carpets

166

Stained glass

167

Flat glass

168

Glazing systems

169

Drainage

170

Underground drainage

171

Plumbing, water supply and waste systems

172

Sanitary pipework

173

Lavatory pans and cisterns

174

Plumbing connections

175

Water heating

176

Electricity – supply and wiring

177

Electricity – accessories

178

Electricity – track wiring

179

Outdoor lighting

180

Electrical fitting

181

Electricity – lightbulbs

182

Heating systems

183

Central heating – hot water

184

Radiators

185

Air conditioning

186

Earthworks – kerbs

187

Irrigation and screening

188

Fencing

189

Trees

190

Grading, turf laying

191

Plant care, outbuildings


VI. The EnvironmentalConditions

Global warming and thegreenhouse effect

Sustainable ‘Green’buildings

Building at risk: natural disasters

195

16

201

196


195

Global warming and greenhouse effect

Solarradiation

GLOBAL WARMING

Green houseeffect: Heatradiationtrapped

Green housegases

(50% – Carbon dioxide–Co219% – Methane5% – CFC)

Fewer inefficient buildings (50%of UK energy consuption is DNbuildings)

Less transport

Less Co2

Global warmingreduction

Moresustainable

'Green' buildings

Reduce toxic emission goodventilation use of microbialgrowth resistant materials

Occupanthealth + safety

Fuel cells

WaveWindSolarGood maintenance

Recycled environ-nmentally friendly

Waste managementalternative service

Fora long lifebuilding

Materials efficiencyBioclimatic design maximisesnatural heating, light andventilation

Appropriatesiting

Suitableform + layout

Sustainablematerials

Low embodie energy/preference to timberover brick or concrete

Photovoltaics

Encourage energy efficienttechnology alternative /renewable sources

Goodinsulation

Prevent heatloss / gain

Efficientlight system

Energy efficient design

Designed, built & operated in anecological and resource

efficient manner

Sustainable'Green' Buildings

Recycle Minimisewaste

MeterDual

plumbing

Water efficiency

197

Bioclimatic design

TRADITIONAL BUILDING

MODERN BUILDING

(b) Night time cooling

(a) Daytime absorbtion

City hall, London

Chamber due northto maximize transparency

Minimum surface area faces the sun

Self shadingsouth elevation

Natural perimeterventilation

Fresh air

Heat exchanger

Greywatertank

Bore holecooling

Thermalstore

Maximumsunlight

Materials efficiency – waste management

198

Sew

age

syst

emN

atur

al u

pgra

ding

of

trea

tmen

t sys

tem

Sewage treatment systems

Materials efficiency-waste management

Willows and trenches

Vodose zonemonitoring well

Ground water flow

Land fill

Monitoringwell

Horizontal flow reed bed

Compacted claycap

Compacted clayliner

Solid waste

SandLayer

Watertable

New samplepoint

Pump

Treatment

Rain water

Sewage

Humustank

Sludge

Septictank

199


Batteries

GeneratorPhotovoltaicmodulesSun

Wind

Wind turbine

Battery bank

AC or DC

Load

DC disconnect

Change controller

Mountingstructure

Photovoltaicpanels

Solar power

Energy efficient design: alternative sources of energy

Hybrid power system

Generator

Circuitpanel

Invertercharger


200

Magneticshaft

Electriccoilsecuredto heavingbuoy

Detail

Permanent linear generator buoy

100 ft

100 ft

Wave energy

GeneratorTurbine

Air out

Operating principle

WaveWavedirectiondirectionWavedirection

Energy efficient design: alternative sources of energy

201

Surfacefault

90°

Fault

FocusFocus(hypocenter)(hypocenter)

Focus(hypocenter)

EpicentreCharacteristics

Vibration modes

Structural tilting dueto liquefaction

First mode Second mode Third mode

Water table

Water pressure

Earthquake

Earthquake

202

Overturning

Buildings

Torsion effect

PancakingE

P

Filing cabinet Groundmotion

DriftDrift

Normal Over-stress Soft storey

Centre of resistanceCenter of mass

Wall

(b) Unbalanced resistance

(a) Balanced resistance

Torsion

Eccentricity

Mass and resistancecentres coincide

203

Earthquake

Seismic shearShear failure

Section 1–1 Section 2–2

a ≤ 10–15am

φ12–14mm

1 1 2 2

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Seismic shear

Extreme weather: hurricanes, lightning

204

Coolliquid

Hot liquid

Tap valveHot water circulationprinciple

Extreme Weather: principles, hurricanes

Highpressure

Lowpressure

Heatsource

Sea breeze principle High pressure

Cooler airCooler airLow pressureLow pressure

Land

Sea

Rising airfrom warmlandCooler air

Low pressure

Hurricanedevelopment

Storm clouds

Hurricanewinds

Verticalflow

Direction of rotation

205


Flat roof 20 pitch

30 pitch 45 pitch

WindPressure

SuctionWind effect onbuildings

Wind effect toroof shape

Extreme Weather: hurricanes, wind effect


206

Positiveions of airmolecules

Positivestreamers

Stepleader

Extreme Weather: lightning

207

Mass movement: subsistence, landslides

Mass movement

Rate of movement Material moving

Earth or rock WaterHeave

Flow

Slip

Land slide Very rapid

Slow to rapid

Slow to rapid

Talus creep

Soil creep

Slump

Debris slide

Debris fall

Debrisavalanche

Soilfluction

Rock creep

Imperceptible


208

Tiltedstructures

Layeredbed rockbendingdown slope

Moving back

Original position

Slide

Creep

Partiallycoveredroad

209


Original position

Original position

Falling rock Fall

Flow

Waves

Movingmass


210

Original position

Slumpedmass

Slump

Topple

211


Slipplane

Heave of surfaceHeave effect

Instability of unevenground effect on buildings

Typical structural damagedue to ground effects

Floods

212

Flood fringe

Fill

Flood level

Flood way Flood fringe

Normal water level

Flood plain

Flood

213

Volcanoes

Tephra plume

Eruption column

Magma

Prevailingwind

Tephra fall

Ballisticdebris

Tephra depositeTephra depositeTephra deposite

Volcano eruption


References

Architect’s Data, Ernst Neufert, Crosby Lockwood Staples (1970).

Architect’s Legal Handbook, Anthony Speaight and Gregory Stone, Architectural Press (1998).

Building Construction Vols I,II,III and IV, W.B. McKay, Longmans (1995).

The Building Design Easy Brief, Henry Haverstock, Morgan Grampain (1987).

Building Construction Handbook, R. Chudley, Laxton’s (1988).

The Care and Conservation of Georgian Houses, Architectural Press with Edinburgh New TownConservation Committee, Paul Harris Publishing (1978). Architectural Press (1980).

Dicobat – Editions Arcature (1990).

Dictionaire – Librarie Larousse (1981).

Drawing Office Practice for British Standard 1192, Architects and Builders (1953).

Ecohouse a design guide – Sue Roaf, Architectural Press (2002).

English Historic Carpentry, Cecil A. Hewett, Phillimore (1980).

Farms in England, Peter Fowler, Royal Commission on Historic Monuments, HMSO (1983).

Handbook of Urban Landscape, Cliff Tandy, Architectural Press (1975).

History of the English House, Nathaniel Lloyd, Architectural Press (1975).

Mitchell’s Building Series,

Structure and Fabric 1, Jack Stroud Foster (1973).

Structure and Fabric 2, Jack Stroud Foster and Raymond Harrington (1976).

Components, Harold King (1983) Batsford Academic and Education.

Modern Practical Masonry, E.G. Warland, Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd., 2nd edn (1953).

Modulor Le Corbusier, Faber & Faber (1951).

New Metric Handbook, Edited by P. Tutt and D. Adler, Architectural Press (1979).

The Parish Churches of England, Charles Cox, B.T. Batsford (1954).

The Penguin Dictionary of Building, John S. Scott, Penguin (1982).

Repair Manual Reader’s Digest (1976).

Sewage solutions – Nick Grant, Mark Moodie, Chriss Weedon – Centre for AlternativeTechnology Publications (2000).

215

References

216

Specification 1 – 6 Architectural Press (1987).

Sustainable Architecture – Brian Edwards, Architectural Press (1999).

Traditional Farm Buildings Richard Harris, Arts Council Exhibition Catalogue (1982).

216

217

Index

Abutment, 77Account (final), 45Accuracy, 52Accurate survey, 52Acroterion, 11Acts, 40Adaptor, 175Air brush, 10Air conditioning plant, 179Air handling unit, 134Aisle (church), 18, 19Aisle (cattle), 26Altar, 19Alternative sources of energy, 199Ambulatory, 30Angle, 119Angle bead, 104Angle cleat, 149Angle joint, 129Angle of obstruction, 36Angle of acceptance, 36Angle poise lamp, 9Appraisal (development), 43Appraisal (financial), 46Approved documents (building regulations), 39Approximate (quantities estimating), 44Apron flashing, 117Apse, 19Arcade (brick), 77Arch (flat), 83Arch (semicircular), 83Arch (Gothic), 19Arch braced roof, 93Architect, 46, 47Architrave, 11, 104Arris, 78Ashlar, 81, 83“A” sizes, 7Assembly truss, 98Assembly rafter, 99Astragal, 13Automatic pencil, 10Axonometric projection, 5

Baffle, 92Baluster, 127Balustrade, 25Ballast, 62Balleting, 88Ball valve, 173Bar (reinforcement), 137Bar (pressure), 145Barbican, 20Bark, 157Barn shapes, 31, 32Barn (cruck framed), 22Barn (threshing), 27Barrel bolt, 149Bartizan, 20Base, 83Base bed, 86Base line, 57Basement (dry area), 77Basic module, 7Bat, 84Battens, 97Batter, 88Bay (cart), 32Bayonet cap, 181Bay open front, 32Bay window, 37Beam compass, 10Beam (threshing), 32Beam (interior), 96Beam (vault), 24Bellows, 131Bench mark, 4Bevelled (bat closer), 84Bevelled housed joint, 107, 134Billet, 19Bills of quantity, 51Binder, 101Binding, 79Bioclimatic design, 197Birds mouth joint, 106Bitumen, 117Blade (scalpel), 10

Index

218

Blinding, 74, 75Blockboard, 163Blocking course, 87Block of fIats, 30Boards (blockboard laminboard), 163Boarding, 26Boaste finish, 86Boiler, 171, 183Bole, 163Bolster, 70Bolt (panic), 145Bolts, 157Bolt and connector truss, 102, 106Bond (brick), 82

(English, Flemish, rat trap, reverse, halfbond, quarter bond, third bond, brokenbond)

Boom, 63, 101Bore hole cooling, 197Bossed lead roll, 122Boundary line, 41Bow window, 37Box spanner, 69Brace, 69, 142Braced roof, 100Bracing:

chevron, 100diagonal, 100longitudinal, 100

Bracket (gutter), 125Bradawl, 70Branch piece, 125Brattice, 20Braye, 20Break line, 8Brick:

arcade, 83bonding, 82footing, 80joints, 81types, 84wall, 80

Brickwork bonding, 82Brief, 52Broached finish, 86Building contracts, 54Building fabric, 71

Building line, 35, 40Building regulations, 45Building site, 55Building types:

detached, 27, 30high rise, 30large, high 46residential, 27, 28, 29, 30rural, 31semi-detached, 27terraced, 27traditional farm, 32

Bulbs (light), 180, 181Bulldozer, 63Bull nose (double), 84Bundles (thatch), 116Bungalow, 30Burl, 163Burlap (wrapping), 189Burner, 183Burr, 163Busbar system, 141Bush and follower, 150Butt end, 117Butterfly roof, 98Butt joint, 135Byre, 31, 32

Cabin hook, 149Cable, 19Cable (mains electric), 176Cable looped, 178Camera (metric), 58Candle bulb, 181Canopy (hipped, with cheeks), 31Cap, 83Capital, 16Car, 129Carpentry joints, 106Carpet (pile, fibre, yarns), 165Carriage, 9Cart bay, 32Casement window, 147Cast iron fittings (knuckle joint, swept bent,

tee), 170

Castle (mediaeval), 20, 29Cavetto, 18Cavity wall, 26, 80,114,136,162Ceiling (level), 4Ceiling (interior), 96Ceiling (lath and plaster), 159Ceiling (timber), 138Ceiling (suspended), 139Ceiling (liner), 138Ceiling (rose), 180Cellar, 25Cellular core, 93Central heating (hot water), 183Centre line, 8Certificate (making good defects, practical

completion, final), 52Cesspool, 168Chamber, 23Chancel, 23Change of use (material), 43Channelled joint, 80Channels, 81, 162Chantry, 23Chapel, 20,23Chateau, 29Cheek, 117Chevet, 24Chevron, 19Chimney breast, 96, 130Chimney crane, 131Chimney piece, 130Chimney pot, 121Chimney stack, 25, 121, 129Chimneys, 121Chippings (solar reflective), 111Chisel, 70Choir, 24Church (parish), 23CiII (stone), 87, 89City of London Corporation, 43Cistern (low/high level, slim), 173Cladding types, 90, 91Cladding fixing, 152Clamp, 69Classical orders, 3, 17Classical ornament, 18Classical style, 21

Classical temple, 16Claw hammer, 63Claytiles, 112Cleat, 101Clerestory, 23Clerk of Works, 53Client, 52, 53Clip (lead), 122Clip (truss), 153Cloche, 185Closed string, 127Closer (brick), 84Coal scuttle, 131Coat (backing, render, setting), 158, 159Coffer, 96Collar beam (root), 93Collateral warranty, 54Collective car control (lift), 129Column, 16Column base, 3, 16Compartment floor, 138Component (working size), 4Composite order, 17Compression gasket, 92Compressor, 67Concrete floors (suspended, preonst,

solid), 136Concrete slab, 137Concrete mixer, 66Condensation, 84Cone (truncated), 6Connections (plumbing — valves, traps), 174Connector (fixing), 138Connector (electrical), 177Conservatory, 185Construction process, 47Construction regulations (building

acts), 45Consultants, 52Continuous foundation, 75Contract, 51, 53Contractor, 52Controlling dimension, 4Controls:

admin, 43construction, 45cost, 51

219

Index

Controls (Continued)legal, 41planning, 43

Convector (natural, fan), 182Convention (line), 8Conveyancing, 41Coordination (dimensional), 4Coordinatograph, 58Coping, 83, 86, 89, 115Corbel, 20Core (honeycomb), 95Corinthian order, 12Corner tower, 20Corn hole, 32Cornice, 11,83,104Cornice ornamentation, 161Cornice (running in situ), 161Corona, 18Corner locking joint, 106Cost (study, planning, check, monitoring,

information), 51Cottage, 27Council (district, county, borough), 43Countersallied cross joint, 106Courses (lacing), 88Covenant (restrictive), 41Cover meter, 60Cover strip, 92Cramp (fixing), 143Crane, 62Cranked hinge, 95Crenel, 20Cross timber joints, 107Crown (brick arch), 83Crown post roof, 99Cruck:

frame, 22roof, 99

Cube, 6Cubicle (proprietary), 95Cupboard (built-in), 96Curtain (castle), 20Curtain wall (cladding), 91Curve (French, flexible), 10Cylinder (truncated), 6Cylinder locks (rim, latch),

150, 148

Cyma, 18Cyma reversa, 18

Dado, 16, 96, 110Damp (effects of), 85Daylight, 42Daytime absorbtion, 197Deadmen (timber), 189Debt financing, 50Deck (timber for roof, metal, concrete), 111Deep void floor, 141Defects, 53Defects liability period, 53Demountable partitions, 95Dentils, 161Detached (building), 27Developer, 50Development:

appraisal, 49funding, 50permitted, 43,

Diameter (column base), 3Dichroic reflector, 181Dig and fill, 189Dimension (controlling), 4Dimension (ratio of antiquity), 3Dimensional coordination, 4, 7Dimmer switch, 177Dipper arm, 63District surveyor, 52Dog-leg (brick), 84Dog-leg (stair), 126Door:

bell, 144buffer, 149case, 33closers, 143, 145hood, 33knob, 144lining, 96selector, 145spring, 145stop, 149

Door types, 142,143,144,145ledged and braced, 142

Index

220

Door types (Continued)interior flush, 142panelled, 142, 144selfclosing, 145

Doorway, 33Doric order, 17Dormer, 25Dormer windows (external, internal,

gabled, partial, polygonal, piended,bowed, rectangular, lead roofed), 112, 119

Double bull nose, 84Double cone, 19Double hammer beam, 99Double lap sandwich truss, 101Dovetail:

housing, 134joint, 106lap, 107

Dowel, 79, 87, 107Dowelled mitred joint, 135Downpipe, 25,125,171Downstand, 75D.P.C. (damp proof course), 80, 132D.P.M. (damp proof membrane), 136Drainage (land), 190Drainage, 25, 169Drainage underground, 170

(fittings — UPVC, cast iron, vitrified clay, spigot and socket,polypropylene)

Drainpipe, 171Draughting machine, 9Drawbridge, 20Drawing board (sizes, types), 8, 9

equipment, 9instruments, 10pen, 9practice, 7representation, 5

Drill (rawtool power), 70Drive cable, 9Druidical style, 21Drum (mixing), 66Dry lining, 162Duct wiring, 178Dumper (highway), 63, 66

Earthquake, 201-203Earth works (graphic presentation), 186Easement, 40Eaves, 97Eaves gutter, 125Efflorescence, 85Egg and dart, 161Electricity accessories, 177

fittings, 180light bulbs, 181supply and wiring, 177track wiring, 178

Elevation, 5Elliptic, 6Embattled, 19Engaged (columns), 21English bond (brick), 82English land law, 41Energy efficient design, 199-200Enrichment (classical), 18Entablature, 16Entrance, 33, 34, 35Equipment (site), 61Equity (shared), 50Escutcheon, 149Escalator (types), 128Espagnolette bolt, 149Estimate (approximate, comparative), 51Estimating, 51Excavation plant, 63Excavator, 63Expansion tank, 183Express grant, 41External works, 169Extrados, 8Extreme weather, 204-206

Façade (stone), 81Face (brick), 83Facing stone, 87Facings, 84Farm building (traditional), 32Farm house, 31Farm yard, 31Fascia (board), 97

221

Index

Feasibility, 52Feathered end, 117Fees:

letting, 49professional, 49sale, 49

Felt (upstand), 111, 112Fencing types, 188

(bar (vertical/horizontal), cleftchestnut,closeboarded, chainlink, palisade, wovenwire/wood)

Fender, 131Fibre, 165Field house, 32Final account, 51, 53Final certificate, 53Financial appraisal, 52Financial aspects, 49Finial, 23Finger joint, 105Finishes:

plasterwork, 158timber, 162

Fire back, 96, 130Fire bed, 183Fire dogs, 130Fireplace accessories, 130Fireplace recess, 127Fireplaces,133Fireproofing, 154Fire surround, 96, 130FFL (finished floor level), 4Fixings (metal), 152, 153Flanking tower, 20Flashing (metal cover), 111,121,123Flat arch, 89Flat roof, 98Flat roofs, 111

concrete, 111green, 111metal deck 111on timber deck, 111refurbished, 111

Flaunching, 121Flemish bond, 76Flex (two/three core),177Flex (lampholder), 179

Flexible curve, 10Flint, (split, knapped), 88Float (metal, wood), 158Floating mark, 58Floods, 212Floodlight projector, 179Floor boards, 132, 133Floor drain, 169Floor board sawing, 163Floors:

ground, 25RC/concrete, 136, 137raised, 140timber, 132,133,134upper, 25

Flooring (mitred herringbone parquet woodstrip), 96

Flue, 130Flue terminal, 183Fluorescent (tube, compact bulb), 181Flush joint, 81Flying buttress, 23Flying shore, 79Footing (concrete), 73

(brick), 80Foundation, 26, 67Foundation:

continuous, 75isolated pad, 74raft, 75stepped, 74strip, 73trench fill, 73wall pier, 73

Frame and panel (partition system), 95

Franklin point, 124French curve, 10French windows, 25Frieze, 16, 87, 96Front door, 25Frog, 84Functional (tolerance, space), 4Funder (development), 50Funding methods, 50Furring channels, 162Furrowed finish, 86

Index

222

Gable, 25Gabled (barn, porch), 31Gantry mast, 62Gargoyle, 23Gaskets, 91, 168Gasket fir cone, 92

compression, 92Gate house, 28Gate (postern), 15Gateway, 33Gather, 130Gauge (marking), 69Gauge (tiling), 113Gazebo, 185G.D.V. (gross development value), 49G.E.A. (gross external area), 49Generator set, 67Georgian wire glass, 167G.I.A. (gross internal area), 49Gland (adjusting screw), 184Glass (bullet proof, flat, float, laminated,

patterned, plate, rough cast, solar control,sound control, toughened, wired), 167

Glazing, 168Glazing panel, 91Glazing systems (bead, gasket, patent), 168Global warming and greenhouse effect, 195Going, 127Golden number, 3Golden section, 3Gooseneck, 171Gothic arch, 24Gothic cathedral, 24Grading, 190Graduation markings (metric, imperial), 7Granary, 32Granules (ceramic), 117Grant (express, implied), 41Grating, 125Gravel (path), 186Greenhouse, 185Greenhouse staging, 185Green house gases, 195Green roof, 111Grid (structural, planned), 4Grid (dimensionally coordinate), 78Grid (setting out), 57

Grid lines, 7Groove, 89Ground, 25Ground beam, 76Ground floor, 25Guiloche, 161Gulley (trapped), 171Gusset (plywood), 101Gutter, 25, 87

Hacksaw, 70Half bat, 84Half bonding, 82Half hipped barn, 31Half face housing joint, 107Half grid ceiling, 128Halt lap joint, 106Hall house (timber framed), 22Handrail, 127Hanger:

joist, 142steel, 131timber, 101

Hanging (of windows), 146Haunch, 82Hayloft, 26, 32Header, 84Heading course, 79Heart (timber), 163Hearth, 96Hearth (front, back), 130Heat exchanger, 197Heat exchange pipe, 183Heat radiation, trapped, 195Heating systems, 182Herringbone strutting, 132Herringbone mitred timber flooring, 96High rise building, 31Highway (central line), 41Hinges (T-hinge, hook and band, butt, helical

spring, loose pin, lift-off, cranked,parliament, offset), 137, 151

Hinged partition, 94Hip, 113Hip rafter, 97

223

Index

Hipped (barn, porch, canopy), 31Hipped roof, 98, 113Hob grate, 130Hog back ridge tile, 113Hoist (block, rope), 62Hollow brick, 84Honeycomb core, 95Hook (slate fixing), 113Hopper, 183Hopper head, 125House:

detached, 30(field), 32mass produced, 26stately, 29traditional, 25

Hot water (supply, cylinder), 171Hot water circulation principle, 204Human dimensions (Le Corbusier), 3Hurricane development, 204Hybrid power system, 199Hydraulic (lift), 128Hyperbolic, 6

Imbrex, 115Immersion heater, 175Immersion heater circuit, 176Imperial (scale), 8Impost, 83Indented, 19Indicator bolt, 149Infil panel, 91Inlet, 183Inspection chamber (drainage), 170Instructions (architect’s), 53Integral boss connector, 170Integrated ceilings, 140Interceptor, 169Interim certificates, 53Interior, 95Interstitial condensation, 85Ionic order, 17lonizing point, 118Ironmongery, 148–151

hinges, 150

Ironmongery (Continued)knobs and latches, 148locks, 148

Irregularity (notice of), 40Irrigation system, 187Isometric projection, 5

Jack (stabilising), 62Jamb, 96, 110Jetty, 22Joggled flat arch, 89Joints:

bed, vertical, struck, recessed,projecting, flush, keyed, tuck rusticated,vee, channelled, 81

carpentry, 106cross timber, 107joggle, 87panel, angle, lapped and tongued, 129stepped, angle, open drained baffle

sealant filled, 92traditional scarf, 108, 109

J.C.T, (joint contracts tribunal) forms ofcontract, 48

Joist, 96,132,133Joist hanger, 153

Keep, 20Kerb (built-up timber), 111Kerb (earthworks — precast, timber), 187Keyed joint, 81Keystone (crown), 24, 89King closer, 84King post, 103King post roof, 99, 104, 105Knapped flint, 88Knob (door), 144

(ironmongery), 148, 149Knuckle joint fitting, 170

Lacing courses, 88Lags, 163

Index

224

Lamp holder (pendant, cover, flex), 180Lancet, 24Land chain, 7Land drainage, 190Land law, 41Lap, 81, 82, 113, 117Lath, 154, 158Lathing, 97Latches:

cylinder, rim, 148lever, 149

Lattice frame, 62Lead (flat, round), 166Leadburned saddle, 122Lead cutting knife, 166Lead sheet, 122Leaf and dart, 161Lean-to roof, 98Lean-to half truss, 103Lease back guarantee, 50Le Corbusier, 3Ledger (scaffold), 64, 65Levelling staff, 59Lever latch, 149Lever springs, 150Lierne, 24Light fitting, 180Lighting (outdoor), 179Light track, 177Lightening conductor, 124Line (centre, break, section), 8L.V.D.T. (linear variable differential

transducers), 61Lines (axial), 4Lime (in lime and cement stucco) 160Lintels (steel), 155Loan (repay, service), 50Local authority, 42

(officers), 39Lock (spring loaded, blocking pins), 150

(horizontal mortice), 148Loft, 25Log, 162Loggia, 36Long term interest, 50Loop (carpet — plain, cut,

sculptured), 165

Loop hole, 20Loose box, 32Lorry, 62Lozenge, 19Luffing (arms, rope), 62Lynch gate, 36

Machicolations, 20Magnetic field, 60Magnetometry, 60Mains (supply water), 171Maintenance manual, 53Mallet, 69Manhole (brickcover), 171Mansarded roof, 98Mantle, 130Marking gauge, 69Masking tape, 10Mass movement

Creep, 208Effect on buildings, 211Fall, 209Flow, 209Heave effect, 211Slide, 208Structural damage, 211Topple, 210

Materials efficiency – waste management, 198

Measuring tape, 59, 69Mediaeval castle, 20Mediaeval ornament, 19,Meetings (progress), 52Merlon, 20Mesh reinforcement, 136Mesh (expanded steel), 154Metal:

components, 154, 155fixings, 153lath, 154ties, 151

Meter (cover), 60Meter (transducer), 61Metope, 16Metric scale, 8

225

Index

Microwave analysis, 60Mitred closer, 84Mitred slates, 113Modilion and patera, 155Module, 3Module (basic), 7Modulor, 3Monopitched roof, 98Mortice and tenon joint, 98

(twin slot, open, mitred), 106Motor pump room, 129Mouldings (timber), 110Mulch (peat), 189Mullion, 91Multiple ownership, 50Multi point lock, 150Muntin, 142

Nails, 156Nave, 23, 24N.l.A. (net internal area), 49Newel, 121Nib (tile), 108Nondestructive survey methods, 60, 61Non-metropolitan (county council), 42Nosing, 127Notice of irregularity, 40Nozzle piece, 125

Oblique projection, 5Offset bend, 125Ogee, 110Ogive (arch), 24Openings:

roof, 118walls, 136

Oriel window, 37Ornament (classical), 18Ornament (mediaeval), 19Orthographic projection, 5OS (ordinance survey), 57Outdoor lighting (fittings), 179Outlet (rainwater), 125

Outside/Inside, 36Overage, 49Overdoor panel, 96Overflow outlet, 170, 173Owner occupier, 50Oxyacetilene set, 68

Pad foundation, 68Padlock, 148Pan (lavatory), 173Panel:

(glazing infil), 91(joint), 135(moulding), 110(overdoor), 96

Panelled door, 144Panelling 164Pantile, 112, 115Parabolic, 6Parallelepiped, 6Parallel motion, 9Parish church, 23Parquet floor, 96Partitions:

demountable, sliding/folding hinged, frame and panel, 95

internal non-load bearing, timber/metal stud, 94

laminated, lightweight, 93Party fence, 41Party structure, 46Party waIl, 41Patch of sky, 42Patent scaffolding, 64Paving:

concrete, 186pattern, 83

Pedestal, 16Pediment, 16, 144Peg, 57, 190Pendant (lamp holder), 180Permitted development, 43Perpends, 81Perspective (view), 5Photogrammetry, 58

Index

226

Photographic measurement, 58Pick, 67Picked panel finish, 86Picture rail, 96, 110Pier, 83Pile (carpet) types of construction, 165Piled foundations, 76Piles (shortbored, percussion, flush bored), 76Pillar, 24Pincers, 69Pinfitting (electrical), 181Pinning (dry), 79Pipe (flush), 173Pipes:

expansion, 171rainwater, 125soil, 171, 173

Pipework (sanitary), 172Pitch, 98Pitched roof (construction), 97Pitched roof (types), 98Pitching hole (barn), 31Pivot, 146Plan, 5Planning:

approvals, 44control, 43permission, 43, 44

Plane, 69Plant, 62, 66Plant care, 185Plaster (levelling, scoring), 158Plasterboard, 93, 94, 138, 139, 162Plaster stop, 154Plasterwork (tools), 158Plate, (wall, head, sole, stay), 65, 79, 105Plate (pin, top, bearing, cover), 144Plate (switch), 177Pliers, 69Plinth, 16, 83, 89, 110Plot ratio, 49Plug:

electric, safety, 177, 178partition, 92

Plugs (fixings), nylonframe anchor, fibre,nailable, 157

Plunger, (disc, hook), 173

Plungers, 180Pointed arch, 24Pointed style, 21Pointing (tuck), 81Poker, 131Poles (ranging), 59Porch, 24, 25, 34Porch and chamber, 23Portal, 33Porte-cochere, 35Portico, 35Post, 102, 103Postern gate, 20Pot hook, 131Power socket, 177Power tools, 67Power track, 178Practical completion, 53Precast cladding (panel fixing), 155Prescription, 41Pressed brick, 84Priority yield, 50Prism, 6Profit erosion, 50Project:

design, 52management, 50

Projecting joint, 81Projection (axonometric, isometric, oblique,

orthographic), 5Projector (floodlight), 179Proportions (module), 3Proprietary cubicles, 95Protactor, 9P-trap, 173Pulley wheel, 9Punch, 70Punched finish, 86Purlin, 97, 101, 102Pyramid (truncated), 6

Quadrant moulding, 110Quaripartite (vault), 23Quality indicator, 51Quantities (approximate), 51

227

Index

Quarry:bottom, limestone, 86glass, 166

Quarterbonding, 82Quarter circle, 19Queen closer, 81, 82, 84Quoin:

brick, 88headers, 81picked pane), 80

Rabbet, 160Radiators (panel, column, oil filled, storage,

heater), 182, 184Radiography, 60Radius, 83Raft foundation, 75Rafter, 97, 102, 103, 104, 105Rail (door, lock, frieze), 142, 143Rail (picture), 96Raised floors, 141Raking shore, 79Ram, 62, 63Rammer, 67Random coursed, 88Rat-trap bond, 81Ready-mix concrete (truck), 67Rainwater pipes, 125Rebate (glazing), 168Recessed joint, 81Reflector bulb, 181Reinforcement (bar, mesh), 137Relief, (decorative), 20Rent, 50Rental income, 50Rental growth, 49Representation (drawing), 8Reservation, 41Retaining walls, (small, medium,

basement), 77Retention, 53Reticulated finish, 86Reverse bond, 82Rib:

lightweight precast, 92

Rib: (Continued)longitudinal/transverse, 136ridge, 23tierceron, 24

Ridge (beam), 97, 98, 102, 103Rights of: way, light, support, 41Rings (arch), 83Rise, 83Riser, 127Rivet, 157Roach, 86Rod, 101Rodding eye, 169Roll (lead), 121Roman tiles, 112, 115Roof:

cover, structure, 25covering types, 112pitched construction, 97run, span, rise, 98

Root, system, bare, balled, 189Rose window, 24Rubble:

backing, 87bottom, 86random, coursed, square, 88work, 88

Rusticated joints, 80

Saddle bar, 166Safety plug, 178Sanctuary, 24Sandwich joint, 104Sanitary pipework, 172Sap (log), 163Sash:

movable, 120window, 145

Saw, 70Sawing (rift, tangential), 163Scaffolding:

board, 65independent, 65patent, 64tower, 64

Index

228

Scale (metric, imperial), 8Scale rule, 9Scalpel, 10Scarf joints (traditional timber), 108, 109Scissor (beam roof), 99Scoring nails, 158Scotia, 18Scratcher, 158Screening (landscape), 186Screw cap, 181Screwdriver, 70Screws (thread cutting, self drilling, head

types), 157Scull cap, 86Sea breeze principle, 204Seasoning (timber), 163Semidetached (building), 27Septic tank, 169Set-square (adjustable), 9Setting out grid, 57Shaft (column), 16Shallow void floor, 141Shapes, 6Shared equity, 50Shed (open fronted), 32Shelter shed, 32Shelter (wind), 187Shingle, 86Shingles (roof covering):

felt, edge grained, flat sawn, 117traditional timber, 117

Shoe, 125, 145Shoring, 79Shoulder, 106Side hung window, 145Sill, 142, 146Simplified planning zone, 43Siphonage, 172Site (building), 55Site visits, 53Skirt, 180Skirting, 92, 96, 132Skirting types, 110Sky, angle, factor, 42Skylights (proprietary) 120Slat, 86Slate, 112,113

Sleeper wall, 132Sleeve, 125Slewing rig, 62Sliding/folding partition, 95Sliding sash, 146Smoke detector, 140Snib, 149Soakaway, 190Socket:

circuit, double, 176cover, 181outlet, 178

Soffit, 83, 97Soffit cleat, 139Soil fittings (UPVC), 170Soil and vent stack, 172Solar power, 199Solar radiation, 195Soldering (iron), 68Sole plate anchor, 153Space for services, 140Span, 83Spandril, 83Spanish tiling, 115Spanner, (box), 69Spar, 115, 116Sphere (segment), 6Spigot and socket soil fitting, 170Spike, 97Spindle:

locks, 144plumbing, 173

Wilk’s, Duce’s, patented, slotted, floating,Pitt’s candle, 148

Spire, 23, 24Spirit level, 70Splay:

door, 96header, stretcher, 84

Splayed and rounded skirting, 110Splayed roof, 98Splayed shouldered lap joint, 107Split end tie, 152Split hazle, 116Spot (low wattage), 178Spotlight, 178Springing line, 82

229

Index

Sprinkler, 140Sprocketted roof, 98Square (adjustable), 68Square housed joint, 107Staircases:

special (samba, cat, ladder, retractable,Ioft),128

timber, 127types (straight, flight, dog-leg, open well,

spiral, bifurcated, quarter turn), 126Stable, 31, 32Stable, (lofted), 31Stack (chimney), 25Staff, 58, 59Stained glass, 165Stake, 189Stanchion, 78Stand (drawing board), 9Stanley knife, 69Star, 19Starter, 181Statutory (undertakers), 46Stave, 159Stave socket, 159Steel:

beams, 78column foundation, 78grillage foundation, 78wedge, 78

Stencil, 10Stepped foundations, 74Steps, 25Stereo plotter, 58Stile (door), 144Stone, 86Stone facing, 87Stone surface finish, 86Stone tiles, 112Stone walling, 88Stool, 89Stop cock, 170Stop end, 125Stop valve, 165Storage heater, 171Storage tank, 171, 174, 183Storm clouds, 204Straightening rule, 158

Strainer flow control, 187Stretcher, 84String course, 87, 89Strip foundation, 73Struck joint, 81Structural grid, 4Strut, 97, 101, 102, 105Strutting (herringbone), 132Stucco, 160Stud partition, 93Stump (tree), 163Styles compared, 21Stylobate, 16Sub-structure, 25Sun light, 42Sun light indicator, 42Sun light spacing criteria, 42Sun shades, 140Survey (accurate), 58Sustainable ‘Green’ buildings, 196Swan neck, 125Switch (electric — dimmer, one-way), 177Swivel coupler, 64Swivel handle, 7

Tally, 7Tamping board (vibrator), 66Tank:

cold water, 174expansion, 182

Tape measure, 69Tee square, 9Tegula, 115Template, 10Temple (classical), 16Temporary bench mark, 58Tender documents, 52Tender stage, 51, 53Tenon, 134

bare faced, 107double shouldered, 107oblique, 106

Tenement (Scottish), 28Terraced building, 27Tetrahedron, 6

Index

230

Thatch, 112, 116Theodolite, 57, 59Third bonding, 82Three cell (plan type), 23Threshing barn, 32Throating, 89Tie:

beam, 97, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105diagonal, 97metal — stainless steel, bow, 152

Tierceron rib, 24Tiling (roof plain), 114Timber:

batten, 93conversion, 163deadmen, 189door frame, 142floor construction, 132framed buildings, 22roof construction, 97seasoning, 163stud, 93

Tolerance (functional), 4T&G (tongue and groove) joint, 135Tools, 69, 70Tools (plasterwork), 158Tooth, 19Toothing, 81Top cap, 86

rubble 86soil, 86, 190

Torus, 18,110Tower (flanking, corner, watch), 20Tower (church), 23Track (wiring, power), 178Traditional:

scarf joints, 108, 109timber roofs, 99

Transept, 24Transom, 90, 147Transducer monitoring, 61Trap outlets (U, bottle, P, S), 172, 173, 174Tree:

forms, 189guying, 189nursery, 187

Tread, 127

Trellis, 185Trench-fill foundation, 73Triforium, 23Triglyph, 16Trimmed openings, 133Trimmer, 118, 120, 121, 133Trimming of floors, 134Trivet, 121Truncated (pyramid, prism, cylinder,

cone), 6Truss (bolt and connector), 102Truss (lean-to half), 103Truss (nailed timber), 101Trusses, 100, 101, 102, 103,

104, 105Truss clip, 153Truss-out scaffold, 65Trussed rafter, 100Trussed purlin roof, 101Trysquare, 70Tungsten halogen bulb, 181Turf (laying of), 190Turnbuckle 189Turret, 20Tuscan order, 17Tusk, 134Typanum, 16

U.D.P. (unitary development plan), 43Underpinning (legs, wall), 79Unitisation, 50Urban development area, 43Use classes, 43, 44

Valley, 97Valley (rounded), 113,123Valve:

control, stop, drain, 183diaphragm, 174Portsmouth, Croydon,sequencing, 187thermostatic (radiator), 182

Vapour barrier, 110

231

Index

Vault:quadripartite, 23ribbed, 23

Vee joint, 81Verge board, 97Vermiculated finish, 86Vertical plane, 5V groove, 86Vibrator tamping, 66View direction, 5Vitrified clay (drainage fittings), 170Vitruvius, 3Volcano eruption, 213Volumes, 6Voussoir, 83, 89

Wall:cavity, 26, 80interior, 162plate, 65, 79, 97, 102pier foundationretaining, 77

Waste systems, 171Water heating (electric storage/instant, gas

instant, indirect, immersion), 175Water:

leaf, 161main, 171supply (hot and cold, plumbing), 171tank, 174

Warranty (collateral), 54Watch tower, 20Wattle and daub, 158Wave energy, 200Weather bar, 142Weathering, 89Weather proofing, 122Weep holes, 80Weights (sash), 146

Welt, 122Welted strip, 187Wheelbarrow, 66Whitbed, 86Wind effect on buildings, 205Wind effect on roof shape, 205Winders, 126Window board, 147

bay, bow, 37casement, 147cill, 89dormer, 118,119frame, 146, 147French, 25leaded, 166oriel, 37rose, 24sash, 147traditional, 37, 146, 147

Wire-cut brick, 84Wire hanger, 139Woodblock, 96Wood strip flooring, 96Work (removed or hidden), 8Working size (component), 4

X-ray source, 60

Yarn types (carpet), 165

Zinc:flashing, 122sheet linersoaker, 122

Zone, 4

Index

232

Documents

Illustrated Building Pocket Book