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Illustrated Building Pocket Book For my parents with gratitude and love Roxanna McDonald Second Edition AMSTERDAM•BOSTON•HEIDELBERG•LONDON• OXFORD•NEW YORK•PARIS•SAN DIEGO• SAN FRANCISCO•SINGAPORE•SYDNEY•TOKYO Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier
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Illustrated Building Pocket Book
For my parents with gratitude and love
Illustrated BuildingPocket BookSecond Edition
Roxanna McDonald
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON •OXFORD • NEW YORK • PARIS • SAN DIEGO •
SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYOButterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier
Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier LtdLinacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP30 Corporate Road, Burlington, MA 01803
First edition 1999Reprinted 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004Second edition 2007
Copyright © 1999, 2007, Roxanna McDonald. Published by Elsevier Limited. All rights reserved
The right of Roxanna McDonald to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted inaccordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior writtenpermission of the publisher
Permission may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK:phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected]. Alternativelyyou can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions,and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material
NoticeNo responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as amatter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products,instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences,in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made
British Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN 13: 978-0-75-068015-8ISBN 10: 0-75-068015-6
Typeset by Cepha LtdPrinted and bound in Great Britain
07 08 09 10 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
For information on all Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann publications visit our website atwww.books.elsevier.com
Contents
Foreword xii
Preface xv
Acknowledgements xvii
About the author xix
I. GENERAL ARCHITECTURE
Design
Module proportions 3Dimensional coordination 4Drawing representation 5Volumes and shapes 6
Drawing techniques
Drawing practice – dimensions, grid lines 7Drawing practice – scale and representation 8Drawing equipment 9Drawing instruments 10Computer drawing 11
Building types
Classical temple 16The Classical orders 17Classical ornament and enrichment 18Mediaeval ornament 19Mediaeval castle 20Styles compared 21Timber framed buildings 22Typical parish church 23Gothic cathedral 24Traditional house 25
Mass-produced house 26Residential buildings 27Rural buildings 31Traditional farm buildings 32
Elements
Entrances 33Outside/inside 36Traditional windows 37
II. CONTROLS
Legal aspects
English land law 41Sunlight and daylight 42
Administration
Planning control 43Planning approvals 44Construction control 45Building control in London 46
III. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
Financial aspects
Development 49Development funding methods 50Estimating and cost control 51
Project execution
Project design 52Project construction 53Building contracts 54
IV. THE BUILDING SITE
General
Setting out 57Accurate survey 58Survey equipment 59Non-destructive survey: method 1 60Non-destructive survey: method 2 61Plant and equipment – cranes 62Plant and equipment – excavation 63Scaffolding – patent 64Scaffolding – independent 65Concrete plant 66Power tools 67Soldering 68Tools 69
V. THE BUILDING FABRIC
Foundations
Strip foundations 73Stepped foundations 74Continuous column foundations 75Piled foundations 76Retaining walls 77Steel column foundations 78Shoring and underpinning 79
Superstructure – external walls
Brick wall construction 80Brickwork 81Bonding of brickwork 82Brick arcade 83Brick types 84Effects of damp 85Stone 86Stone façade 87Stone walling 88
Ashlar 89Cladding 90Curtain wall cladding 91GRC cladding 92
Superstructure – internal walls
Partitions 93Interior 96
Superstructure – roofs
Construction:Pitched roof construction 97Types of pitched roofs 98Traditional timber roof types 99Trusses 100Bolt and connector trusses 102Lean-to half truss 103Truss rafter assembly 104Carpentry joints 106Cross timber joints 107Traditional scarf joints 108Timber mouldings 110Flat roofs 111
Roof coverings:Roof covering types 112Slate 113Plain tiling 114Pantiling 115Thatch 116Traditional timber shingles 117
Roof openings and weatherproofing:Roof openings 118Dormer windows 119Skylights 120Chimneys 121Weatherproofing – lead sheet 122Weatherproofing – flashings and aprons 123Lightning conductor 124Rainwater pipes 125
Superstructure – stairs
Types of staircases 126Traditional timber staircases 127Special stairs and escalators 128Lifts 129
Superstructure – chimneys
Fireplaces 130Fireplace accessories 131
Superstructure – floors
Timber floor construction 132Timber floors – trimmed opening 133Trimming to timber floors 134Panel and angle joints 135Concrete floors 136Reinforced concrete floors 137Ceilings – timber joists 138Suspended ceilings 139Space for services 140Raised floors 141
Superstructure – openings in walls
Doors 142Traditional windows – sash 146Traditional windows – casement 147Ironmongery – knobs and latches 148Ironmongery – bolts and handles 149Ironmongery – locks 150Ironmongery – hinges 151
Superstructure – fixings
Metal fixings – ties 152Metal fixings – joist hangers 153Metal components – expanded steel mesh 154Metal components – lintels 155
Nails and screws 156Bolts and plugs 157
Finishes
Plasterwork tools 158Wattle and daub 159Stucco 160Decorative plasterwork 161Interior walls – dry lining 162Timber finishes 163Panelling 164Carpets 165
Glazing
Stained glass 166Flat glass 167Glazing systems 168
Services – drainage and plumbing
Drainage 169Underground drainage 170Plumbing, water supply and waste systems 171Sanitary pipework 172Lavatory pans and cisterns 173Plumbing connections 174Water heating 175
Services – electrical
Electricity – supply and wiring 176Electricity – accessories 177Electricity – track wiring 178Outdoor lighting 179Electrical fitting 180Electricity – lightbulbs 181
Services – heating
Heating systems 182Central heating – hot water 183Radiators 184Air conditioning 185
External works/landscaping
Earthworks – kerbs 186Irrigation and screening 187Fencing 188Trees 189Grading, turf laying 190Plant care, outbuildings 191
VI. THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
Global warming and the Greenhouse effectGlobal warming and the Greenhouse effect 195
Sustainable ‘Green’ buildingsSustainable ‘Green’ buildings 196Bioclimatic design 197Materials efficiency – waste management 198Energy efficient design: alternative sources of energy 199
Building at risk: natural disasters
Earthquake 201Extreme weather: hurricanes, lightning 204Mass movement: subsistence, landslides 207Floods 212Volcanoes 213
REFERENCES 215
INDEX 217
ForewordSince this book was published six years ago under its original title ‘An IllustratedBuilding Glossary’ changes in the priorities of approach to design and managementhave accelerated, and an understanding of the need for broadly-educated profes-sionals with an understanding of their interdisciplinary responsibilities is increasinglyaccepted. The areas in which the book has been extended witness this change.
Certainly, concern for the protection of the environment has been on the agendaof the specialist for twenty years but the public have finally accepted the seriousnessof the situation we have made for ourselves from the profligate use of our naturalinheritance. It is now recognised that only around a quarter to a third of the energyand resource expended in buildings with a fifty year life span is used in their con-struction. Consequently, the whole life cycle of a building becomes a critical consid-eration from the inception of a project. To achieve an environmentally sustainablebuilding environment, every professional must have an understanding of the devel-opment process if they are to be able to contribute to it in a balanced way. The com-puter has presented a way not only of drawing our ideas but also of coordinating theprocess of design, of anticipating a building’s performance and monitoring theresults. The computer is now a central tool in procurement as design is increasinglymoved directly from the computer model to smart manufacture.
In 1966, when I joined Arup Associates at No. 8, Fitzroy Street, London W1, abasement wall some twenty-five feet long was required to crunch the numbers, hourafter hour, in Ove Arup and partners’ design of the Sydney Opera house shells; oneis reminded of scenes in the epic silent film ‘Metropolis’. I now sit in front of a laptopwith vastly more potential and, if I were clever enough, I could swallow the problemin one bite! This revolution now allows ideas to be shared and tested from their myriadfacets and, from it, we are able to optimise solutions within a new four-dimensionalfreedom.
But what further updates will be needed to the Illustrated Building Pocket Book inten years time? Here optimism clashes with pessimism as we are in the hands ofpoliticians who may well push in the contrary direction to the needs of ‘Everyman’.Maybe I can be permitted to speculate about changes to any future edition.
An accelerating move away from a carbon-based economy towards sustainablesources will sharpen our need for renewables: This change will materialise in anumber of ways but most dramatically, as the price tumbles, the use of photo-voltaics will become universal and will require ingenious transformations to ourdesigns. As the impact of a building’s life cycle permeates the professions, not onlywill elements within buildings be chosen to minimise maintenance but also, increas-ingly the house-buying public will start to judge a potential purchase in terms of thelikely life-cycle running costs as well as the capital investment. Lastly, but sadly
decades away, when the penny finally drops, that endless economic growth willeventually lead to our demise rather than our redemption; there will be a massivechange which will touch every part of our build environment and our means ofachieving it.
Back to the present content of the Pocket book: having been both a practitionerand a university teacher, I am acutely aware of the tendency to treat the young stu-dent and the practitioner as different beings. Of course, the student’s knowledge willbe less rounded, but the act of learning is a continuing process, and to revisit wordsdescribing hard fact, presented in a new and illuminating way, is to be in a positionnot only to re-evaluate those facts but also to explore the ideas that stem from them.
The range of knowledge and skill required to operate in architecture and construction is immense, and in studying one page of the new pocket book, this isall too obvious. Each word related to an item in an illustration is simply a flag mark-ing the tip of an iceberg. Each carefully chosen word is filled with potential; it intro-duces one piece, one aspect, of one element of the process of building.In turn, the process of building is but the beginning of defining the place for a soci-ety to function; a place where the buildings gain a symbolic presence. So the volumeyou are holding is a book with many resonances.
The new volume may have changed its title but it is still a glossary and a veryunusual one. Here, refreshingly, the explanation is visual, and through the clarity andcompleteness of the ‘visual paragraph’, meaning is given and a context described,in a form normally thought to require words. Indeed, the only piece of written text bythe author is her five hundred word preface: an admirable achievement.
What of the presentation of this book? The structure and presentation themselvesare worth study as a piece of design. A large quantity of material has been explored,digested and synthesised to present a core of information clearly without becomingsimplistic. Each illustration is from the same hand and must have taken hours todraw, never mind the weeks of research, assimilation and evaluation involved.Anyone who has tussled with a small design problem and who has attempted topresent a solution in a simple line drawing is all too aware of the time taken in graph-ical study before undertaking the drawing itself.
A book of this kind is only useful if it presents the possibility of relating a term to asubject area and referring from there to an in-depth bibliography. The author’s bibliog-raphy is short but all the reference books are in common use, and from those, furtherchannels can be explored.
In summary, the value of such a book for the experienced professional or craftsperson is that it has much good straightforward information about the processesthemselves, communicated in an attractive way. It contains much for the student to
learn; and for the experienced, it contains much that we once knew and areashamed to admit we have forgotten!
Richard FrewerDirector of Arup Associates 1977-2001
Chair Professor of Architecture, University of Bath 1991-2000Chair Professor of Architecture, University of Hong Kong 2000-2005
PrefaceIt is not the intention of this book to provide an exhaustive list of building terms or toattempt a comprehensive teaching of building technology. There are many specialistencyclopedias, dictionaries and construction manuals which supply ample informa-tion in this respect. The book sets out to be primarily a communication tool using thevisual reference as vocabulary.
The creation of a building is the result of a complex process of interactionbetween people of different professions, views, even nationalities, with varying tech-nical knowledge and motivation. Architects, who at the centre of it all, often findthemselves as ‘interpreters’ between the participants, use image as the safest inter-face.
The language we each use grows from our own personal experience and, some-times, the same word can mean different things to different people depending on thecircumstances in which they have learnt it. The same can apply to building terms.
Images on the other hand leave little room for ambiguity, and many a time a sitequery or dispute has been sorted out with the aid of a sketch scribbled on a wall!Words express ideas we have of tangible objects and can be classified into a systemsuch as an alphabetical dictionary or be placed in context as in a thesaurus. Thesame can apply to images – they can be attached to words arranged in alphabeticalorder or they can be placed in the context to which they are relevant.
It is the later system this book has adopted, attempting to present the terms in the context in which they are likely to apply. The main building terms that form thelanguage of construction are set out to follow the logical sequence of the buildingprocess. If one can’t remember the right word or wants to know what a specific partis called, it should be simple enough to locate it on the sketch in the relevant sec-tion. Similarly, by placing something visually in context it should be much easier tolearn terms rather than to memorize their abstract definition. At the same time, theindex permits the reverse to take place making it possible to find the context of agiven word.
The drawings are simple line sketches concerned mostly with descriptive clarityrather than comprehensive accuracy. The diagrams are intended to identify thesequence and relationships as well as particular terminology.
Compiled primarily as a visual checklist for students and early stages of practicebuilding professionals, the book is also meant to help communication with the otherparticipants to the building industry.
Its spirit, I hope, echoes the intentions of a much older introduction from which Iquote below as it is as valid today as it was when it was first written.
From the introduction to:
AcknowledgementsI am grateful to the following people and organisations for their supportive helpduring the preparation of the first edition of this book:
Rob Dark, Architect, UKB. Goilav, Structural Engineer, FranceDan S. Hanganu, Architect, Montreal, CanadaClaude and Anca Lemaire, Architects, FranceBiblioteque Centre Pompidou, Paris, FranceThe RIBA Library, London, UKVeronique Thierry, Isabelle Mathieu, Monique Beranger, Architects, Paris, FranceBeatrice Jubien, FranceSpecial thanks to Jane Fawcett whose generous advice and personal example werean inspiration.
My further thanks for help in preparing this edition to:
Dominic Hailey (CAD director) of WORK OR PLAY for his advice on the computer drawing chapter. A London based multi-disciplinary organisation, WORK OR PLAY(www.workorplay.org) specialise in CAD data management systems for the constructionindustry advising and training architects in the UK and Europe.
Jason Dunn DSc (Hons) MB Eng Tech RICS MAIBS – for his help in updating theConstruction Control and Building Control in London chapters.
Finally, my most grateful thanks to my editor Alex Hollingsworth for his help, adviceand staunch support in completing this new edition.
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About the AuthorRoxanna McDonald is a practising architect. She works in the UK, France andEastern Europe advising on a wide range of professional issues ranging from theconservation of historic buildings to the re-building of infrastructure damaged bynatural and man-made disasters and building-related environmental issues.
Other books written by Roxanna McDonald:
The Fireplace Book - Architectural Press 1984Illustrated Building Glossary - Butterworth Heineman 1999Introduction to Natural and Man Made Disasters and their effects on
Buildings - Architectural Press 2003
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I. GeneralArchitecture
Design
Drawing techniques
Building types
Elements
3
7
16
33
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3
Module proportions
Dimensional coordination
4
5
Drawing representation
Volumes and shapes
6
Drawing practice - dimensions, grid lines
7
Drawing practice – scale and representation
8
Drawing equipment
9
Drawing instruments
10
Computer drawing
Image processing softwaremanipulating pixel basedobjects using a combinationof red, green & black dotson screen
Manipulating vector objects tocreate models that can bedisplayed at different scales.Vector objects defined bypoint co-ordinates in virtual space.
Autocad Archicadmicrostation Rhino Vector works
Cartesian co-ordinates – numbers
Architects Graphicdesigners
Graphic format
View designfrom any angleLight penPlotterMouseMonitor
Harddisk
Hardware(Tangeable objects)
CAD system
Computer aided design(Computer based tools for design)
C. A. D.
Computer Keep track of designdependencies
Software(Ideas, Concept–nontangeable)
Photoshop Flash Illustrator Paintshop
Colour
Enables
11
12
Monitor
MouseKey board
Speaker
Computer
Printer
Plotter
Lens
Photo electric cell
Control button
Amplifier
Electronic beam
Light pen
Computer drawing
13
Computer drawingAUTOCAD VECTOR WORKS
Design layer
Sheet layer
Class
Working group reference
Origin
Symbol
Locus
Object info palette
Resource browser
Model space
Paper space
Layer
X ref
UCS
Block
Point
Properties palette
Design centre
Tool palettes
Active layer(active class)
Graphic attributes
Paper space tabs
Model(design layer)
Layout(sheet layer)
Layout 2
Computer drawing
14
Project View
Section
Detail
Elevation
Plan
Cad Design
Level(Floor I number)
Content(Element
classification)
Computer drawing
15
ConsultantCAD data
I:I Scale model files
Live CAD data
Sheet files
Referenced CAD datadisplayed at scale
Drawingissue
Coordinated CADdata
Plotter
Drawing production from cad data
Classical temple
16
The Classical orders
17
Classical ornament and enrichment
18
Mediaeval ornament
19
Mediaeval castle
20
Styles compared
21
Timber framed buildings
22
Cruck framed bam
Timber framedhall house
Jetty
Jetty detail
Typical parish church
23
Gothic cathedral
24
Traditional house
25
Mass-produced house
26
Residential buildings
27
Residential buildings
28
29
Residential buildings
Residential buildings
30
31
Rural buildings
32
Traditional farm buildings
33
Entrances
34
Entrances
35
Entrances
36
Outside/inside
37
Traditional windows
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II. Controls
Legal aspects
Administration
41
43
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41
English land law
English landand law
Conveyancing
Sunlight and daylight
42
43
Planning control
Planning control
44
Shop andinternet cafesA1 B1
B2 to B7
B8
A2
A3
A4
A5
Office
Food and drinkconsumption onpremises
Business
Generalindustrial
Storagedistribution
Excluded fromA use class
Theatre
Amusementarcade orfun fair
Taxi or hire ofmotor vehicles
Night club andretail warehouse
Sale or displayof motor vehicles
Sale of fuel andvehicles
Launderette
Drinkingestablishments
Hot foodtakeaways
Use classes
A B
Planning approvals
45
Construction control
L1a – in newdwellings
L1b – in existing dwellings
L2a – in newBuildings otherthan dwellings
L2b – in existingBuildings otherthan dwellings
Construction regulationBuilding Act 1984Building Regulations 2000(as amended)
14 approved documentsSchedule 1 – requirements
Part A – Structure
Part B – Fire safety
Part D – Toxic substances
Part E – Resistance to passing of sound
Part F – Ventilation
Part G – Hygiene
Part H – Drainage and waste disposal
Part J – Combustion appliances and fuel storage systems
Part K – Protection from falling, collision and imapct
Part C – Site preparation resistance to contaminates and moisture
Part L – Conservation of fuel and power
Part M – Access to and use of buildings
Part N – Glazing safety in relation to impact, opening and cleaning
Part P – Electrical safety
Control by local authoritybuilding control
Approved inspectors
Building control in London
46
The planning (listed buildingsand conservation areas)Act 1990
14 District Surveyors(Chief Building Regs. Officers)
Building control inInner London
City + 12 boroughs
Since 6 Jan. 1986The Building (Inner London)Regualations 1985 and 1987
Other special controls
Notice of Irregularity
Othercontrollinnglegislation
The town & country planningAct 1990; the planning andcompensation Act 1997
The fire precautions(workplace regulations)1997
Large buildings over 7100 m3
High buildings>30 m high or >25 m if >930 m2
Party structures(Part VI – 1993 Act)
Building line (Beyond which a buildingmay not project)
The regulatory reform(fire safety) order fromOct 2006
The partywall Act 1996
The fire precautions Act 1971
The clean air Act 1993
The highway Act 1980
The work place (Health safetyand welfare) regulations 1992
Disability discriminationAct 1995 (DDA)
Traffic management Act 2004
The housing Act 1985
The licensing Act 2003
The building (Approvedinspectors) Regulations 2000
III. ConstructionProcess
Financial aspects
Project execution
49
52
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49
Development
Development funding methods
50
51
Estimating and cost control
Project design
52
53
Project construction
Building contracts
54
IV. The Building Site
General57
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57
Setting out
Accurate survey
58
59
Survey equipment
Non-destructive survey: method 1
60
61
Non-destructive survey: method 2
Plant and equipment – cranes
62
63
Plant and equipment – excavation
Scaffolding – patent
64
65
Scaffolding – independent
Concrete plant
66
67
Power tools
Pick
Rammer
Soldering
68
69
Tools
Adjustable square
Tools
70
V. The Building Fabric
Foundations
Superstructure – external walls
internal walls
roofs
stairs
chimneys
floors
opening in walls
fixings
Finishes
73
80
891693
97
126
130
132
142
152
158
Glazing
Services – drainage and plumbing
electrical
heating
External works/landscaping
166
169
176
182
186
73
Strip foundations
Stepped foundations
74
75
Continuous column foundations
Concrete strip
(for columnsclosely spaced)
Raft foundations
Piled foundations
76
77
Retaining walls
Steel column foundations
78
Shoring and underpinning
Asymmetricalflying shore
Wall plate
Wall plate
Multipleraking shore
Wall plate
New foundationdowel bars
between sections
Concretebackfill
Dry pinning
Existing wall
Existing, unsupportedfoundation, cut back
Underpinning wall
Brickwork of each section'loothed' for bonding
Underpinning sections or 'legs'
Sole plate
Foldingwedge
Needle
Needle
Cleat
Cleat
Shoringand underpinning
Underpinning
Top raking shore
Middle raking shore
Middle rakingshore
Top raking shore
Binding
Binding
Rider
Bottom rakingshore
Folding endwedges
Horizontal shore
79
Brick wall construction
80
Solid brick wall
Cavity wall
Inner leaf of concrete blocks
Brick footings
81
Brickwork
Rusticated joints
Channelled
Queen closers
Quoinheaders
Quoin
Perpends
Racking back
Bonding of brickwork
82
83
Brick arcade
Brick types
84
85
Effects of damp
Stone
86
87
Stone façade
Stone walling
88
89
Ashlar
Cladding
90
91
Curtain wall cladding
GRC cladding
92
93
Partitions
Partitions
94
95
Partitions
Interior
96
97
Pitched roof construction
Ridge beam
Rafters
Hip rafter
BattensBattens
ValleyValleyrafterrafterValleyrafter
Tie beam
Strut
CollarPurlinPurlin
Principal rafter
Lathing
Wall plate
Stay Diagonal tie
Jack rafterJack rafterJack rafter
Battens
Purlin
Types of pitched roofs
98
99
Traditional timber roof types
Aisle
Trusses
100
101
Trusses
Bolt and connector trusses
102
103
Lean-to half truss
104
Truss rafter assembly
Details
105
Truss rafter assembly
106
Carpentry joints
Bolt and connectorsandwich joint
Oblique tenon
Birdsmouth joint Finger joint
Counter – sallied cross
107
Cross timber joints
Mortice and tenon
Half-face housing joint
Dovetailed lap
Open (or slot)mortice and tenon
Twin-slotmortice and tenon
Mitred morticeand tenon
Dovetailed housing Splay-shouldered lap
Square housed joint Bevelled housed joint
Double-shouldered tenon Bare-faced tenon
108
Traditional scarf joints
109
Traditional scarf joints
110
Timber mouldings
111
Flat roofs
112
Roof covering types
113
Slate
114
Plain tiling
115
Pantiling
116
Thatch
117
Traditional timber shingles
Bitumen binder
Ceramic granules
Bitumen
Impreo-nated
fibre
Felt shingle
118
Roof openings
119
Dormer windows
120
Skylights
121
Chimneys
122
Weatherproofing – lead sheet
123
Weatherproofing – flashings and aprons
124
Lightning conductor
125
Rainwater pipes
126
Types of staircases
127
Traditional timber staircases
128
Special stairs and escalators
129
Lifts
Motor pump room
Hydraulicpipe
Hydraulic lift well
Point loadings
130
Fireplaces
131
Fireplace accessories
132
Timber floor construction
133
Timber floors – trimmed openings
Trimmedjoist
Trimmingjoist
Trimmer
Bridging joists
Stratting
Single joisted floor plan
134
Trimming to timber floors
135
Panel and angle joints
Dowelled buttjoint
Butt joint onbearers
Tonove andgrooved (T and G)
T and G withloose tongue
Double T and G
Rebated joint
Common dovetailStopped or
lapped dovetailLapped andtongue joint
Square housing Dowelled Dowlled mitred
136
Concrete floors
Concretefinish
Grout
Precast floor
Channelbeams
137
Reinforced concrete floors
138
Ceilings – timber joists
139
Suspended ceilings
140
Space for services
141
Raised floors
Deep void platformfloor supports
142
Doors
143
Doors
144
Doors
145
Doors
146
Traditional windows – sash
147
Traditional windows – casement
148
Ironmongery – knobs and latches
149
Ironmongery – bolts and handles
150
Ironmongery – locks
151
Ironmongery – hinges
152
Metal fixings – ties
153
Metal fixings – joist hangers
154
Metal components – expanded steel mesh
155
Metal components – lintels
156
Nails and screws
157
Bolts and plugs
158
Plasterwork tools
159
Wattle and daub
160
Stucco
161
Decorative plasterwork
162
Interior walls – dry lining
163
Timber finishes
164
Panelling
165
Carpets
166
Stained glass
167
Flat glass
168
Glazing systems
169
Drainage
170
Underground drainage
171
Plumbing, water supply and waste systems
172
Sanitary pipework
173
Lavatory pans and cisterns
174
Plumbing connections
175
Water heating
176
Electricity – supply and wiring
177
Electricity – accessories
178
Electricity – track wiring
179
Outdoor lighting
180
Electrical fitting
181
Electricity – lightbulbs
182
Heating systems
183
Central heating – hot water
184
Radiators
185
Air conditioning
186
Earthworks – kerbs
187
Irrigation and screening
188
Fencing
189
Trees
190
Grading, turf laying
191
Plant care, outbuildings
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VI. The EnvironmentalConditions
Global warming and thegreenhouse effect
Sustainable ‘Green’buildings
Building at risk: natural disasters
195
16
201
196
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195
Global warming and greenhouse effect
Solarradiation
GLOBAL WARMING
Green houseeffect: Heatradiationtrapped
Green housegases
(50% – Carbon dioxide–Co219% – Methane5% – CFC)
Fewer inefficient buildings (50%of UK energy consuption is DNbuildings)
Less transport
Less Co2
Global warmingreduction
Moresustainable
'Green' buildings
Reduce toxic emission goodventilation use of microbialgrowth resistant materials
Occupanthealth + safety
Fuel cells
WaveWindSolarGood maintenance
Recycled environ-nmentally friendly
Waste managementalternative service
Fora long lifebuilding
Materials efficiencyBioclimatic design maximisesnatural heating, light andventilation
Appropriatesiting
Suitableform + layout
Sustainablematerials
Low embodie energy/preference to timberover brick or concrete
Photovoltaics
Encourage energy efficienttechnology alternative /renewable sources
Goodinsulation
Prevent heatloss / gain
Efficientlight system
Energy efficient design
Designed, built & operated in anecological and resource
efficient manner
Sustainable'Green' Buildings
Recycle Minimisewaste
MeterDual
plumbing
Water efficiency
197
Bioclimatic design
TRADITIONAL BUILDING
MODERN BUILDING
(b) Night time cooling
(a) Daytime absorbtion
City hall, London
Chamber due northto maximize transparency
Minimum surface area faces the sun
Self shadingsouth elevation
Natural perimeterventilation
Fresh air
Heat exchanger
Greywatertank
Bore holecooling
Thermalstore
Maximumsunlight
Materials efficiency – waste management
198
Sew
age
syst
emN
atur
al u
pgra
ding
of
trea
tmen
t sys
tem
Sewage treatment systems
Materials efficiency-waste management
Willows and trenches
Vodose zonemonitoring well
Ground water flow
Land fill
Monitoringwell
Horizontal flow reed bed
Compacted claycap
Compacted clayliner
Solid waste
SandLayer
Watertable
New samplepoint
Pump
Treatment
Rain water
Sewage
Humustank
Sludge
Septictank
199
Energy efficient design
Batteries
GeneratorPhotovoltaicmodulesSun
Wind
Wind turbine
Battery bank
AC or DC
Load
DC disconnect
Change controller
Mountingstructure
Photovoltaicpanels
Solar power
Energy efficient design: alternative sources of energy
Hybrid power system
Generator
Circuitpanel
Invertercharger
Energy efficient design
200
Magneticshaft
Electriccoilsecuredto heavingbuoy
Detail
Permanent linear generator buoy
100 ft
100 ft
Wave energy
GeneratorTurbine
Air out
Operating principle
WaveWavedirectiondirectionWavedirection
Energy efficient design: alternative sources of energy
201
Surfacefault
90°
Fault
FocusFocus(hypocenter)(hypocenter)
Focus(hypocenter)
EpicentreCharacteristics
Vibration modes
Structural tilting dueto liquefaction
First mode Second mode Third mode
Water table
Water pressure
Earthquake
Earthquake
202
Overturning
Buildings
Torsion effect
PancakingE
P
Filing cabinet Groundmotion
DriftDrift
Normal Over-stress Soft storey
Centre of resistanceCenter of mass
Wall
(b) Unbalanced resistance
(a) Balanced resistance
Torsion
Eccentricity
Mass and resistancecentres coincide
203
Earthquake
Seismic shearShear failure
Section 1–1 Section 2–2
a ≤ 10–15am
φ12–14mm
1 1 2 2
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Seismic shear
Extreme weather: hurricanes, lightning
204
Coolliquid
Hot liquid
Tap valveHot water circulationprinciple
Extreme Weather: principles, hurricanes
Highpressure
Lowpressure
Heatsource
Sea breeze principle High pressure
Cooler airCooler airLow pressureLow pressure
Land
Sea
Rising airfrom warmlandCooler air
Low pressure
Hurricanedevelopment
Storm clouds
Hurricanewinds
Verticalflow
Direction of rotation
205
Extreme weather: hurricanes, lightning
Flat roof 20 pitch
30 pitch 45 pitch
WindPressure
SuctionWind effect onbuildings
Wind effect toroof shape
Extreme Weather: hurricanes, wind effect
Extreme weather: hurricanes, lightning
206
Positiveions of airmolecules
Positivestreamers
Stepleader
Extreme Weather: lightning
207
Mass movement: subsistence, landslides
Mass movement
Rate of movement Material moving
Earth or rock WaterHeave
Flow
Slip
Land slide Very rapid
Slow to rapid
Slow to rapid
Talus creep
Soil creep
Slump
Debris slide
Debris fall
Debrisavalanche
Soilfluction
Rock creep
Imperceptible
Mass movement: subsistence, landslides
208
Tiltedstructures
Layeredbed rockbendingdown slope
Moving back
Original position
Slide
Creep
Partiallycoveredroad
209
Mass movement: subsistence, landslides
Original position
Original position
Falling rock Fall
Flow
Waves
Movingmass
Mass movement: subsistence, landslides
210
Original position
Slumpedmass
Slump
Topple
211
Mass movement: subsistence, landslides
Slipplane
Heave of surfaceHeave effect
Instability of unevenground effect on buildings
Typical structural damagedue to ground effects
Floods
212
Flood fringe
Fill
Flood level
Flood way Flood fringe
Normal water level
Flood plain
Flood
213
Volcanoes
Tephra plume
Eruption column
Magma
Prevailingwind
Tephra fall
Ballisticdebris
Tephra depositeTephra depositeTephra deposite
Volcano eruption
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References
Architect’s Data, Ernst Neufert, Crosby Lockwood Staples (1970).
Architect’s Legal Handbook, Anthony Speaight and Gregory Stone, Architectural Press (1998).
Building Construction Vols I,II,III and IV, W.B. McKay, Longmans (1995).
The Building Design Easy Brief, Henry Haverstock, Morgan Grampain (1987).
Building Construction Handbook, R. Chudley, Laxton’s (1988).
The Care and Conservation of Georgian Houses, Architectural Press with Edinburgh New TownConservation Committee, Paul Harris Publishing (1978). Architectural Press (1980).
Dicobat – Editions Arcature (1990).
Dictionaire – Librarie Larousse (1981).
Drawing Office Practice for British Standard 1192, Architects and Builders (1953).
Ecohouse a design guide – Sue Roaf, Architectural Press (2002).
English Historic Carpentry, Cecil A. Hewett, Phillimore (1980).
Farms in England, Peter Fowler, Royal Commission on Historic Monuments, HMSO (1983).
Handbook of Urban Landscape, Cliff Tandy, Architectural Press (1975).
History of the English House, Nathaniel Lloyd, Architectural Press (1975).
Mitchell’s Building Series,
Structure and Fabric 1, Jack Stroud Foster (1973).
Structure and Fabric 2, Jack Stroud Foster and Raymond Harrington (1976).
Components, Harold King (1983) Batsford Academic and Education.
Modern Practical Masonry, E.G. Warland, Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd., 2nd edn (1953).
Modulor Le Corbusier, Faber & Faber (1951).
New Metric Handbook, Edited by P. Tutt and D. Adler, Architectural Press (1979).
The Parish Churches of England, Charles Cox, B.T. Batsford (1954).
The Penguin Dictionary of Building, John S. Scott, Penguin (1982).
Repair Manual Reader’s Digest (1976).
Sewage solutions – Nick Grant, Mark Moodie, Chriss Weedon – Centre for AlternativeTechnology Publications (2000).
215
References
216
Specification 1 – 6 Architectural Press (1987).
Sustainable Architecture – Brian Edwards, Architectural Press (1999).
Traditional Farm Buildings Richard Harris, Arts Council Exhibition Catalogue (1982).
216
217
Index
Abutment, 77Account (final), 45Accuracy, 52Accurate survey, 52Acroterion, 11Acts, 40Adaptor, 175Air brush, 10Air conditioning plant, 179Air handling unit, 134Aisle (church), 18, 19Aisle (cattle), 26Altar, 19Alternative sources of energy, 199Ambulatory, 30Angle, 119Angle bead, 104Angle cleat, 149Angle joint, 129Angle of obstruction, 36Angle of acceptance, 36Angle poise lamp, 9Appraisal (development), 43Appraisal (financial), 46Approved documents (building regulations), 39Approximate (quantities estimating), 44Apron flashing, 117Apse, 19Arcade (brick), 77Arch (flat), 83Arch (semicircular), 83Arch (Gothic), 19Arch braced roof, 93Architect, 46, 47Architrave, 11, 104Arris, 78Ashlar, 81, 83“A” sizes, 7Assembly truss, 98Assembly rafter, 99Astragal, 13Automatic pencil, 10Axonometric projection, 5
Baffle, 92Baluster, 127Balustrade, 25Ballast, 62Balleting, 88Ball valve, 173Bar (reinforcement), 137Bar (pressure), 145Barbican, 20Bark, 157Barn shapes, 31, 32Barn (cruck framed), 22Barn (threshing), 27Barrel bolt, 149Bartizan, 20Base, 83Base bed, 86Base line, 57Basement (dry area), 77Basic module, 7Bat, 84Battens, 97Batter, 88Bay (cart), 32Bayonet cap, 181Bay open front, 32Bay window, 37Beam compass, 10Beam (threshing), 32Beam (interior), 96Beam (vault), 24Bellows, 131Bench mark, 4Bevelled (bat closer), 84Bevelled housed joint, 107, 134Billet, 19Bills of quantity, 51Binder, 101Binding, 79Bioclimatic design, 197Birds mouth joint, 106Bitumen, 117Blade (scalpel), 10
Index
218
Blinding, 74, 75Blockboard, 163Blocking course, 87Block of fIats, 30Boards (blockboard laminboard), 163Boarding, 26Boaste finish, 86Boiler, 171, 183Bole, 163Bolster, 70Bolt (panic), 145Bolts, 157Bolt and connector truss, 102, 106Bond (brick), 82
(English, Flemish, rat trap, reverse, halfbond, quarter bond, third bond, brokenbond)
Boom, 63, 101Bore hole cooling, 197Bossed lead roll, 122Boundary line, 41Bow window, 37Box spanner, 69Brace, 69, 142Braced roof, 100Bracing:
chevron, 100diagonal, 100longitudinal, 100
Bracket (gutter), 125Bradawl, 70Branch piece, 125Brattice, 20Braye, 20Break line, 8Brick:
arcade, 83bonding, 82footing, 80joints, 81types, 84wall, 80
Brickwork bonding, 82Brief, 52Broached finish, 86Building contracts, 54Building fabric, 71
Building line, 35, 40Building regulations, 45Building site, 55Building types:
detached, 27, 30high rise, 30large, high 46residential, 27, 28, 29, 30rural, 31semi-detached, 27terraced, 27traditional farm, 32
Bulbs (light), 180, 181Bulldozer, 63Bull nose (double), 84Bundles (thatch), 116Bungalow, 30Burl, 163Burlap (wrapping), 189Burner, 183Burr, 163Busbar system, 141Bush and follower, 150Butt end, 117Butterfly roof, 98Butt joint, 135Byre, 31, 32
Cabin hook, 149Cable, 19Cable (mains electric), 176Cable looped, 178Camera (metric), 58Candle bulb, 181Canopy (hipped, with cheeks), 31Cap, 83Capital, 16Car, 129Carpentry joints, 106Carpet (pile, fibre, yarns), 165Carriage, 9Cart bay, 32Casement window, 147Cast iron fittings (knuckle joint, swept bent,
tee), 170
Castle (mediaeval), 20, 29Cavetto, 18Cavity wall, 26, 80,114,136,162Ceiling (level), 4Ceiling (interior), 96Ceiling (lath and plaster), 159Ceiling (timber), 138Ceiling (suspended), 139Ceiling (liner), 138Ceiling (rose), 180Cellar, 25Cellular core, 93Central heating (hot water), 183Centre line, 8Certificate (making good defects, practical
completion, final), 52Cesspool, 168Chamber, 23Chancel, 23Change of use (material), 43Channelled joint, 80Channels, 81, 162Chantry, 23Chapel, 20,23Chateau, 29Cheek, 117Chevet, 24Chevron, 19Chimney breast, 96, 130Chimney crane, 131Chimney piece, 130Chimney pot, 121Chimney stack, 25, 121, 129Chimneys, 121Chippings (solar reflective), 111Chisel, 70Choir, 24Church (parish), 23CiII (stone), 87, 89City of London Corporation, 43Cistern (low/high level, slim), 173Cladding types, 90, 91Cladding fixing, 152Clamp, 69Classical orders, 3, 17Classical ornament, 18Classical style, 21
Classical temple, 16Claw hammer, 63Claytiles, 112Cleat, 101Clerestory, 23Clerk of Works, 53Client, 52, 53Clip (lead), 122Clip (truss), 153Cloche, 185Closed string, 127Closer (brick), 84Coal scuttle, 131Coat (backing, render, setting), 158, 159Coffer, 96Collar beam (root), 93Collateral warranty, 54Collective car control (lift), 129Column, 16Column base, 3, 16Compartment floor, 138Component (working size), 4Composite order, 17Compression gasket, 92Compressor, 67Concrete floors (suspended, preonst,
solid), 136Concrete slab, 137Concrete mixer, 66Condensation, 84Cone (truncated), 6Connections (plumbing — valves, traps), 174Connector (fixing), 138Connector (electrical), 177Conservatory, 185Construction process, 47Construction regulations (building
acts), 45Consultants, 52Continuous foundation, 75Contract, 51, 53Contractor, 52Controlling dimension, 4Controls:
admin, 43construction, 45cost, 51
219
Index
Controls (Continued)legal, 41planning, 43
Convector (natural, fan), 182Convention (line), 8Conveyancing, 41Coordination (dimensional), 4Coordinatograph, 58Coping, 83, 86, 89, 115Corbel, 20Core (honeycomb), 95Corinthian order, 12Corner tower, 20Corn hole, 32Cornice, 11,83,104Cornice ornamentation, 161Cornice (running in situ), 161Corona, 18Corner locking joint, 106Cost (study, planning, check, monitoring,
information), 51Cottage, 27Council (district, county, borough), 43Countersallied cross joint, 106Courses (lacing), 88Covenant (restrictive), 41Cover meter, 60Cover strip, 92Cramp (fixing), 143Crane, 62Cranked hinge, 95Crenel, 20Cross timber joints, 107Crown (brick arch), 83Crown post roof, 99Cruck:
frame, 22roof, 99
Cube, 6Cubicle (proprietary), 95Cupboard (built-in), 96Curtain (castle), 20Curtain wall (cladding), 91Curve (French, flexible), 10Cylinder (truncated), 6Cylinder locks (rim, latch),
150, 148
Cyma, 18Cyma reversa, 18
Dado, 16, 96, 110Damp (effects of), 85Daylight, 42Daytime absorbtion, 197Deadmen (timber), 189Debt financing, 50Deck (timber for roof, metal, concrete), 111Deep void floor, 141Defects, 53Defects liability period, 53Demountable partitions, 95Dentils, 161Detached (building), 27Developer, 50Development:
appraisal, 49funding, 50permitted, 43,
Diameter (column base), 3Dichroic reflector, 181Dig and fill, 189Dimension (controlling), 4Dimension (ratio of antiquity), 3Dimensional coordination, 4, 7Dimmer switch, 177Dipper arm, 63District surveyor, 52Dog-leg (brick), 84Dog-leg (stair), 126Door:
bell, 144buffer, 149case, 33closers, 143, 145hood, 33knob, 144lining, 96selector, 145spring, 145stop, 149
Door types, 142,143,144,145ledged and braced, 142
Index
220
Door types (Continued)interior flush, 142panelled, 142, 144selfclosing, 145
Doorway, 33Doric order, 17Dormer, 25Dormer windows (external, internal,
gabled, partial, polygonal, piended,bowed, rectangular, lead roofed), 112, 119
Double bull nose, 84Double cone, 19Double hammer beam, 99Double lap sandwich truss, 101Dovetail:
housing, 134joint, 106lap, 107
Dowel, 79, 87, 107Dowelled mitred joint, 135Downpipe, 25,125,171Downstand, 75D.P.C. (damp proof course), 80, 132D.P.M. (damp proof membrane), 136Drainage (land), 190Drainage, 25, 169Drainage underground, 170
(fittings — UPVC, cast iron, vitrified clay, spigot and socket,polypropylene)
Drainpipe, 171Draughting machine, 9Drawbridge, 20Drawing board (sizes, types), 8, 9
equipment, 9instruments, 10pen, 9practice, 7representation, 5
Drill (rawtool power), 70Drive cable, 9Druidical style, 21Drum (mixing), 66Dry lining, 162Duct wiring, 178Dumper (highway), 63, 66
Earthquake, 201-203Earth works (graphic presentation), 186Easement, 40Eaves, 97Eaves gutter, 125Efflorescence, 85Egg and dart, 161Electricity accessories, 177
fittings, 180light bulbs, 181supply and wiring, 177track wiring, 178
Elevation, 5Elliptic, 6Embattled, 19Engaged (columns), 21English bond (brick), 82English land law, 41Energy efficient design, 199-200Enrichment (classical), 18Entablature, 16Entrance, 33, 34, 35Equipment (site), 61Equity (shared), 50Escutcheon, 149Escalator (types), 128Espagnolette bolt, 149Estimate (approximate, comparative), 51Estimating, 51Excavation plant, 63Excavator, 63Expansion tank, 183Express grant, 41External works, 169Extrados, 8Extreme weather, 204-206
Façade (stone), 81Face (brick), 83Facing stone, 87Facings, 84Farm building (traditional), 32Farm house, 31Farm yard, 31Fascia (board), 97
221
Index
Feasibility, 52Feathered end, 117Fees:
letting, 49professional, 49sale, 49
Felt (upstand), 111, 112Fencing types, 188
(bar (vertical/horizontal), cleftchestnut,closeboarded, chainlink, palisade, wovenwire/wood)
Fender, 131Fibre, 165Field house, 32Final account, 51, 53Final certificate, 53Financial appraisal, 52Financial aspects, 49Finial, 23Finger joint, 105Finishes:
plasterwork, 158timber, 162
Fire back, 96, 130Fire bed, 183Fire dogs, 130Fireplace accessories, 130Fireplace recess, 127Fireplaces,133Fireproofing, 154Fire surround, 96, 130FFL (finished floor level), 4Fixings (metal), 152, 153Flanking tower, 20Flashing (metal cover), 111,121,123Flat arch, 89Flat roof, 98Flat roofs, 111
concrete, 111green, 111metal deck 111on timber deck, 111refurbished, 111
Flaunching, 121Flemish bond, 76Flex (two/three core),177Flex (lampholder), 179
Flexible curve, 10Flint, (split, knapped), 88Float (metal, wood), 158Floating mark, 58Floods, 212Floodlight projector, 179Floor boards, 132, 133Floor drain, 169Floor board sawing, 163Floors:
ground, 25RC/concrete, 136, 137raised, 140timber, 132,133,134upper, 25
Flooring (mitred herringbone parquet woodstrip), 96
Flue, 130Flue terminal, 183Fluorescent (tube, compact bulb), 181Flush joint, 81Flying buttress, 23Flying shore, 79Footing (concrete), 73
(brick), 80Foundation, 26, 67Foundation:
continuous, 75isolated pad, 74raft, 75stepped, 74strip, 73trench fill, 73wall pier, 73
Frame and panel (partition system), 95
Franklin point, 124French curve, 10French windows, 25Frieze, 16, 87, 96Front door, 25Frog, 84Functional (tolerance, space), 4Funder (development), 50Funding methods, 50Furring channels, 162Furrowed finish, 86
Index
222
Gable, 25Gabled (barn, porch), 31Gantry mast, 62Gargoyle, 23Gaskets, 91, 168Gasket fir cone, 92
compression, 92Gate house, 28Gate (postern), 15Gateway, 33Gather, 130Gauge (marking), 69Gauge (tiling), 113Gazebo, 185G.D.V. (gross development value), 49G.E.A. (gross external area), 49Generator set, 67Georgian wire glass, 167G.I.A. (gross internal area), 49Gland (adjusting screw), 184Glass (bullet proof, flat, float, laminated,
patterned, plate, rough cast, solar control,sound control, toughened, wired), 167
Glazing, 168Glazing panel, 91Glazing systems (bead, gasket, patent), 168Global warming and greenhouse effect, 195Going, 127Golden number, 3Golden section, 3Gooseneck, 171Gothic arch, 24Gothic cathedral, 24Grading, 190Graduation markings (metric, imperial), 7Granary, 32Granules (ceramic), 117Grant (express, implied), 41Grating, 125Gravel (path), 186Greenhouse, 185Greenhouse staging, 185Green house gases, 195Green roof, 111Grid (structural, planned), 4Grid (dimensionally coordinate), 78Grid (setting out), 57
Grid lines, 7Groove, 89Ground, 25Ground beam, 76Ground floor, 25Guiloche, 161Gulley (trapped), 171Gusset (plywood), 101Gutter, 25, 87
Hacksaw, 70Half bat, 84Half bonding, 82Half hipped barn, 31Half face housing joint, 107Half grid ceiling, 128Halt lap joint, 106Hall house (timber framed), 22Handrail, 127Hanger:
joist, 142steel, 131timber, 101
Hanging (of windows), 146Haunch, 82Hayloft, 26, 32Header, 84Heading course, 79Heart (timber), 163Hearth, 96Hearth (front, back), 130Heat exchanger, 197Heat exchange pipe, 183Heat radiation, trapped, 195Heating systems, 182Herringbone strutting, 132Herringbone mitred timber flooring, 96High rise building, 31Highway (central line), 41Hinges (T-hinge, hook and band, butt, helical
spring, loose pin, lift-off, cranked,parliament, offset), 137, 151
Hinged partition, 94Hip, 113Hip rafter, 97
223
Index
Hipped (barn, porch, canopy), 31Hipped roof, 98, 113Hob grate, 130Hog back ridge tile, 113Hoist (block, rope), 62Hollow brick, 84Honeycomb core, 95Hook (slate fixing), 113Hopper, 183Hopper head, 125House:
detached, 30(field), 32mass produced, 26stately, 29traditional, 25
Hot water (supply, cylinder), 171Hot water circulation principle, 204Human dimensions (Le Corbusier), 3Hurricane development, 204Hybrid power system, 199Hydraulic (lift), 128Hyperbolic, 6
Imbrex, 115Immersion heater, 175Immersion heater circuit, 176Imperial (scale), 8Impost, 83Indented, 19Indicator bolt, 149Infil panel, 91Inlet, 183Inspection chamber (drainage), 170Instructions (architect’s), 53Integral boss connector, 170Integrated ceilings, 140Interceptor, 169Interim certificates, 53Interior, 95Interstitial condensation, 85Ionic order, 17lonizing point, 118Ironmongery, 148–151
hinges, 150
Ironmongery (Continued)knobs and latches, 148locks, 148
Irregularity (notice of), 40Irrigation system, 187Isometric projection, 5
Jack (stabilising), 62Jamb, 96, 110Jetty, 22Joggled flat arch, 89Joints:
bed, vertical, struck, recessed,projecting, flush, keyed, tuck rusticated,vee, channelled, 81
carpentry, 106cross timber, 107joggle, 87panel, angle, lapped and tongued, 129stepped, angle, open drained baffle
sealant filled, 92traditional scarf, 108, 109
J.C.T, (joint contracts tribunal) forms ofcontract, 48
Joist, 96,132,133Joist hanger, 153
Keep, 20Kerb (built-up timber), 111Kerb (earthworks — precast, timber), 187Keyed joint, 81Keystone (crown), 24, 89King closer, 84King post, 103King post roof, 99, 104, 105Knapped flint, 88Knob (door), 144
(ironmongery), 148, 149Knuckle joint fitting, 170
Lacing courses, 88Lags, 163
Index
224
Lamp holder (pendant, cover, flex), 180Lancet, 24Land chain, 7Land drainage, 190Land law, 41Lap, 81, 82, 113, 117Lath, 154, 158Lathing, 97Latches:
cylinder, rim, 148lever, 149
Lattice frame, 62Lead (flat, round), 166Leadburned saddle, 122Lead cutting knife, 166Lead sheet, 122Leaf and dart, 161Lean-to roof, 98Lean-to half truss, 103Lease back guarantee, 50Le Corbusier, 3Ledger (scaffold), 64, 65Levelling staff, 59Lever latch, 149Lever springs, 150Lierne, 24Light fitting, 180Lighting (outdoor), 179Light track, 177Lightening conductor, 124Line (centre, break, section), 8L.V.D.T. (linear variable differential
transducers), 61Lines (axial), 4Lime (in lime and cement stucco) 160Lintels (steel), 155Loan (repay, service), 50Local authority, 42
(officers), 39Lock (spring loaded, blocking pins), 150
(horizontal mortice), 148Loft, 25Log, 162Loggia, 36Long term interest, 50Loop (carpet — plain, cut,
sculptured), 165
Loop hole, 20Loose box, 32Lorry, 62Lozenge, 19Luffing (arms, rope), 62Lynch gate, 36
Machicolations, 20Magnetic field, 60Magnetometry, 60Mains (supply water), 171Maintenance manual, 53Mallet, 69Manhole (brickcover), 171Mansarded roof, 98Mantle, 130Marking gauge, 69Masking tape, 10Mass movement
Creep, 208Effect on buildings, 211Fall, 209Flow, 209Heave effect, 211Slide, 208Structural damage, 211Topple, 210
Materials efficiency – waste management, 198
Measuring tape, 59, 69Mediaeval castle, 20Mediaeval ornament, 19,Meetings (progress), 52Merlon, 20Mesh reinforcement, 136Mesh (expanded steel), 154Metal:
components, 154, 155fixings, 153lath, 154ties, 151
Meter (cover), 60Meter (transducer), 61Metope, 16Metric scale, 8
225
Index
Microwave analysis, 60Mitred closer, 84Mitred slates, 113Modilion and patera, 155Module, 3Module (basic), 7Modulor, 3Monopitched roof, 98Mortice and tenon joint, 98
(twin slot, open, mitred), 106Motor pump room, 129Mouldings (timber), 110Mulch (peat), 189Mullion, 91Multiple ownership, 50Multi point lock, 150Muntin, 142
Nails, 156Nave, 23, 24N.l.A. (net internal area), 49Newel, 121Nib (tile), 108Nondestructive survey methods, 60, 61Non-metropolitan (county council), 42Nosing, 127Notice of irregularity, 40Nozzle piece, 125
Oblique projection, 5Offset bend, 125Ogee, 110Ogive (arch), 24Openings:
roof, 118walls, 136
Oriel window, 37Ornament (classical), 18Ornament (mediaeval), 19Orthographic projection, 5OS (ordinance survey), 57Outdoor lighting (fittings), 179Outlet (rainwater), 125
Outside/Inside, 36Overage, 49Overdoor panel, 96Overflow outlet, 170, 173Owner occupier, 50Oxyacetilene set, 68
Pad foundation, 68Padlock, 148Pan (lavatory), 173Panel:
(glazing infil), 91(joint), 135(moulding), 110(overdoor), 96
Panelled door, 144Panelling 164Pantile, 112, 115Parabolic, 6Parallelepiped, 6Parallel motion, 9Parish church, 23Parquet floor, 96Partitions:
demountable, sliding/folding hinged, frame and panel, 95
internal non-load bearing, timber/metal stud, 94
laminated, lightweight, 93Party fence, 41Party structure, 46Party waIl, 41Patch of sky, 42Patent scaffolding, 64Paving:
concrete, 186pattern, 83
Pedestal, 16Pediment, 16, 144Peg, 57, 190Pendant (lamp holder), 180Permitted development, 43Perpends, 81Perspective (view), 5Photogrammetry, 58
Index
226
Photographic measurement, 58Pick, 67Picked panel finish, 86Picture rail, 96, 110Pier, 83Pile (carpet) types of construction, 165Piled foundations, 76Piles (shortbored, percussion, flush bored), 76Pillar, 24Pincers, 69Pinfitting (electrical), 181Pinning (dry), 79Pipe (flush), 173Pipes:
expansion, 171rainwater, 125soil, 171, 173
Pipework (sanitary), 172Pitch, 98Pitched roof (construction), 97Pitched roof (types), 98Pitching hole (barn), 31Pivot, 146Plan, 5Planning:
approvals, 44control, 43permission, 43, 44
Plane, 69Plant, 62, 66Plant care, 185Plaster (levelling, scoring), 158Plasterboard, 93, 94, 138, 139, 162Plaster stop, 154Plasterwork (tools), 158Plate, (wall, head, sole, stay), 65, 79, 105Plate (pin, top, bearing, cover), 144Plate (switch), 177Pliers, 69Plinth, 16, 83, 89, 110Plot ratio, 49Plug:
electric, safety, 177, 178partition, 92
Plugs (fixings), nylonframe anchor, fibre,nailable, 157
Plunger, (disc, hook), 173
Plungers, 180Pointed arch, 24Pointed style, 21Pointing (tuck), 81Poker, 131Poles (ranging), 59Porch, 24, 25, 34Porch and chamber, 23Portal, 33Porte-cochere, 35Portico, 35Post, 102, 103Postern gate, 20Pot hook, 131Power socket, 177Power tools, 67Power track, 178Practical completion, 53Precast cladding (panel fixing), 155Prescription, 41Pressed brick, 84Priority yield, 50Prism, 6Profit erosion, 50Project:
design, 52management, 50
Projecting joint, 81Projection (axonometric, isometric, oblique,
orthographic), 5Projector (floodlight), 179Proportions (module), 3Proprietary cubicles, 95Protactor, 9P-trap, 173Pulley wheel, 9Punch, 70Punched finish, 86Purlin, 97, 101, 102Pyramid (truncated), 6
Quadrant moulding, 110Quaripartite (vault), 23Quality indicator, 51Quantities (approximate), 51
227
Index
Quarry:bottom, limestone, 86glass, 166
Quarterbonding, 82Quarter circle, 19Queen closer, 81, 82, 84Quoin:
brick, 88headers, 81picked pane), 80
Rabbet, 160Radiators (panel, column, oil filled, storage,
heater), 182, 184Radiography, 60Radius, 83Raft foundation, 75Rafter, 97, 102, 103, 104, 105Rail (door, lock, frieze), 142, 143Rail (picture), 96Raised floors, 141Raking shore, 79Ram, 62, 63Rammer, 67Random coursed, 88Rat-trap bond, 81Ready-mix concrete (truck), 67Rainwater pipes, 125Rebate (glazing), 168Recessed joint, 81Reflector bulb, 181Reinforcement (bar, mesh), 137Relief, (decorative), 20Rent, 50Rental income, 50Rental growth, 49Representation (drawing), 8Reservation, 41Retaining walls, (small, medium,
basement), 77Retention, 53Reticulated finish, 86Reverse bond, 82Rib:
lightweight precast, 92
Rib: (Continued)longitudinal/transverse, 136ridge, 23tierceron, 24
Ridge (beam), 97, 98, 102, 103Rights of: way, light, support, 41Rings (arch), 83Rise, 83Riser, 127Rivet, 157Roach, 86Rod, 101Rodding eye, 169Roll (lead), 121Roman tiles, 112, 115Roof:
cover, structure, 25covering types, 112pitched construction, 97run, span, rise, 98
Root, system, bare, balled, 189Rose window, 24Rubble:
backing, 87bottom, 86random, coursed, square, 88work, 88
Rusticated joints, 80
Saddle bar, 166Safety plug, 178Sanctuary, 24Sandwich joint, 104Sanitary pipework, 172Sap (log), 163Sash:
movable, 120window, 145
Saw, 70Sawing (rift, tangential), 163Scaffolding:
board, 65independent, 65patent, 64tower, 64
Index
228
Scale (metric, imperial), 8Scale rule, 9Scalpel, 10Scarf joints (traditional timber), 108, 109Scissor (beam roof), 99Scoring nails, 158Scotia, 18Scratcher, 158Screening (landscape), 186Screw cap, 181Screwdriver, 70Screws (thread cutting, self drilling, head
types), 157Scull cap, 86Sea breeze principle, 204Seasoning (timber), 163Semidetached (building), 27Septic tank, 169Set-square (adjustable), 9Setting out grid, 57Shaft (column), 16Shallow void floor, 141Shapes, 6Shared equity, 50Shed (open fronted), 32Shelter shed, 32Shelter (wind), 187Shingle, 86Shingles (roof covering):
felt, edge grained, flat sawn, 117traditional timber, 117
Shoe, 125, 145Shoring, 79Shoulder, 106Side hung window, 145Sill, 142, 146Simplified planning zone, 43Siphonage, 172Site (building), 55Site visits, 53Skirt, 180Skirting, 92, 96, 132Skirting types, 110Sky, angle, factor, 42Skylights (proprietary) 120Slat, 86Slate, 112,113
Sleeper wall, 132Sleeve, 125Slewing rig, 62Sliding/folding partition, 95Sliding sash, 146Smoke detector, 140Snib, 149Soakaway, 190Socket:
circuit, double, 176cover, 181outlet, 178
Soffit, 83, 97Soffit cleat, 139Soil fittings (UPVC), 170Soil and vent stack, 172Solar power, 199Solar radiation, 195Soldering (iron), 68Sole plate anchor, 153Space for services, 140Span, 83Spandril, 83Spanish tiling, 115Spanner, (box), 69Spar, 115, 116Sphere (segment), 6Spigot and socket soil fitting, 170Spike, 97Spindle:
locks, 144plumbing, 173
Wilk’s, Duce’s, patented, slotted, floating,Pitt’s candle, 148
Spire, 23, 24Spirit level, 70Splay:
door, 96header, stretcher, 84
Splayed and rounded skirting, 110Splayed roof, 98Splayed shouldered lap joint, 107Split end tie, 152Split hazle, 116Spot (low wattage), 178Spotlight, 178Springing line, 82
229
Index
Sprinkler, 140Sprocketted roof, 98Square (adjustable), 68Square housed joint, 107Staircases:
special (samba, cat, ladder, retractable,Ioft),128
timber, 127types (straight, flight, dog-leg, open well,
spiral, bifurcated, quarter turn), 126Stable, 31, 32Stable, (lofted), 31Stack (chimney), 25Staff, 58, 59Stained glass, 165Stake, 189Stanchion, 78Stand (drawing board), 9Stanley knife, 69Star, 19Starter, 181Statutory (undertakers), 46Stave, 159Stave socket, 159Steel:
beams, 78column foundation, 78grillage foundation, 78wedge, 78
Stencil, 10Stepped foundations, 74Steps, 25Stereo plotter, 58Stile (door), 144Stone, 86Stone facing, 87Stone surface finish, 86Stone tiles, 112Stone walling, 88Stool, 89Stop cock, 170Stop end, 125Stop valve, 165Storage heater, 171Storage tank, 171, 174, 183Storm clouds, 204Straightening rule, 158
Strainer flow control, 187Stretcher, 84String course, 87, 89Strip foundation, 73Struck joint, 81Structural grid, 4Strut, 97, 101, 102, 105Strutting (herringbone), 132Stucco, 160Stud partition, 93Stump (tree), 163Styles compared, 21Stylobate, 16Sub-structure, 25Sun light, 42Sun light indicator, 42Sun light spacing criteria, 42Sun shades, 140Survey (accurate), 58Sustainable ‘Green’ buildings, 196Swan neck, 125Switch (electric — dimmer, one-way), 177Swivel coupler, 64Swivel handle, 7
Tally, 7Tamping board (vibrator), 66Tank:
cold water, 174expansion, 182
Tape measure, 69Tee square, 9Tegula, 115Template, 10Temple (classical), 16Temporary bench mark, 58Tender documents, 52Tender stage, 51, 53Tenon, 134
bare faced, 107double shouldered, 107oblique, 106
Tenement (Scottish), 28Terraced building, 27Tetrahedron, 6
Index
230
Thatch, 112, 116Theodolite, 57, 59Third bonding, 82Three cell (plan type), 23Threshing barn, 32Throating, 89Tie:
beam, 97, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105diagonal, 97metal — stainless steel, bow, 152
Tierceron rib, 24Tiling (roof plain), 114Timber:
batten, 93conversion, 163deadmen, 189door frame, 142floor construction, 132framed buildings, 22roof construction, 97seasoning, 163stud, 93
Tolerance (functional), 4T&G (tongue and groove) joint, 135Tools, 69, 70Tools (plasterwork), 158Tooth, 19Toothing, 81Top cap, 86
rubble 86soil, 86, 190
Torus, 18,110Tower (flanking, corner, watch), 20Tower (church), 23Track (wiring, power), 178Traditional:
scarf joints, 108, 109timber roofs, 99
Transept, 24Transom, 90, 147Transducer monitoring, 61Trap outlets (U, bottle, P, S), 172, 173, 174Tree:
forms, 189guying, 189nursery, 187
Tread, 127
Trellis, 185Trench-fill foundation, 73Triforium, 23Triglyph, 16Trimmed openings, 133Trimmer, 118, 120, 121, 133Trimming of floors, 134Trivet, 121Truncated (pyramid, prism, cylinder,
cone), 6Truss (bolt and connector), 102Truss (lean-to half), 103Truss (nailed timber), 101Trusses, 100, 101, 102, 103,
104, 105Truss clip, 153Truss-out scaffold, 65Trussed rafter, 100Trussed purlin roof, 101Trysquare, 70Tungsten halogen bulb, 181Turf (laying of), 190Turnbuckle 189Turret, 20Tuscan order, 17Tusk, 134Typanum, 16
U.D.P. (unitary development plan), 43Underpinning (legs, wall), 79Unitisation, 50Urban development area, 43Use classes, 43, 44
Valley, 97Valley (rounded), 113,123Valve:
control, stop, drain, 183diaphragm, 174Portsmouth, Croydon,sequencing, 187thermostatic (radiator), 182
Vapour barrier, 110
231
Index
Vault:quadripartite, 23ribbed, 23
Vee joint, 81Verge board, 97Vermiculated finish, 86Vertical plane, 5V groove, 86Vibrator tamping, 66View direction, 5Vitrified clay (drainage fittings), 170Vitruvius, 3Volcano eruption, 213Volumes, 6Voussoir, 83, 89
Wall:cavity, 26, 80interior, 162plate, 65, 79, 97, 102pier foundationretaining, 77
Waste systems, 171Water heating (electric storage/instant, gas
instant, indirect, immersion), 175Water:
leaf, 161main, 171supply (hot and cold, plumbing), 171tank, 174
Warranty (collateral), 54Watch tower, 20Wattle and daub, 158Wave energy, 200Weather bar, 142Weathering, 89Weather proofing, 122Weep holes, 80Weights (sash), 146
Welt, 122Welted strip, 187Wheelbarrow, 66Whitbed, 86Wind effect on buildings, 205Wind effect on roof shape, 205Winders, 126Window board, 147
bay, bow, 37casement, 147cill, 89dormer, 118,119frame, 146, 147French, 25leaded, 166oriel, 37rose, 24sash, 147traditional, 37, 146, 147
Wire-cut brick, 84Wire hanger, 139Woodblock, 96Wood strip flooring, 96Work (removed or hidden), 8Working size (component), 4
X-ray source, 60
Yarn types (carpet), 165
Zinc:flashing, 122sheet linersoaker, 122
Zone, 4
Index
232