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2002

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32.9737

.., .., .. . . -: , 2002, -718.:.

. , , MS-DOS, Windows 98/ME. Windows Internet. ().

, Windows Commander. -, .

Microsoft Office 2000, Word, Excel, Access, web-.

, .

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. 14/18.2-2288 05.12.2002.

:- , , . . , , Main Contact Regional CiscoNetworking Academy ;- , , . .

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- - , ,

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ISBN 966-308-006-X

.., .., .., 1998-2002 .., , , , 1998-2002 , , 2002

3

, , ,

, . -, , - . . ,, . .

, . . - - , , . . , . .

, , .

, - . , .

. .

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. , MS-DOS. , , Windows .

, , Windows 98/ME Windows 98 ME. , Internet, .

Windows Commander Windows. , Windows Commander, .

, -. PowerArchiver, WinZip WinRAR.

: , .

Microsoft Word 2000. , - , , , ..

4

, Microsoft Office 2000, Microsoft Outlook. , .

, Microsoft Excel. . . Excel .

, MicrosoftAccess. , . , .

, Microsoft PowerPoint, HTML web- Microsoft FrontPage.

, .

:

, . .

, , .

, . , .

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, , e-mail: [email protected] [email protected].

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, , TCompGroup(www.tcompgroup.com.ua), , (http://www.neote.com.ua) .

1. 6

- ()

, . XIX ., . . , . ( , ..) , , . - , . , , .

40- XX . , . , 1941 . 1943 IBM -1. , , .

1944 ENIAC. . -1, . . .

1945 . 1949 , , ENIAC.

1951 . .

:1. 40- - 70- - ;2. 80- .

(). . 1-3

, 4. - 40- - 50- . .

, . .

- 50- - 60-. ( 1948 .). . , 1965 , Digital Equipment, - PDP-8, .

- 60- - 70-. . () - , , . Intel (1959 ). 1968 Burroughs .

- 70- . , - . .

7

- . 1971 Intel 4004., 1973 , 8008, 4- 8-. 1974 8080, , MITS, Altair-8800. , : - , - .

70- , . IBM (International Business Machines Corporation) - . , , 1979 . 8- Intel - 8088, 1979 .

1981 IBM PC 16- Intel - 8086. . Apple Computer. 1980 Macintosh.

:1- IBM- , , IBM PC;2 - APPLE- , , Macintosh. . IBM-

, :1. , .

2. , .

IBM , , - (DAC).

MACINTOSH:1. , .2. . IBM-

90% , . IBM- .

, . . . .

:1. - , ,

():1 - 1 1 ;1 = 1000 ;1 = 1000 = 1000 000 .

2. . - , . 8-, 16-, 32-, 64-.

3. MIPS - , . - , . 1 MIPS - 1 1 . .

4. , .

1.

1. 8

() - , , , . .

1 Bit () - , ( ).1 Byte () = 8 Bit.1 () = 1024 Byte .1 () = 1024 .1 () = 1024 .1 ()=1024 .

5. , .

, IBM- , , . , , IBM- Intel, 1968 .

- 8088, :1. 4,77 M.2. .3. 0.33 MIPS.4. 1 , 384 .5. 8088 29 000 .

1981 8086. 8088 , 8088, 8088/8086.

1982 80286. :1. 6 ( 8, 10,12,16 20 ).2. .3. - 1.2 MIPS.4. 16 . , Windows, OS/2.5. 134 000 .

1985 - 32- 80386, :1. - 16 , - 25, 33 40 .2. .3. - 6 MIPS.4. 4 .5. - 275 .

, . 16-, . , 80286, . IBM . 1988 IBM 80386SX, , , 16- 16 , . 80386 (32- ) 80386DX.

1989 80486, :1. - 25 , 33 , 40 .2. .3. 16 MIPS.

9

4. 4.5. .6. - 8 .7. - 1,2 .

(Coprocessor) - . (ashe) - . , , . - . , . , , , . - : (L1 cashe) (L2 cashe). - . - , .

. , 80386. 80386 , . 1991 486SX, 80486 , . 80486 486DX.

1992 , 486DX2 (50 , 66 ). : 486DX4 (75 ), - 486DX4-100 (100), 486DX4-120 (120 ) 486SX2, 486SX4.

1993 , , PENTIUM ( 5).

:1. - 60 2. .3. - 112 MIPS.4. 4 .5. - - 16 , 512 2- ( ).6. - 3,1 .

Pentium 60. Pentium 66, 75, 90, 100, 120, 133, 150, 160 .

1995 Pentium Pro ( 6), Pentium - (16 256 , ), , , 80 .

:1. - 150, 166, 180, 200, 233 2. .3. - 202 MIPS.4. 64 .5. - 5,5 .

1.

1. 10

, X (Multi Media eXtentions). , (57 , - ), - .

1997 Pentium II, . , , SEC (Single Edge Contact - ). , . 512 -, 32 1- . . , ( Pentium Pro) . Intel Pentium II 233, 266, 300, 333, 350,400 450 .

1998 Pentium II Intel Celeron, . Celeron Pentium II:

- ( 128 ); - PPGA (Plastic Pin Grid Array).

. Celeron 266 300 - . (300, 333, 366, 400, 433, 466) 128 - . 19 . 0,25 .

1999 Intel Pentium III, 70 SIMD-, - , , . SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Date) - , . Pentium III 500 Pentium II (450) 90% 40% . 500, 533, 550, 600, 650, 667, 700, 733, 750, 800, 850, 866, 933, 1000, 1100, 1200 1300 . Pentium III 2- , . Pentium III Xeon, , .

2000 Pentium 4, 1,5 . SSE-2 , 144 . SSE-II (StreamingSIMD Extension II) - SIMD . 128- . - . 400. -. Pentium 4 Soket 423 , Soket478.

Intel IBM- -. AMD (Advanced Micro Device), 1969 Cyrix.

AMD - Am486, Intel 486, . Am5x86(TM)-PR75, , 133 . Pentium Raiting (PR) - () Intel Pentium. , Am5x86(TM)-PR75 Pentium 75 .

11

AMD K5 PR 75 166. , PR, , . PR-, .

AMD - 6 - , . Pentium i Pentium II. AMD K6 MMX , 166 300. AMD 6-2 6-3. 6-2 6 -3DNow, MMX 21 . 233 550 . 64 512 2- . AMD6-3 -: 1 - 64 -, 256 - , 2 - , .

AMD - - K7 (Athlon) - Pentium III Pentium 4. AMD Pentium- , . , AMD K7 200 (266, 333) . (Ev6) (64 8 ) . Pentium, . AMD: Duron, 128 64 500 1300, Athlon, (256 8) 500 . 2- .

Cyrix IDT WinChip. Cyrix , . Cyrix Texas Instruments Cyrix/TI 486. 40 100 Intel 486. Cyrix M (686) (686MX) P-rating 90 366. AMD 5 6 6- , Pentium 5- . - 16 64, . .

2000 VIA Technologies Cyrix VIA Cyrix III, 700, 128 3D-Now. .

IDT (Integrated Device Technologies), 6 WinChip. 5- 6- , Pentium MMX. 32 64 180, 200, 225, 240. , , .

(high end) , 64- RISC-. RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing) Hewlett Packard (HP) 1986 ( ). Intel- 86 RISC.

1.

1. 12

.1.1. midi-tower

.

2.1.

- IBM- :1. : .2. : , . - ,

. .

- , .

: ; ; .

, - . :

1. - desk top.2. , : mini-tower, midi-

tower, big-tower ( .1.1. - midi-tower).

.1.2.

13

.1.5.

.1.4.

.1.3.

, (.1.2.) (.1.2.), (.1.2.), (.1.2.).

(Mainboard), .1.3. . , . (chipset)- , . - , . , . , - . :

; ; , ; .

, . - 486SX, - .

(. 1.4.) - , :

- ; ; .

( ), . Pentium - Socket7 (321-pin). Pentium II Pentium II SEC (Single Edge Contact - ), , . . , Slot 1 Slot 2.

Socket 7 : Super 7 ( AMDK6-2), Socket 370 ( Celeron Pentium II PGA, 387 pin), Soket 423 Soket 478 ( Pentium4) SocketA ( AMD Athlon, Duron), 462 .

, - (.1.5.). , .

2. .

1. 14

, , BIOS (Basic InputOutput System) - - . BIOS :

; ; , ; ; ; BIOS.

- , , . () 0 20 - BIOS, 21 - .

BIOS - ROM (Read Only Memory). BIOS:

ROM (Read Only Memory), - , : PROM (Programmable ROM) - BIOS ( ); EPROM (Erasable PROM) - BIOS, ; EEPROM (Electrically Erasable PROM) - BIOS, FlashROM. , , . , BIOS. BIOS Web- BIOS ( ).

BIOS POST (Power-On Self Test), ( ). POST . , , . POST- BIOS .

CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor - ). . CMOS-, , CMOS Setup, BIOS. CMOS Setup , Delete( - BIOS). CMOS Setup, , . , CMOS , BIOS , . ( ).

BIOS ( Plug and Play - ). BIOS , . - . , Plug and Play, : BIOS, , , , .

15

.1.6.

BIOS , (,, ..), .

BIOS Award, AMI Phoenix. () (.1.6.).

(RAM - Random Access Memory) - , , . . .

, , , .

(10-120 ).

, , , :

(DRAM - Dynamic RAM). - , ( ). (). , ( 66 , 60 );

(SRAM - Static RAM). , , . . - ( );

- SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic RAM), . 100, 133 10;

DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM). SDRAM, . , , . DDR ;

RDRAM (Rambus DRAM). , Pentium 4. - 400 533 (800 1066 ) DDR SDRAM .

( 80286) . (Expanded - EMS), - . , , (2,3,6,9,16) - . SIMM (Singlein-line memory modules) , . - 2, 4, 6 8. 386 SIMM 30 (30 pin), - 72-.

SIMM- Pentium .

SDRAM DDR SDRAM- DIMM (Dual in-line memory modules).-, 168 , . RDRAM RIMM(Rambus Inline Memory Modules) , DIMM, . DIMM - RIMM- 16 512.

2. .

1. 16

, : (Conventional) 1 (Extendet-XMS) - 1. , IBM 1, 384 . , . , - , .

. , .

, , . . IBM- . (), .

- , , .

, , - , .

( RAM) : IRQ (Interrupt request) 1 ; DMA (Direct Memory Access) 8/16/32 ; - I/O Ports 8/16/32.

() - , . :

(Serial) - COM1COM4 - ( ), RS-232.

(Parallel) - LPT1LPT4 - 8 (8 ).

(.1.7.) ( , .) (.1.7.) ,, .

. - .1.7.. - .

486- MIO (Multi Input-Output) - . () .

, , (bus). , .

ISA (Industry Standard Architecture - ). 16- 8, 8- , . IBM- . , IBM PC .

.1.7. ,

17

386 EISA (ExtendedIndustry Standard Architecture), 32- DMA. , EISA , .

80- VL-bus, VESA (Video ElectronicsStandards Association). , 33 . , 50 , .

1992 Intel PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect). PCI , (32- 33), ( , ,). , PCI mezzanine-, PCI ().

90- . , PCI . AGP (AcceleratedGraphics Port). , 66 ( 1), 133 (2) 266 (4) . AGP , PCI, , PCI .

Pentium II, AMD 6 Intel USB (Universal Serial Bus), USB- , , . , . , 127. 4 ( ) 12 bit/c 5 . USB Plug& Play, ( ).

( 1Gbit/c) FireWire ( IEEE 1394), . ( - , - , -). USB, FireWire Plug & Play , - 63.

(. 1.2.), 12, 5, 3,3. , .

- POWER. , 150 500. , . .1.7..

2.2.

, .

. ,

2. .

1. 18

: (external), (internal) - .

. . :

, .

: , , -.

: , (), (), , .

,

. , :

- , () - .

, (8 ) . , , .

(streamer), , . , . , , . , 60 25. - QIC (Quarter Inch Cartridge Drive Standard) DAT (Digital Audio Type). , - .

() (. 1.10.) ,

, . 5,25 (133 )

160 . 8(200), . , , 1,2 .

3,5 (89 ), . . . , :

; ; ;

19

, .

3,5 (. 1.8.) :- (.1.8.)

( - DD, HD, - VHD);

- (.1.8.)( , , - (write protect), 5,25);

- ( );

- (.1.8.), - ;

- () (.1.8.). 3,5, , :

DD - 720K. HD - 1,44 M. VHD (Very High Density) - 2,88 .

VHD Toshiba, Teac,Sony, Chinon. ( ).

- (.1.9.). . - , , , (Track), , . 40 83 9 21 . , 512 , . , , 0- . 1, . , (), 0 () 1().

:; ; < >.

0;0;1 , 0- , 0- 1- .

, . (cluster) - 2n , n 0, 1, 2, .. .

n 0, . 0

, 0- 0;0;1.

.1.8. 3,5

.1.9.

2. .

1. 20

, . ( Fe2O3 , Cr) . , () . 1 () , , , , . 1. 0, . , , , 0. , , 1, . , 1, . 0, , , 0.

- .

() .

1973 IBM, , 30 . 30/30, Winchester . (. 1.10.).

, , 0,5 ( - 0,05 ). , . , . , , . (voice coil- ) .

- MFM (Modified Frequency Modulation) RLL (Run Length Limited), .

, : 5,25, 3,5,2,5, 1,8 1 (MicroDrive). 3,5, - 2,5, MicroDrive .

, , .

160, 10 .

- , . . . - 5400/, 7200/, 10000/, 5.

.1.10.

21

30/c , ( ) , .

MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure)- , 20 500 .

,

.

, , Iomega. , : , , . , (), . , (BernoulliCartridge). 3,5 . - . , , . , (0,003), . , .

Iomega 1986 . 20 . 250. Bernoulli Multi Disk 35, 70, 90, 150, 250 . , Bernoulli : , , .

, Zip Iomega (.1.11.), 1994 . 3,5, ( 3,5 )100 250, . Zip Iomega . .

, - N-hand, 1,7 20 .

, . Mitsumi Electronics UHC (Ultra High Capacity), 3,5 130. Sony 2,5- 230 . .

(removable hard disk drives)

SyQuest. 1983 .

.1.11. Iomega Zip

2. .

1. 22

. EZ-135, 135 . Iomega. EZ-135 .

SyQuest FlyJet 1,5 . FlyJet Jaz Iomega 1.

: CD-ROM; CD-R (CD-WO); CD-RW (CD-E); DVD-ROM.

D-ROM - , ( 680

), - (Compact DiskRead Only Memory CD-ROM), . CD-ROM- , . , . - 1.12., CD-ROM- - 1.13.

- , . - ( ), ( 834 ). , , , . , , . .

, -, ISO9660.

, (CAV, Constant AngularVelocity), - (CLV, ConstantLinear Velocity). , , - . - ,, . 200 400 .

.1.12. -

.1.13. CD-

23

150 /. CD-ROM- , . CD-ROM 300 /c 2x. 4x, 6x, 8x, 12x, 16x. CD-ROM , 52x. CD-ROM 8, , - , .

-, , , , 64-256 . - CD-ROM : , 5,25 . - , (tray-). CD-ROM - Creative Labs, Sony, Teac, Pioneer, Kenwood, Samsung, NEC, Mitsumi, Philips, Toshiba LG.

- : - ( ); - ; -.

- , , . ( ) . - () -. - , . , , . 5,25, 3,5 . , , - , . : Mode 1 Mode 2. , , . 16 , . Mode 1 276 , 2048 . -.

CD-ROM CD-ROM /XA (eXtended Architecture), , . , , , .

D-R D-ROM ,

-, Philips Sony 1991 CD-R (CD-Recordable), CD-WO (CD-Write Once). :

:- (PA - Program Calibration Area),- (PMA - Program Memory Area), ;

(Table of Contest); (Program Area); , (Lead Out Area).

, CD-R CD-ROM- ,

2. .

1. 24

. CD-ROM , . CD-R , , . , . , - .

CD-R 650 750, , . cyanin, 10 . 1997 Kodak Mitsumi, - phalocyanin, 100. , CD-R CD-ROM.

CD-R- CD-ROM, CD-ROM/XA.

D-RW CD-RW (Compact

Disk Read-Write). CD-R, , , CD-RW . CD-RW Ag-In-Sb-Te (---), .

CD-RW 600-700, . .

, 200 ( ) .

CD-RW CD-ROM, CD-RW CD-ROM ( 8).

CD-RW CD-R, CD-RW. , , CD-RW

, . CD-RW UDF. .

CD-RW : CD-RW, CD-R, CD-ROM ( 16x/12x/40x).

DVD DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) - , , -.

, CD-ROM, : 4,7 17 . (0,834 CD-ROM, 0,4 DVD) (1,6 CD-ROM, 0,74 DVD). DVD 7,4.

, , DVD ( Philips, Sony, Toshiba, Matsushita) : . DVD, , , . 9,4.

, , . ,

25

. . 17.

DVD , VHS DVD. DVD , , .

,

. (), ( ) . , .

, : , . , ., , , , . .

, -, . , - 3,5.

, , 50-80 ( 10 ), . -, .

, , . , , , . , 30 50 .

, Pinnacle Micro Apex, ProcomTechnology, Storage Dimensions, Olympus.

2.3.

, , , . IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) SCSI (Small Computer System Interface).

IDE : IDE, AT-bus, PC AT, Task File. , IDE ( 1988 ), 1990 AT (ANSI X3T9.2/90-143). IDE.

. , IDE, , .

IDE - , , - 8- 16 - , 40- . - 50 . , - (, -Master, - Slave).

Western Digital Enhanced IDE (EIDE),

2. .

1. 26

Fast ATA-2. , - 1, ( 10 .). .

IDE - ATA66 -100. .

SCSI 70- Shugart Associates, SASI (Shugart Associates System Interface). 1986 SCSI. SCSI IBM PC, . SCSI . 8- .

1,5 ., 3 -4 . SCSI SCSI 2.

SCSI 2 , , (Wide) 24 (, SCSI 8). SCSI 2 (Fast) 10 .

Fast Wide (32 ) SCSI 2 40 . SCSI 2 , , . SCSI 2 PCI.

27

3.1.

: , .

. :

, , , , .

.

,

. ( 1 ), .

, (. 1.14.) : 84 - (83 PC XT), 101 - (PC AT), 104- ( Windows), .

: , .

, . , .

QWERTY, . , :

- ( 50 , ); ( , ,

). - :

- Num Lock - , , ;

- aps Lock - ;

.1.14.

3.

1. 28

- Shift - aps Lock - ( );

- Scroll Lock - (Scrolling) ;

- Insert - . :

- , , , () - ;- Tab - , ;- Home, End - ;- Page Up, Page Down - -.

:- BackSpace - ;- Delete (Del) - ( ).

(F1-F12), . .

:- Enter () - : , ,

.;- Esc - , ;- Pause (Break) -

;- Print Scrn - ;- Ctrl (Control), Alt - :

. , .

:- Power - Turbo, ;- Sleep - Turbo, ;- Wake - Turbo, ;- Turbo- F11, / .

:- 5- DIN5;- 6- Mini-DIN6 ( PS/2) (.1.7.);- USB.

.

1963 . Logitech.

(. 1.15.): Microsoft Mouse,Logitech Mouse, Genius Mouse Mouse System. , , Microsoft Mouse ( ), Mouse System ( ). -, - .

29

. , , , , ..

, , . , . . , . : -. ( )., , , - . , . .

. , Honeywell . . X-Y- - .

, . - , , .

. ( RS - 232C, EIA- 232D). , , () DB-9. DB-9 DB-25, , . , - COM-, , .

- miniDIN 6 ( PS/2), 6- mini-DIN6. , DOS , .

- USB - Windows98, Windows ME Windows 2000.

. , .

(. 1.15.), , . .

, (Notebook) , , . Notebook . , , , . , , .

, Mouse Point ( Pointing Stick) Touch Pad. ,

.1.15.

3.

1. 30

( ) - , -. .Touch Pad , , , .

, . , .

(digitizer) (. 1.16) ,

, (CAD/CAM/CAE). (). - , , - , .

, , . , . , , . , - , - , . .

: ( - SOHO)

( 1015 .), ( 600 ), , ;

( Graphics Art)- , , . 5 3, ( 2000 ), 1000 ;

( CAD) - , , 0, , .

4 - , 210297 . 3,2,1 0, . 5 4 .

(3-D digitizer). (3-D ), , . , , .

.1.16.

31

(Scanner) ,

, , , , . , .

: , (. 1.17.) .

, - (handheld) , . . . . , , , ,4 (10 ). .

(desktop) -: , , . 4 1. : (flatbed), (sheet-fed) (overhead).

, . , . . , , . ., , .

. , . . , OCR (Optical Character Recognition). OCR . .

- , . , , . . .

(. 1.17). . . , , CCD(Charge-Coupled Device) - , - , . , , - (). .

- (bilevel) ,

.1.17.

3.

1. 32

(grayscale), - . . , , RGB (Red GreenBlue)- (, ) . , - . , 24- ( 8 ) 224, 16 .

. , . , . .

dpi (dot per inch), . 600 3000 dpi, 10000dpi. .

: - ,

; USB - ; SCSI - SCSI-,

; FireWire - USB ,

..

- , ,

- . , , : , , . , . , . - , () . ( , , ), , Internet, (on-line), .

, ,

. : , , .

( : joy - , stick - ) -

.1.18. -, - web-

33

, . (), , , (.1.19). : , , . - , , . , . 15- , .

- . (Force Feed Back), .

, . , , - , . IIS (Interactive ImagingSystems), VFX1 5 . - . - , - - . - - () . , - , . , ,, DVD-.

3.2.

,

. , , : . - , , . .

, : - ; .

- (), . , ( 1897 ) . (.1.20) . , , , , , . : ,

.1.19.

3.

1. 34

, .

- , (pixel - picture element). . ( - ). , .

: ; ; () ; .

- , () , . , 640480 , - 640 480 .

, . , - .

- , . , . , 20-25 , . , . , VESA, 640480 800600 72 . .

() - , . 0,24 - 0,28 .

- . : 9, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20 21. , , , .. , 14 , 15 17 .

, , , .

. . :, . , . , . , , . .

, , MPR-II, , , Low Radiation (LR). , , , TCO92,95 99.

,

.1.20.

35

() (.1.20). . ( ) - .

. , - Super Twisted Nematic (STN), TripleSuper Twisted Nematic (TSTN) ..

- (STN TSTN). - ( ) . -. , , - . , -: ( ) ( ). , . , , , () - , , . , - . : , , , .

- . - , (TFT,Thin Film Transistor). , (, ) TFT .

IBM PC -

. Monochrome Display and Parallel Printer Adapter (MDPPA), MDA. , - 25 80 . , , .

PC MDA IBM , , . - CGA (Color GraphicsAdapter) 320 200 . .

IBM PC - HGC (Hercules Graphics Card), Hercules 1982 . 720 350.

IBM EGA (Enhanced Graphics Adapter), 1984 . 640 350 16 64- .

VGA (Video Graphics Array), 1987 . SVGA (Super Video GraphicsAdapter), . VGA 640 480 16 . 320200 VGA 256 - .

, VESA , -. .

3.

1. 36

VGA ( SVGA) - : , -BIOS, , - (RAMDAC - Random Access MemoryDigital to Analogy Converter), , .

- , , . , , , , .

.

. , , , . . , , - . . , , , (foreground), - (background). , , , . (), . , , . , .

() ( ). (All Points Addressable), .

, . , , , (0 1, ), , (00 - , 01 - , 10 -, 11 - ), . .

, . , , 2 , . , 8 256 .

, 32768 65536 (15 16 ), HighColor. , 24-,32- ( ) , 16777216 . TrueColor.

. , , . AGP (. 2.1 ).

, , , . (), , . , . . ,

37

(, ).

(.1.21), . ( BitBlok), , DirectX OpenGL.

, ATI nVIDIA, 1.1.

1.1.

' ' ' '

nVIDIA Vanta 100MHz 125MHz (SDRAM) 64 8-16MBnVIDIA TNT2M64 125MHZ 150MHz (SDRAM) 64 16-32MBnVIDIA TNT2Pro 125MHz 150MHz (SDRAM) 128 16-32MBnVIDIA GeForce2MX200 175MHZ 166MHz (SDRAM) 64 32-64MBnVIDIA GeForce2MX 175MHZ 166MHz (SDRAM) 128 32-64MBnVIDIA GeForce2MX400 200MHZ 166MHz (SDRAM) 128 32-64MBnVIDIA GeForce2GTS 200MHZ 166 (333)MHz (DDR) 128 32-64MBnVIDIA GeForce2Pro 200MHZ 200 (400)MHz (DDR) 128 32-64MBnVIDIA GeForce2Ti 250MHZ 200 (400)MHz (DDR) 128 32-64MBnVIDIA GeForce2Ultra 250MHZ 230 (460)MHz (DDR) 128 32-64MBnVIDIA GeForce3Ti200 175MHZ 200 (400)MHz (DDR) 128 32-64MBnVIDIA GeForce3Ti500 240MHZ 500 (400)MHz (DDR) 128 64MBnVIDIA GeForce4MX420 250MHZ 166MHz (SDRAM) 64 32-64MBnVIDIA GeForce4MX440 270MHZ 200 (400)MHz (DDR) 128 32-64MBnVIDIA GeForce4MX460 300MHZ 275 (550)MHz (DDR) 128 64MBnVIDIA GeForce4Ti4200 250MHZ 222 (444)MHz (DDR) 128 64-128MBnVIDIA GeForce4Ti4400 275MHZ 275 (550)MHz (DDR) 128 64-128MBnVIDIA GeForce4Ti4600 300MHZ 325 (650)MHz (DDR) 128 128MBATI Rage128 118MHz 118MHz (SDRAM) 64 16-32MBATI Radeon7000 155MHz 155MHz (310)(DDR) 64 32-64MBATI Radeon7200 155MHz 155MHz (SDRAM) 64 32-64MBATI Radeon7500 275MHz 230MHz (460)(DDR) 128 64MBATI Radeon8500 275MHz 275MHz (550)(DDR) 128 64MBATI Radeon9000 250MHz 200MHz (400)(DDR) 128 64-128MBATI Radeon9000Pro 275MHz 275MHz (550)(DDR) 128 64-128MBATI Radeon9700Pro 325MHz 310MHz (620)(DDR) 256 128-256MB

.1.21.

3.

1. 38

- 1.1. , .

TV-, - , . , , .

24- ( - , - ) . .

- (, , ).

: - ; , ; , . (impact) (non-impact) .

( ). (matrix) (. 1.22), (impact dot matrix), Epson, Oki, Star Microline .

, . ( ) . . , . , , 9-, 18- 24-.

(inkjet) (laser), . , . (. 1.22) , . , , , - . ( ), . , , 12 64. , , .

(laser) (. 1.22). . . ( , ), - , .

.1.22.

39

, , , . . , . , . , , . , .

, , , . (Toner) - . , . . . , .

.

, LED - (Light Emitting Diode)., . , . , , .

. , , -. , .

: (dye sublimation).

400. , . , . . - . . , (high-end).

. dpi (dot per inch), 1 . .

- 200 dpi ( 100-120 dpi). 1400 dpi. , . ( , ). - 2500 dpi.

, (ppm - pages per minute), , .

. , , , . , 50-500 .

3.

1. 40

, , .

, . 4 (210 297 .), 3 (297420.). .

(plotter) (. 123)- ,

. , , , , . . , . , - .

, , ,, , ( ). 3 (297420 .) 0 (8401188.).

:

; .

, (, , ) , , . 1 8 , .

, , . .

, , , .

(Modulator-Demodulator) - - ,

. , (Modulator) (Demodulator). - (Digital Modem), -, .

, .

.1.24.

.1.23.

41

. - . , , , , . 2400 9400/.

(internal) (external) (.1.24.). , .

. , .

(Network adapter), -

() (.1.25.), , , , . , , (ISA PCI). , 10 / 1000/. . - RJ-45, - BNC. , , . .

Sound cardSound card ( ) - () (.1.26.),

. - Sound Blaster, Creative Labs. (PC Speaker) , . . , . , , .

: , , - /. - Creative Yamaha. FM-, FM-.

, () , AC97.

.1.25.

.1.26.

3.

1. 42

(.1.27) -

, , . , . , . , () , .

: off-line, line interactiv on-line. on-line , . , , .

,

.

.1.27.

2. . MS-DOS44

- . ( ) . .

( , ):

() - , , . ;

- , . , , , web-, , .;

- , -, , , - (), () .

- ( ) . - ( - ) ( , () ). (Pascal, Delphi, C, C++, Visual Basic) (Java,Autolisp).

, Windows 98/ME ( ), - .

1.1. , , , . -

, . ,, - , .

. :. :.. < > - , . - , . - , ( 8 DOS

255 Windows).. :! @ # $ % ^ & ( ) - _ { } ~ ` :* ? + / \ | < > ( DOS) .

45 1.

, , .

- , ( ) 3 ( Windows), .

, . :.txt - ;.exe, .com - , ;.bat - () - , DOS ( );.sys - , ;.pas, .bas, .c, .asm - , ;.ini, .cnf - ;.tmp, .$$$ - ,

;.bak, .wbk - ;.arj, .rar, .zip, .zoo, .lhz, .pak, .j, .ha, .cab - ;.doc, .dot - Microsoft Word;.dbf, .mdb, .mda - ;.xls - Excel;.bmp, .gif, .tif, .pcx, .jpg, .psd, .cpt, .cdr, .wmf, .dxf - ;.mp3, .wav, .cda, .aud - ;.avi, .fli, .mpg - - ;.html, .htm, .htmls - web-. . (Attributes) - ,

. : (Archive) - , ,

; (Hidden) -

DOS ; (Read Only) -

DOS; (System) - .

- , . , Directory (). , . (root directory), .

, , . , . , . , .

- . () .

2.1. - , \ (). , , : (1, 2, 3). , . , (11, 12,21 ..), (111, 221, 222) .. , .

2. . MS-DOS46

, , .

- , .

111 11 , 1 11-.

, , , .

:1.

. ..2. ,

.3. \

().4. , .

1. . 111.: 1\11\111

2. 111. 12.: ..\..\12 \1\12

3. 31. 222.: ..\..\2\K22\K222 \2\22\222

Windows - (Folder). , , , :

, , , ;

, DOS, 255 . (Shortcut), ,

. , , .

1

2

3

11

12

111

21

22

23

221

222

31

. 2.1.

1.2. . .

, . - : . , . , : :. , :, .

, , , . , , . , . : N ( , 10). N+1 M (, 11 55).

: (Primary), - (Extended). , .

47 1.

(Partition Table).

. ,Windows Linux .

(Master Boot Record -MBR), , . , . , , . , . MBR 0,0,1 (0- 0- 1-) (512 ).

Partition Table, , , (Boot Record - BR) . BR . , BR. (512 ).

BIOS (BPB). , . :

OS (8 ); (2 ); (1 ); , (2 ); (1 ); (2 ); (2 ); (1 ); (2 ); (2 ); - (2-4 ); (2 ). .

, :Non system disk or system disk error.

Replace and strike any key when ready BR . - ,

. . , , . DOS - File Allocation Table (FAT), Windows 9.x ME - VFAT VFAT32, Windows NT i 2000 - Master File Table (MFT) - () . .

FAT , : , - , . , (, , ). :

(0)000 - , ;

2. . MS-DOS48

(F)FF7H - ;(F)FF0-(F)FF6H - ;(F)FF8-(F)FFFH - . .2.2. , FAT .

2, 8. - 11. 12, , FAT, . 4 , . . 3, 4, 6, 7, 9 10. 5, , 8, .

FAT , . , - (). DOS FAT:

12- FAT, 12 (3 ) - ;

16- FAT (4 ). FAT

(Root Directory). - , .

, . , - 512, 1024, .

, - . BR , . 32 .

Wndows 95 16- FAT VFAT (Virtual FAT) , ( 255 ).

, Windows 98 ME VFAT-32. 2 4. VFAT-32 VFAT-16, , 32- ( 16-) - . , , , . , , , . slack () - , .

, 1.1. - , VFAT-32 - 4, VFAT-16 -16.2. 135 - VFAT-32 34 , 33 , 1. , 136 . VFAT-16 9 9. 144., , VFAT-32 .

FAT

2 8

3 4

4 6

5 bad

6 7

7 9

8 11

9 10

10 end

11 12

12 end

FAT

FAT

bad = (F)FF7Hend = (F)FF8-(F)FFFH

. 2.2. FAT

49 1.

2.1. VFAT;

2.1VFAT-16 VFAT-32

128 2 260 512

128-256 4 260-8 4256-512 8 8-16 8

512-1 16 16-32 161-2 32 32 32

, . , . , .

FAT . FAT VFAT : , , , .

, , NT (Windows NT, 2000, XP) NTFS (New Technology File System), MasterFile Table (MFT) - () . NTFS, 12% MFT, - . NTFS : - . MFT - , , , , . MFT ( 1 ), ( ). 16 - , - MFT. 16 MFT - , . , , , .

FAT NTFS - , , . NTFS - , . , , FAT, , . , - . , : , , - .

, NTFS , - . , NTFS - , , . NTFS (, ), , , . NTFS , , .

2. . MS-DOS50

.

UNIX, 35 . , . ., , . , Unix , Unix- , , Linux, Sun Solaris .

, 70- , 8- Intel 8080, Motorola 6800, Zolog Z-80 . 8- /-80 (Control Programfor Microcomputers) Digital Research.

80-, 16- , . Digital Research IBM 16- . Microsoft, (Bill Gates), 16- 86-DOS Seattle ComputerProducts.

IBM 16- . IBM Microsoft, IBM- . Microsoft , .

DOS Disk Operation System - . /-80, 86-DOS. Microsoft 86-DOS MS-DOS IBM.

1981 IBM DOS PC-DOS 1.0, MS-DOS 1.0.

MS-DOS . , DOS - , , , . AUTOEXEC.BAT, .

MS-DOS 1.0. 64 , 8 . 640 1 8088, . - 5,25- 160 (SS/SD).

1982 PC-DOS 1.1, 320 . , IBM Microsoft MS-DOS , 1982 MS-DOS 1.25 Texas Instruments, Compaq Computer , , IBM .

MS-DOS 2.0 1983 IBM ,

51

360 10- . , . , . MS-DOS 2.0 -, . CONFIG.SYS, .

MS-DOS 2.0 24 128 . MS-DOS MS-DOS 2.11.

MS-DOS - , MS-DOS 3.0 ( 1984 .), MS-DOS 3.1 ( 1984 .), MS-DOS 3.2 ( 1985 .) MS-DOS 3.3 (1987 .) - MS-DOS. - , MS-DOS 3.3, - MS-DOS. , , MS-DOS .

, MS-DOS . , MS-DOS 3.2 3- 720- 32 , MS-DOS 3.3 3- 1,44- . .

MS-DOS 3.3, 80286 80386, 640 . - , . MS-DOS.

MS-DOS , . , Macintosh Apple (Graphics User Interface, GUI), , IBM.

MS-DOS 4.0, 1988 , 32 . - SMARTDrive, , - MODE, MS-DOS Shell.

MS-DOS 4.0. , 4.01, . Digital Research, Microsoft , MS-DOS - DR DOS 3.41, . IBM PC MS-DOS 3.3, .

1991 MS-DOS 5.0. , MS-DOS Shell, . HIMEM.SYS EMM386.EXE MS-DOS 5.0 Windows, MS-DOS Shell MS-DOS- Windows.

, MS-DOS 5.0 Qbasic ( BASIC), Doskey, Central Point Software , (help).

MS-DOS 5.0, PC-DOS 5.0 ( IBM) DR DOS5.0, ( Digital Research)

1993 MS-DOS 6.0,

2

2. . MS-DOS52

, , . : DoubleSpace , Mem Marker, Symantec, , Central Point ntivirus.

MS-DOS 6.2 ( 1993 ) DoubleSpace ScanDisk . IBM 1993 PC-DOS 6.3. Digital Research Novell. Novell DR DOS Novell DOS 7, Personal NetWare , DOS.

MS-DOS 1994 . MS-DOS 6.21 DoubleSpace. Microsoft Stac Electronic, Stacker. 1994 MS-DOS 6.22 DriveSpace, Stac Electronics. MS-DOS 6.x , . MS-DOS 6.22 - Mictosoft, , MS-DOS.

DOS , , . , ( , , ) Windows , DOS Windows DOS.

Windows Windows Windows NT, Windows 95, Windows 98,

Windows ME (Millennium Edition), Windows 2000, Windows XP Windows 3.. Windows 3. DOS .

Windows Comdex, 1985 -, - Microsoft - Microsoft Windows 1.0.

Windows : , , MS-DOS Executive . , Macintosh GEM Digital Research. Windows 1.0 256 .

1., Windows 1.3. , . Windows Aldus PageMaker 1.0 In-A-Vision Micrograph.

Windows 2.0 1987 . . , DDE (Dynamic Data Exchange).

1988 Windows : Windows/286 Windows/386. EMS 4.0, V86- () . Windows .

1990 Windows 3.0 Windows. . Windows 3.0 (Protectedmode) 80286/80386 16 .

53

2 , Windows 3.0 , (cooperation) . DOS- . Program Manager, File Manager, Control Panel . Windows . 90- Windows.

1992 Windows 3.1. 3.0, . Windows 3.1 DDE OLE (Object Link & Embedding). - , Drag-&-Drop, . , Windows Multimedia Extensions. Windows True Type . Windows 3.1 Windows.

, Windows 3.1 16- , DOS.

Microsoft 32- OS/2, IBM, OS/2 3.0, NT (New Technology).

1993 , , Windows 3.11. Windows 3.1 Windows 3.11 . , , , Windows 3.11 . File Manager.

1993 32- Windows NT 3.1., : WindowsNT Server - Windows NT Workstation - - . DOS Windows, NTFS (New Technology File System). , , .

Microsoft . , , 1995 32- Windows 95 ( Chicago). - . Windows 95 DOS. MS-DOS , (MS-DOS Prompt). Windows 95 (GUI - Graphical User Interface).

, , , - , , . , . - , , - (, , - ), . , . , . MS-DOS , Unix- . -, (.)

(GUI) 60-. , (Ivan Sutherland) - (Douglas Engelbart) - ,

2

2. . MS-DOS54

. , . , 70- (Stanford Research Laboratory), (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Xerox -.

GUI (, ) , Xerox Star (1981), AppleLisa (1982) Macintosh (1984).

Microsoft, ( Windows 3.11) , , , . , .

Windows NT, 1996 4.0 Windows NT 4.0 Windows 95, . :

32- , 16- ; - NTFS ,

, ; - ,

Start , ; , ,

; ,

Computer Manager; 60 ,

Unicode. .

1997 , Windows 95, Windows95 OSR2 (OEM Service Release 2). Windows. - 32- VFAT-32, 2, .

25 1998 , Windows 98. , Windows95. : Internet, , Plug-and-Play , USB AGP, .

1999 Windows 98 Second Edition - , , , Internet Explorer 5.0, Fire Wire (IEEE 1394).

2000 Microsoft Windows 2000, Windows NT 5.0. NT . . Windows 2000 (NT 4.0) NTFS5, () . Windows 2000 , Plug & Play, . , Windows 2000 .

55

2000 Windows ME (Millennium Edition) - , Windows 98. , - - System Restore, - , , .. .

, , Microsoft () Windows XP, Winodws NT Windows 9x.

, : - . ,

() , , Windows 95/98 Windows NT 4.0. , , (, DDR i RDRAM , ) , Windows 2000, Windows ME Windows XP. http://www.microsoft.com/rus Windows ;

- , . , ( SOHO - Small Office/Home Office) , () . , NT;

- , DOS Windows. Windows 98 i Windows ME , Windows 2000 , ;

- , () . , Windows 98 ME, WindowsNT i 2000.

, , , . , Windows 98 ME, Windows 2000. Windows DOS, , Windows , DOS .

2

2. . MS-DOS56

3.1. MS-DOS MS-DOS (MicroSoft Disk Operation System)

IBM- 80386, . , :

8086, ; 512 ; ; - . MS-DOS (. ) .

, MS-DOS, , , . , , , DOS. MS-DOS (). MS-DOS 6.2 DOS, Windows ( MS-DOS 7.x).

DOS (), :1. Boot Record (BR) ,

, - (512 ). BR :

, ; , . ( DOS)- , ,

io.sys, msdos.sys, command.com BR. - , .2. BIOS - io.sys BIOS.3. - msdos.sys

.4. - command.com .5. , DOS -

, . - , .

DMA, , 64 , . . BIOS , , , .

() , , . , , , .

, ( F1). BIOS .

3.1.1. :1. BIOS. POST , BIOS,

MS-DOS

57

, . BIOS Boot Record . , :

Non system disk or system disk error.Replace and strike any key when ready

( . )

2. , , Boot Record BIOS io.sys .

3. config.sys . , .

4. io.sys command.com . ommand.com DOS, autoexec.bat, . autoexec.bat - , . DOS .

, MS-DOS, . DOS- - , , DOS ( ). , , >, _. , . DOS Enter.

DOS: C:\K1\K12> , :, 12, 1.

3.2. MS-DOS , MS-DOS : ; . ( command.com). ,

, , , .

, , , . . , .

, , , , , , , autoexec.bat.

3. MS-DOS

2. . MS-DOS58

3.2.1. MS-DOS MS-DOS : .

, ,

. :

dir [] []

, . [ ] .

, ,/p - ;/w - 5- ;/s - ,/b - , , ,

;/v - ; /L - , , ;/o - .

:/on - , (on-), /oe - , (oe-),/os - , (+) (os-),/od - ( ),

(od-),/og - (og-),/oa - ,

(oa-),/a- , - , .

:/aa- ,/ah- ,/ar- ,/as- .

111 (. 2.1.). 22, . 5 .

: dir \2\22 /o-e/w

:

md [\]

59

mkdir [\] , .

, . 2.1.:

md 1md 2md 3md K1\11md 1\11\111md 1\12md 2\21md 2\22md 2\23

md 2\22\221md 2\22\222md 3\31

( ) ,

. :

cd

chdir , cd .

1. D:. 31 (. 2.2): :

d \3\31 2. 222. 221.

: d . .\221

, (, ),

. . MS-DOS :

rd [\] ,

rmdir [\] , , .

, :1. .2. ., , ,

.

3. MS-DOS

2. . MS-DOS60

11 (. 2.1). 1.: rd 111

cd . . rd 11rd 12 cd \rd 1

3.2.2. MS-DOS MS-DOS .

, , , , . :

[\] [.] [] , [] . [] ,

, , , autoexec.bat.

. , , , .exe, .com .bat ( ).

[], , .

, :

- .

, . .

:type [\]

, .

MS-DOS , :

del [\] [/p] , , ,

. DOS , :*- - ;?- .

:*.exe - , , , .exe;b?.* - , b , -;????.* - , , .

del , *.*, .

61

, *.*, , :All files in directory will be deleted!

Are you sure (Y/N)?( !

(Y/N)? ) Y (Yes), , N (No)- . del /p, . del ,

: Access denied

( ).

. 12 (. 2.1.) , p .

: del 1\12\??.txt

, . MS-

DOS , :ren [\]

ren, , , .

. autoexec.bat autoexec.bak.: ren autoexec.bat *.bak

MS-DOS

. :

copy [ \] [ \] [] - , , ,

, ; - , .

, ; - , . ,

. , DOS

(overwrite), (Overwrite proba.txt (Yes/No/All)?), :

Y (Yes) - ;N (No) - ;A(All) - . copy :/ - , (^Z);

3. MS-DOS

2. . MS-DOS62

/b - , (^Z);/v - ( );/y - ,

; copy, ren del , .

1 (.2.1). : , , 2 , .

: copy a:\i*.2?? \

MS-DOS , . , () () .

copy PRN, . , :

copy [ \] prn CON (consol), MS-DOS ,

. , , . ,, :

copy con [ \] , , Ctrl+Z, F6

. on , , .

, :copy [ \] con

- type. :

copy con prn , . .

:om1om4 - ;Lpt1Lpt4 - ;ux - (, );Nul - () .

1. . 21 Proba.txt. (. 2.1.) : copy 2\21\proba.txt prn

2. 22, 21 , bc.doc (. 2.2.) : copy con ..\21\ bc.doc

Ctr+Z

copy . . copy, :

copy [ 1\] 1+[ 2\] 2+[ 3\] 3+ [ \] 1, 2, 3 .., .

, 1.

63

3.2.3. MS-DOS MS-DOS ,

. :1. CLS - . ,

MS-DOS, .2. DATE - .

--. , , .

3. TIME - . :. ::.

4. VER - O.5. VOL - : - _ 11 (

), .6. VERIFY on/off - (on) (off) . - ().

, ().

3.2.4. , MS-DOS MS-DOS ,

. - . ,

:dir Windows /p

Windows., :

dir Windows /p > a.txt ,

a.txt. , , , . , .

, , , >>:

, , .

, :dir DOS /o > prn

type proba.txt > prn, , () ,

. | (), , .

3. MS-DOS

2. . MS-DOS64

3.3. MS-DOS

, .

3.3.1. FDISK : - .

, , . , , :

, , . , Windows ME, Windows 2000 i Linux; , . , , : : - , D: - E: - ;

. , , , , , .

, .

DOS Windows fdisk. Primary Extended , . (Partition Table), (Master Boot Record).

(. 2.3.). , .

(Create DOS partition orLogical DOS Drive) - , . (Set active partition) -

(Status Able), , . (Delete partition or Logical DOS Drive)

- . (Display partition information) -

. , ,

, 3- . , . , (Delete Logical DOS Drive(s) in

FDISK Options

Current fixed disk drive: 1

Choose one of the following:

1. Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive 2. Set active partition 3. Delete partition or Logical DOS Drive 4. Display partition information

Enter choice: [1]

. 2.3. fdisk. 2.3. fdisk

65

the Extended DOS Partition), . (Delete Extended DOS Partition), . (Delete Primary DOS Partition), .

( , ), , . (. 2.4.). (Create Primary DOS Partition).

, DOS.

, N. , . , .

(Create Extended DOS Partition), . ( Linux), , , .

(Create Logical DOS Drive(s) in the Extended DOS Partition), .

, . (Set active partition), ,

( ). (Display partition information), ,

, . Fdisk

(. ):format

: /S, .

3.3.2. FORMAT - , Boot Record,

FAT . :1. () (DOS-format) - ()

3. MS-DOS

Create DOS Partition or Logical DOS Drive

Current fixed disk drive: 1

Choose one of the following:

1. Create Primary DOS Partition 2. Create Extended DOS Partition 3. Create Logical DOS Drive(s) in the Extended DOS Partition

Enter choice: [1]

. 2.4.

2. . MS-DOS66

(BR, FAT, Rood directory).2. (Safe-format) - Boot Record, FAT,

, . , , Mirror. Unformat , . .

3. (Quick-format) - Boot Record, FAT , , , .

, .

DOS format, :

format [/] , format . ,

, ( ), . , , , , .

, , , format, /U. /Q.

format , , , . . /f:. :360, 720,1.2, 1.44, 2.88. , :

/t: - ;/n: - . , ,

(n t=f). , :

/f /n /t 160 K - - /1 /8110 K 9 40 /1320 K - - /8360 K* 9 40 -480 K 12 40 -720 K* 9 80 -800 K 10 80 -1200 K* 15 80 -1360 K 17 80 -1440 K* 18 80 -1500 K 18 83 -1700 K 21 83 -2880 * - - -

3,5 , .

67

format :/f: - , ;/n: - ;/t: - ;/s - ;/b - , ;/u - ;/q - ;/v: - ./1 - ;/8 - 8 ;/ - , ,

, , . format, :

Insert new diskette for drive A:and press ENTER when ready...

( : ENTER )

, , :Checking existing disk format.

Formatting 1.44M( )

, . , , 0-, . , , . :

Invalid media or Track 0 bad - disk unusable.Format terminated.

( , 0- - .

) :

Write protect errorFormat terminated.

( , )

. , , , ,

. :Format complete.

( ) , /s, ,

:System transferred( )

11 ( , /V format):

Volume label (11 characters, ENTER for none)?( (11 , ENTER )

3. MS-DOS

2. . MS-DOS68

, , , ENTER. : 1 457 664 bytes total disk space - ; 375 296 bytes used by system - , ; 52 296 bytes bad sectors - , ; 1 031 368 bytes available on disk - , ; 512 bytes in each allocation unit - ; 2 114 allocation units available on disk - ; Volume Serial Number is 1A46-0ADE - .

format:Format another (Y/N)?

( (Y/N)?) Y,

, . N, .

3.3.3. . UNFORMAT , ,

, . , , , , . , , DOS, . Mirror . DOS (Unformat), , , , . , , , , .

:unformat

3.3.4. , ,

. , , , , , Boot record (. ).

Format, /S. , , .

DOS , , . :

Sys - , ; - , . SYS, , , Boot record,

, .

69

Windows ME, - .

, :System transferred( )

3.3.5. , DOS VOL,

. . DOS label, , .

:label [] []

- , , () ;

- , , , :

Volume in drive C is DISK1_VOL1Volume Serial Number is 2361-05BD

Volume label (11 characters, ENTER for none)? , ENTER, :

Delete current volume label (Y/N)?( (Y/N)?),

Y, , N - .

3.3.6. CHKDSK chkdsk ,

. () - ( ),

FAT . ,

. , , , , FAT, ( , .), ().

chkdsk , . /f. chk. . , , . , () , . , .

chkdsk . chkdsk :

chkdsk [:] [/f] , .

, , :

3. MS-DOS

2. . MS-DOS70

CHKDSK has NOT checked this drive for errors. - CHKDSK .You must use SCANDISK to detect - SCANDISK

and fix errors on this drive. . Volume SYSTEM created 22.09.2001 16:00 - System 22.09.2001 16:00.

Volume Serial Number is 3C6B-170C - 3C6B-170C.3 874 705 408 bytes total disk space - .2 146 455 552 bytes available on disk - . 4 096 bytes in each allocation unit - .

945 973 total allocation units on disk - . 24 037 available allocation units on disk - . 655 360 total bytes memory - . 581 520 bytes free - .

3.3.7. ATTRIB ,

. attrib. :attrib [+ - ] [:\\][] [/s]

+ , - . :

(Archive) - ;R (Read only) - ;H (Hidden) - ;S (System) - . ,

.[] - (), . ,

*.* ( ). (hidden). /s ,

.

, :

attrib +A+R A:\*.txt

3.3.8. , (RAM) - ,

, . ( ). ( - ). . - .

, () .

640 (Conventional), , DOS.

71

(Upper), 640 1024 , 384. , , BIOS, BIOS. BIOS . Upper - , BIOS (Reserved). IBM PC , . , ( 1.).

1024 1088 High memory. DOS, ( 45) , (15). 0 1088 DOS . DOS .

(expanded) . Lotus, Intel Microsoft Expanded Memory Specification (EMS). , , . . , , , .

- (Extended) , XMS - (eXtended Memory Specification). . , . . 64.

( ) DOS mem.

mem :mem [].

mem (Free) (Used) ( ) . , , (Largest executable program size), (Largest free upper memory block), MS-DOS (MS-DOS is resident in the high memory area).

:/c - ( ),

;/d - ,

, , ;

/f - ;/m - ();/p - mem .

3.3.9. MS-DOS xcopy DOS xcopy (eXtended copy) copy,

. . xcopy , .

3. MS-DOS

2. . MS-DOS72

: xcopy [1\]1 [2\][2] []

1 - , ;1 - , , ;2 - , . , 2 ,

. , 2 , , :Does DOC specify a file name

or directory name on the target(F = file, D = directory)?

( DOC, (F = , D=)?)

, F (), , . D () , .

xcopy :/Y - ;/-Y - ;/A - , Archive; /M - , - Archive;; /D: - ,

. , DOS;/ - -;/S- ,

;/ - , ;/N - , .

DOS , - move.

- . :

move [1\]1,[2\]2 []1, 2 - , 1, 2 .. - , . , :

move [\]1 2 []1 - , 2 - . :/Y - ;/-Y - , .

, tree,

: tree [/f]

/F , .

73

DOS, Windows ME .

, , deltree.

: deltree [:] [[:][...]] [/Y].

, , .

/Y , Enter.

deltree , Read only, System.

fc (file compare).

:fc [1\]1 [2\]2 /

:/A - , ,

; /B - () ;/C - ;/L - , ASCII , ;/LBn - n ;/N - ASCII-;/T - ;/W - ( ) ;/nnnn - , .

DOS,

, . DOS more, (). , | ().

, , :dir | more.

more , , :

more [\].

, , .

DOS sort, . sort , , more, (|).

3. MS-DOS

2. . MS-DOS74

, , :dir | sort.

more sort ., , ()

, :dir | sort | more.

, , :sort [1\]1 [> 2\][2] []

1 - , ;1 - , ;2 - , ;2 - , . sort /r,

( Z A, 9 0).

MS-DOS, , .

append - , ;

attrib - ;chkdsk - ;command - ( );debug - ;deltree - ( );diskcomp - ;diskcopy - ;doskey - ;drvspace - () ;edit - DOS, ,

;expand -

;fasthelp - , , (

help);fc - ;fdisk - ;find - ;format - ;graphics - ;help - - DOS;interlnk - ,

, ();intersvr - ,

, , , ();label - ;loadfix (lf) - ( 64);mem - , ;

75

memmaker - , ;

mode - ( , ..);

more - ()move - ;msav - ;msbackup - ,

;mscdex - CD-ROM- DOS-;msd - , - ;power - , ;print - ;qbasic - qbasic;replace - ;restore - , MS-DOS 2.0 5.0;scandisk - ;sort - , ;subst - ;sys - ;tree - ;undelete - , DOS;vsafe - ,

;xcopy - .

3. MS-DOS

3. Windows 98/ME78

Windows 98 ME , , Windows 98

Windows ME (Millennium Edition). . , Windows 98, Windows 98 SE (Second Edition). , , . Windows ME (Millennium Edition) - Windows 98 SE. , - , ..

( ). , , , , , , ( beta-). Windows (98/98SE/ME) , , . . , Windows , . , . . Windows 98 SE Windows Millennium Edition (ME). , Windows 98/ME, .

Windows 98 ( Second Edition) Windows Millennium Edition. , , .. Windows98/ME, .

Windows 98/ :

(GUI), ( DOS) , , .

, Windows 98/ , , (, , .), . , - , . , . Windows 98/, , (Desktop), Windows . ( 3):

, , ; (TaskBar) Windows - Start ();

VFAT-32, ( 255 ) 2 4. VFAT-32 VFAT-16 ; . - . Windows 3.

79

(cooperative) . - , Windows3. (message queue) , . , , . Windows 98/ (preemptive) . . , . Windows 3. - Win16 DOS .

() . (Virtual Machine)- , . () . Windows , . , , 8086, ..

, - . . Ctrl+Alt+Delete - (. 3.1) . , Not Responding (). End Task (). : Shut Down ( ) Windows , Cancel () Ctrl+Alt+Delete. , , Windows 98/ME , . , . Ctrl+Alt+Delete ( Reset). , ; 32- - , ( ) , . , , . vxd - (), , (DMA), , , . Windows 98/

1. Windows 98 ME

. 3.1 Close Program

3. Windows 98/ME80

: VFAT CDFS, Vcache, , SCSI .. , , . , , , , . , , , .

Windows 98/ , 32- 16- DOS - . , , . 32- , Windows DOS-. Windows, 16- DOS- DOS- .

Windows 98 MS-DOS, 32- 16-, MS-DOS. Windows 98 Windows ME DOS, DOS- Windows; . (Virtual Memory) - (Swap file). , , , (, ..). , , , . , . , , . Windows 9, , ; , , . , DOS, , , Enter. Windows 98/ . MyDocuments, , Windows-. , , Start- -Documents; Drag-and-Drop. , Drag-and-Drop( ). , , (,) , , , . Ctrl . , , , .. ; Plug-and-Play. Windows 95 Plug-and-Play, , . : ,

81

. , . , Plug-and-Play, BIOS. Windows , . Windows ME, ; . Windows 98/ -. Windows 98/ Internet. , Windows 98 Internet Explorer 4.0 ( Windows 98 SE - 5.0), Windows ME -Internet Explorer 5.5 - web-. Windows 98/ Web-, IE - OutlookExpress, NetMeeting Active Desktop. Windows , - Internet.

Windows 98/ :Microsoft Fax - , Microsoft Exchange - , .; True Type . (scaleable) True Type . True Type 1990 Microsoft . Windows 3.1. . , Apple Macintosh PostScript Type1. True Type Font , . - . , , . , DOS (bitmap), . . , . Windows DOS- ; . (Clipboard). Windows 98/ME - OLE2. 10 ; Windows. Windows 98/ , Windows. , Windows. : , Start (), Web- Internet, .. , , , . , , .

Windows 98/ Users (), ;

1. Windows 98 ME

3. Windows 98/ME82

. Windows , : - ScanDik (), - Disk Defragmenter ( ), - Disk Cleanup ( ) . 9 ; . Windows 95, 98 , (Registry). ; MMX (. 1), - ; AGP-, AGP (Accelerated GraphicsPort) , . , AGP - 266 Hz, , PCI (. 1). , . , , (Desktop Publishing), , , , , (CAD/CAM/CAE). Windows 98/ AGP- .

Windows 98/ - USB (UniversalSerial Bus) , , ; . , ( , ..). Windows 98/ , , (19-22) - . - , , , ; , . ; Windows. . , Windows 98/ME , ;

Windows ME : . Windows ME , Windows Movie Maker, , , ; . Windows ME System Restore, , ; . , ,

.

83

Windows 98/ME

2.1. Windows 98/ME Windows 98/ME (Startup Menu),

. F8, Ctrl (, Starting Windows). :

1. Normal - , , Windows 98/ME. , .

2. Logged (\bootlog.txt) - bootlog.txt, , Windows 98/ME .

3. Safe mode - , . VGA- Microsoft- . , , CD-ROM . , Windows 98/ME Normal. , , Windows 98/ME . - Windows isrunning in safe mode (Windows ). Windows 98/ME Normal.

4. Step-by-Step confirmation - . , Windows 98/ME , - , . .

5. Command prompt only - MS-DOS. , MS-DOS ver 7.1, Windows 98. MS-DOS , , Windows 98 , () DOS . , Windows 98 - .

6. Safe mode command prompt only - MS-DOS. , , MS-DOS: config.sys autoexec.bat.

Windows ME - Command Prompt only Safe ModeCommand Prompt Only , Microsoft DOS.

Windows 98/ME :

F5 - Safe mode - ;Shift+F5 - Command prompt only - MS-DOS ( Windows 98);Shift+F8 - Step-by-Step confirmation - .

2. Windows 98/ME

3. Windows 98/ME84

2.2.

Windows 98/ME , . , , , Windows (.3.3.), . User Name (), Password (). , , . .

3.2. - , . , . ,, Windows 98/ME ( Windows).

, , , .

Esc, Cancel (), Windows 98/ME . , .

, , Windows 98 . , , , . Start- Settings (), Control panel( ) Passwords () - , User Profiles ( ) All users of this computer use the same preferencesand desktop settings ( ).

, Windows 98/ME, , . Start- Log Off ( ), (. 3.2).

2.3. Windows 98/ME

, , Windows 98/ME - , , ., Windows. Windows- Windows. , .

. 3.2.

85

. , Windows 98/ME DOS- . .

Windows 98/ME Shut Down( ) Start -. , 3.3.

Windows: Stand by ( ) - . . - ,, .. - : , CD-ROM . (Standby). - (Hibernate). .

, . - , , . , , , . , , BIOS Energy Star;

Shut Down ( ) - . , . , - Its now safe toturn off your computer ( ). , ATX, ;

Restart ( ) - , Windows 98/ME , . , , , Windows98/ME ;

Windows 98 - Restart in MS-DOS mode ( MS-DOS). Windows 98 MS-DOS, Windows MS-DOS. MS-DOS, Command Prompt Only , , Windows 98 exit, .

(.3.4.) : Ok - ; Cancel () - ,

; Help () - .

2. Windows 98/ME

. 3.3. Shut Down

3. Windows 98/ME86

Windows 98/ME Windows 98/ME (desktop),

(. 3.4.). , ,

.

, , Windows 98/ME:

- . - (icon) .

(document) - - , , . , , , , , , ..

(folder) - , . , ,

, , ... , . , Directory, , .

. 3.4. Windows 98/ME

87 3. Windows 98/ME

, , , . - .

(shortcut) - , (, ). ,

. ,

, , - . , , .

, Windows 98/ME VFAT-32, , ( 255 ).

.lnk.

Windows 98/ME, () (. 3.4.), Internet- (. 3.4.). ( ) (. 3.4.).

: My Computer ( ) - , , ; My Documents ( ) - , , . , 1- , ; My Briefcase () - , , . () , . , ( ) My Briefcase; My Network Place ( ) - , Entire Network( ), , . , . My Network Place ( ) , . Windows 98 My Network Place ( ) Network Neighborhood ( ) Windows 98/ME. Recycle Bin () - , Windows98/ME. - (). DOS ( ).

Internet- : Internet Explorer Internet Explorer () - Web-, , World Wide Web. , , ; Outlook Express, Windows 98/ME

3. Windows 98/ME88

(e-mail). , Internet, : , (newsgroup);

Internet Connection Wizard ( ) Internet;

Online Service, On-Line-:American Online, AT&T WorldNet Service, CompuServe, Prodigy Internet. - Windows 98/ME. , , ;

Windows 98 Setup the Microsoft Network, Microsoft Network (MSN), Microsoft American Online CompuServe.

Internet .

Windows. , - (.3.4..). , , . - , , (bmp, jpg,gif).

, . (Right-Click Menu) - , . . , .

, Windows (104, ). Ctrl Alt - . Shift + F10.

( ): Active Desktop ( Active Desktop) - , :

Customize my Desktop ( ) - ( Windows 98/ME);

New Desktop Item... ( ) - Microsoft Gallery web-;

Show Web Content ( ) - Active Desktop: Show Desktop Icons ( ) - Active Desktop, Lock Desktop Items ( ) - Active Desktop

89

( web-), Synchronize () - Active Desktop. web-, , ActiveDesktop;

Arrange Icon ( ) - , , . : by Name ( ) - ; by Type ( ) - () ; by Size ( ) - ; by Date ( ) - , ; Auto Arrange () -

. , .

Line Up Icons ( ) - ;

Refresh () - . ( , , );

Paste () - ; Paste Shortcut ( ) - ,

. New (C) - ,

: Folder () - , ; Shortcut () - , :

1. ( ) DOS. , , Browse () .2. .3. ( ) .

() Next () Back (), .

- . , , , . , . , .

Properties () - , () . Windows 98/ME.

( ) (Task Bar) (.3.4.)- . : Start () (. 3.4.), Quick Launch ( ) (. 3.4.) , .

3. Windows 98/ME

3. Windows 98/ME90

Start () (. 3.4..), , . , start-, . 3.5. start- Windows 98/ME, .

, (Start), . , ,

Windows. , Ctrl+Esc. Windows 98/ME

: Programs () - , . , : Accessories () - , . ; Start Up () - , ; Games () - , . Favorites () - web-, . . Documents () - , . My Documents, . , My Documents ( )

Favorites (), Windows 98/ME, .

Settings () - Windows 98/ME . Windows 98/ME.

Search () - , , , Internet. Windows Explorer. Windows 98 Find ().

Help () - Windows, , . , web-, . Search (), . : Home () - ,Index () - , Assisted support () - web- Microsoft, - , Tours&Tutorials ( ) - WindowsME .

. 3.5. Windows ME

91

Windows 98 Programs () WindowsExplorer () MS-DOS Prompt ( MS-DOS) Windows ME Accessories().

Run () - MS-DOS, . Browse () . Log Off( ) Shut Down ( ) .

Windows ME start- , .

- Quick Launch( ) (.3.4.). . , . , .

, , , 17 . , :

View () - , : Large () - ; Small () - .

Show Text ( ) - ;

Refresh () - () , ;

Open () - () ; Show Title ( ) - ; Toolbars ( ) - ,

: Address () - ,

Internet-; Links () - , Web -

; Desktop ( ) - ,

, ; Quick Launch ( ) - ,

; New Toolbar ( ) -

- Internet-; Cascade Windows ( ) - ,

, , - ; Tile Windows Horizontal ( ) -

3. Windows 98/ME

3. Windows 98/ME92

, ;

Tile Windows Vertically ( ) - , ;

Minimize All Windows ( ) - () ; Undo ( ) -

; Properties () - ; Close () - . Windows 98/ME ,

, , , Internet-.

(.3.4.) . , , . , .

( ) . , , 32- (Win32).

, . . , , , .

Alt+Tab. , , Tab.

(.3.4.). , . , .

, : -

. , . ;

Volume () - , , . - Mute (.);

, , . , 7.5.. Symantec - Norton AntiVirus.

Windows 98 Task Scheduler ( )- . , , , .

93

Windows 98/ME

Windows 98/ME , . - , . . - Windows ().

: ; ; ; . - , .

: (.3.6.).

, :) (Title Bar) - , , ,

. . , , . , , ;

) (Main Menu) - , , , , . ,

4. Windows 98/ME

. 3.6.

3. Windows 98/ME94

Explorer, Windows 98/ME , ;) (Toolbars Menu) -

. :

, , . . . Alt+ ( );

, Back. Alt+ ( );

. BackSpace;

, , , Internet ( WindowsME). Ctrl+E;

, ( Windows ME);

web-, , , ( Windows ME). Ctrl+H;

( Ctrl+X);

( Ctrl+);

( Ctrl+V);

, , ( WindowsME);

( Windows ME);

, ( Delete);

( Ctrl+Z);

( );

. :1. Large Icon ( ) - ;2. Small Icon ( ) - ;

95

3. List () - ;4. Details () - ,

( , , .)5. Thumbnails ( ) -

. Windows ME;

6. as Web Page ( Web-) - web-( Winows 98);

, , , .

Windows ME , , Settings (). , Add (). ().

) (Minimize) - , () ;

) (Maximize) - , (). , (Restore), ;

Windows : - , - , - .

) (Close) - . , , . , , ;

Alt+F4. Ctrl+F4.

) Internet - web- ;

) (Address Bar) - . . , . Internet Explorer web-;

) (Links) - Web-. , InternetExplorer;

) Internet- (Radio);, , ) -

4. Windows 98/ME

3. Windows 98/ME96

. : ( ) ( ). , , , , . :

(. 3.6..) ;

(. 3.6..) . , , ;

(. 3.6.) .

) (). (, , ) , () . ( ). , .

) - (Status Bar) - . , , :

, , , ( , , Internet - );

- - , .

) (, );

) , Web-. , , , . : , , - , , . HTML - , . Customize this Folder ( ) View ().

) Explorer - , Folders, Search History (Windows 98 );

) : Restore () - ; Move () - ; Size () - ; Minimize () - ; Maximize () - ; Close () - .

, , . Alt+.

, ( ) View (), ToolBars ( ) Explorer Bar ( ).

, , .

97

, Windows 98/ME . (). , , , , , . :

1. , ( , ..);

2. , . ,

. , . . . , , Alt+. Ctrl+F4. , , .

. , Windows 98/ME , . , . . 3.7. :

) - ;

) Help () - , . , , ?, , , ;

, .

) Close () ;) (Edit Box) -

. , ;) (Option buttons) - ( )

;

. 3.7.

4. Windows 98/ME

3. Windows 98/ME98

) (Command button) - , . , Windows98/ME:

Ok - , ; Cancel ()- ,

; Apply () - - , ,

. Ok ,

, Apple - , , , , . Cancel , ;

) , (Scrolling List) - , ;

) (Check box) - () . , , . () (). ;

) (Drop-down List) - , , . , , .

, , Windows 98/ME , , , .

) - , . , . , - , , .

, . 7.2. , .

3.1. ,

99

5.1. Windows Explorer.

, Windows 98/ME, Windows Explorer (). , . - (, ,, ..), Windows98/ME Explorer. , . , , Explorer. Windows Explorer (). , , Windows.

Explorer , - , . Explorer , . Explorer , , . Explorer, :

Programs () Start () Accessories () Windows Explorer ();

Start + E; , Explore (); Folders () ( Windows ME); File ()

Explore (); Shift , , ,

; Run () Start () Start+R,

, explorer; Windows, , , explorer.exe.

Explorer My Computer ( ), - :, , .

, Explorer. .

Explorer (.3.6.) Windows. Windows, , - - My Computer ( ) , - My Network Place ( ). My Computer Windows (Control Panel ()). Windows 98 (Printers()), (Scheduled Task ()). Windows ME . My Computer

Explorer - Windows

5. Explorer - Windows

3. Windows 98/ME100

( 6 ). DOS.

, Explorer, , . , , , . , +. -. , + . , , -. , , ( ), . , , ( ).

, . , + . - . * .

+ , , . , Explorer Windows 98/ME +. (, CD-ROM) , . Windows 98/ME +, , +. , + .

, Explorer . View , . . View(), Arrange ( ). :

by Name ( ) - ; by Type ( ) - () ; by Size ( ) - ; by Date ( ) - , ; auto Arrange () - . Explorer TAB,

Shift+TAB. ( ) Backspace, F4.

5.2. Windows Explorer

, Explorer - Windows , . , - Explorer, . , Explorer - . , ,

101

, , . , .

, , Ctrl , , . , , Ctrl. , , .

, Shift , , , . , , , Shift, . , , . , , , , , .

, Ctrl+A, Edit () Select All ( ).

( , ), , , Edit () InvertSelection ( ).

, .

, , , ,

( ), New (). Explorer ( ). - , , Folder (). New Folder( ). , Enter Enter, , , .

, New () , , . , New ( ), - . , Enter , Enter. ( Enter). , , . , File (), Save (), , .

, New (), Shortcut (). ( 3.8) Command line ( ) , , , . , Browse (). . , , ( ) . Ok.


3. Windows 98/ME102

, Next(). (. 3.9.), , . Finish(). , , Finish () Next(). (.3.10.), Finish ().

Back(), ( ).

, , , ( ). , Create Shortcut(s) Here (). Shortcut to ( < >). , , File () Create Shortcut( ).

Alt.

, - Explorer (, , ),

, File() Rename (). , . Enter, - .

, , .

(

. 3.8. Create Shortcut . 3.9 Select a Title for the Program

. 3.10. Select an Icon

103

), F2. .

, ( 60), , , ..

File () , Properties (). Ctrl+Enter. , General (). 3.11.

:

, ; : -

Type (), - Location() Size (). , : (), , ;

: - Created (C), - Modified (), - Accessed ();

.

, , , . ,, , ..

, , General () Sharing (), , . 6. , General () ( ) - Contains ().

Windows . - General (), - Shortcut () (.3.12). :

- ;


. 3. 11.

. 3.12. Shortcut Poperties

3. Windows 98/ME104

- , - Target Type ( ), - Target location (), -Target ();

- : , - Start in (), - Shortcut key ( ). , None (). Run () , : - NormalWindow ( ), - Minimized ( ) - Maximized ( ).

: Find Target ( ) - ; Change icon ( ) - ,

. , Browse () .

( ) .ico, - .dll. moricons.dll, Windows, shell32.dll Windows\System. -.

- DOS . . General () . , . 3.13. Program (), :

- ; - :

- Cmd line ( ) - , DOS(\);

- Working ( ) - . , , ;

- Bath file ( ) - bat- . , , DOS-;

- Shortcut key ( ) - DOS-;

- Run () - , : . 3.13. Program Properties

105

- Normal Window ( ), - Minimized( ) - Maximized ( );

- Close on Exit ( ) - .

- Prevent MS-DOS based program from detecting Windows ( Windows) - Windows , , DOS, Windows

Change Icon ( ) - ( Shortcut () ).

3.14 Font(), (Available types ()), DOS-. :

Bitmap only ( ) - ;

True Type only ( True Type) - ;

Both font types ( ) - ;

(Font Size ( )) , , Fontpreview ( ).

, , , . , .

Memory () (. 3.15.) . , , . , , .

, . , .

: Conventional memory ( ) - ,

. ,


. 3.14. Font Properties

3. Windows 98/ME106

DOS- - 612 . , , , , Protected () , Windows. DOS- , Initialenvironment ( );

Expanded (EMS) memory (EMS-) - DOS- , EMS emm386.exe. DOS , ;

Extended (XMS) memory (XMS-) - DOS- ( XMS). config.sys 16- , Uses HMA (HMA) . high - , ;

MS-DOS protected-mode (DPMI) memory( DPMI MS-DOS) - DOS . , DOS- DPMI (Dos Protected ModeInterface - DOS).

Screen ()