Identify and explain the use of figurative language in literary works to convey mood, images, and meaning including metaphor, personification, and simile.

Identify and explain the use of sound devices in literary works to convey mood, images, and meaning, including alliteration, onomatopoeia, and rhyme.

Analyze poetry and evaluate poetic styles (e.g. rhymed, free verse, and patterned cinquain, diamante)

While not all poems rhyme, some follow a certain rhyming scheme, adding to the rhythm of the poem. The last word of each line is what we look at when discussing a rhyming scheme.

Letters are used to denote the rhyming scheme. Each time the rhyme changes, another letter is introduced.

For example, if the following words were the ending of lines in a poem, the rhyming scheme would be ABAB.

...sat

...cap

....mat

....lapThe One

The one who brought me down to earth,And held me everyday.The one who gracefully gave me birth,And said, I love you in every way.

Crimson Rose

A sign of beautyA symbol of grace

Its pride runs strongAt a very fast pace.

It's wild like a wolfIt's gentle like the breeze

And it has a burning honourIt's not eager to please.

Fake Words

Fake Words – Zamreen Zarook

God have given us mouth,Not to speak to north and south,Tongue is given under an oath,

So it’s our duty to protect them both.

Girls chat fake with boys,Having a notion that the boys are toys,

They often make varied noise,Thinking to keep a trap on handsome guys.

Boys are also human being,So it’s not possible being clean,

Things varies in the way they are seen,So positive thinking will make you keen.

Boys’ minds are pure,As it is pure bio,

So don’t try to pour vino,Which will take decades to get cure.

1 A couplet [CUP-let] is the simplest form of poetry. Do you see the word "couple" in couplet? A couple is two of something. A couplet is a poem made of two lines of rhyming poetry that usually have the same meter. There are no rules about length or rhythm. Two words that rhyme can be called a couplet. Do you know what the pioneers ate when they got desperate?

SnakeSteak 2 Seriously though, most poems will consist of more than two words. The rule to remember is that each line in a couplet has an end rhyme. We can mark end rhymes alphabetically to keep track of the rhyming pattern.

Symbolism in Poetry

Love - heart

Poison – skull and

crossbones

Spring – new life

Storm - trouble

What does the cloud symbolize?What do the sun breaks symbolize?

Symbolism in Poetry

• Freedom

• Difficult experience

• Disappointment

• Telling a lie

• New opportunity

• Making a new friend

• Politician

• Anger

• Hope

• Friendship

• The nation

• Victory

• Education

Refrain is a verse, a line, a set, or a group of some lines that appears at the end of stanza, or appears where a poem divides into different sections.

AlliterationThe repetition of consonant sounds, especially at the beginning of words. Example: "Fetched fresh, as I suppose, off some sweet wood." Hopkins, "In the Valley of the Elwy.“

Assonance[as-uh-nuh ns]The repetition of similar vowel sounds in a sentence or a line of poetry or prose, as in "I rose and told him of my woe." Whitman's "When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer" contains assonantal "I's" in the following lines: "How soon unaccountable I became tired and sick, Till rising and gliding out I wander'd off by myself."

ConnotationThe associations called up by a word that goes beyond its dictionary meaning into the feeling that is associated with the word. Poets, especially, tend to use words rich in connotation. Dylan Thomas's "Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night" includes intensely connotative language, as in these lines: "Good men, the last wave by, crying how bright / Their frail deeds might have danced in a green bay, / Rage, rage against the dying of the light.“

DenotationThe dictionary meaning of a word. Writers typically play off a word's denotative meaning against its connotations, or suggested and implied associational implications. In the following lines from Peter Meinke's "Advice to My Son" the references to flowers and fruit, bread and wine denote specific things, but also suggest something beyond the literal, dictionary meanings of the words: To be specific, between the peony and rosePlant squash and spinach, turnips and tomatoes;Beauty is nectar and nectar, in a desert, saves--...and always serve bread with your wine.But, son,always serve wine.

Blank verseA line of poetry or prose is unrhymed. Robert Frost's meditative poems such as "Birches" include many lines of blank verse. Here are the opening blank verse lines of "Birches": When I see birches bend to left and right Across the lines of straighter darker trees, I like to think some boy's been swinging them.

EpicA long narrative poem that records the adventures of a hero. Epics typically chronicle the origins of a civilization and embody its central values. Examples from western literature include Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, Virgil's Aeneid, and Milton's Paradise Lost.

Imagery -refers to the pattern of related details in a work. The pattern of related comparative aspects of language, particularly of images, in a literary work.

Definition of Lyric PoetryLyric Poetry consists of a poem, such as a sonnet or an ode, that expresses the thoughts and feelings of the poet. The term lyric is now commonly referred to as the words to a song. Lyric poetry does not tell a story which portrays characters and actions. The lyric poet addresses the reader directly, portraying his or her own feeling, state of mind, and perceptions.

Lyric Poem

Dying (aka I heard a fly buzz when I died )byEmily DickinsonI heard a fly buzz when I died;The stillness round my formWas like the stillness in the airBetween the heaves of storm

MetaphorA comparison between essentially unlike things without an explicitly comparative word such as like or as. An example is "My love is a red, red rose,"

ThemeThe idea of a literary work abstracted from its details of language, character, and action, and cast in the form of a generalization.

Ode A long, stately poem in stanzas of varied length, meter, and form. Usually a serious poem on an exalted subject, but sometimes a more lighthearted work, such as Neruda's "Ode to My Socks."

Sadness The sun is ever full and bright,

The pale moon waneth night by night. Why should this be?

My heart that once was full of light Is but a dying moon to-night. But when I dream of thee apart,

I would the dawn might lift my heart, O sun, to thee.

ToneThe implied attitude of a writer toward the subject and characters of a work, as, for example, Flannery O'Connor's ironic tone in her "Good Country People."

A poem's tone is the attitude that its style implies. Brian Patten's 'A Blade of Grass' has a tone of sad acceptance toward the loss of childlike wonder that could have accepted the blade of grass, for example; 'The Happy Grass', by Brendan Kennelly, has instead a hopeful tone toward the prospect of peace that the grass represents, tempered by an awareness that there will be graves on which the grass will grow.Tone can shift through a poem: 'A Barred Owl', by Richard Wilbur, has a first stanza with a comforting, domestic tone, and a second that insists this kind of comfort plays a vicious world false. The shift in tone is part of what is enjoyable about the poem.

http://www.poetryarchive.org/poem/barred-owl

http://bookbuilder.cast.org/view_print.php?book=29669

Slant Rhyme

The basis of rap is rhyme, and an emcee is just a painter creating a picture with rhyming words, a poet with flow.It might sound obvious, but one of the best ways you can excel as an emcee is by picking better rhyming words.It’s all like Rakim says on “I Know You Got Soul”:

"I start to think and then I sinkInto the paper like I was ink,When I’m writing I’m trapped in between the line,I escape when I finish the rhyme."

Reread that. That right there is the dopest, mostbeautiful summary of what it is to be a rapper. You gointo your own mind and sink into the paper. You’reusing words, but they trap you like bars in a jail cellunless you conquer them with rhyme.

Cinquain

A cinquain is a five line poem. (see Microsoft document)

Line 1 One Word(subject or noun)

Line 2 Two Words(adjectives) that describe line 1

Line 3 Three Words (action verbs) that relate to line 1

Line 4 Four Words(feelings or a complete sentence) that relates to line 1

Line 5 One Word(synonym of line 1 or a word that sums it all up)

Cinquain

A cinquain is a five line poem. (See Microsoft word document)

trianglespointy edgesrevolving, rotating, anglingTriangles are all different.180o

KnightsArmor ,shieldsFighting, charging, slaughteringWorried, delighted, brave, fearsomeCrusaders

Green and speckled legs,Hop on logs and lily pads

Splash in cool water.

In a pouch I grow,On a southern continent --Strange creatures I know

Spring is in the Airby Kaitlyn Guenther

Spring is in the air Flowers are blooming sky high

Children are laughing

Free Verse

Free verse does not have a set pattern of rhyme or rhythm. There are no rules about line length in free verse. When free verse is read aloud the reader can hear the rhythm of the words that the poet has used in his/her poem. Think of it as spoken music. The poet chooses the length of each line and the length of the poem according to the message, or feeling he/she wishes to communicate to his/her reader.

BUTTERFLY I am a Butterfly.I am one of the most beautiful insects of the world. I eat nectar, butI don't harm the flowers.I have many enemies.I wander through the forests playing with all my butterfly friends. Their names are; Hippy, Dippy, Hopi, and Floppy.I can't forget my best friends. Poppy and Moppy.But do you know who really are my best friends?Could you try to guess?I think you might have a good idea.YOU!I like how you like to be you and not somebody who you aren't.

descent by Lily Zhang

the water is colder than anticipatedthe inhabitants of the deep vents ghastlierwith teeth gleaming and gilded bythe screams of victims past scales made for tearing fleshcaress the hollows of my cheeks andvoices gorged on the seven sinsinvite me to dance into the underworld I only want sun and seashellsand sand soft between my toes butyou are a specter spread across the shore and Ieyes closed, keep sinking four atmospheres down my lungs crack open oil floats on water but I swearit is an oil slick of regret and remorse that gushes inclogging up the thoracic cavity even asmy head hurtles up, up and breaks the surface to waves of sweat-soaked sheetson land, heart clenched, still drowning sofrom briny lips I cough for youa kelp-tangled apology

A limerick is a five-line poem written with one couplet and one triplet. If a couplet is a two-line rhymed poem, then a triplet would be a three-line rhymed poem. The rhyme pattern is a a b b a with lines 1, 2 and 5 containing 3 beats and rhyming, and lines 3 and 4 having two beats and rhyming. Some people say that the limerick was invented by soldiers returning from France to the Irish town of Limerick in the 1700's. Limericks are meant to be funny. They often contain hyperbole, onomatopoeia, idioms, puns, and other figurative devices. The last line of a good limerick contains the PUNCH LINE or "heart of the joke." As you work with limericks, remember to have pun, I mean FUN! Say the following limericks out loud and clap to the rhythm. A flea and a fly in a flueWere caught, so what could they do?Said the fly, "Let us flee.""Let us fly," said the flea.So they flew through a flaw in the flue. -Anonymous

Here is a very famous limerick. Notice both the rhyme and rhythm patterns.

There was an old man from Peru, (A) da DUM da da DUM da da DUM (3 DUMS)

who dreamed he was eating his shoe. (A) da DUM da da DUM da da DUM (3 DUMS)

He awoke in the night (B)da DUM da da DUM (2 DUMS)

with a terrible fright, (B)da da DUM da da DUM (2 DUMS)

and found out that it was quite true. (A) da DUM da da DUM da da DUM (3 DUMS)

A Clumsy Young Fellow Named Tim

There once was a fellow named Tim whose dad never taught him to swim. He fell off a dock and sunk like a rock. And that was the end of him.

What is the rhyme scheme of this poem?

Concrete, pattern, or shape poetry is an arrangement of the lines of the poem in which the typographical effect is more important in conveying meaning than verbal significance.

Concrete Poem Steps1. Choose a subject that has a definite shape

2. List describing words associated with the shape.3. List rhyming words associated with the descriptive

words or shape.4. Write 4 lines for your poem

5. Trace the shape of your object with the poem lines or fill the shape with it, creating a ‘picture’ of words for

the shape.

The ballad is a poem that is typically

arranged in quatrains with the rhyme scheme ABAB.

Ballads are usually narrative, which

means they tell a story.Ballads began

as folk songs and continue to be used

today in modern music

As I was walking down the street I saw two people in secret meetThe second one said to the first

'You have some news to quench my thirst?'

'In behind the old, damp shedThere lies a noble man slain, deadAnd no one knows he lies in strife

Except his dog and lonely wife

With master gone where no one knocksHis dog has left to chase a fox

His wife has found somebody newHis house is left for all to view

Though it's been empty for a whileWe'll be warm and dry in half a mileFor now we can take comfort there

We'll flee the place when it grows bare

Many people knew the noble manBut none do care where he has gone

Over his grave, all do ignoreThe wind shall blow forever more.'