Identification and Delineation of Groundwater Bodies in ... · European Union Water Initiative Plus for Eastern Partnership Countries (EUWI+): Results 2 and 3 ENI/2016/372-403 Identification

European Union Water Initiative Plus for

Eastern Partnership Countries (EUWI+): Results 2 and 3

ENI/2016/372-403

Identification and Delineation of Groundwater

Bodies in the Dnipro River Basin, Ukraine

Final Report

Kyiv, Ukraine

February, 2019

Responsible EU member state consortium project leader

Michael Sutter (Umweltbundesamt)

EUWI+ country representative in Ukraine

Oksana Konovalenko

Responsible international thematic lead expert

Andreas Scheidleder (Umweltbundesamt)

Responsible Ukrainian thematic lead expert

Nataliia Zaritovska (Public Service of Geology and Subsoil of Ukraine)

Authors

Iryna Sanina (Ukrainian State Geological Research Institute)

Natalia Lyuta (Ukrainian State Geological Research Institute)

Sergii Goshovsky (Ukrainian State Geological Research Institute)

Disclaimer:

The EU-funded program European Union Water Initiative Plus for Eastern Partnership Countries (EUWI+ 4

EaP) is implemented by the UNECE, OECD, responsible for the implementation of Result 1 and an EU mem-

ber state consortium of Austria, managed by the lead coordinator Umweltbundesamt, and of France, man-

aged by the International Office for Water, responsible for the implementation of Result 2 and 3.

This document, the “Final Report on the identification and delineation of groundwater bodies in the Dnipro

River Basin, Ukraine”, was produced by the Ukrainian State Geological Research Institute with the financial

assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official

opinion of the European Union or the Governments of the Eastern Partnership Countries.

This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of, or sovereignty over, any

territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries, and to the name of any territory, city or area.

Imprint

Editor:

Ukrainian State Geological Research Institute

Avtozavodska str. 78a

04114 Kyiv, UKRAINE

February 2019

Identification and delineation of groundwater bodies in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

ENI/2016/372-403 3

CONTENTS

1 Executive summary ............................................................................................................................ 9

2 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 10

3 Metodology ....................................................................................................................................... 11

4 Summary discription of the Dnipro basin district .............................................................................. 13

5 Characterization of groundwater bodies .......................................................................................... 18

5.1 Groups of unconfined Quaternary GWBs ................................................................................. 21

5.2 Confined GWBs and groups of GWBs ..................................................................................... 22

5.3 Importance of GWBs and groups of GWBs for uses and ecosystems ..................................... 23

5.4 Significant human pressures and associated chemical pollutions ........................................... 25

5.4.1 Pressure on Unconfined Quaternary Groups of GWBs ................................................. 26

5.4.2 Pressure on confined GWB and groups of GWB ........................................................... 28

5.5 Characterisation of Groups of GWBs ....................................................................................... 33

5.5.1 Group of GWBs in bog quaternary sediments – UAM5.1GW0001 ................................ 33

5.5.2 Group of GWBs in alluvial Quaternary sediments – UAM5.1GW0002 .......................... 36

5.5.3 Group of GWBs in water-glacial Quaternary sediments – UAM5.1GW0003 ................. 39

5.5.4 Group of GWBs in glacial-water and eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments –

UAM5.1GW0004 ............................................................................................................ 42

5.5.5 Group of GWBs in eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments – UAM5.1GW0005 .............. 45

5.5.6 Group of GWBs in Middle-Upper Quaternary sediments – UAM5.1GW0006 ............... 48

5.5.7 Group of GWBs in Lower-Middle Quaternary sediments – UAM5.1GW0007 ............... 51

5.5.8 GWB in terrigenous Pliocene sediments – UAM5.1GW0008 ........................................ 54

5.5.9 Group of GWBs in terrigenous-calcareous Miocene sediments –

UAM5.1GW0009 ............................................................................................................ 56

5.5.10 GWB in terrigenous– calcareous Sarmatian sediments – UAM5.1GW0010 ................. 59

5.5.11 Group of GWBs in terrigenous Oligocene sediments – UAM5.1GW0011 ..................... 61

5.5.12 Group of GWBs in terrigenous Eocene sediments – UAM5.1GW0012 ......................... 64

5.5.13 Group of GWBs in terrigenous Paleogene sediments – UAM5.1GW0013 .................... 68

5.5.14 GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the Prypyat) –

UAM5.1GW0014 ............................................................................................................ 71

5.5.15 GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basins of the Middle

Dnipro and Desna) – UAM5.1GW0015 .......................................................................... 74

5.5.16 GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the Lower Dnipro)

– UAM5.1GW0016 ......................................................................................................... 77

5.5.17 GWB in terrigenous Upper Cretaceous sediments – UAM5.1GW0017 ......................... 80

5.5.18 GWB in terrigenous Cenomanian sediments – UAM5.1GW0018 .................................. 82

5.5.19 Group of GWBs in terrigenous Alb-Cenomanian sediments – UAM5.1GW0019 .......... 84

5.5.20 GWB in terrigenous Middle-Upper Jurassic sediments – UAM5.1GW0020 .................. 87

Final Report Identification and delineation of groundwater bodies in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

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5.5.21 Group of GWBs in in terrigenous Middle Jurassic sediments – UAM5.1GW0021 ........ 89

5.5.22 GWB in terrigenous Upper Triassic sediments – UAM5.1GW0022 ............................... 92

5.5.23 GWB in terrigenous Lower Triassic sediments – UAM5.1GW0022 ............................... 94

5.5.24 GWB in terrigenous- calcareous Carboniferous sediments – UAM5.1GW0024 ............ 96

5.5.25 GWB in effusive-terrigenous Precambrian rocks – UAM5.1GW0025 ............................ 99

5.5.26 Group of GWBs in fissure zone of Archean-Proterozoic crystalline rocks –

UAM5.1GW0026 .......................................................................................................... 101

6 Brief description of the current groundwater monitoring net and proposals for its restoration ...... 104

7 Summary of open issues ................................................................................................................ 105

8 References ..................................................................................................................................... 106

9 Annexes .......................................................................................................................................... 107


ENI/2016/372-403 5

List of Tables

Table 1: Summary information on Unconfined Quaternary Groups of GWBs ...................................... 18

Table 2: Summary information on confined Groups of GWBs and GWBs ............................................ 19

Table 3: Summary data on pressure on Unconfined Quaternary Groups of GWBs ............................. 27

Table 4: Summary data on pressure on confined Groups of GWBs and GWBs .................................. 29

Table 5: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in bog Quaternary sediments ............................................ 34

Table 6: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in alluvial Quaternary sediments ....................................... 37

Table 7: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in water-glacial Quaternary sediments .............................. 40

Table 8: Group of GWBs in glacial-water and eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments .......................... 43

Table 9: Group of GWBs in eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments....................................................... 46

Table 10: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in Middle-Upper Quaternary sediments ........................... 49

Table 11: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in Lower-Middle Quaternary sediments ........................... 52

Table 12: Characteristic of GWB in terrigenous Pliocene sediments ................................................... 55

Table 13: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in terrigenous-calcareous Miocene sediments ................ 57

Table 14: WB in terrigenous-calcareous Sarmatian sediments ............................................................ 60

Table 15: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in terrigenous Oligocene sediments ................................ 62

Table 16: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in terrigenous Eocene sediments .................................... 66

Table 17: Group of GWBs in terrigenous Paleogene sediments .......................................................... 69

Table 18: Characteristic of GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the

Prypyat) .......................................................................................................................................... 72

Table 19: Characteristic of GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basins of the

Middle Dnipro and Desna) ............................................................................................................. 75


Lower Dnipro) ................................................................................................................................ 78

Table 21: GWB in terrigenous Upper Cretaceous sediments ............................................................... 81

Table 22: Characteristic of GWB in terrigenous Cenomanian sediments ............................................. 83

Table 23: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in terrigenous Alb-Cenomanian sediments ..................... 85

Table 24: Characteristic of GWB in terrigenous Middle-Upper Jurassic sediments ............................. 88

Table 25: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in in terrigenous Middle Jurassic sediments .................... 90

Table 26: Characteristic of GWB in terrigenous Upper Triassic sediments .......................................... 93

Table 27: Characteristic of GWB in terrigenous Lower Triassic sediments .......................................... 95

Table 28: Characteristic of GWB in terrigenous-calcareous Carboniferous sediments ........................ 97

Table 29: Characteristic of GWB in effusive-terrigenous Precambrian rocks ..................................... 100

Table 30: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in fissure zone of Archean-Proterozoic crystalline

rocks ............................................................................................................................................ 103

Final Report Identification and delineation of groundwater bodies in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

6 ENI/2016/372-403

List of Figures

Figure 1: Geological map of the Dnipro basin ....................................................................................... 14

Figure 2: Hydrogeological regions ......................................................................................................... 15

Figure 3: Map of Unconfined Quaternary Groups of GWBs .................................................................. 21

Figure 4: Map of Confined Groups of GWBs and GWBs ...................................................................... 22

Figure 5: Map of Human pressure ......................................................................................................... 25

Figure 6: Group of GWBs in bog Quaternary sediments ...................................................................... 33

Figure 7: Group of GWBs in alluvial Quaternary sediments ................................................................. 36

Figure 8: Group of GWBs in water-glacial Quaternary sediments ........................................................ 39

Figure 9: Group of GWBs in glacial-water and eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments ......................... 42

Figure 10: Group of GWBs in eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments ................................................... 45

Figure 11: Group of GWBs in Middle-Upper Quaternary sediments ..................................................... 48

Figure 12 Group of GWBs in Lower-Middle Quaternary sediments ...................................................... 51

Figure 13: GWB in terrigenous Pliocene sediments ............................................................................. 54

Figure 14: Group of GWBs in terrigenous-calcareous Miocene sediments .......................................... 56

Figure 15: GWB in terrigenous-calcareous Sarmatian sediments ........................................................ 59

Figure 16: Group of GWBs in terrigenous Oligocene sediments .......................................................... 61

Figure 17: Group of GWBs in terrigenous Eocene sediments .............................................................. 64

Figure 18: Group of GWBs in terrigenous Paleogene sediments ......................................................... 68

Figure 19: GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the Prypyat) .................... 71

Figure 20: GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basins of the Middle Dnipro

and Desna) .......................................................................................................................... 74

Figure 21: GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the Lower Dnipro) ........... 77

Figure 22: GWB in terrigenous Upper Cretaceous sediments .............................................................. 80

Figure 23: GWB in terrigenous Cenomanian sediments ....................................................................... 82

Figure 24: Group of GWBs in terrigenous Alb-Cenomanian sediments ............................................... 84

Figure 25: GWB in terrigenous Middle-Upper Jurassic sediments ....................................................... 87

Figure 26: Group of GWBs in in terrigenous Middle Jurassic sediments .............................................. 89

Figure 27: GWB in terrigenous Upper Triassic sediments .................................................................... 92

Figure 28: GWB in terrigenous Lower Triassic sediments .................................................................... 94

Figure 29: GWB in terrigenous-calcareous Carboniferous sediments .................................................. 96

Figure 30: GWB in effusive-terrigenous Precambrian rocks ................................................................. 99

Figure 31: Group of GWBs in fissure zone of Archean-Proterozoic crystalline rocks ......................... 101


ENI/2016/372-403 7

Abbreviations

AB ......................... Artesian Basin

Ca ......................... Calcium

Cf .......................... filtration coefficient, m/day

Cl .......................... Chloride

CTE ....................... Central Thematic Expedition

DDD ...................... Dniprovsko-Donetska Depression

EaP ....................... Eastern Partnership

EC ......................... European Commission

EEP ....................... Eastern European Platform

EU ......................... European Union

EU-MS .................. EU-Member States

EUWI+ .................. European Union Water Initiative Plus

GIS ........................ Geographic Information Systems

GWB ..................... Groundwater Body

HCO3 .................... Hydrocarbonate

IGS NASU............. Institute of Geological Sciences National Academy of Sciences Ukraine

IOWater/OIEau .... International Office for Water, France

km ......................... Coefficient of water conductivity, m2/day

Mg ......................... Magnesium

Na ......................... Sodium

OECD ................... Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development

RBD ...................... River Basin District

RBMP ................... River Basin Management Plan

SO4 ....................... Sulphate

SRPE .................... State Research and Production Enterprise

ToR ....................... Terms of References

UBA ...................... Umweltbundesamt GmbH, Environment Agency Austria

UkrSGRI ............... Ukrainian State Geological Research Institute

UNECE ................. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

USSR .................... Union of the Soviet Socialistic Republics

WFD ...................... Water Framework Directive

Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report

ENI/2016/372-403 9

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This study contributes to the implementation of the first steps of the principles of the EU Water

Framework Directive WFD) by identifying and delineating groundwater bodies (GWB) in the Dnipro

River Basin District. These groundwater bodies are the management units under the WFD and all

further implementation steps which regard to groundwater are linked to these groundwater bodies.

The GWBs have been delineated according to the definitions of the WFD and the principles laid down

in the relevant CIS guidance documents and technical reports on the identification and characteriza-

tion of water bodies. Extensive information on the geological structure, the hydrogeological conditions

and the human pressures on the aquifers in the Dnipro river basin has been collected, generalized

and analyzed.

Within the area of the Dnipro River Basin District in total 26 GWBs and groups of GWBs were identi-

fied and delineated:

- five groups of unconfined Quaternary GWBs,

- 9 groups of confined GWBs and

- 12 confined individual GWBs.

These identified 26 GWBs and groups of GWBs cover all aquifers which are relevant for all legitimate

uses and functions and relevant for associated or dependent ecosystems. The grouping of GWBs was

made according to the similarity of the aquifer characteristics. A division into individual GWBs might be

done in future, taking into account the results of the analysis of the pressures and impacts (risk as-

sessment) and the results of groundwater monitoring.

Within this study, the GWBs received a uniform GWB code and they were characterized in verbal form

and by using a uniform template, describing the general hydrogeological characteristics of the predom-

inant aquifers, the hydrological aspects of groundwater renewal, the most important human pressures

and the associated pollutants and furthermore, their connection with associated aquatic and ground-

water dependent terrestrial ecosystems.

A summary chapter was prepared which would build the basis for a respective chapter in the Dnipro

River Basin Management Plan summarizing the groundwater bodies.

The GWBs were delineated in GIS and illustrated on maps. The associated GIS shape files of the

GWBs are described by a metadata template and will be the basis for further work and illustrations

when implementing the further groundwater aspects of the WFD.

The study is completed by a summary of current groundwater monitoring and proposals for improve-

ment. Finally, a series of open issues which need to be addressed in future are given.

The identified, delineated and characterized 26 GWBs and groups of GWBs will be the future man-

agement units for regular groundwater monitoring, for the assessment of the impacts of human pres-

sures, for the assessment of groundwater status and trends and for the management of groundwater

by implementing appropriate measures. Some of these aspects (monitoring design and risk assess-

ment) will be further tackled within the EUWI+ project in the coming months.

The results of this work will also be used by the Public Service of Geology and Subsoil of Ukraine in

the process of optimizing the monitoring network and within the planning and conducting of groundwa-

ter monitoring campaigns in the Dnipro River Basin.

All results and documents which were elaborated under this contract are public and accessible at the

EUWI+ project website (www.euwipluseast.eu).

http://www.euwipluseast.eu/

Final Report Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine

10 ENI/2016/372-403

2 INTRODUCTION

According to the Terms of Reference, the main tasks of the work under this contract are:

Definition and delineating of GWB;

GWB coding;

Determination of GWB boundaries in electronic form in GIS format;

Preparation of a list of all GWB in the Dnipro basin with code, name, size (km²), prevailing aqui-

fer, sub-basin district, anthropogenic pressure on groundwater (by chemistry and quantity) and

related chemicals, based on available information and expert conclusions;

Preparation of a brief description of the Dnipro Basin, including topography, climatic conditions,

geological structure, hydrogeological conditions, the importance of groundwater for exploitation

and for ecosystems;

Preparation of the final text on the GWB in the Dnipro basin, which is submitted to the Dnipro

river basin management plan;

Preparation of a summary of open issues to be solved in the future;

Preparation of the final summary report with a detailed description of the applied methodologies

and the information under consideration (including of literature and references).

The results of this development will be useful for planning the groundwater monitoring within the

framework of the Dnipro RBMP, study of transboundary aquifers, and can also be used to replenish

the Pan-European databases of information on GWB spatial distribution and characteristics.


ENI/2016/372-403 11

3 METODOLOGY

During the work on the project were used:

Methodology for determination of surface and ground water bodies, developed by the Ministry of Natu-

ral Resources of Ukraine;

Procedure for implementation of state water monitoring, approved by the Resolution of the Cabinet of

Ministers of Ukraine dated 19.09.18, No. 758.

WFD Guidance documents:

N° 2 – Identification of Water Bodies;

N° 9 - Implementing the Geographical Information System Elements (GIS) of the Water Frame-

work Directive;

N° 26 - Risk Assessment and the Use of Conceptual Models for Groundwater.

In the process of preparation of the report, state geological maps of Ukraine 1: 200 000, materials of

the State balance of mineral deposits resources of Ukraine (Drinking and technical water), as well as

fund geological literature were used [1-16].

The work was carried out by collecting, generalizing and analysing information on the hydrogeological

conditions of the Dnipro basin, cartographic materials vectorising, creating and replenishing a carto-

graphic database in GIS.

Identification of Groundwater Bodies

The boundaries of the Dnipro basin and sub-basins were compared with the boundaries of hydrogeo-

logical structures and aquifers distribution.

The starting point for identifying the geographical boundaries of the GWB was the geological and strat-

igraphic boundaries of the aquifers, the flow line, or the lines of the watersheds of groundwater (for the

Quaternary aquifers). In addition, available data on human pressure, as well as quantitative and quali-

tative status of groundwater were taken into account.

The main criteria for the identification of GWB were possible adversely affect surface ecosystems and

the availability of aquifer to supply more than 10 m3/day.

For unconfined and confined aquifers GWB were identified separately.

We began to define GWB first from uppermost aquifers. As a result, GWB were allocated in uncon-

fined quaternary aquifers, confined quaternary aquifers, and also in the principle aquifers used for

centralized water supply.

The hydraulic connection between the aquifers was estimated. The existence of hydraulic connection

was the basis for us to merge them into a single GWB.

We did not consider the GWB in deep aquifers, which cannot have an adverse effect on surface eco-

systems; not used for water intake; are unsuitable for water supply because of their natural quality or

because the water intake is technically impossible or economically unreasonable.

In the process of GWB defining, their vulnerability to pollution was taken into account.

Unconfined aquifers are virtually unprotected from surface pollution according to natural indicators.

The vulnerability of groundwater depends on the characteristics of the aeration zone rocks, namely its

thickness and lithological composition [5,8,9]. As a rule, in the north of the Dnipro basin territory,

groundwater is more vulnerable due to the prevalence of sands in the aeration zone and its small

thickness.


12 ENI/2016/372-403

Most confined aquifers are reliably protected from pollution, since in their roofs water-resistant sedi-

ments more than 10 m thick are deposited. As a rule, confined aquifers are also protected by hydrody-

namic indicators.

Risks arise in the zone of depression surface (funnels) formation, when a prerequisite arises for the

flow of water of other aquifers with increased mineralization and pollutants content. Groundwater is

especially vulnerable in areas of intense technological impact, especially as a result of the mining and

mineral processing enterprises activity. In addition, as a result of the operation of water intakes there

may be a risk of depletion of the aquifer.

GIS technologies were used in the process of determining the GWB and creating the appropriate

maps. According to Guidance N° 9 - Implementing the Geographical Information System Elements

(GIS) of the Water Framework Directive, the Dnipro river basin, sub-basins and GWB were mapped as

polygons, and observation wells - as points. Description of the main characteristics of the GWB is

given in the attributive part of the GIS-maps.

GWB coding

During the formation of the GWB code, we used the coding system for the aquifers adopted in Ukraine

by the AIS SWC (automated information system of the State Water Cadaster), which is being con-

ducted at SRPE «Geoinform of Ukraine».

The code is formed as follows: UAM514K100 or UAM514K200, where UA-Ukraine, M514 – sub-basin

code of the Pripyat River, K100 is the GWB code (in this case, corresponds to the upper division of the

Cretaceous System, K2, K200 - corresponds to the lower division of the Cretaceous System, K1, etc.).

The code is formed from the name of the geological system (Stratigraphic scale of the Cenozoic, Mes-

ozoic, Palaeozoic and Precambrian Stratigraphic Code of Ukraine, + number.

In addition, simplified (united) codes have been developed for ease of use, for example,

UAM5.1GW0002, where UA-Ukraine, M51 – code of the Dnipro River and GW0002 – groundwater

body and its number in order.


ENI/2016/372-403 13

4 SUMMARY DISCRIPTION OF THE DNIPRO

BASIN DISTRICT

Within Ukraine the length of the Dnipro is 1121 km, its basin is situated on the territory of 19 adminis-

trative regions and covers an area of 291 400 km² which is 48% of the total area of the country. This

territory is characterized by complex and heterogeneous natural and man-made conditions [8,9]. The

Dnipro river basin is located within the three sub-latitudinal bioclimatic zones - Polissya (zone of mixed

forests) in the north, to the south - the Forest-Steppe and the Steppe.

The territory is located in the south-western part of the East European Plain, which consists of raised

and lowland areas. In the north of the basin are mostly 135-500 m above sea level, in the south - 10-

150 m.

The climate in the territory is generally moderately continental, from moderately cold in the north to

moderately warm in the south, with clearly defined seasons.

Polissya and Forest-steppe are under the influence of wet cyclones. Average January temperatures

range from -6.5 ° to -8 ° С, July - from + 15.5 ° to + 20.5 ° С. Average annual rainfall in Polyssya is

580-1070 mm, in Forest-Steppe – 490-630 mm.

Steppe is characterized by aridity and is predominantly influenced by anticyclones. The average tem-

peratures are: January-from -2 ° to -7 ° С, July-from + 21,5 ° to + 30 ° С. Average annual rainfall is

420-490 mm.

Humidification is crucial factor for the formation of groundwater resources. The upper part of the

Dnipro basin is located in the area of excessive and sufficient humidification (Polissya), the average

part - in the area of unstable humidification (Forest-steppe and northern steppe), and the lower part -

in the area of insufficient humidification (Steppe).

Geological structure

The geological structure of the Dnipro basin territory is determined by its location within the Pre-

Riphean Eastern European Platform (EEP) [2]. The main regions in this territory are the Ukrainian

Shield, the Volyno-Podilska Plate, the Dniprovsko-Donetska Depression, the South-Ukrainian Mono-

clinale, which are part of the Eastern European Platform, and the Folded Donbas (Figure 1).

The Ukrainian shield is a large positive structure of the EEP. It is a raised block of the Archaean-

Proterozoic basement, limited by system of faults and overlaid by Mesozoic-Cenozoic sedimentary

cover of insignificant thickness.

The Volyno-Podilska Plate geological structure was formed in conditions of predominance of stable

lowering over the rising tectonic movements, which contributed to the long-term, multi-stage develop-

ment of sedimentation basins within it. It is situated on the south-western edge of the EEP. Within the

Dnipro basin it represents the western slope of the Ukrainian shield, filled with terrigenous volcanogen-

ic, terrigenous, calcareous rocks of the Riphean, Vendian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carbonifer-

ous, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Paleogene and Neogene. The thickness of the sedimentary rocks increas-

es from dozens of meters in the east to 1,5-2 km in the west.


14 ENI/2016/372-403

Figure 1: Geological map of the Dnipro basin

The Dniprovsko-Donetska Depression (DDD) is a sedimentary basin that fills a deeply lowered area

of the consolidated Archean-Lower-Proterozoic crystalline basement. DDD is a graben consisting of

symmetrically located along its northern and southern boards. These tectonic elements are limited by

boundary faults. The thickness of the sedimentary layer increases from west to east from 0,5 km on

the border with the Pripyat trough to 18-19 km on the border with the Donetsk Folded structure. A

similar rapid increase in the thickness of sedimentary formations occurs from the slopes of the Ukrain-

ian Shield and the Voronezka Anteclise towards the axial part of the region. The graben is filled with

rocks of Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Paleogene, Neogene and

Quaternary systems.

The South-Ukrainian Monoclinale covers the area of sedimentary strata distribution that overlap the

Eastern European platform basement in the south. Its structural plan is characterized by gradual low-

ering of sedimentary strata in the south-western and southern directions. Cross-Section of the sedi-

mentary cover includes terrigenous-calcareous sediments from Cretaceous to Quaternary. Its south-

ern part extends beyond the boundaries of the Dnipro basin.

Folded Donbass is a dislocated Paleozoic (Hercynian) structure. Its south-western part (Kalmius-

Toretska Depression and Novomoskovsk-Petropavlovska Monoclinale) is located on the territory of the

Dnipro basin.


ENI/2016/372-403 15

Hydrogeological conditions

According to geological structure, the territory of the Dnipro river basin is located within 5 hydrogeolog-

ical regions (Figure 2) [3,12]:

Volyno-Podіlskyi Artesian Basin;

Hydrogeological region of the Ukrainian Shield;

Dniprovsko-Donetskyi Artesian Basin;

Donetska hydrogeological folded region;

Prychornomorskyi (Black Sea) Artesian Basin.

For these regions, various features of the geological and hydrogeological cross-sections and specific

regularities of the hydrogeological conditions are characteristic.

Figure 2: Hydrogeological regions

Volyno-Podilsky Artesian Basin is located in the west of the Dnipro Basin and is a multilevel aqui-

fers system, the number of which increases in the west and southwest. The peculiarity of this territory

is the lack of spatially sustained water-resistant layers that divide the aquifers from the Cretaceous to

the more ancient.

Volyno-Podilskyi AB has widespread aquifers in the Quaternary, Miocene, Upper Cretaceous for-

mations and in the zone of intense fissuring of Pre-Mesozoic rocks (Carboniferous, Devonian, Silurian,

Cambrian, Vendian, Riphean). The peculiarity of the basin is the presence of considerable thickness

(up to 1,000 m or more) freshwater zone in the eastern and northern parts. It decreases to 150-70 m in

the western part of the basin.

The most abundant aquifer in marl-chalk fracture zone of Upper Cretaceous (from Maastrichtian to

Turonian stages) is widely used for large settlements water supply (Lutsk, Kovel etc). In the eastern


16 ENI/2016/372-403

part of the artesian basin, an aquifer in the Cenomanian sediments is spread. Due to it Khmelnitsky

city water supply is taking place.

In the south-west, the terrigenous-calcareous sediments of the middle-upper Devonian, and in the

west the terrigenous- calcareous sediments of the Silurian are perspective for water supply.

In northern and eastern parts of the basin, fresh groundwater from volcanogenic-terrigenous Precam-

brian rocks is used for water supply. The aquifers associated with these sediments and confined to the

zone of intensive fissuring. They lie on the slopes of the Shield, mainly at a depth of 10-70 m. On the

basis of these aquifers the problem of drinking water supply of Rivne, Kuznetsovsk and others cities is

solved.

Hydrogeological region of the Ukrainian shield. In the cross-section of the Hydrogeological region

of the Ukrainian Shield, two structural levels are distinguished. The lower is composed of Archaean-

Proterozoic magmatic and metamorphic rocks, the upper - of Meso-Cenozoic sedimentary sediments.

Water-bearing rocks of the lower level are represented by crystalline rocks - gneisses, granites and

migmatites. Their geofiltrational properties are determined by very uneven endogenous and exoge-

nous fissuring both in area and in depth. It defines their irregular water saturation.

The most water-abundant zones are confined to the lower parts of modern relief - hydrographic net.

The thickness of intense fissuring zones often does not exceed 20 m from the surface of crystalline

rocks in the watersheds and 50 m in the rivers valleys.

Groundwater here is widely used for water supply of inhabited localities - the cities of Berdychiv,

Uman, Talne and others.

Aquifers of the upper structural level in sedimentary sediments are heterogeneous in distribution and

thickness. They often occur within the watersheds or the palaeovalleys basement; in the river valleys

they are blurred.

The spread of weakly permeable layers is intermittent in the cross-section, which causes the intercon-

nection between the aquifers.

The aquifers of the upper structural layer contain in Quaternary and Meso-Ceinozoic sediments.

Quaternary aquifers are connected with sediments of various origins (marsh, lake-marsh, alluvial,

water-glacial etc.; water-bearing rocks - sand, sandy loam, loams, peat layers). For drinking water

supply only aquifers in alluvial and water-glacial sediments are used.

Dniprovsko-Donetskyi Artesian Basin is a classic artesian basin located in the Dniprovsko-

Donetska Depression. It is characterized by regionally stable spread distribution of water-containing

and water-resistant layers of different geological age, which determines the multilevel aquifers occur-

rence. In most cases groundwater contains in porous collectors with homogeneous filtration proper-

ties.

The depth of the active water exchange zone is 800-1 000 m. The salt tectonics has a significant influ-

ence on the formation of the groundwater quality, in some places the depth of fresh groundwater does

not exceed the first dozens of meters.

The sources of drinking groundwater of the Dniprovsko-Donetsky AB are formed mainly in the com-

plex of Oligocene-Quaternary, Eocene, Cretaceous, Jurassic and Triassic sediments.

All aquifers of the Dnipro-Donetskyi artesian basin are, to a greater or lesser extent, involved in provid-

ing centralized water supply of settlements and industrial enterprises.

Donetska hydrogeological folded region is situated on the south-east of the Dnipro basin. Natural

resources of drinking groundwater in the Donbas are mainly related to Quaternary, Neogene, Paleo-

gene, Cretaceous, Triassic, Carboniferous sediments. At the same time, the distribution of different

ages sediments is often controlled by separate faults or systems of synclinal and anticline structures.


ENI/2016/372-403 17

Natural conditions of groundwater resources formation of this part of the territory are very complicated.

In addition, this area is marked by significant man-made pressures due to the extraction of coal. All

this results in complicated conditions of aquifers recharge and discharge, which are often determined

by the influence of the drainage system of a mining companies.

Prychornomorskyi (Black Sea) Artesian Basin. The hydrogeological conditions of the Black Sea

AB, located in the southern part of the Dnipro basin, are complicated. This is due to the diversity and

non-compliance of the distribution of both water-bearing and water-resistant rocks, facial and lithologi-

cal variability rocks composition and the variability of groundwater quality. The thickness of the active

water exchange zone is 50-400 m and less, often does not exceed 100-200 m.

Groundwater are found in Quaternary, Neogene, Paleogene, Cretaceous sediments. The principle

aquifers contain in the Neogene sediments, in local areas - in the Paleogene and Cretaceous sedi-

ments. The groundwater of the Black Sea Artesian Basin is characterized by the widespread devel-

opment of salty and brackish waters. Unconfined Quaternary aquifers are associated with alluvial,

eolian and eolian-deluvial sediments. Fresh and brackish groundwater of Quaternary sediments play

an important role in rural settlements water supplying. Water-bearing Miocene sediments (Pont, Meo-

tis, Sarmatian) are represented by limestone, sand, sandstone with layers of clay. The thickness of the

aquifers varies from 10-20 to 25-40 meters, the depth - from 10-20 to 100-125 meters. The aquifer is

confined, the water head is 20-120 m. Cretaceous and Paleogene aquifers are insufficiently studied

and not widely used.


18 ENI/2016/372-403

5 CHARACTERIZATION OF GROUNDWATER

BODIES

According to regional estimation, the forecast resources of groundwater of the Dnipro basin are

35595.7 thousand m3/day, which is about 60% of the total amount (61689.2 thousand m

3/day) of

Ukraine's forecast resources [3,12,14-16].

They are distributed extremely unevenly due to the diversity of structural-geological and physical-

geographical conditions of different parts of the basin. Most resources are concentrated in the northern

and north-western regions and located in the zone of excessive humidification within the Dniprovsko-

Donetskyi and Volyno-Podilskyi artesian basins. These territories are characterized by favourable

conditions for the groundwater formation, a significant water abundance of the main aquifers and a

good groundwater quality. Areas close to the south of the basin have limited groundwater resources

due to unfavourable conditions in the groundwater formation caused by the geological structure and

climatic factors. The minimal amount of forecast resources is in Dniprovska, Zaporizka, Kropyvnytska

and Mykolaivska regions.

Within the territory of the Dnipro Basin, five groups of unconfined GWB with a total area of

277,978 km2 (average area of 55,195.6 km

2) were identified.

Also, 12 confined GWB with a total area of 49 154.16 km2 (average area of 4 096.18 km

2) and 9

groups of confined GWBs with a total area of 293 740 km2 (average area of 32 637.78 km2) were

allocated.

Identified GWB and their groups will become units of groundwater management in accordance with

their uses and functions. This will allow to determine the quantitative and qualitative status of ground-

water and to compare them with environmental objectives, as well as to take measures necessary for

achieving environmental objectives.

A summary information on defined GWBs and their groups given in the Table 1 and Table 2.

Table 1: Summary information on Unconfined Quaternary Groups of GWBs

Group of GWBs

united code Groups of GWBs Sub-basins Area, km2

Groups of GWBs

codes

UAM5.1GW0001 Group of GWBs in bog

Quaternary sediments

Upper, Middle, Lower

Dnipro, Prypyat,

Desna

6878,0 UAM5.1.1Q100,

UAM5.1.2Q100,

UAM5.1.3Q100,

UAM5.1.4Q100,

UAM5.1.5Q100

UAM5.1GW0002 Group of GWBs in

alluvial Quaternary

sediments


Dnipro, Prypyat,

Desna

94300,0 UAM5.1.1Q200,

UAM5.1.2Q200,

UAM5.1.3Q200,

UAM5.1.4Q200,

UAM5.1.5Q200


water-glacial


Upper, Middle

Dnipro, Prypyat,

Desna

49730,0 UAM5.1.1Q300,

UAM5.1.2Q300,

UAM5.1.4Q300,

UAM5.1.5Q300


ENI/2016/372-403 19

Group of GWBs

united code Groups of GWBs Sub-basins Area, km2

Groups of GWBs

codes


glacial- water and

eolian-deluvial


Middle, Lower

Dnipro, Prypyat,

Desna

56700,0 UAM5.1.2Q400,

UAM5.1.3Q400,

UAM5.1.4Q400,

UAM5.1.5Q400


eolian-deluvial


Middle, Lower Dnipro 68370,0 UAM5.1.2Q500,

UAM5.1.3Q500

Table 2: Summary information on confined Groups of GWBs and GWBs

United code of

GWB group

Groups of GWBs

and GWBs Sub-basins Area, km2 GWBs codes


Middle-Upper

Quaternary

sediments

Middle, Lower Dnipro,

Prypyat

4 719,0 UAM5.1.2Q600

UAM5.1.3Q600

UAM5.1.4Q600


Lower-Middle

Quaternary

sediments


Desna

36 450,0 UAM5.1.2Q600

UAM5.1.3Q600

UAM5.1.5Q600

UAM5.1GW0008 GWB in terrigenous

Pliocene sediments

Lower Dnipro 661,2 UAM5.1.3N100


terrigenous-

calcareous Miocene

sediments

Lower Dnipro 22 700,0 UAM5.1.3N200

UAM5.1GW0010 GWB in terrigenous-

calcareous Sarmatian

sediments

Prypyat 1 040,0 UAM5.1.4N300


terrigenous

Oligocene sediments


Desna

37 300,0 UAМ5.1.2Р100,

UAМ5.1.3Р100

UAМ5.1.5Р100


terrigenous Eocene

sediments


Dnipro, Prypyatі,

Desna

110 300,0 UAМ5.1.1Р200,

UAМ5.1.2Р200,

UAМ5.1.3Р200,

UAМ5.1.4Р200,

UAМ5.1.5Р200


terrigenous

Paleogene sediments


Prypyat

8 451,0 UAМ5.1.2Р300

UAМ5.1.3Р300

UAМ5.1.4Р300

UAM5.1GW0014 GWB in calcareous

Upper Cretaceous

sediments (sub-basin

of the Prypyat)

Prypyat 32 130,0 UAМ5.1.4К100


20 ENI/2016/372-403

United code of

GWB group

Groups of GWBs

and GWBs Sub-basins Area, km2 GWBs codes


Upper Cretaceous

sediments (sub-

basins of the Middle

Dnipro and Desna)

Middle Dnipro, Desna 19 280,0 UAМ5.1.2К100

UAМ5.1.5К100


Upper Cretaceous

sediments (sub-basin

of the Lower Dnipro)

Lower

Dnipro

1 161,0 UAМ5.1.3К100


Upper Cretaceous

sediments

Lower

Dnipro

577,4 UAМ5.1.3К100


Cenomanian

sediments

Prypyat 120,7 UAМ5.1.4К200


terrigenous Alb-

Cenomanian

sediments


Dnipro, Prypyat,

Desna

106 800,0 UAМ5.1.1К300,

UAМ5.1.2К300,

UAМ5.1.3К300,

UAМ5.1.4К300,

UAМ5.1.5К300


Middle-Upper

Jurassic sediments

Lower

Dnipro

1 110,0 UAМ5.1.3J100

UAM5.1GW0021 Group of GWBs in in

terrigenous Middle

Jurassic sediments

Middle Dnipro,

Prypyat, Desna

15 620,0 UAМ5.1.2J100, ,

UAМ5.1.4J100,

UAМ5.1.5J100


Upper Triassic

sediments

Lower

Dnipro

310,1 UAМ5.1.3Т100


Lower Triassic

sediments

Middle Dnipro 13,76 UAМ5.1.2Т100


calcareous

Carboniferous

sediments

Lower

Dnipro

4 668,0 UAМ5.1.3С100

UAM5.1GW0025 GWB in effusive-

terrigenous

Precambrian rocks

Prypyat 13 070,0 UAМ5.1.4РЄ100


fissure zone of

Archean-Proterozoic

crystalline rocks

Middle, Lower

Dnipro, Prypyat

76 640,0 UAМ5.1.2AR100,

UAМ5.1.3AR100

UAМ5.1.4AR100


ENI/2016/372-403 21

5.1 Groups of unconfined Quaternary GWBs

Unconfined GWBs (codes UAM5.1GW0001- UAM5.1GW0005) are connected with unconfined aqui-

fers, occurred in terrigenous, predominantly Quaternary, different geological-genetic types of sedi-

ments (Table 1, Figure 4). Since large unconfined aquifers are often geographically separated and can

be located at a considerable distance from each other, it is advisable to combine them into groups of

GWBs. Their delineation to individual GWB can be made in the future, taking into account estimation

of human pressure and results of groundwater monitoring.

Figure 3: Map of Unconfined Quaternary Groups of GWBs

Shown in Figure 3 the aquifer in the marl-chalk sediments of the Upper Cretaceous in some areas of

its distribution (area 11,570 km2) in the territory of Volyno-Podilskyi AB is the uppermost. But it is over-

laid from the surface by water-resistant rocks of the colmatation zone, which determines the water

head (pressure) properties of the aquifer. Therefore, the aquifer in the marl- chalk sediments of the

Upper Cretaceous belongs to the major aquifers used for centralized water supply.

The map (Figure 4) also shows Kanivski and Moshnogirsky dislocations, - the territories on which the

identification of MPS is impossible and impractical.

Unconfined groups GWBs are the uppermost. They are very important for surface ecosystems.

Increase in mineralization from north to south in these groups of GWBs is characteristic at the regional

level. The concentration of sulphates and chlorides increases in the same direction. Although quater-

nary aquifers are widespread, their water is widely used for the economic needs of rural settlements,

but the lack of water-resistant rocks in the roof makes them unprotected.

Accordingly, groups of GWBs in unconfined Quaternary aquifers are highly vulnerable to diffuse pollu-

tion due to agricultural activity. Agricultural activities (use of mineral fertilizers, plant protection prod-


22 ENI/2016/372-403

ucts) cause local pollution of the uppermost aquifers. Because of this, practically everywhere, within

the territories of rural development, groundwater is characterized with increased mineralization, high

content of sulphates, chlorides, nitrogen compounds. Detection of large areas of nitrates pollution

indicates a steady tendency to accumulate them in groundwater. In addition, GWBs in unconfined

Quaternary aquifers are characterized by natural high content of iron.

The northern part of the Dnipro basin territory was contaminated with radionuclides as a result of the

accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Although contamination of groundwater with radionu-

clides has not yet been detected, but the soil of this zone is contaminated with Cs137 and Sr90.

Due to the presence of man-made pollution of groundwater and low water abundance, groups of

GWBs in unconfined Quaternary aquifers are mostly unsuitable for centralized water supply. The

groups of GWBs in unconfined Quaternary aquifers are used for centralized water supply only in local

areas, where layers of low-permeable rocks occur in the roof of the aquifer. Here, the GWBs can en-

sure the production of water over 10 m3/day.

5.2 Confined GWBs and groups of GWBs

Confined GWBs and groups of GWBs are associated with Cenozoic, Mesozoic, Paleozoic, Precambri-

an rocks of different age and type of reservoir rocks. They are confined to the main aquifers, which

provide the centralized water supply.

On the territory of the Dnipro basin 21 groups of GWBs and GWBs in confined aquifers confined are

allocated (9 groups of GWBs and 12 GWBs).

Figure 4: Map of Confined Groups of GWBs and GWBs

In the basin of the Dnipro, due the diversity of geological and hydrogeological conditions, various

types of hydrogeological section are distinguished, causing different recharge conditions, interconnec-

tions and formation of hydrochemical and hydrodynamic features of the main aquifers and water-

bearing systems.

The most common are areas with one aquifer; two aquifers, which are separated by a layer of low-

permeable rocks; and three aquifers, which are separated by two layers of slightly permeable rocks.


ENI/2016/372-403 23

The first two types prevail within the Volyno-Podilskyi, Black Sea artesian basins, in the Hydrogeologi-

cal areas of the Ukrainian shield and the Donetska hydrogeological folded area. In the Dniprovsko-

Donetskyi AB of complex multi-level structure, the most common areas are with two to four aquifers in

the cross-section.

In accordance with the mentioned types of hydrogeological cross-sections, the separation of confined

aquifers on GWBs and groups GWBs was made.

In the first stage, there were identified 9 groups of GWBs (codes UAM5.1GW0006, UAM5.1GW0007,

UAM5.1GW0009, UAM5.1GW0011-UAM5.1GW0013, UAM5.1GW0019, UAM5.1GW0021

UAM5.1GW0026) and 12 GWBs (codes UAM5.1GW0008, UAM5.1GW0010, UAM5.1GW0014-

UAM5.1GW0018, UAM5.1GW0020, UAM5.1GW0022-UAM5.1GW0025).

GWBs groups represent a number of GWBs that are combined in one group, which are distributed

over a large area of the territory. Their division into separate GWBs may be feasible in future if

groundwater monitoring results and new expert data are available.

The chemical composition of water in confined GWBs and their groups is mainly hycarbonate, hycar-

bonate-chloride, hycarbonate-sulphate composition (anions) and calcium, calcium-sodium, calcium-

magnesium (cations). Mineralization is 0.2–0.8 mg/dm3, total hardness is 2.8–8.0 mEq/dm

3.

Such a pattern is observed in the distribution of groundwater by chemical composition and mineraliza-

tion: in the north of the Dnipro basin fresh hydrocarbonate calcium or hydrocarbonate magnesium

waters with mineralization up to 0.5 g/dm3 dominate. In the south, water with a mineralization of 0.5-1

to 1-3 and more g/dm3 are common. In their chemical composition sulphates, and sodium appear,

their content increases in southerly direction. Mineralization decreases in river valleys, where the flow

rate of groundwater is higher.

Confined GWBs and groups of GWBs are not related to surface ecosystems. The quantitative and

qualitative status is good.

Confined GWBs and groups of GWBs are protected from contamination by a thick layer of overlying

rocks, so they are not exposed to human pressure due to its low vulnerability.

5.3 Importance of GWBs and groups of GWBs for uses and

ecosystems

Unconfined aquifers, classified as UAM5.1GW0002- UAM5.1GW0005, are widely used for water sup-

ply of rural population. The group of GWBs UAM5.1GW0001 is not used for water supply due to its

natural low quality.

All unconfined Groups of GWBs UAM5.1GW0001- UAM5.1GW0005 are directly connected to surface

ecosystems.

Confined GWBs and their groups UAM5.1GW0006- UAM5.1GW00026 are intensively exploited for

drinking and technical water supply of towns and cities.

The development of forecast resources in administrative regions averages 3-6%, only in Kropyvnytsky

and Mykolaiv administrative regions the development level reaches 16-21%. According to the analysis

of the groundwater resources development, it is the most intensive in densely populated areas with

high economic potential, especially with a small amount of predicted resources [15].

This indicates a large potential for expanding their use throughout the entire Dnipro basin.

It should be noted that in recent years there has been a tendency towards a permanent reduction in

groundwater production. This is due to economic reasons, a decrease of water users and the share of


24 ENI/2016/372-403

groundwater in the overall balance of water use. This situation has led to a regional restoration of the

groundwater level in Alb-Cenomanian and Jurassic aquifers.

Confined GWB and their groups occur under layers of water-resistant sediments, which provide a

relatively high level of protection against surface contamination. Confined GWBs and groups of GWBs

are not connected to surface ecosystems.


ENI/2016/372-403 25

5.4 Significant human pressures and associated chemical

pollutions

Groundwater in the Dnipro basin is experiencing significant human pressure due to the historical de-

velopment of settlements located near rivers. In the Dnipro valley and its tributaries the largest housing

and industrial agglomeration of Ukraine - the capital Kyiv and the regional centres of the Dnipro, Za-

porizhia, Cherkasy, Chernihiv and others formed. The economic complex in the Dnipro basin devel-

oped without taking into account environmental consequences. It caused the hypertrophied develop-

ment of large industrial centres in this area. Much of the industrial production in Ukraine is concentrat-

ed in the Dnipro basin - these are enterprises of the fuel and energy industry, metallurgy, mechanical

engineering, chemical and mining industries, utilities and agricultural production.

A number of large settlements in the Dnipro basin use groundwater for economic and drinking water

supply. As a result of long-term water-intake operation in the cities of Kyiv and Poltava, surfaces of

depression of tens square kilometres were formed with a level lowering from several tens to hundreds

meters in the centre.

Figure 5: Map of Human pressure

The figure shows information on human pressures in the Dnipro basin.

It should be noted that this information is outdated and requires clarification and updating. But it gives

an idea of the high man-made pressure of the Dnipro basin.

The most significant changes in the chemical status of groundwater are observed in the most econom-

ically developed regions. In the first place, the impact of man-caused activities is vulnerable to the

pollution of the unconfined groups of GWBs UAM5.1GW0001-UAM5.1GW0005.


26 ENI/2016/372-403

5.4.1 Pressure on Unconfined Quaternary Groups of GWBs

Since the basin of the Dnipro is located in different humidification conditions, an increase of minerali-

sation from north to south is characteristic for unconfined GWBs. The amount of sulphates and chlo-

rides increases in the same direction. Although Quaternary unconfined aquifers are widespread and

they are widely used for household and drinking needs of rural settlements, but the lack of water-

resistant rocks in the roof makes the groups of GWBs UAM5.1GW0001-UAM5.1GW0005 unprotected

and therefore vulnerable to pollution from the surface.

The most tangible impact on unconfined groups of GWBs (UAM5.1GW0001-UAM5.1GW0005)

throughout the territory of the Dnipro basin carries out agriculture - diffuse pollution with nitrogen com-

pounds has been determined in almost all uppermost aquifers within rural settlements. The deteriora-

tion of the quality of groundwater is significantly affected by the use of mineral fertilizers and pesti-

cides, irrigation on farmlands and discharges of polluted wastewater into surface water.

The chemical composition of water is characterized by a high content of sulphates and chlorides. The

identification of large areas of pollution with nitrates indicates a steady trend towards their accumula-

tion in groundwater. In addition, groundwater of uppermost aquifers is characterized by natural high

iron content. Certain concern is caused by the fact that petroleum products and pesticides have be-

come common contaminants in unconfined aquifers. Oil pollution is point-like, and pesticides are main-

ly recorded in the southern regions, where irrigation contributes to their appearance.

In addition, the northern part of the territory of the Dnipro basin has been subjected to radioactive con-

tamination due to the Chernobyl accident. Although contamination of groundwater with radionuclides

has not yet been detected, but the soil cover of this zone is contaminated with Cs137 i Sr90.

In the zone of mining facilities influence in the sub-basins of the Middle and Lower Dnipro (mining

areas of Dniprovska, Zaporizka, Donetska and Poltava regions) disruption of natural hydrochemical

conditions is associated with the receipt of highly mineralized drainage and mine waters, which affect

the groups of GWBs UAM5.1GW0002, UAM5.1GW0004, UAM5.1GW0005. In areas with a high level

of industrial development and dense buildings, the changes in the qualitative composition of the

groundwater of the GWB groups UAM5.1GW0002, UAM5.1GW0003, UAM5.1GW0004,

UAM5.1GW0005 are observed. Here, unconfined GWB are vulnerable to the effects of wastewater

from the enterprises of the chemical, metallurgical industry, industrial sites and tailings of mining and

processing plants. In these places (cities of Dnipro, Zaporozhia), unconfined GWBs have increased

mineralization (up to 3.4-8.6 g/dm3), high content of sulphates, chlorides and hardness.

The most significant changes in the qualitative indicators of groundwater are observed within the Krivyi

Rig iron ore deposit in the Lower Dnipro sub-basin, which influences not only unconfined groups of

GWBs (UAM5.1GW0002, UAM5.1GW0005 groups), but also confined groups of GWBs

(UAM5.1GW0009, UAM5.1GW0026). The total area of groundwater pollution in the area of Kryvbas is

300 square kilometers, the mineralization reaches 12.3 g/dm3.

In addition to the high content of sulphates and chlorides in water, there is an increased iron content

up to 2,872.3 mg/dm3, strontium - up to 16.6 mg/dm

3, bromine to 47.4, manganese - up to 26.1

mg/dm3.

Taking into account the insignificant and varying thickness of water-bearing rocks and, consequently,

their unstable water abundance, as well as the vulnerability to man-made pressures, the unconfined

Quaternary groups of GWBs UAM5.1GW0002-UAM5.1GW0005 for most of their distribution are un-

suitable for centralized water supply. The groups of GWBs in unconfined Quaternary aquifers are used

for centralized water supply only in local areas, where layers of low-permeable rocks occur in the roof

of the aquifer. Here, the GWBs can ensure the production of water over 10 m3/day.


ENI/2016/372-403 27

Table 3: Summary data on pressure on Unconfined Quaternary Groups of GWBs

Groups of GWBs

United code Groups of GWBs Sub-basins Use

Connection

with surface

ecosystems Human pressure Pollutants

Natural

high

content


bog Quaternary

sediments


Dnipro, Prypyat,

Desna

Not used Yes Drainage amelioration,

mineral fertilizers, plant

protection products

Nitrogen

compounds

Fe, Mg


alluvial Quaternary

sediments


Dnipro, Prypyat,

Desna

For the potable-

economic needs of

rural settlements

Yes mineral fertilizers, plant

protection products

Nitrogen

compounds,

SO4, Cl,

Fe, Mg


water-glacial

Quaternary

sediments

Upper, Middle Dnipro,

Prypyat, Desna

For the potable-

economic needs of

rural settlements


protection products

Nitrogen

compounds,

SO4, Cl

Fe, Mg


glacial- water and

eolian-deluvial

Quaternary

sediments


Prypyat, Desna

For the potable-

economic needs of

rural settlements


protection products

Nitrogen

compounds,

SO4, Cl

Fe, Mg


eolian-deluvial

Quaternary

sediments

Middle, Lower Dnipro For the potable-

economic needs of

rural settlements


protection products

Nitrogen

compounds,

SO4, Cl

Fe, Mg ,

SO4, Cl,

mineralizati

on


28 ENI/2016/372-403

5.4.2 Pressure on confined GWB and groups of GWB

Confined GWB and their groups have reliable protection against pollution due to their natural proper-

ties, since they are overlapped in the roof by poorly permeable sediments. Therefore, the GWB groups

(UAM5.1GW0006, UAM5.1GW0007, UAM5.1GW0009, UAM5.1GW0011 - UAM5.1GW0013,

UAM5.1GW0019, UAM5.1GW0021 UAM5.1GW0026) and GWB (UAM5.1GW0008, UAM5.1GW,

WA5.1,). UAM5.1GW0018, UAM5.1GW0020, UAM5.1GW0022-UAM5.1GW0025) are not associated

with surface ecological systems and are not vulnerable to man-made pollution. In them, only local

(point) excess of normalized elements can be observed, mainly in areas of shallow water bearing de-

posits.

Under natural conditions, the water of confined GWB and their groups in the north is fresh hydrocar-

bonate calcium or magnesium with a mineralisation of up to 0.5 g/dm3. In the south (sub-basin of the

Lower Dnipro), water mineralisation increases from 0.5–1 to 1–3 or more g / dm3. In their chemical

composition appear chlorides, sulphates, sodium. In river valleys, where the groundwater flow rate is

higher, mineralization decreases. Increased natural mineralization is observed in some areas in the

GWB groups UAM5.1GW0009 and UAM5.1GW0012. Under natural conditions, the GWB

UAM5.1GW0012 group belongs to the fluorinated province. Therefore, groundwater is enriched with

fluorine.

For groundwater of Group of GWBs in fissure zone of Archean-Proterozoic crystalline rocks

(UAM5.1GW0026) in the northern part of their distribution, where crystalline rocks occur at a slight

depth from the surface, an increased natural content of iron and manganese characterized.

The human pressure on confined groups of GWBs only affects the level mode. Due to the prolonged

intensive exploitation of the group, GWBs are under pressure from the development of groundwater

deposits (water intake). Thus, large groups of depression funnels (Kyiv - in the sediments of the Alb-

Cenomanian and the Middle Jurassic, and Poltava in the sediments of the Alb-Cenomanian) (GWB

UAM5.1GW0012 UAM5.1GW0021 UAM5.1GW0019) have formed.


ENI/2016/372-403 29

Table 4: Summary data on pressure on confined Groups of GWBs and GWBs

United code

GWB

(group of GWBs) Sub-basins Use

Connection to

surface


Natural high

content

UAM5.1GW0006 Group of GWBs in Middle-

Upper Quaternary

sediments

Middle, Lower

Dnipro, Prypyat

For centralized

water supply

No Development of

ground water

deposits,

somewhere,

drainage

melioration

Local pollution

with nitrates

Fe, Mn

UAM5.1GW0007 Group of GWBs in Lower-

Middle Quaternary

sediments

Middle, Lower

Dnipro, Desna

For centralized

water supply

No Development of

ground water

deposits,

somewhere,

drainage

melioration,

influence of iron

ore deposits of

Kryvbas

development

Local pollution

with nitrates, Fe,

SO4, Cl,

mineralization

Fe, Mn


Pliocene sediments

Lower Dnipro For centralized

water supply

No Development of

ground water

deposits

Not detected Not detected


terrigenous-calcareous

Miocene sediments

Lower Dnipro For centralized

water supply

No Development of

ground water

deposits, irrigation

effect

Not detected Locally SO4, Cl,

mineralisation



sediments

Prypyat For centralized

water supply

No Development of

ground water

deposits

No -


30 ENI/2016/372-403

United code

GWB


Connection to

surface


Natural high

content


terrigenous Oligocene

sediments

Middle, Lower

Dnipro, Desna

For centralized

water supply

No Development of

ground water

deposits

Not detected Locally Fe, Mn


terrigenous Eocene

sediments

Upper, Middle,

Lower Dnipro,

Prypyat, Desna

For centralized

water supply

No Development of

ground water

deposits,

depression funnels

No F , in Dnipro

valley - Fe, Mn.

Locally -

increase of

mineralisation in

the zone of salt

tectonics

influence


terrigenous Paleogene

sediments

Middle, Lower

Dnipro, Prypyat

For centralized

water supply

No Development of

ground water

deposits

Not detected Fe, Mn

UAM5.1GW0014 GWB in calcareous Upper

Cretaceous sediments

(sub-basin of the Prypyat)


water supply

No Development of

ground water

deposits

No -



(sub-basins of the Middle

Dnipro and Desna)

Middle Dnipro,

Desna

For centralized

water supply

No Development of

ground water

deposits

No -



(sub-basin of the Lower

Dnipro)

Lower

Dnipro

For centralized

water supply

No Development of

ground water

deposits

No -


ENI/2016/372-403 31

United code

GWB


Connection to

surface


Natural high

content

UAM5.1GW0017 GWB in terrigenous Upper


Lower

Dnipro

For centralized

water supply

No Development of

ground water

deposits

No -


Cenomanian sediments


water supply

No Development of

ground water

deposits

No -


terrigenous Alb-


Upper, Middle,

Lower

Dnipro, Prypyat,

Desna

For centralized

water supply

No Development of

ground water

deposits,

depression funnels

No Locally -

increase of

mineralisation in

the zone of salt

tectonics

influence


Middle-Upper Jurassic

sediments

Lower

Dnipro

For centralized

water supply

No Development of

ground water

deposits

Not detected -

UAM5.1GW0021 Group of GWBs in in

terrigenous Middle Jurassic

sediments

Middle Dnipro,

Prypyat, Desna

For centralized

water supply

No Development of

ground water

deposits,

depression funnels

No -

UAM5.1GW0022 GWB in terrigenous Upper

Triassic sediments

Lower

Dnipro

For centralized

water supply

No Development of

ground water

deposits

Not detected -

UAM5.1GW0023 GWB in terrigenous Lower

Triassic sediments

Middle Dnipro For centralized

water supply

No Development of

ground water

deposits

No -


32 ENI/2016/372-403

United code

GWB


Connection to

surface


Natural high

content


calcareous Carboniferous

sediments

Lower

Dnipro

For centralized

water supply

No Development of

ground water

deposits, the effect

of drainage

Not detected SO4, Cl,

mineralisation

UAM5.1GW0025 GWB in effusive-

terrigenous Precambrian

rocks


water supply

No Development of

ground water

deposits

No -

UAM5.1GW0026 Group of GWBs in fissure

zone of Archean-

Proterozoic crystalline

rocks

Middle, Lower

Dnipro, Prypyat

For centralized

water supply

No Development of

ground water

deposits, influence

of iron ore deposits

of Kryvbas

development

Not detected Fe, Mn


ENI/2016/372-403 33

5.5 Characterisation of Groups of GWBs

5.5.1 Group of GWBs in bog quaternary sediments – UAM5.1GW0001

Group of GWBs in bog Quaternary sediments (code UAM5.1GW0001).

We have combined GWB with several objects of similar characteristics into group of GWBs. The divi-

sion into separate GWBs will be carried out in the future, taking into account the human pressure

studying and the results of groundwater monitoring.

Water-bearing sediments are represented by peat, fine-grained sand, sandy loam and loam, which

occur in the form of lenses and layers in the strata of peat, mud and sapropel. The thickness of aquifer

is 0.5-6.0, rarely – to 8-10 meters, the depth of occurrence is 0.4-0.7, in the area of drainage systems

influence - 0.7-1.2 meters. Mainly the group of GWBs in bog Quaternary sediments is developed in the

northern regions of the Dnipro basin and to a lesser extent in the central regions of Ukraine and is

geomorphologically connected with floodplains and relief depressions. It is most widespread in

Polissya, where flat floodplain areas reach 4 - 6 km.

Figure 6: Group of GWBs in bog Quaternary sediments

Due to the low filtration properties of water-bearing rocks, the group of GWBs is weak-watered: the

water abundance of sediments is insignificant and reaches 0.002 - 0.071 dm3/s with decreases in wa-

ter level by 0.7-0.6 m, the specific production rates varies from 0.003 to 0.12 dm3/s. Daily water intake

from wells does not exceed 0.2 m3/d.

Depending on the lithological composition of the water-bearing rocks, the value of the filtration coeffi-

cient varies from 0.01 to 2.0 to 0.0001 to 0.0004 m/d (peat), 0.1 to 0.5 m/day (sandy loam), 0, 05 - 1.0


34 ENI/2016/372-403

to 4.7-5.0 m/day (fine-grained sand). The level of groundwater is set at a depth of from 0,0 - 0,5 to

1,09-1,5 m, rarely up to 3,5.

Recharge is mainly due to infiltration of precipitation and the flow of other aquifers, during the periods

of spring flooding of rivers and rain floods - due to flood waters. Discharge is carried out by evapora-

tion, a flow into the underlying aquifers and water-bearing systems and directly into the watercourses

during the low water period. The aquifer is drained by rivers and streams, as well as melioration sys-

tems. The level regime of the aquifer is formed under the influence of natural factors - atmospheric

precipitation, and man-made factors - (drainage systems construction). According to observation data,

the amplitude of the levels variations is up to 1.2-3.35 m, in most wells up to 1 m.

The waters of the group of GWBs are hydraulically connected with the aquifer in alluvial sediments

and surface water. Chemical composition of water is predominantly of mixed type: sulphate-

hydrocarbonate-chloride, nitrate-chloride-sulphate, nitrate-hydrocarbonate. Waters are unpleasant in

taste and smell, have a yellow and yellow-brown colour, contain a large amount of iron, ammonia and

in many cases - nitrates, the content of which varies from 93.63 to 125.26 mg/dm3. Mineralization 0.1 -

0.7 g/dm3. The hydrogen index does not exceed 7 (5.2-6.8). The oxidizability is 9.8 mg/dm

3 O2. Total

hardness is 1.9 - 5.4 mmol/dm3.

Slight spread, poor water abundance of the GWBs and low quality of groundwater due to vulnerability

to diffuse pollution as a result of agricultural activity make it unsuitable for both - centralized water

supply and for water supply to individual farms. But because the ecological state of wetlands is signifi-

cantly dependent on variations in groundwater levels, the aquifer in the Holocene bog and lake sedi-

ments is defined as a separate group of GWBs.

Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality are drainage amelioration, agriculture (mineral

fertilizers, plant protection products application).

Group of GWBs in bog Quaternary sediments is directly connected to surface ecosystems (it is a part

of wetland). Water is often polluted with nitrates and is characterized by a natural high content of iron

and manganese. The quantitative and chemical status is poor.

Table 5: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in bog Quaternary sediments

Parameter Characteristic

Lithologic and hydrogeological

column

United Group of GWBs code UAM5.1GW0001

Cf 0,0001-

0,0004 m/d

(peat),

0,1-0,5 m/d

(sandy

loams),

0,05-5,0

m/d (sands

f/g)

8-10 m

SO

4-H

CO

3-C

l, N

O3-C

l-S

O4,

М 0

,1-0

,7 g

/dm

3

Group of GWBs code UAM5.1.1Q100, UAM5.1.2Q100,

UAM5.1.3Q100, UAM5.1.4Q100,

UAM5.1.5Q100

Group of GWBs name Group of GWBs in bog Quaternary

sediments

Group of GWBs area, square

km

6878

Geologic index bP

Lithology Peat, fine-grained sands, sandy

loam and loam, which occur in the

form of lenses and layers in the

strata of peat, silt and sapropel

Aquifer type Unconfined

Overlapping rocks -

bP


ENI/2016/372-403 35



column

Group of GWBs thickness, min.,

max., average

0,5-10,0

5,0

Filtration coefficient k, min, max,

average, m/day

0,0001-5,0

2

Water conductivity km, min,

max, average, m2/day

0,01-0,1

0,1

Level, min, max, average, m 0,01-5,0

0,3-0,6

Average annual level variation,

m

1,0-3,35

2,0

Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no No

Number of spring cappings -

Number of production wells -

Chemical composition

(mineralization M, main anions,

cations)

M 0,1-0,7 g/dm3,

variegated chemical composition

Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation, surface

water, flow from the underlying

aquifers

Connection with surface waters Directly connected

Level trend Downtrend

Prevailing human activity Drainage melioration, peat

extraction

Group of GWBs chemical status Poor, local nitrate contamination

Group of GWBs quantitative

status

Poor

reliability of information High

Annual precipitation, mm 430-1070


36 ENI/2016/372-403

5.5.2 Group of GWBs in alluvial Quaternary sediments – UAM5.1GW0002

Group of GWBs in alluvial Quaternary sediments (code UAM5.1GW0002) is located within the chan-

nels on the Dnipro floodplain terraces and its tributaries. Taking into account the territorial disunity and

heterogeneity of individual GWB, which are combined into the group of GWB, it is further advisable to

divide them into separate GWBs.

Water-bearing rocks are sands, mostly fine-grained and medium-grained, in the upper part of the

cross-section sands contain layers of sandy loams, loams, and below - gravel and pebbles of indige-

nous rocks. Group of GWBs in alluvial Quaternary sediments occur on the Precambrian rocks, the

Mesozoic and the Cenozoic. In the absence of water-resistant rocks between the alluvial deposits and

the rocks that submerge them, the hydraulic connection appears. Thickness varies significantly from

10-20 meters in the valleys of small rivers to 50-60 meters in the floodplain of the Dnipro.

Figure 7: Group of GWBs in alluvial Quaternary sediments

The Group of GWBs is mostly unconfined, locally, in the presence of loam and sandy loam in the roof,

it gets weak water head - from 1-3 m to 10-15 m. The depth of occurrence, depending on the relief,

varies from 2-4 to 5-15 meters. The well production rates reach 173-432 m3/day. The filtration coeffi-

cients of fine-grained sands amount 3-6 m/day, medium-grained - 8-22 m/day, the filtration coefficients

of loams- 0.2-0.4 m/day. In the flood plain of the Dnipro, the filtration coefficients reach 40 m/day.

The chemical composition of water is hydrocarbonate-calcium-magnesium with a mineralization of 0.1-

1.3 g/dm3, with high iron content (up to 2-3 mg/dm

3).

Ground waters of the group of GWB are not protected from diffuse contamination due to agricultural

activity by natural conditions. Due to its high vulnerability within the settlements, they are contaminated

with nitrogen compounds. In addition, taking into account the high vulnerability of the Group of GWBs

in alluvial Quaternary sediments it should be taken into account that the soils in the north-eastern part

of the Pripyat sub-basin are contaminated with radionuclides of Chernobyl origin.


ENI/2016/372-403 37

The regime is determined by climatic factors, the annual level variation amplitude is 1.2-1.5 m with

characteristic spring lifting and summer and autumn lowering. Recharge of the aquifer is infiltration.

The Group of GWBs in alluvial Quaternary sediments widely used by the rural population for drinking

and economic needs.

Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is agriculture (mineral fertilizers, plant protection

products application). Group of GWBs in alluvial Quaternary sediments is directly connected to surface

ecosystems. Water is locally polluted with nitrates, chlorides and sulphates and is characterized by a

natural high content of iron and manganese. Generally the quantitative and chemical status is good.

Table 6: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in alluvial Quaternary sediments

Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column


aP

Cf 3-6 m/d

(sands f/g),

8-22 m/d

(sands m/g ),

0,2-0,4 m/d

(sandy

loams), less

than 40 m/d

(the Dnipro

valley)

50-60 m

HC

O3,

Ca

-Mg

, М

0,1

-1,3

g/d

m3 ,

HC

O3

, C

a-M

g, М

0,1

-1,3

g/d

m3

,

Fe

less th

an 2

-3 m

g/d

m3

Group of GWBs code UAM5.1.1Q200,

UAM5.1.2Q200,

UAM5.1.3Q200,

UAM5.1.4Q200,

UAM5.1.5Q200

Group of GWBs name Group of GWBs in

alluvial Quaternary

sediments

Group of GWBs area, square km 94390,0

Geologic index аP

Lithology various-grained sands

Aquifer type Unconfined (locally

confined)

Overlapping rocks -


max., average

10-60

10-20


average, m/ day

3-40

6-15

Water conductivity km, min, max,

average, m2 / day

30-150

90

Level, min, max, average, m 2-15

5-10

Average annual level variation, m 1,2-1,5



Number of production wells N.d

Chemical composition (mineralization

M, main anions, cations)

М 0,1-1,7 g/dm3,

HCO3-Ca

Main recharge source Infiltration of

precipitation, surface

waters, flow from

underlying aquifers


38 ENI/2016/372-403


Connection with surface waters Yes

Level trend Stable

Prevailing human activity Water production for

domestic needs of the

rural population

Group of GWBs chemical status Good, local nitrate

contamination

Group of GWBs quantitative status Good

Reliability of information High



ENI/2016/372-403 39

5.5.3 Group of GWBs in water-glacial Quaternary sediments –

UAM5.1GW0003

Group of GWBs in water-glacial Quaternary sediments (code UAM5.1GW0003) is widely distributed

within the moraine-zander plain (Polyssia). Water-bearing rocks are variously grained sands, mainly

fine and medium to coarse-grained, with gravel and pebble of bedrock, with layers of sandy loam,

loam and clay.

Although combined into one group groundwater bodies are spread over a large area, and they are

very heterogeneous in the lithological structure of water-bearing rocks, but at the same time, they can

be divided into separate GWBs only after the availability of groundwater monitoring data.

Figure 8: Group of GWBs in water-glacial Quaternary sediments

The thickness is from 3-7 to 20-25 meters (the right bank of the Dnipro) and reaches 30-70 m on the

left bank, increasing to 125 m in Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky depression. The depth of the groundwater

level for the most part ranges from 1.0–3.0 to 5–10, in some places up to 15–18 meters (2–7 m pre-

vails). In some areas, if clay moraine is located there, a weak water head can be fixed (up to 5-10 m).

The water-bearing rocks occur on pre-quaternary sediments of different age. The group of GWBs is

first from the surface. There are no water resistant rocks in the roof or in the floor, so the waters of this

aquifer are hydraulically connected with the underlying aquifers.

Water abundance depends on the lithology of water-bearing rocks, well production rates vary from

0.4-216 to 259-1000 m3/day. The chemical composition varies widely: hydrocarbonate, hydrocar-

bonate-chloride, hydrocarbonate-sulphate calcium water, sometimes sodium and magnesium. Mineral-

ization varies from 0.3 to 1.8 g/dm3, but usually it does not exceed 0.5 g/dm

3, the iron content reaches

0.1-0.8 g/dm3.


40 ENI/2016/372-403

Due to the shallow bedding and lack of water resistant rocks in the roof, water is often polluted as a

result of agricultural activity, as evidenced by the high content of nitrates and ammonia within rural

settlements. The recharge is infiltration, and also due to the flow from the underlying aquifers. Flow is

directed to the river network. The level mode depends on climatic factors, the annual amplitude of the

level ranges from 0.2–0.8 to 1.5–2.7 m. Water of the group of GWBs in water-glacial Quaternary sed-

iments is used for the household needs of the rural population.


products application). Group of GWBs in water-glacial Quaternary sediments is directly connected to

surface ecosystems. Water is locally polluted with nitrates, chlorides and sulphates and is character-

ized by a natural high content of iron and manganese. Generally the quantitative and chemical status

is good.

Table 7: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in water-glacial Quaternary sediments


United of Group of GWBs code UAM5.1GW0003

fP

Cf 0,2-0,4 m/d

(loam), 6,6

m/d (sands

v/g), 31-43

m/d (sands

l/g), 4-29 m/d

(sands m/g),

km 0,6-180

m2/d

20-70 m (less

than 100 m in

Pereyaslav-

Khmelnitsky

depression)

HC

O3,

HC

O3-C

l, H

CO

3-S

O4,

Са

, N

a-C

a, M

g-C

a,

М 0

,3-1

,8 g

/dm

3 (

pre

dom

ina

tes t

o 0

,5 g

/dm

3)


UAM5.1.2Q3 00,

UAM5.1.4Q300,

UAM5.1.5Q300


water-glacial Quaternary

sediments

Group of GWBs area, square km 49730

Geologic index fP

Lithology Various-grained sands

with layers of sandy

loams, loam


Overlapping rocks -


max., average

3-100

10-20


average, m/ day

0,2-43

10-27


average, m2 / day

0,6-180

30


5


1,5



Number of production wells N.d.



cations)

M 0,3-1,8 g/dm3,

HCO3, HCO3-Cl, HCO3-

SO4 Ca


ENI/2016/372-403 41



precipitation, surface

waters, flow from the

underlying aquifers


Level trend Stable



rural population


pollution


Reliability of information High



42 ENI/2016/372-403

5.5.4 Group of GWBs in glacial-water and eolian-deluvial Quaternary

sediments – UAM5.1GW0004

GWBs are united in group with code UAM5.1GW0004. Group of GWBs in glacial- water and eolian-

deluvial Quaternary sediments is located within the watersheds of the Middle Dnipro region, as well as

in certain areas of the Volynska Upland.

Figure 9: Group of GWBs in glacial-water and eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments

The authors realize that the GWBs united in this group are spread over a territory of significant size

and therefore can be divided into separate GWBs. But this process can occur at subsequent stages,

taking into account groundwater monitoring data.

Water-bearing are water-glacier, glacial, lake-glacial and eolian-deluvial, eluvial-deluvial Middle-Upper

Neo-Pleistocene sediments.

The lower part of water-bearing rocks is represented by water-glacial, glacial, and lake-glacial various-

grained sands with layers of sandy loam and loam. The upper part is an eolian-deluvial, eluvial-

deluvial loam, sandy loam, loess-like loam. The thickness of water-bearing sediments is variable and

varies from 2-5 to 32 meters. The GWBs occur on pre-quaternary sediments.

The depth of the groundwater level varies from 3-5 to 20-28 meters (depth of 5-12 m prevails). The

water abundance of the upper part of the stratum is insignificant. The lower part is more abundant, the

filtration coefficients vary from 1.1 to 8.3 m/day. The specific well production rate varies from 0.9 to

345.6 m3/day.

Chemical composition of water is hydrocarbonate calcium, hydrocarbonate-chloride calcium and calci-

um-magnesium waters with mineralization of 0.3-0.7 g/dm3. Water is characterized by increased iron

content.


ENI/2016/372-403 43

Group of GWBs in glacial-water and eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments are not protected by natural

indicators of diffuse pollution by agricultural products and therefore highly vulnerable. According to the

results of chemical analysis, nitrates, nitrites, ammonia were detected in water. The recharge is infiltra-

tion, the discharge occurs in the river valleys and also in underlying aquifers. The annual amplitude of

groundwater level fluctuations is 0.5-3.0 m. The Group of GWBs in glacial-water and eolian-deluvial

Quaternary sediments is used for water supply of local rural population.


products application). Group of GWBs in glacial-water and eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments is

directly connected to surface ecosystems. Water is locally polluted with nitrates, chlorides and sul-

phates and is characterized by a natural high content of iron and manganese. Generally, the quantita-

tive and chemical status is good.

Table 8: Group of GWBs in glacial-water and eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments



column


f-vd

P

Cf 1,3-8,3

m/d

(sands),

1,1-1,5

m/d,

km 1-300

m2/d

less than

32 m

H

CO

3,

HC

O3-C

l, C

a-M

g, M

0,3

-0,7

g/d

m3

Group of GWBs code UAM5.1.3Q400, UAM5.1.2Q400,

UAM5.1.4Q400,

UAMQ5.1.5Q400

Group of GWBs name Group of GWBs in glacial-water

and eolian-deluvial Quaternary

sediments


Geologic index f+vdP

Lithology Various-grained sand with

interlayers of sandy loam, loam,

loess-like loam


Overlapping rocks -

Group of GWBs thickness, min., max.,

average

2-32

17


average, m/ day

1,1-8,3

5,0


average, m2 / day

1-130

65


15






44 ENI/2016/372-403



column



М 0,3-0,7 g/dm3,

HCO3 Ca, Mg

Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation,

surface waters, flow from the

underlying aquifers


Level trend Stable

Prevailing human activity Water production for domestic

needs of the rural population

Group of GWBs chemical status Good, local nitrate contamination





ENI/2016/372-403 45

5.5.5 Group of GWBs in eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments –

UAM5.1GW0005

Group of GWBs in eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments (code UAM5.1GW0005) is located in the

watersheds of the southern part of the Dnipro basin (sub-basin of the Middle and Lower Dnipro) United

into this group GWB can be divided into separate GWBs in future on the basis of groundwater monitor-

ing data.

Figure 10: Group of GWBs in eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments

Group of GWBs is the uppermost. In the floor of the water-bearing strata, the same-age clay and

heavy loam are deposited.

The water-bearing are eolian-deluvial and eluvial-deluvial Lower-upper Neopleistocene sediments.

The water-bearing rocks are represented by loams, sandy loams, loess-like loams with a thickness

from 1-6 to 12-30 m. The GWBs are low-water bearing. The coefficients of water conductivity are 0.2-

7.0 m2/day. The coefficient of water permeability varies from 0.2 to 1.1 m/day. Production rates vary

from 0.77 to 20.3 m3/day.

The depth of the level amounts from 1-5 to 10-21 m. The chemical composition of water is hydrocar-

bonate calcium-magnesium, hydrocarbonate-chloride magnesium-calcium-sodium, sulphate-

hydrocarbonate with mineralization from 0.9-3 to 8-10 g/dm3.

Group of GWBs in eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments is situated in a zone of insufficient humidifica-

tion and, accordingly, inadequate supply of groundwater. In this part of the territory the soil and aera-

tion zone rocks are saline as a result of the natural process of continental salt accumulation. This

leads to an increase in mineralization and degrades the water quality. In the chemical composition of

water, the eolian-deluvial quaternary deposits of the sub-basin of the Lower Dnipro among the anions

predominate sulphates and chlorides, and mineralization often exceeds the normative values, reach-


46 ENI/2016/372-403

ing 3-10 g / dm3, and sometimes more. The ground waters of the group are unprotected from diffuse

contamination and highly vulnerable. Nitrate pollution in water is observed within rural settlements as a

result of agricultural activity.

Infiltration recharge mode is characterized by pronounced seasonal variations.

The water of group of GWBs in eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments is used for drinking needs of

rural population.


products application). Group of GWBs in glacial-water and eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments is

directly connected to surface ecosystems. Water is locally polluted with nitrates, chlorides and sul-

phates and is characterized by a natural high content of iron, manganese, sulphates, chlorides and

mineralization. Generally, the quantitative and chemical status is good.

Table 9: Group of GWBs in eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments



vd

P

Cf 0,2-

1,1 m/d,

km 0,2-

7,0 m2/d

30 m

HC

O3

Ca

-Mg

, H

CO

3-C

l M

g-C

a-N

a,S

O4-H

CO

3

М 0

,9-3

,0 le

ss th

an

8-1

0 g

/dm

3


UAM5.1.3Q500,

Group of GWBs name Group of GWBs in eolian-

deluvial Quaternary

sediments


Geologic index vdP

Lithology Various-grained sand

with interlayers of sandy

loam, loam; loam, loess-

like loam


Overlapping rocks -


average

1-30

16


average, m/ day

0,2-1,1

0,7


average, m2 / day

0,2-7,0

4


15







М 0,9-3.0 g/dm3,

HCO3, Ca, HCO3-Cl, Ca-

Mg-Na, SO4- HCO3 Ca


ENI/2016/372-403 47



surface waters, flow from

the underlying aquifers


Level trend Stable



rural population


contamination





48 ENI/2016/372-403

5.5.6 Group of GWBs in Middle-Upper Quaternary sediments –

UAM5.1GW0006

Group of GWBs in Middle-Upper Quaternary sediments (code UAM5.1GW0006) stand out as small,

dispersed on the area GWBs in the Quaternary sediments within the hydrogeological region of the

Ukrainian Shield (Figure 5). Therefore, these GWBs are united into one group of GWB, common in

several sub-basins (sub-basins of Prypyat, Middle and Lower Dnipro). Their division into separate

GWBs will be carried out in the future, taking into account the human pressure studying and the re-

sults of groundwater monitoring.

Figure 11: Group of GWBs in Middle-Upper Quaternary sediments

Water-bearing sediments are various-grained, mostly fine- and medium-grained sands with layers of

sandy loam, loam, (water-glacial genetic varieties). Thickness amounts from 1-5 to 15-25 meters. Sed-

iments occur on the rocks of the crystalline basement, sometimes on the Paleogene and Neogene

sediments. The sediments either occur directly under the vegetative-soil layer or are overlapped with

eolian-deluvial loams. Depth 1-15 m.

These aquifers are confined or unconfined, the water head reaches 1.5–5.0 m, sometimes 12.0 m and

is fixed where loams or clays occur in the roof.

Well production rates reach 104-173 m3/day. Sands coefficients of filtration vary from 1-2 to 50-70

m/day or more. Waters in the north-western and central parts of the shield are fresh, mainly hydrocar-

bonate calcium and calcium-magnesium; in the south sulphate, hydrocarbonate-sulphate with mineral-

ization up to 1.8-2.0 g/dm3 are predominant.

The amplitude of groundwater level variations is 0.5-1.5 m.


ENI/2016/372-403 49

Recharge of aquifers is infiltrative and due to a flow from the underlying aquifers. Usually water intakes

developing this aquifer are located in river valleys, where there are favourable conditions for replen-

ishment of groundwater (during surface water exploitation).

Water of the Group of GWBs in Middle-Upper Quaternary sediments plays an essential role in water

supply of the population. The water supply of the settlements Korostyshiv, Bila Tserkva, Smila,

Oleksandria, Gorodysche, Novomyrgorod, Vatutine, Uzyn, Rokytne, Volodarka, Ivankiv, Korsun,

Novostarodub, Kamyanka Dniprovska and others is based on the exploitation of this GWBs.

Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits and local-

ly – drainage melioration. Water of the Group of GWBs in Middle-Upper Quaternary sediments is not

connected to surface ecosystems. Water is locally polluted with nitrates, and is characterized by a

natural high content of iron and manganese. Generally, the quantitative and chemical status is good.

Table 10: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in Middle-Upper Quaternary sediments



column


PII

-III

Cf

1-50

m/d, km

10-80

m2/d

5-30 m

HC

O3 C

a,

M д

о 1

,0 g

/dm

3 (

no

rth

), S

O4,

HC

O3-

SO

4,

М less t

han

1,8

-2,0

g/d

m3 (

so

uth

) Group of GWBs code UAM5.1.2Q600

UAM5.1.3Q600

UAM5.1.4Q600


Middle-Upper Quaternary

sediments


Geologic index PII-III

Lithology Various-grained sands with

interlayers of sandy loam and

loam, sands with pebbles and

gravel

Aquifer type Confined-unconfined

Overlapping rocks Loam, clay


max., average

5-30

15


average, m/ day

1-31

5-10


average, m2 / day

10-80

40


6-7


Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no Yes


Number of production wells More than 150


50 ENI/2016/372-403



column



North – M to 1,0 g/dm3, HCO3

Ca, Ca-Mg;

South - M to 1,8-2,0 g/dm3, SO4,

HCO3-SO4


surface water, flow from the

underlying aquifers

Connection with surface waters Connected

Level trend Stable

Prevailing human activity Economic and drinking water

supply

Group of GWBs chemical status Good, high natural iron

concentration





ENI/2016/372-403 51

5.5.7 Group of GWBs in Lower-Middle Quaternary sediments –

UAM5.1GW0007

Group of GWBs in Lower-Middle Quaternary sediments (code UAM5.1GW0007) is distributed on the

left bank of the Dnipro and its tributary - Desna, Seim, and others. It belongs to different sub-basins:

Desna, Middle and Lower Dnipro.

The division of Group of GWBs in Lower-Middle Quaternary sediments into separate GWBs will be

carried out in the future, taking into account the human pressure studying and the results of groundwa-

ter monitoring.

It is associated with alluvial sediments of floodplain terraces and water-glacial formations which form a

thick water-saturated layer of sandy sediments with a total thickness of 5 to 98, and somewhere to 120

meters. The aquifer occurs on sandy rocks of Oligocene, on the Eocene marls, and in places of their

erosion - on water-bearing Eocene sediments. Thus, in the Dnipro valley at the area from Kyiv to Kre-

menchuk, due to the lack of water-resistant Kyiv marls, water-containing Pleistocene Eocene sedi-

ments form the single powerful aquifer with water saturated Eocene deposits.

Figure 12: Group of GWBs in Lower-Middle Quaternary sediments

The water-containing sediments are represented by various-grained sands from fine-grained in the

upper part of the cross-section to coarse-grained and gravelly in the lower part. In the upper part of the

cross- section loam and sandy loam occur, due to which the aquifer gets water head. Its height does

not exceed 5-10 meters. The depth of the groundwater level is from 3 to 33 meters, mostly 5-10. The

production rates of wells that develop the lower part of the aquifer vary from 51.8 to 241.9 m3/day, in

some places increase to 578.9-596.2 m3/day. The coefficient of filtration in the valley of the Dnipro

reaches 100-160 m/day, in some places up to 610 m/day. The waters are fresh, hydrocarbonate-

calcium, calcium-magnesium, calcium-sodium, with mineralization up to 1 g/dm3. The quality indicators


52 ENI/2016/372-403

are worsened by the presence of iron, the natural content of which in water exceeds the normative

parameters.

The mode of the aquifer is influenced by meteorological factors, the average annual level variation

amplitude is 1.0-2.8 m.

Recharge occurs throughout the distribution area by infiltration of precipitation, and partly due to the

flow from confined Eocene and Oligocene aquifers. The aquifer discharges in the river valleys; the

general direction of the flow is towards the Dnipro valley - the main area of the aquifer discharge.

The water of this aquifer is of great importance for the water supply of the population throughout the all

area of its distribution. The waters of the upper parts are operated by wells for economic and drinking

purposes in the countryside. The waters of the lower part of the aquifer are exploited by a significant

number of wells for the supply of drinking water for the needs of small, medium and large settlements

(Cherkasy, Nizhyn, Nosivka, Grebinka, Bakhmach, Zolotonosha, Kremenchuk, etc.).


ly – drainage melioration. Water of the Group of GWBs in Lower-Middle Quaternary sediments is not

connected to surface ecosystems. The Group of GWBs in Lower-Middle Quaternary sediments is pro-

tected from contamination by the overlying sediments. Water is locally polluted with nitrates, and is

characterized by a natural high content of iron and manganese. Generally the quantitative and chemi-

cal status is good.

Table 11: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in Lower-Middle Quaternary sediments



PI-

II

(the

Dnipro

valley

Cf 34-

43

m/d),

km 50-

100

m2/d

98 less

than

120 m

HC

O3,

Са,

Ca

- M

g,

Са

-Na

, М

le

ss th

an

1 g

/dm

3(n

ort

h);

SO

4,H

CO

3-

SO

4,

М le

ss t

ha

n

1,8

-2,0

g/d

m3

(so

uth

)

Group of GWBs code UAM5.1.2Q600

UAM5.1.3Q600

UAM5.1.5Q600

Group of GWBs name Group of GWBs in Lower-

Middle Quaternary

sediments


km

36450

Geologic index PI-II

Lithology Various-grained sands with

interlayers of sandy loam

and loam, sands with

pebbles and gravel




max., average

To 120

20-30


average, m/ day

1-38

15


max, average, m2 / day

50-100

60


10

П@

bЭ П@k

v


ENI/2016/372-403 53


m

0,5-2,8

1-1,5






cations)

North – M to 1,0 g/dm3,

HCO3 Ca, Ca-Mg; South - M

to 1,8-2,0 g/dm3, SO4, HCO3-

SO4


surface water, flow from the

underlying aquifers

Connection with surface waters No

Level trend Stable

Prevailing human activity Economic and drinking water

supply

Group of GWBs chemical status Good, high natural iron

concentration


status

Good




54 ENI/2016/372-403

5.5.8 GWB in terrigenous Pliocene sediments – UAM5.1GW0008

GWB in terrigenous Pliocene sediments (code UAM5.1GW0008) is used for centralized water supply

only in the north of the Dnipropetrovsk region, although sandy alluvial sediments are widespread with-

in the watersheds of the left bank of the Dnipro. The water-containing rocks are mostly fine and medi-

um-grained sands with interlayers of coarse-grained sand and loam.

Figure 13: GWB in terrigenous Pliocene sediments

The thickness of water-bearing rocks varies from 2-5 to 50 meters (average 10-20 m). Coefficients of

filtration amount 0.2-6 m/day. Water-bearing rocks occur on the Paleogene rocks. Overlapped with low

permeable Neogene or Quaternary sediments. Depth of occurrence is 10-83 m. Waters are artesian,

height of water head is from 2 to 19-47 m.

Well production rates are 0.3-5.8 dm3/s.

The water is fresh, with mineralization of 0.3-0.7 g/dm3, hydrocarbonate calcium, calcium-sodium,

hydrocarbonate-sulphate magnesium-sodium.

Recharge occurs due to infiltration of precipitation and, in part, due to inflow from the aquifers lying

below. The aquifer is drained by river network. The level mode depends on climatic factors, the annual

amplitude of the level variations is 0.3-0.4 meters The aquifer is used for water supply of rural popula-

tion, as well as businesses with little need for water. For centralized water supply the aquifer is used in

the settlements of Magdalynivka and Olenivka.

Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits. Water of

the GWB in the terrigenous Pliocene sediments is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is protected

from contamination by the overlying sediments. The quantitative and chemical status is good.


ENI/2016/372-403 55

Table 12: Characteristic of GWB in terrigenous Pliocene sediments



column

United GWB code UAM5.1GW0008

N@

П#br

o

o

до 83 m

Cf 0,2-

12,0 m/d,

km 0,5-

180 m2/d

less than

158 m

HC

O3 C

a-M

g,

HC

O3-S

O4 M

g-N

a,

M 0

,3-0

,7 g

/ dm

3

GWB code UAM5.1.3N100

GWB name GWB in the

terrigenous Pliocene

sediments

GWB area, square km 661,2

Geologic index N2

Lithology Various-grained

sand

Aquifer type Confined


GWB thickness, min., max., average 2-50

10-20

Filtration coefficient k, min, max, average, m/

day

0,2-12,0

6,0

Water conductivity km, min, max, average, m2

/ day

0,5-180

50


20




Number of production wells About 30

Chemical composition (mineralization M, main

anions, cations)

М 0,3-0,7 g/dm3,

HCO3 Ca, Ca-Na,

Mg-Na; HCO3 ,-Cl

Mg- Na


precipitation


Level trend Stable

Prevailing human activity Water intake

GWB chemical status Good

GWB quantitative status Good



N@Эb-


56 ENI/2016/372-403

5.5.9 Group of GWBs in terrigenous-calcareous Miocene sediments –

UAM5.1GW0009

Group of GWBs in terrigenous-calcareous Miocene sediments (code UAM5.1GW0009) is situated in

the south of the Dnipro Basin (the sub-basin of the Lower Dnipro) in the Black Sea Artesian Basin and

at the boundary of the Hydrogeological area of the Ukrainian Shield with the Black Sea Artesian Basin.

The division of Group of GWBs in terrigenous-calcareous Miocene sediments into separate GWBs will

be carried out in the future, taking into account the human pressure studying and the results of

groundwater monitoring.

Figure 14: Group of GWBs in terrigenous-calcareous Miocene sediments

The water-bearing system is connected with the sediments of the Pontic, Meiotic and Sarmatian regio-

stage, which are not separated by water-resistant rocks.

Water-bearing deposits are not constant by depth and area. They are represented by limestone, sand,

sandstone in layers of clay. Thickness is 30-50, reaching 100-140 meters in some sites. They occur on

the same-age clay, in the roof they are overlapped by the same-age clays (or - on the right bank of the

Dnipro - variegated and red-brown clay of Miocene-Pliocene). These clays play the role of the upper

and underlying water-resistant layers.

On the left bank of the Dnipro in the places of quaternary eolian sands and alluvial sandy sediments

location between the Miocene and Quaternary aquifers hydraulic connection is formed.

The depth of occurrence varies from 3-10 to 25-90 meters; in the southern part it increases to 100-140

meters. The aquifer is artesian, water head varies from 3-18 to 50-100 meters. The depth of the

groundwater level is 3-51 meters or more. Water abundance varies significantly depending on the

lithology of the water-bearing layers and their thickness, the production rates vary from 8.6 to 2488-

3888 m3/day.


ENI/2016/372-403 57

The chemical composition of water is hydrocarbonate magnesium-calcium, hydrocarbonate-sulphate

calcium-magnesium, sulphate-chloride, sodium-magnesium, magnesium-sodium with mineralization

from 0.3-1.0 to 3.0 g/dm3. Levels are characterized by seasonal variations.

Group of GWBs in terrigenous-calcareous Miocene sediments is exploited for water supply of the cit-

ies of Kherson, Gola Prystan, Kakhovka, Nova Kakhovka, Beryslav, etc.


ly- irrigation. Water of the Group of GWBs in terrigenous-calcareous Miocene sediments is not con-

nected to surface ecosystems. It is protected from contamination by the overlying sediments. Locally

there is an increased natural content of iron and manganese. The quantitative and chemical status is

good.

Table 13: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in terrigenous-calcareous Miocene sediments



column


N1

N1

5-90 less

than 100-

140 m

Cf 7-250

m/d, km 50-

400 m2/d

100-300 m

HC

O3 C

a ,

Mg

-Ca, H

CO

3-S

O4 C

a-M

g,

SO

4-C

l N

a-M

g M

g-

Na,

М 0

,3-1

,0 g

/dm

3

Group of GWBs code UAM5.1.2N200

UAM5.1.3N200


terrigenous-

calcareous Miocene

sediments


Geologic index N1

Lithology Interlayers of

limestone,

sandstone, sand


Overlapping rocks Loam, clay, sand


average

30-50 and more

20-30

Filtration coefficient k, min, max, average, m/

day

from 7 to 250

20-30

Water conductivity km, min, max, average, m2

/ day

50-400

190

Level, min, max,

average, m

3-51

30

Average annual level variation, m 0,2-08




Chemical composition (mineralization M, main

anions, cations)

М 0,3-1,0 g/dm3,

HCO3 Ca, Mg-Ca,

HCO3-SO4 Ca-Mg,

SO4-Cl Na- Mg

N2-P1


58 ENI/2016/372-403



column


precipitation


Level trend Stable


Group of GWBs chemical status Good





ENI/2016/372-403 59

5.5.10 GWB in terrigenous– calcareous Sarmatian sediments –

UAM5.1GW0010

GWB in terrigenous-calcareous Sarmatian sediments (code UAM5.1GW0010) is situated in the west-

ern part of the Dnipro basin (sub-basin of the Pripyat River) within the junction of the Volyno-Podilsky

AB and the Hydrogeological region of the Ukrainian shield, where a small water body in the sediments

of the Sarmatian regio-stage of Miocene is distinguished. The water-bearing rocks are represented by

layers and lenses of limestone, sandstone, sand in the strata of the clay. The thickness of the interlay-

ers varies from 1-2 to 55 m (average 5-15 m), the depth varies from 10 to 100 m (average values 10-

25 m). The aquifer is artesian, the water head ranges from several to 35 meters. Levels are estab-

lished at depths from a few to 67-60 meters below the earth surface.

Figure 15: GWB in terrigenous-calcareous Sarmatian sediments

The water abundance is uneven, the production rates vary within 0.3-17.3 m3/day.

The chemical composition of water is hydrocarbonate calcium with mineralization up to 0.8 g/dm3.

Recharge of the aquifer is infiltration, discharge occurs in the modern erosion network.

Groundwater is used for centralized water supply of inhabited localities Starokostiantyniv, Shepetivka

and others.


the GWB in terrigenous-calcareous Sarmatian sediments is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is

protected from contamination by the overlying sediments. The quantitative and chemical status is

good.


60 ENI/2016/372-403

П @

K2s

Table 14: WB in terrigenous-calcareous Sarmatian sediments


United GWB code UAM5.1GW0010 P

N1s

10-100 m

Cf 0,2-4,6

m/d,

km 1,0-190

m/d

40-290 m

HC

O3 C

a ,

M le

ss t

han

0,8

g/d

m3

GWB code UAM5.1.4N300

GWB name GWB in terrigenous-


sediments

GWB area, square km 1040

Geologic index N1s

Lithology Interlayers of limestone,

sandstone, sand


Overlapping rocks Loam, clay, sand

GWB thickness, min., max.,

average

5 - 55

5-15


average, m/ day

0.2-4.6


average, m2 / day

1.0-190.0

Level, min, max,

average, m

To 35

Average annual level variation, m 0.12-0.34






cations)

М to 0,8 г/дм3,

HCO3 Ca

Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation


Level trend Stable






AR-PR

N1s


ENI/2016/372-403 61

5.5.11 Group of GWBs in terrigenous Oligocene sediments – UAM5.1GW0011

Group of GWBs in terrigenous Oligocene sediments (code UAM5.1GW0011) in terrigenous deposits

of Oligocene is connected with the sediments of the Mezhygirska suite. Oligocene is widely distributed

within the watersheds of the Middle and Low Dnipro sub-basins (central part of the Dniprovsko-

Donetsky artesian basin). It is situated within the watersheds of the Dnipro left tributaries. Water-

bearing deposits are various-grained, mostly fine-grained sands, with layers of siltstone, clays, and

lenses of brown coal.

The division of Group of GWBs in terrigenous Oligocene sediments into separate GWBs will be carried

out in the future, taking into account the human pressure studying and the results of groundwater

monitoring.

Figure 16: Group of GWBs in terrigenous Oligocene sediments

In the river valleys, the aquifer is covered with Quaternary sediments, on the watersheds - with varie-

gated and red-brown Miocene-Pliocene clays or sands of the Novopetrivska suite of the Miocene, with

which it forms a single aquifer. The Eocene Kyiv marls and clays serve as a floor, and in the places of

their absence – the Eocene and Upper Cretaceous sediments are the floor of the aquifer.

The depth of occurrence depends on the topography and the structural features of the territory and

varies from 5-25 (the artesian basin edges) to 80-90 meters (central part), in the inter-dome depres-

sions it reaches 125-250 meters.

The average thickness is 25-30 meters, increasing in the central part of the basin to 70-90 meters, and

in the inter-dome depressions- 150-180 m.

The water head varies from 1.5 to 30 meters, in the central part of the artesian basin - up to 60 me-

ters. Water abundance depends on the lithology of water-bearing rocks. Well production rates vary

from 17.3-293.8 to 864 m3/day.


62 ENI/2016/372-403

Р3

50-400 m

Groundwater is mainly fresh, hydrocarbonate calcium, calcium-magnesium, calcium-sodium, sodium-

calcium, with mineralization of 0.4-0.7 g/dm3, in the central part of the artesian basin mineralization

increases to 4 g/dm3, caused by deep saline aquifers discharge.

The recharge is infiltration and, partially, due to the flow from the Eocene aquifer, where it contains

saline water. Discharge is carried out in the river network (the valley of the Dnipro and its tributaries).

Groundwater level is characterized by seasonal variations, the amplitude is 0.4-0.5 m on the water-

sheds and 0.1-0.2 m on the slopes.

Considering shallow occurrence of the Group of GWBs in terrigenous Oligocene sediments, significant

water abundance and good quality of water, it is used for centralized water supply in inhabited locali-

ties of Romny, Gadyach, Lubny, Myrgorod.


the Group of GWBs in terrigenous Oligocene sediments is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is

protected from contamination by the overlying sediments. Locally there is an increased natural content

of iron and manganese. The quantitative and chemical status is good.

Table 15: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in terrigenous Oligocene sediments



column


П@kv

П@

o o

from 5-90 to

250 m

HC

O3 C

a,

Ca

-Na,

Na

-Ca, М

0,4

-0,7

g/d

m3

Group of GWBs code UAМ5.1.2Р100,

UAМ5.1.3Р100

UAМ5.1.5Р100


terrigenous Oligocene

sediments

Cf 0,4-7,0

m/d,

km 50-150

and more

m2/d


Geologic index Р3

Lithology Various-grained, mostly

fine- grained sand


Overlapping rocks Fine-grained sand, clay


average

25-30 to 70-95, locally

150-180

25-30

Filtration coefficient k, min, max, average,

m/ day

0,4-7,0

3-4


average, m2 / day

10-200

130

Level, min, max,

average, m

1,5-60,0

20-30





N!-2sg-Эb

P N1

K2


ENI/2016/372-403 63



column

Chemical composition (mineralization M,

main anions, cations)

М 0,4-0,7 g/dm3,

HCO3 Ca, Ca-Na, Na-Ca


precipitation, flow from

Eocene aquifer

Connection with surface waters Discharge in river valleys

Level trend Stationary filtration mode

Prevailing human activity Water intake for

centralized water supply






64 ENI/2016/372-403

5.5.12 Group of GWBs in terrigenous Eocene sediments – UAM5.1GW0012

Group of GWBs in terrigenous Eocene sediments (code UAM5.1GW0012) is connected mainly with

the sediments of the Buchak suite of Eocene. In addition to it, deposits of the Kanivska and Kyivska

suites are part of the aquifer in some areas.

The division of Group of GWBs in terrigenous Eocene sediments into separate GWBs will be carried

out in the future, taking into account the human pressure studying and the results of groundwater

monitoring.

Group of GWBs in terrigenous Eocene sediments is distributed almost everywhere on the left bank of

the Dnipro river (subbasin of the Desna, Middle and Upper Dnipro) within the central part of the

Dniprovsko-Donetskyi artesian basin. It is blurred in the Dnipro valley (from Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky to

Cherkasy), within the salt dome structures.

Figure 17: Group of GWBs in terrigenous Eocene sediments

In the roof of the water bearing sediments regional water-resistant strata - Eocene Kyiv marls and

clays occur, and in places of their erosion - Oligocene and Quaternary sediments. In the Dnipro valley,

in the places of the Kyiv marls erosion, the Eocene and Quaternary aquifers form a single hydraulic

system. Under it the marl-chalk rocks of the Upper Cretaceous, within the Oster-Zolotonisky uplift - the

Jurassic clay occur. To the south-west of Chernigiv, water-containing Alb-Cenomanian sediments of

Cretaceous are deposited under the Eocene water-bearing rocks. To the south of Kremenchuk, water-

bearing deposits of the aquifer occur on the watered sediments of the Cenomanian, Jurassic, Triassic,

Carboniferous or crystalline basement.

The water-bearing rocks are: various-grained sand, mostly medium grained, with interlayers of sand-

stones, siltstones, clays. Thickness varies from 5-10 to 80-100 meters. The depth of water-bearing

rocks varies from 12.5-62.0 (edges of the basin, river valleys) to 156-331 meters (central part of the

basin). The aquifer is artesian, the water head magnitude varies from 5-15 to 135-333 meters.


ENI/2016/372-403 65

Groundwater levels are set at a depth of 1-12 to 56 meters or more. In some wells, the level is set

above the earth surface.

The formation of the chemical composition depends on the geostructural features of water-bearing

rocks occurrence, the influence of salt-dome structures and the lithology of water-bearing rocks. For

the Eocene aquifer, increased content of fluorine up to 3-5 mg/dm3, is peculiar. Within the most aquifer

territory water is fresh, with mineralization up to 1g/dm3, hydrocarbonate calcium-magnesium, sodium,

calcium-sodium. In the area of salt-dome structures the mineralization increases to 2.1-5 g/dm3, there

water is hydrocarbonate-chloride sodium. In the Dnipro valley (from Kremenchuk to Pavlograd) water

is chloride sodium with mineralization from 2.6 to 3-4 g/dm3, in some places 5-15 g/dm

3.

The wells production rates vary from 86.4-864 to 1296-2160 m3/day (most characteristic 172.8-259.2

m3/day). Infiltration recharge takes place on the north-eastern and south-western edges of the artesian

basin, where water-bearing rocks occur shallow and are covered with water-permeable sand sedi-

ments. The aquifer discharges in the Dnipro valley in the absence of water-resistant deposits in its

roof. In places of recharge and discharge, significant seasonal variations of groundwater level are

observed - up to 0.5-0.9 m, oscillations are less pronounced in the deep part of the artesian basin.

The aquifer is one of the main sources of drinking water providing of settlements located in the

Dniprovsko-Donetsky artesian basin. Here it is operated by numerous large and medium water users,

used for centralized water supply of cities Chernigiv, Pryluky, Trostyanets, Lebedyn, Lubny, Pyriatyn

and others. In the Kyiv region, as a result of the flows through the water separation layer, in the pro-

cess of intensive exploitation of the Alb-Cenomanian aquifer, lowing of level to 2.7-15 m in the Eocene

aquifer is observed.

Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits. The

formation of depression funnels is marked. Water of Group of GWBs in terrigenous Eocene sediments

is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is protected from contamination by the overlying sediments.

Locally there is an increased natural content of fluorine, in Dnipro valley – iron, manganese. An in-

crease in the mineralization in the zone of salt tectonics influence was also noted. The quantitative

and chemical status is good.


66 ENI/2016/372-403

Table 16: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in terrigenous Eocene sediments



K2

K1-K2s

J

T

C

12,5-62

less

than

331 m

HC

O3 C

a,

Ca

-Mg

, N

a,

Ca

-Na

, М

less th

an 1

g/d

m3,

HC

O3,

Cl N

a,

М less th

an 2

,1-5

g/d

m3

(are

a o

f salt-d

om

e s

tructu

res)

Group of GWBs code UAМ5.1.1Р200,

UAМ5.1.2Р200,

UAМ5.1.3Р200,

UAМ5.1.4Р200,

UAМ5.1.5Р200


terrigenous Eocene

sediments

Cf 0,2-

9,0 m/d,

km100-

140

m2/d

60-500

m


Geologic index Р2


interlayers of sandstone,

siltstone, clay


Overlapping rocks Clay, marl, sand


max.,

average

5-100

35-55


average, m/ day

0,2-9.0

6.0


average, m2 / day

100-140

Level, min, max,

average, m

from 5-15 to 134,8-332,7

30-60







cations)

М to 1 g/dm3,

HCO3 Ca, Ca-Mg, Na, Ca-

Na,

locally HCO3-Cl, Cl Na


and surface water

П@k

v

П#_P

AR-PR

Р2


ENI/2016/372-403 67


Connection with surface waters In areas of erosion of water-

resistant deposits is

connected with Quaternary

aquifers

Level trend Stable. In places of intense

water intake- - depression

surfaces (funnels)

Prevailing human activity Water intake for centralized

water supply






68 ENI/2016/372-403

5.5.13 Group of GWBs in terrigenous Paleogene sediments – UAM5.1GW0013

Group of GWBs in terrigenous Paleogene sediments (code UAM5.1GW0013) are associated with the

Oligocene and Eocene sediments, which fill the paleo-valleys in the crystalline basement of the

Ukrainian shield. These GWBs are separate areas, united in the group.

The division of Group of GWBs in terrigenous Paleogene sediments into separate GWBs will be car-

ried out in the future, taking into account the human pressure studying and the results of groundwater

monitoring.

Figure 18: Group of GWBs in terrigenous Paleogene sediments

They are covered with red-brown and variegated clays of the Miocene-Pliocene, sometimes sandy

formations of the Poltava suite of the Miocene, which are often drained, or quaternary rocks. The aqui-

fer occurs on the crystalline rocks of the basement. In the southern part of their distribution (Konksko-

Yalynska depression) they occur on the Upper Cretaceous sediments.

The water-bearing rocks are represented by fine-grained sands, sandstones with interlayers of clays,

secondary kaolins and brown coal. Thickness reaches 10-100 meters. Depth from 2-30 to 50-70 me-

ters. The aquifer is artesian, water head is weak, it reaches 15-20 meters, an average of 7-10 meters.

Well production rates vary from 86.4 to 190.1 m3/day.According to the chemical composition of water,

they are hydrocarbonate calcium-sodium, sodium-calcium, sulphate-hydrocarbonate, chloride-sulphate

with mineralization not exceeding 1 g/dm3. In the Konksko-Yalynska depression mineralization in-

creases from 0.8 to 2.3-2.5 g/dm3.Infiltration recharge occurs due to precipitation, as well as flows

from overlying and underlying aquifers.

The Group of GWBs in terrigenous Paleogene sediments are used for water supply of settlements

Vatutyne, Kropyvnytskyi, Guliaj Pole, etc.


ENI/2016/372-403 69


the Group of GWBs in terrigenous Paleogene sediments is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is

protected from contamination by the overlying sediments. Locally there is an increased natural content

iron and manganese. The quantitative and chemical status is good.

Table 17: Group of GWBs in terrigenous Paleogene sediments


United Group of GWBs code UAM5.1GW0013 10-70 m

HC

O3 C

a-N

a,

Na

-Ca,

SO

4-H

CO

3,

Cl-

HC

O3

,

М less th

an 1

g/d

m3,

in t

he K

on

kovo

-Ya

linsky d

ep

ressio

n,

M f

rom

0,8

to

2,3

-2,5

g/d

m3

Group of GWBs code UAМ5.1.2Р300

UAМ5.1.3Р300

UAМ5.1.4Р300


terrigenous Paleogene

sediments

Р

Cf 0,5-8,0

m/d, km 50-

150 m2/d

80 less than

250-300 m


km

8451

Geologic index Р


interlayers of sandstone,

clay, brown coal

Aquifer type Confined (weak water head)

K2

J,D,C

Overlapping rocks Clay, sand


max.,

average

10-35

10-12


average, m/ day

0.5-8.0

4.0



50-150

70

Level, min, max,

average, m

15-18

7-10


m

0.33-1.1


Number of spring cappings --

Number of production wel ls More than 100



cations)

М to 1 g/dm3, HCO3 Ca,

Na-Ca; SO4-HCO3, Cl -

HCO3

Main recharge source Infiltration of precipita-tion,

flow from overlying and

underlying aquifers

N!_@sg-

Эb

P N!

AR-PR


70 ENI/2016/372-403


Connection with surface waters -

Level trend Stable

Prevailing human activity Water intake for water

supply of settlements



status

Good




ENI/2016/372-403 71

5.5.14 GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the

Prypyat) – UAM5.1GW0014

GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments in sub-basin of the Prypyat (code UAM5.1GW0014)

is connected with the marl-chalk sediments of the Upper Cretaceous (from Maastrichtian to Turonian

stages) and is situated in the west of the Dnipro basin (sub-basin of the Prypyat).

Figure 19: GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the Prypyat)

Water content is associated with the active fissured zone of marls, chalk and chalk-like limestone. The

thickness of the fissured zone from the roof of the layer varies from 10-40 to 60-70 m, sometimes

more. Below this zone, the marl- chalk sediments are almost monolithic and are the water-resistant

layer separating the Upper Cretaceous aquifer from the underlying sediments.

The aquifer occurs under Quaternary, in some places Neogene or Paleogene sediments. The depth of

groundwater varies from 11.5-25 in the river valleys to 60 meters in the watersheds. In the western

part, the Cenomanian layer of the Upper Cretaceous occurs under it, in the east - the Mesozoic,

Paleozoic, or Precambrian rocks.

The aquifer is artezian. Water head varies from 11 to 59 meters. The water head is due to the pres-

ence of the marl-chalk strata of the “colmatage zone” (an amorphous clay mass with the inclusion of

fragments of the bedrock) in the roof. The prevailing thickness are: on slopes and watersheds up to 3

m, in river valleys from 3 to 10 m. At the same time, the zone of colmatage is the upper water-resistant

layer, protecting groundwater from surface pollution.

Groundwater is mostly fresh, hydrocarbonate calcium, calcium-magnesium, with a predominant min-

eralization of 0.2-0.3 g / dm3, sometimes 0.03-1.7 g / dm

3.


72 ENI/2016/372-403

The GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the Prypyat) is widely used for

centralized drinking water supply of settlements Lutsk, Kovel, Volodymyr-Volynskyi, Gorokhiv,

Torchyn, Dubne, etc.


the GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the Prypyat) is not connected to

surface ecosystems. It is protected from contamination by the overlying sediments. The quantitative



Prypyat)



11-25, less

than 60 m

(the

thickness of

the fissured

zone 10-70

m)

Cf 0,01-35,0

m/d, km 10-

810 m2/d

150-200 and

more m

PЄ

М 0

,07

-0,7

g/d

m3, va

rie

gate

d c

hem

ica

l com

positio

n

GWB code М514К100

GWB name GWB in calcareous Upper

Cretaceous sediments (sub-

basin of the Prypyat)

GWB area, square km 32130 Є

,S,D

,C,J

Geologic index К2

Litology Fissured marl, chalk


Overlapping rocks Loam, sandy loam, sands,

eluvial rocks ("colmatage

zone")


average

3,0-70,0

10,0-40,0

Filtration coefficient k, min,

max, average, m/ day

0,01-35,0

15-18



From 10-50 to 775-810

Level, min, max,

average, m

11-75

25-35


m

Water intake 10 м3/day:

yes/no

Yes





cations)

М 0,07-0,7 g/dm3,

variegated chemical

composition


surface water, flow from

underlying aquifers


N

Q

П

K2

K2


ENI/2016/372-403 73


Level trend Stable

Prevailing human activity Household and drinking water

supply






74 ENI/2016/372-403

5.5.15 GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basins of the

Middle Dnipro and Desna) – UAM5.1GW0015

GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments in sub-basins of the Middle Dnipro and Desna (code

UAM5.1GW0015) is located in the fissured zone of the marl-chalk sediments of the Upper Cretaceous

(Maastricht-Kampan). It is distributed in the north-east of the territory of the Dnipro basin (subbasin of

the Desna and the Middle Dnipro). The thickness of the fissure zone from the roof of sediments varies

from 60-70 m, rarely more. Below this zone, the marl-chalk sediments are almost monolithic and serve

as the water-resistant layer that separates the Upper Cretaceous aquifer from the underlying sedi-

ments.

Figure 20: GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basins of the Middle Dnipro

and Desna)

It occurs under Quaternary, in some places Neogene or Paleogene sediments at a depth of 15-25 in

river valleys up to 60-80 meters along the watersheds. In the western part, deposits of the Cenomani-

an stage of the Upper Cretaceous occur under it. The aquifer is artesian. Water head varies from 25-

35, in some places up to 75 meters. The water head is due to the presence of the “colmatage zone” in

the roof of the marl-chalk strata - an amorphous clay mass with the inclusion of bedrock fragments.

The prevailing values of its thickness are on the slopes and watersheds up to 3 m, in the river valleys

up to 8 m. At the same time, the colmatage zone is the upper water-resistant layer, protecting ground-

water from pollution from the surface. In the north-eastern part, where the marl-chalk sediments occu-

py a high hypsometric position, the magnitude of the water head decreases due to the intensive dis-

charge of the aquifer.

Groundwater is mostly fresh, hydrocarbonate calcium, calcium-magnesium, with mineralization of 0.2-

0.3 g/dm3, sometimes 0.03-1.7 g/dm

3.


ENI/2016/372-403 75

Groundwater is widely used for centralized drinking water supply of settlements Sumy, Shostka, Vo-

rozhba, Glukhiv, Putyvl, Trostyanets and others.


the GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments in sub-basins of the Middle Dnipro and Desna is

not connected to surface ecosystems. It is protected from contamination by the overlying sediments.

The quantitative and chemical status is good.

Table 19: Characteristic of GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basins of the

Middle Dnipro and Desna)


United GWB code UAM5.1GW0015 K2

15-25 less than

60-80 m

Cf 0,01-35,0 m/d,

(the thickness of

the fissured zone

60-70 m)

km less than 700-

800 m2/d

240-300 m

М 0

,07

-0,7

g/d

m3, va

rie

gate

d c

hem

ica

l com

positio

n GWB code UAМ5.1.2К200,

UAМ5.1.5К200

GWB name GWB in calcareous Upper

Cretaceous sediments (sub-

basins of the Middle Dnipro

and Desna)


Geologic index К2

Litology Fissured marl, chalk


Overlapping rocks Loam, sandy loam, sands,

eluvial rocks ("colmatage

zone")


average

10,0-70,0

10,0-40,0



0,01-35,0

15-18



To 700-800

Level, min, max,

average, m

11-75

25-35

Average annual level

variation, m

To 0,45


yes/no

Yes




(mineralization M, main

anions, cations)

М 0,07-0,7 g/dm3,

variegated chemical

composition

П

N P

K1-2


76 ENI/2016/372-403


surface water, flow from

underlying aquifers

Connection with surface

waters

Yes

Level trend Stable

Prevailing human activity Household and drinking

water supply






ENI/2016/372-403 77

5.5.16 GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the

Lower Dnipro) – UAM5.1GW0016

GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments within sub-basin of the Lower Dnipro (code

UAM5.1GW0016) is spread over an area of the Lower Dnipro sub-basin territory (zone of the Do-

netska hydrogeological folded region band the Hydrogeological region of Ukrainian Shield adjacency,

the Konksko-Yalynska depression). Water-bearing rocks are fissured chalk, marl with thin layers of

sandstones and sands that occur on Pre0Cambrian, Carboniferous and Triassic formations. Above it

the Eocene-Oligocene and Miocene water-containing rocks occur, hydraulically connected with the

Upper Cretaceous waters-bearing system.

Figure 21: GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the Lower Dnipro)

Thickness is 20-25 meters, depth from 20-40 in the valleys to 60-90 meters on the watersheds. The

water-bearing system is confined-unconfined: it is unconfined on the watersheds, and in the river val-

leys the water head reaches 20-30 meters. The production rates of wells reach 2246.4-3628.8 m3/day,

towards the watersheds, the water abundance decreases to 4.32-8.64 m3/day. The filtration coeffi-

cients vary from 1-100 m/day in the valleys to 0.001-0.2 m/day on the watersheds.

In the Konksko-Yalynska depression, the Cretaceous sediments are deposited on the rocks of the

crystalline basement, and they are covered with the Paleogene and Neogene rocks. The depth varies

from 15 to 300-400 meters. Thickness varies from 10-20 to 50-60 meters. The aquifer is confined (ar-

tesian), the magnitude of the water head is 15-200 meters. Well production rates vary from 172.8-

190.1 to 2298.2 m3/day, filtration coefficients - 1.5-10.0 m/day. The waters-bearing system regime is

due to seasonal climatic changes.

The chemical composition of groundwater is variegated - chloride-sulphate calcium-sodium with a

mineralization of 1-3 g/dm3, in the river valleys - fresh chloride-hydrocarbonate-sulphate sodium-


78 ENI/2016/372-403

calcium, hydrocarbonate calcium and sulphate-hydrocarbonate sodium-calcium. The total hardness

varies from 3.4-29.7 mmol/dm3, but in most cases does not exceed 14 mmol/dm

3.

The water of the GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the Lower Dnipro) is

used for water supply of a number of cities and villages (Velyka Noselivka, Elyzavetivka, Katerynivka,

Dobrovillya, Pology, Guliaj-Pole, etc.).


the GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the Lower Dnipro) is not connected

to surface ecosystems. It is protected from contamination by the overlying sediments. The quantitative



Lower Dnipro)



K2

N2

T

20-90 m

Cf 1,5-10,0

m/d,

somewhere

more, km

10-150 m2/d

Cl-

SO

4 C

a-N

a,

М 1

-3 g

/dm

3;

ClH

CO

3S

O4

Na

-Ca,

HC

O3 C

a,

SO

4-H

CO

3 N

a-C

a ,

М less th

an 1

g/d

m3

GWB code UAМ5.1.3К100

GWB name GWB in calcareous

Upper Cretaceous

sediments (sub-basin of

the Lower Dnipro)


Geologic index К2

Lithology Fissured marl, chalk,

limestone

Aquifer type Mostly confined

Overlapping rocks Sand


average

10-60

30


average, m/ day

1,5-10 , sometimes more

7.0


average, m2 / day

10-500

180-250

Level, min, max,

average, m

from 15-20 sometimes to

100

Average annual level variation, m 0.3






cations)

М 1-3 g/dm3, Cl-SO4 Ca-

Na

М to 1 g/dm3, Cl-HCO3-

SO4 Na- Ca; HCO3 Ca;

SO4-HCO3 Na- Ca



100-170 m

П2 N1

AR-PR


ENI/2016/372-403 79


Level trend No data


water supply






80 ENI/2016/372-403

5.5.17 GWB in terrigenous Upper Cretaceous sediments – UAM5.1GW0017

GWB in terrigenous Upper Cretaceous sediments (code UAM5.1GW0017) is distributed in a small

area in the Lower Dnipro sub-basin territory (the Black Sea artesian basin slopes).

Figure 22: GWB in terrigenous Upper Cretaceous sediments

The water-bearing rocks are represented by sands and sandstones in the thickness of the marl-chalks

and clays occurring on the Precambrian rocks, and are overlapped by water-bearing sediments of the

Paleogene and Miocene.

The water-bearing sediments thickness is 20–200 meters, depth is from 90 to 100 m. The levels are

set at a depth of from 10–15 to 50–60 meters. The aquifer system is confined, the water head reaches

20-50, and in the deep part more. The production rates of wells are 268 m3/day, in the direction of

rocks lowering they increase to 2000 m3/day. Filtration coefficients vary from 1 to 50 m/day.

The chemical composition of groundwater is hydrocarbonate calcium with mineralization 0.5-1.0 g /

dm3.

The aquifer system is exploited together with aquifer in Paleogene sediments for water supply of the

settlements in the Vasylyivskyi district of the Zaporizka region.


the GWB in terrigenous Upper Cretaceous sediments is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is


good.


ENI/2016/372-403 81

Table 21: GWB in terrigenous Upper Cretaceous sediments



90-100 m

Cf 1-10,0

m/d and

more,

km n.d.

350-400 m

HC

O3 C

a,

М less t

han

1 g

/dm

3


GWB name GWB in terrigenous

Upper Cretaceous

sediments


Geologic index К2

Lithology Sand, sandstone


Overlapping rocks Sand, clay


average

20-200


average, m/ day

1-10 and more


average, m2 / day

No data

Level, min, max,

average, m

To 20-50







cations)

M to 1 g/dm3

HCO3 Ca,


precipitation


Level trend Stable


water supply





AR-PR

П2

K2

K2


82 ENI/2016/372-403

5.5.18 GWB in terrigenous Cenomanian sediments – UAM5.1GW0018

GWB in terrigenous Cenomanian sediments (code UAM5.1GW0018) is distributed almost everywhere

within the Volyno-Podilskyi artesian basin, but for household and drinking purposes it is used in places

of its shallow occurrence, in the territory where the Volyno-Podilsky artesian basin borders with the

Hydrogeological region of the Ukrainian shield. In this part, the water-bearing rocks occur on the Pre-

cambrian rocks, and is overlapped with marl-chalk sediments of the Upper Cretaceous, in some plac-

es - the Paleogene, Neogene, and the Quaternary system. The thickness of water-bearing rocks is 5-

25 meters or more.

Figure 23: GWB in terrigenous Cenomanian sediments

The water-bearing rocks are sand, sandstone with layers of flint, limestone and gaize. The depth of

occurrence is 10-50 meters. The aquifer is artesian, the water head is 10–15 meters and increases to

100 more meters to the east along with the deepening of rocks to the west. Static level set at depths of

up to 25 meters.

Chemical composition of groundwater is hydrocarbonate calcium, calcium-magnesium, with predomi-

nant mineralization not exceeding 0.3-1.6 g/dm3. There are no traditional water-resistant layers neither

in the roof nor in the floor of the aquifer.

The water of Cenomanian aquifer is used for water supply of the cities of Khmelnitsky, Shepetivka,

Izyaslav. In the settlements of Krasyliv and Slavuta, it is exploited together with the aquifer in Precam-

brian rocks.


the GWB in terrigenous Cenomanian sediments is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is protect-

ed from contamination by the overlying sediments. The quantitative and chemical status is good.


ENI/2016/372-403 83

Table 22: Characteristic of GWB in terrigenous Cenomanian sediments



PЄ

10-50 m

Cf 0,2-12 m/d

km 10-150 m2/d

90-100 m

HC

O3 C

a,

Ca

-Mg

,, M

0,3

-1,6

g/d

m3





Geologic index K2s

Lithology sand, sandstone with

layers of flint, limestone

and gaize


Overlapping rocks Chalk, marl, sand, loam


average

5-25

14


average, m/ day

0,2-12,0

7.0



10-150

80

Level, min, max,

average, m

to 25


m

0.4-0.45






cations)

М 0,3-1,6 g/dm3

HCO3Ca, Ca-Mg


precipitation

Connection with surface -

Level trend Stable

Prevailing human activity Centralized water

supply





K2 П,N,P

K2s


84 ENI/2016/372-403

5.5.19 Group of GWBs in terrigenous Alb-Cenomanian sediments –

UAM5.1GW0019

Group of GWBs in terrigenous Alb-Cenomanian sediments (code UAM5.1GW0019) of the Lower and

Upper Cretaceous is widely distributed within the Dniprovsko-Donetsky AB with the exception of cer-

tain areas (between Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky - Cherkasy, Ostersko-Zolotonisky uplift, arches of salt-

dome structures). Within the Hydrogeological Region of the Ukrainian Shield, it fills separate paleo-

valleys in the crystalline basement. Considering the absence of water-resistant layers between the

Albian and Cenomanian sediments, a single water-bearing system is formed in their stratum.

The division of Group of GWBs terrigenous Alb-Cenomanian sediments into separate GWBs will be


ter monitoring.

Water-containing are fine-grained, clayey sands and sandstones with interlayers of clays (upper part

of the strata) and sands of various-grained, medium and coarse-grained sand with lenses, concretions

of flint (lower part of the strata).

Figure 24: Group of GWBs in terrigenous Alb-Cenomanian sediments

Water-resistant marl-chalk sediments are deposited in the roof of the Upper Cretaceous, and in places

of their erosion - Paleogene and Quaternary sediments. Below the Lower Cretaceous, Jurassic and

Archean-Proterozoic rocks occur.

Thickness is from 7-50 to 75-100 m. The depth of occurrence varies from 25-50 to 100-150 meters, in

the deepest part of the artesian basin increases to 728 meters. Well production rates are from 95.0-

950.4 to 2592-4078.1 m3/day.

The chemical composition of groundwater is hydrocarbonate calcium-sodium, hydrocarbonate-

sulphate sodium, hydrocarbonate- chloride sodium with mineralization from 0.5-0.7 to 1.0-1.3 g/dm3.


ENI/2016/372-403 85

J

К2

П, P

AR-PR

К1-2

K1

The water is artesian, water head varies from 10-30 to 70-100 meters, reaching 500-600 meters or

more in the central part of Dniprovsko-Donetsky AB. Groundwater levels are established mainly at

depths of 15-20 meters.

In most of its distribution, the aquifer complex is protected from pollution.

The groundwater of the water-bearing system almost everywhere within its distribution is the main

source of centralized water supply, including the cities of Poltava, Chernigiv, etc.

In the area of Poltava city, as a result of long-term operation, a surfaces of depression were formed

with a level decrease to 30 m in the centre. In Kyiv city the aquifer is used together with the aquifer in

the Callovian Upper Jurassic sediments, with which it forms a single water-bearing system. Here, as a

result of intensive exploitation of the Cenomanian- Callovian aquifer system, several surfaces of de-

pression were formed with a diameter of from 3-5 to 10-15 km and with a level decrease in the centre

to 10-20 meters.


formation of depression funnels is marked. Water of Group of GWBs in terrigenous Alb-Cenomanian

sediments is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is protected from contamination by the overlying

sediments. Locally an increased mineralization in the zone of salt tectonics influence was noted. The

quantitative and chemical status is good.

Table 23: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in terrigenous Alb-Cenomanian sediments



column


25-150 m

and more

Cf 0,5-15

m/d,

km 10-

700 m2/d

from 80 to

200-500

m and

more

HC

O3 C

a-M

g,

Ca

-Na, H

CO

3-S

O4 N

a,

M 0

,3-0

,7 g

/dm

3

Group of GWBs code UAМ5.1.1К300,

UAМ5.1.2К300,

UAМ5.1.3К300,

UAМ5.1.4К300,

UAМ5.1.5К3100


terrigenous Alb-Cenomanian

sediments


Geologic index К1-2

Lithology Fine-grained sand,

sandstone with layers of clay

(upper part);

Middle- and coarse-grained

sand with sandstone lenses

and flint (lower part)


Overlapping rocks Chalk, marl, sand, loam


max., average

From 7-50 to 75-100

40-60


average, m/ day

0,5-15

7.0


average, m2 / day

10-700

100-200


86 ENI/2016/372-403

Level, min, max,

average, m

From 1-10 to 50-100

15-20







cations)

Number of production wells


Connection with surface In the Dnipro valley dis-

charges in quaternary

aquifers

Level trend Level recovery

Prevailing human activity Centralized water supply






ENI/2016/372-403 87

5.5.20 GWB in terrigenous Middle-Upper Jurassic sediments –

UAM5.1GW0020

GWB in terrigenous Middle-Upper Jurassic sediments (code UAM5.1GW0020) is located in the sub-

basin of the Lower Dnipro. The Jurassic sediments are represented by sandy-argillaceous rocks, the

water-bearing rocks are fractured sandstones and coarse-grained sands with interlayers of limestone

of Kimmeridgian, Callovian and Bajocian stages (Middle-Upper Jurassic).

Figure 25: GWB in terrigenous Middle-Upper Jurassic sediments

Floor of the aquifer are Triassic sediments, the roof sand and clay, somewhere chalk Paleogene sed-

iments. The depth of occurrence is from 41-93 to 161-177 m. The thickness of water-bearing layers

ranges from 20-40 to 50-110 meters. The aquifer system is confined; the magnitude of the water head

varies from 5.4–13.7 to 29–50 meters.

The chemical composition is mainly sulphate, sulphate-chloride, chloride-sulphate calcium-sodium,

sodium. Mineralization amounts from 0.4-0.7 to 2 g / dm3.

Water abundance is uneven, due to the differences in lithological structure, thickness of aquifers and

their filtration properties. Well production rates vary from 155-860 m3/day. The recharge is infiltration of

precipitation or overlying aquifers flow.

The aquifer is used for centralized water supply in the south-eastern part of the Dnipro basin.


the GWB in terrigenous Middle-Upper Jurassic sediments is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is


good.


88 ENI/2016/372-403

Table 24: Characteristic of GWB in terrigenous Middle-Upper Jurassic sediments



41-177

m

Cf 1,2-

20 m/d,

km 80-

800

m2/d

200-300

and

more m

SO

4 S

O4

-Cl, C

l-S

O4

, C

a-N

a, N

a,

М 0

,4-2

,0 g

/dm

3

GWB code UAM5.1.3J100


Middle-Upper Jurassic

sediments


Geologic index J2-3

Lithology Coarse -grained sand,

sandstone, layers of

limestone




average

20-110

60


m/ day

1,2-20

9

Water conductivity km, min, max, average,

m2 / day

80-800

400

Level, min, max,

average, m

5,4-50

28

Average annual level variation, m 0.5-0.6






M0,4-2,0 g/dm3

SO4 SO4-Cl, Cl-SO4,

Ca-Na, Na


precipitation, flow

from upperlying

aquifers

Connection with surface No

Level trend Stable


supply





П

K,N,P

J2-3

T


ENI/2016/372-403 89

5.5.21 Group of GWBs in in terrigenous Middle Jurassic sediments –

UAM5.1GW0021

Group of GWBs in terrigenous Middle Jurassic sediments (code UAM5.1GW0021) is of practical im-

portance in the north-western part of the Dniprovsko-Donetskyi AB (sub-basins of the Pripyat, Desna,

Middle Dnipro), where the water-containing rocks (sand, sandstone, limestone of the Bayocian stage

of the Middle Jurassic with clay interlayers) contain fresh groundwater with a mineralization of up to 1

g/dm3.

The division of Group of GWBs in terrigenous Middle Jurassic sediments into separate GWBs will be


ter monitoring.

The floor of the water-bearing strata is Triassic sediments or formations of the crystalline basement,

the roof is Lower Cretaceous sand and clay. The depth of occurrence ranges from 19.0-288.7 meters,

the thickness of water-bearing layers’ ranges from 5-10 to 30-50 meters.

The aquifer is artesian; magnitude of the water head varies from 15-20 to 160-250 meters. Well pro-

duction rates vary from 86.4 to 3456 m3/day.

Figure 26: Group of GWBs in in terrigenous Middle Jurassic sediments

The chemical composition of water is hydrocarbonate calcium, sodium-calcium with mineralization of

0.2-0.6, less often - to 0.9 g/dm3.

The recharge is infiltration, as well as due to the flow of artesian water from the fissured zone of crys-

talline rocks in the south-western part.

The aquifer is used for water supply of cities Kyiv, Obukhiv, Vasylkiv, Cherkasy, Pereyaslav-

Khmelnytsky, etc. In the area of Kyiv, as a result of prolonged intensive exploitation, a large surface of


90 ENI/2016/372-403

depression was formed with a diameter of up to 60 km and the level decrease in the centre up to 100-

110 meters.


formation of depression funnels is marked. Water of Group of GWBs in in terrigenous Middle Jurassic

sediments is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is protected from contamination by the overlying

sediments. The quantitative and chemical status is good.

Table 25: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in in terrigenous Middle Jurassic sediments



20-290 m

Кф 1-10

m/d

km 120-

1200 m2/d

100-400

m

HC

O3 C

a,

Na

-Ca,

М 0

,2-0

,6 g

/dm

3

Group of GWBs code UAМ5.1.2J100,

UAМ5.1.4J100,

UAМ5.1.5J100

Group of GWBs name GWB in terrigenous

Middle Jurassic

sediments


Geologic index J2

Lithology Various-grained sand,

sandstone, siltstone




max.,

average

From 5-10 to 50-60

10-30


average, m/ day

1-10

5-6


average, m2 / day

120-1200

200-400

Level, min, max,

average, m

From 0,5-28 to 40-50

Average annual level variation, m 0.3






cations)

М 0,2-0,6 g/dm3

HCO3Ca, Na-Ca


precipitation



AR-PR

J2

J2

T


ENI/2016/372-403 91



supply






92 ENI/2016/372-403

5.5.22 GWB in terrigenous Upper Triassic sediments – UAM5.1GW0022

GWB in terrigenous Upper Triassic sediments (code UAM5.1GW0022) is associated with the strata of

sands, sandstones, clays, siltstones and are stratified with each other. It is located within the sub-

basin of the Southern Dnipro in the junction zone of the Donetska Hydrogeological Folded Region and

the Hydrogeological Region of the Ukrainian Shield. The water-bearing rocks occur on the sediments

of the Lower Triassic and Carboniferous, and are overlapped with the same-age clays or Cainozoic

rocks. Infiltration recharge takes place on areas where water-bearing rocks penetrate under Cainozoic

formations or expose on the earth's surface and, in part, due to flows from overlying or underlying

aquifers.

Figure 27: GWB in terrigenous Upper Triassic sediments

Depth from 5 to 251.3 m. Thickness reaches 250 meters or more. Basically the water-bearing system

if artesian. The water content is variable, the production rates of the wells operating the sands reach

1572.5-2194.6 m3/day, and the filtration coefficients are 6.2-24.3 m/day. For clay sandstones, well

production rates vary from 0.9 to 86.4 m3/day, and filtration coefficients range from 0.006 to 0.26

m/day. Chemical composition of the water is hydrocarbonate, chloride-hydrocarbonate-sulphate, chlo-

ride sodium-calcium, calcium-sodium, sodium with mineralization from 0.1 to 1.8 g/dm3. The chemical

composition is stable over time, the annual amplitude of groundwater level fluctuation is 0.4-0.5 m.

The groundwater of the water-bearing system is intensively exploited for drinking water supply in the

cities of Barvinkove and Oleksandrivka.


the GWB in terrigenous Upper Triassic sediments is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is pro-

tected from contamination by the overlying sediments. The quantitative and chemical status is good.


ENI/2016/372-403 93

Table 26: Characteristic of GWB in terrigenous Upper Triassic sediments



5-251m

Cf 0,26-24,3

m/d

km 100-200

m2/d

200 and

more m

HC

O3,

Cl-

HC

O3-S

O4,

SO

4-C

l, C

a,

Na

-Ca

, C

a-N

a, N

a,

M 0

,5-1

,8 g

/dm

3

GWB code UAМ5.1.3Т100


Upper Triassic

sediments


Geologic index Т3

Lithology Sand, sandstone,

siltstone




average

Tо 250


average, m/ day

0,26-24,3

12


average, m2 / day

10-200

160

Level, min, max,

average, m

To 200







М 0,5-1,8 g/dm3

HCO3, Cl-HCO3-SO4,

SO4-Cl Ca, Na-Ca,

Ca-Na, Na


precipitation


Level trend Stable


supply





П@

T3

C


94 ENI/2016/372-403

5.5.23 GWB in terrigenous Lower Triassic sediments – UAM5.1GW0022

GWB in terrigenous Lower Triassic sediments (code UAM5.1GW0022) within the sub-basin of the

Middle Dnipro is located only in the city of Kaniv, where it is used for centralized water supply. The

depth of water-bearing rocks occurrence is 150-200 meters. They occur on the rocks of the Archaean-

Proterozoic, and covered by Quaternary and Jurassic sediments.

Figure 28: GWB in terrigenous Lower Triassic sediments

Water-bearing rocks are layers and lenses of various-grained, fractured sandstones and limestones in

the stratum of variegated clay. Total thickness of Triassic sediments is 20-75 meters, thickness of

water-bearing layers amounts from 5-10 to 40-50 meters. The waters are artesian; the water head is

127,4-217 meters. The water abundance is generally low; wells production rates are 172.8-414.7

m3/day. Mineralization of water is 0.3-0.6 g/dm

3, the chemical composition of water is hydrocarbonate

calcium and hydrocarbonate-chloride sodium.


the GWB in terrigenous Lower Triassic sediments is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is pro-



ENI/2016/372-403 95

Table 27: Characteristic of GWB in terrigenous Lower Triassic sediments



150-200 m

Cf 0,3-150

m/d

km 50-400

m2/d

240-300 m

HC

O3 C

a,

HC

O3-C

l N

a,

М 0

,3-0

,6 g

/dm

3

GWB code UAМ5.1.2Т100


Lower Triassic

sediments


Geologic index Т1

Lithology Sand, sandstone,

limestone




average

5-50

25


m/ day

0,3-15,0

6

Water conductivity km, min, max, average,

m2 / day

50-400

100

Level, min, max,

average, m

100-200

150




Number of production wells Less than 10



М 0,3-0,6 g/dm3

HCO3 Ca, HCO3-Cl

Na


precipitation




supply





AR-PR

Pъ_ъъ

ъ

J2 J2

T2


96 ENI/2016/372-403

5.5.24 GWB in terrigenous- calcareous Carboniferous sediments –

UAM5.1GW0024

GWB in terrigenous- calcareous Carboniferous sediments (code UAM5.1GW0024) is located within

the sub-basin of the Southern Dnipro in the Donetska hydrogeological folded region and the Hydroge-

ological region of the Ukrainian Shield junction zone. It occurs on the rocks of the Meso-Cenozoic, in

the river valleys exposes on the earth's surface. Carboniferous rocks are represented by the interbed-

ding of argillites, siltstones, sandstones with layers of limestone, dolomites and coal. All these litholog-

ical varieties are fissured and form a single water-bearing system, although these strata are not uni-

form in water permeability. Collectors are fractured, various-grained quartz sandstones and lime-

stones. The fissured zone is distributed to a depth of 40-70, sometimes 100 meters. Below this depth

the layers of argillites and siltstones become water-resistant and divide separate water permeable

layers into local artesian aquifers. A characteristic feature is a significant amount of tectonic faults,

which break down water-bearing rocks, as well as karsted water-bearing rocks.

Figure 29: GWB in terrigenous-calcareous Carboniferous sediments

The depth of occurrence increases with the lowering of carboniferous rocks under the overlying rocks

from 0–20 meters to hundreds and more meters. The depth of the water level varies from 1–20 m in

the river valleys to 70 m in the watersheds. The magnitude of the water head reaches 174 meters, and

grows with the increase in the depth of the carboniferous rocks.

The water-bearing system is experiencing man-made pressure due to mine drainage during coal min-

ing. Hypsometry of groundwater mirrors is complicated by surfaces of depression due to work of water

intakes and quarries. They reach several kilometers in diameter with a decrease of level in the centre

to 35–40 meters.

The water abundance of water-bearing sediments is not constant, the well production rates reach

4752-8640 m3/day, the filtration coefficients vary from 0.0001 to 100 m/day. The rocks in the zones of


ENI/2016/372-403 97

tectonic faults are most water abundant, here the total production of water intakes can reach 2000

m3/hour. The river valleys are characterized by increased water abundance compared to watersheds,

the amplitude of fluctuations of the level reaches 5-6 meters or more.

The chemical composition of water is sulphate sodium-calcium, chloride-sulphate and sulphate-

hydrocarbonate sodium-calcium with mineralization of 1.0-1.5 g/dm3, somewhere - fresh hydrocar-

bonate calcium. Groundwater mineralization often increases to 1.3-2.6 g/dm3. The average values of

total hardness are 10-20 mmol/dm3.

Groundwater is intensively used for household and industrial water supply of settlements and industrial

facilities of Volodymyrivka, Hannivka, Pavlograd, mine Lidiivka etc.

Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits, locally -

effect of drainage. Water of the GWB in terrigenous-calcareous Carboniferous sediments is not con-

nected to surface ecosystems. It is protected from contamination by the overlying sediments. Locally

there is an increased natural content of sulphate, chlorides and mineralization. The quantitative and

chemical status is good.

Table 28: Characteristic of GWB in terrigenous-calcareous Carboniferous sediments



column


C

D

00-20

and more

m

Cf

0,0001-

100 m/d,

km 70-

300 m2/d

1000-

1500 and

more m

SO

4 N

a-C

a,

Cl-

SO

4,

SO

4-H

CO

3 N

a-C

a,

М 1

,0-1

,5 g

/dm

3

GWB code UAМ5.1.3С100

GWB name GWB in terrigenous-calcareous

Carboniferous sediments


Geologic index С

Lithology Fissured sandstone and

limestone




average

40-100

40-70


average, m/ day

0,0001-100

20


average, m2 / day

70-300

90

Level, min, max,

average, m

From 1-20 to 70

Average annual level variation, m To 1-1,5






cations)

М 1,0-1,5 g/dm3

SO4 Na-Ca, Cl-SO4, SO4- HCO3,

Na-Ca


MZ-KZ


98 ENI/2016/372-403



column

Connection with surface In places of exposure on the

earth surface in the river valleys

Level trend Down trend

Prevailing human activity Centralized water supply, mine

and quarry drainage






ENI/2016/372-403 99

5.5.25 GWB in effusive-terrigenous Precambrian rocks – UAM5.1GW0025

GWB in effusive-terrigenous Precambrian rocks (code UAM5.1GW0025) is situated within the Pripyat

subbasin. It is associated with fissured effusive and terrigenous Vendian rocks (Valdaiska, Volynska

series), Riphean terrigenous rocks (Poliska series), which occur on the slopes of the Ukrainian shield

at shallow depth under terrigenous-calcareous Meso-Ceinozoic sediments. In this area, Precambrian

rocks contain potable quality groundwater. To the east, they are overlapped by a thick layer of Paleo-

zoic and Mesozoic rocks and are unsuitable for household drinking supply.

Precambrian sediments are strata of interbedding basalts, tuffs, sandstones, gravelites, argillites and

siltstones with a total thickness 200–550 meters or more. The thickness of water-bearing sediments

varies from 10 to 67-261.5 m. The water-bearing system is artesian, the water head reaches 40-

193 m.

Figure 30: GWB in effusive-terrigenous Precambrian rocks

Depending on the lithology and fissuring of water-bearing rocks, the production rates vary from 86.4-

259.2 to 1296-1658.9 m3/day.

The chemical composition of water is hydrocarbonate calcium, calcium-magnesium, hydrocarbonate

sodium, with a mineralization of 0.2-0.3, somewhere up to 2.8 g/dm3.

The water-bearing system is used for water supply of settlements Rivne, Zdolbuniv, Dubne, Goshcha,

Volodiymyrets, Kostopil, Rokytne, Slavuta, Sarny, Berezne, Klesiv, Mezhyrychi. In the cities of

Khmelnitsky and Gorodok it is exploited together with the Cenomanian aquifer.


the GWB in effusive-terrigenous Precambrian rocks is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is pro-



100 ENI/2016/372-403

Table 29: Characteristic of GWB in effusive-terrigenous Precambrian rocks



PЄ

90-100 m

Cf

1-10 m/d,

km

40-250 m2/d

and more

200-240 and

more m

HC

O3 C

a,

Mg

, N

a,

М 0

,3-0

,5 g

/dm

3, som

etim

es 2

,8 g

/dm

3

GWB code UAМ5.1.4РЄ100

GWB name GWB in effusive-terrigenous

Precambrian rocks


Geologic index РЄ

Lithology Sandstone, argillite,

siltstone, tuff, tuffite, basalts


Overlapping rocks Sand, clay, chalk, marl


average

From 10-67 to 100,1-261,5

20-60



1-10


max,

average, m2 / day

From 40-150 tо 400-500,

somewhere 2000

80-200

Level, min, max,

average, m

2-16


m

0.09-0.42


yes/no

Yes





cations)

М 0,3-0.5 g/dm3

(seldom

2,8), Ca-Mg; HCO3 Na


flow from overlying aquifers


Level trend Stable






AR-PR

П

K2s

K2

N1

s


ENI/2016/372-403 101

5.5.26 Group of GWBs in fissure zone of Archean-Proterozoic crystalline

rocks – UAM5.1GW0026

Group of GWBs in fissure zone of Archean-Proterozoic crystalline rocks (code UAM5.1GW0026) is

widely distributed in the Dnipro basin. It extends from the northwest to the southeast in a wide strip,

and is confined to the Hydrogeological region of the Ukrainian shield. Precambrian rocks composed of

various metamorphic and igneous formations (gneisses, granites and migmatites) are water-bearing.

In the river valleys, they reach the earth's surface or are overlapped with a thin layer of Meso-

Cenozoic sediments.

The division of Group of GWBs in fissure zone of Archean-Proterozoic crystalline rocks into separate

GWBs will be carried out in the future, taking into account the human pressure studying and the re-

sults of groundwater monitoring.

Figure 31: Group of GWBs in fissure zone of Archean-Proterozoic crystalline rocks

Geofiltration properties of crystalline rocks are determined by very uneven water abundance, which is

associated with heterogeneous endo - and exogenous fissuring both in area and depth. The most

water abundant areas are confined to low sites of modern relief, coinciding with the hydrographic net-

work and large ravines. The thickness of zones of intense fissuring often does not exceed 20 m from

the surface of crystalline rocks on the watersheds and 50 m in river valleys, and extends, as a rule, to

a depth of 80-100 m from the earth surface.

Almost everywhere, crystalline rocks are covered by the weathering crust, which directly determines

their interrelation with aquifers and overlying sediment complexes and, accordingly, recharge condi-

tions. The weathering crust plays a double hydrogeological role. Under certain conditions, depending

on the lithological structure, it is either an aquifer or ware-resist layer. A full section and a large thick-

ness of the weathering crust is observed in the watershed areas, and in the near-river bed parts its

thickness decreases, to the point of complete erosion.


102 ENI/2016/372-403

In the north-west, where the sedimentary cover is thin, the depth accounts 20-30 meters. In the river

valleys, water-bearing rocks often expose on the surface. The thickness of sedimentary rocks in the

roof and, respectively, the depth of aquifer occurrence grows to the south. Groundwater levels typically

do not exceed 20 meters. The water may be confined (artesian) or unconfined, the water head does

not exceed 15-20 meters, somewhere it increases to 57.5 m, in some cases, self-discharge of wells

(well-spring) is observed.

In the river valleys, the water head decreases. Water abundance depends on the fracture properties,

fissure zone thickness and recharge conditions. Well production rates vary from 0.9 to 864-1209.6

m3/day. Water conductivity varies widely: background values are 1-10 m

2/day, varying from the first

m2/day to 500 m

2/day. High values of water conductivity associated with zones of tectonic faults, river

valleys, streams, where they usually amount to 50-100 m2/day.

The chemical composition of groundwater is variegated, but hydrocarbonate calcium water with a min-

eralization of 0.5-1.0 g/dm3 prevails. Sulphate and chloride waters with mineralization of up to 6.4

g/dm3 are rare. Hydrocarbonate calcium waters with low mineralization are common in the north-

western part, where there are favourable conditions for groundwater recharge. Water of mixed chemi-

cal composition appears in the south-east and south, the mineralization increases to 3 g/dm3 and

more.

The recharge of aquifer over the entire area of its distribution is due to the infiltration of precipitation

and flow from aquifers confined to sedimentary cover rocks in places where there are no water resist

layers. Discharge occurs in the river valleys. The amplitude of groundwater level fluctuations, depend-

ing on the type of regime, varies widely: from 0.3-0.6 m (watersheds) to 0.5-1.0 m (near river valleys)

and 1-2, in some places 3-4 meters (river valleys). Within the Hydrogeological Region of the Ukrainian

Shield, the aquifer is the main source of drinking water supply for a number of large settlements (nu-

merous regional centers of Rivne, Zhytomyr, Kropyvnytskyi, Kyiv, and Dnipro regions). Taking into

account the specifics of the water content of crystalline rocks, operation is carried out by water intakes

of small productivity (up to 1-2 thousand m3/day).

Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits and influ-

ence of ore mining. Water of the Group of GWBs in fissure zone of Archean-Proterozoic crystalline

rocks is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is protected from contamination by the overlying sed-

iments. Locally there is an increased natural content of iron and manganese. The quantitative and

chemical status is good.


ENI/2016/372-403 103

Table 30: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in fissure zone of Archean-Proterozoic crystalline

rocks



column


20-30 m

to 100 m

Cf 0,06-

6,5 m/d

km from

1-2 м 500

m2/d

HC

O3 C

a,

M 0

,3-1

,0 g

/dm

3 (n

ort

h),

SO

4

Cl, M

3-5

g/d

m3

(sou

th)

Group of GWBs code UAМ5.1.2AR100, UAМ5.1.3AR100

UAМ5.1.4AR100

Group of GWBs name GWB in fissure zone of Archean-

Proterozoic crystalline rocks


Geologic index AR-PR

Lithology Fissured granites, gneisses,

migmatites


Overlapping rocks Kaolines, sand, clay


max.,

average

1-100

20-50


average, m/ day

0.06-6.5

3.0


average, m2 / day

From 1-2 to 500

5-50

Level, min, max,

average, m

≤ 20

Average annual level variation, m From 0,3-0,6 to 3-4






cations)

М 0,3-1,0 g/dm3

HCO3 Ca (north);

М 3,0-5,0 g/dm3

SO4-Cl (south)

Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation, flow from

underlying aquifers

Connection with surface In rivers valleys

Level trend Stable




status

Good



AR-PR

MZ-KZ


104 ENI/2016/372-403

6 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE CURRENT

GROUNDWATER MONITORING NET AND

PROPOSALS FOR ITS RESTORATION

In Ukraine the basic legal documents regulating the groundwater monitoring are:

Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC (under the Association Agreement with the EU).

The procedure for the implementation of state monitoring of water, approved by the Resolution

of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine dated September 19, 2018 No. 758.

Regulation on the state system of environmental monitoring, approved by the Resolution of the

Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine dated March 30, 1998, No. 391.

Ukraine has a rich experience in conducting regime observations of groundwater quantitative and

qualitative status. During the former USSR, a representative observation network was established in

Ukraine, which began to form in the 50-60's of the last century, and in the early 90's there were more

than 7,000 observation wells.

In the early 2000s, as a result of a steady funding reduction, the number of observation wells de-

creased by six times - it was 1,148 wells. On the basis of this network, State groundwater monitoring

system was established and approved by the Head of the State Geological Survey of Ukraine in 2002.

The observation was carried out by regional geological enterprises, the collection and summarization

of the results was carried out by SRPE "Geoinform of Ukraine", and methodological support was pro-

vided by UkrDGRI.

Subsequently, funding for groundwater monitoring continued to decrease. In 2017, monitoring of the

level regime was carried out only on 171 wells of the state network, of which only 38 wells were sam-

pled to determine the chemical composition.

Thus, the monitoring network is almost destroyed and needs urgent recovery, taking into account the

requirements of the WFD.

This requires:

development and implementation of methodical documents adapted to the requirements of the

EU standards;

maintenance of databases of hydrogeological and ecological-geological information in GIS, cre-

ation of hydrogeological models for characterization of groundwater status and preparation of

analytical reports for making managerial decisions;

involvement in the monitoring network of wells of water users, which extracted more than 100

m. cube a day;

Inventory of wells in good technical condition to assess their representativeness, taking into ac-

count GWB allocated in this report;

resolving the issue of wells protection;

technical re-equipment of wells;

strengthening of international cooperation in the area of monitoring groundwater, primarily

transboundary aquifers.

Implementation of most of these measures is impossible without the proper funding of groundwater

monitoring from the State Budget.


ENI/2016/372-403 105

7 SUMMARY OF OPEN ISSUES

The groundwater monitoring system in Ukraine requires restoration, taking into account new european

methodological approaches. First of all, it is necessary to complete the inventory of the regime network

of wells, to evaluate their representativeness taking into account the basin principle and the groundwa-

ter bodies identified in this report. Special attention should be paid to groundwaters that are experienc-

ing human pressure (pollution, surfaces of depression formation) [9-11,14,16].

The groundwater monitoring planning and conducting requires the creation of hydrogeological and

ecological geological databases. This information needs to be updated, especially with regard to

sources of human pressure. Available information is often outdated.

To characterize the quantitative and qualitative state of groundwater, as well as their forecasting, it is

necessary to collect all the information on the natural and man-made conditions and factors determin-

ing the state of groundwater.

The following steps in planning groundwater monitoring should be:

Completion of the inventory of the regime network wells, preparation of proposals for its im-

provement, taking into account the basin principle;

Development, improvement and implementation of methodical documents adapted to the re-

quirements of the EU standards;

Updating information on technological impact (including data on modern water extraction) and

the creation of appropriate maps in GIS;

Creation of map of the aeration zone in GIS and assessment of its protective properties;

Updating the database of information on the status of environmental components that may af-

fect the status of groundwater (soils, bottom sediments of watercourses etc.);

Processing of information on operational water intakes producing at least 100 m3/day.

The continuation of this work should be detailing the allocated GWB with the updated and clarified

data on anthropogenic effects on groundwater.

Since many of the selected GWB occupy significant areas and are located within several river sub-

basins, it should be taken into account when creating a network of observation wells in order for each

sub-basin to be sufficiently studied.

The full functioning of groundwater monitoring is possible only if it is adequately funded.


106 ENI/2016/372-403

8 REFERENCES

1. Balance of mineral resources. Drinking and technical groundwater. SRPE "Geoinform of

Ukraine", Kyiv. 2016. (in Ukrainian)

2. Geology and Minerals of Ukraine. A set of maps of scale 1: 1 000 000. UkrDGRI, Kyiv. 2003.

. (in Ukrainian).

3. Hydrogeological map of the Ukrainian SSR at a scale of 1: 500,000. CTE. Kiev, 1980. (in

Russian).

4. Lyuta N.G. Development of the geochemical state of landscapes monitoring system for its

assessment and preparation of priority measures in the event of environmentally hazardous

situations. Report on research work. UkrSGRI. Kyiv, 2003. (in Ukrainian).

5. Lyuta N.G. Creation of methodological and informational support of the geochemical state of

landscapes monitoring system of Ukraine. Report on research work. UkrSGRI. Kiyv, 2007.

(in Ukrainian).

6. National program of ecological improvement of the Dnipro basin and improvement of the

drinking water quality. Ministry of Environmental Protection and Nuclear Safety of Ukraine,

Kyiv, 1997. 92 p. (in Ukrainian).

7. Sanina IV, Luta N.G., Lushchik A.V. Criteria for assessing the ecological state of the

geological environment during regional ecological and geological research. Methodical

guidance. UkrSGRI, Kyiv. 2006. (in Ukrainian).

8. Sanina I.V. Regional assessment of the geological environment of the Dnipro river basin (the

territory of Ukraine). Report on research work. State Enterprise "Geoinform", K., 1999. 117 p.

(in Ukrainian).

9. Sanina I.V. Preparation of initial data for the creation of a GIS-system of ecological-geological

information along the Dnipro river basin. Report on research work. UkrSGRI. Kyiv, 2002. (in

Ukrainian).

10. Shestopalov V.M. To a preliminary forecast of the migration of the Chernobyl radionuclides

into the groundwater of the zone of intensive water exchange. IGS NASU, Kiev, 1991. 110 p.

(in Russian).

11. Shestopalov V.M., Lyuta N.G. Status and ways of reforming of the State groundwater

monitoring system taking into account international experience and requirements of the EU

Water Framework Directive. Mineral Resources of Ukraine. Scientific Magazine. № 2- 2016.

P.3-8. (in Ukrainian).

12. Sobolevsky E.E. Generalization of materials on the prospective assessment of the

operational groundwater reserves of the Ukrainian SSR. Report. CTE, Kiev. 1981. (in

Russian).

13. State sanitary norms and rules "Hygienic requirements for drinking water intended for

human consumption (DСанПіН 2.2.4-171-10." Кyiv. 2010. (in Ukrainian).

14. The current state of underground sources of drinking water supply of the Dniepr basin. Red.

L.S. Yazvin, V.M. Shestopalov, M.M. Cherepansky. Minsk. 2004. (in Russian).

15. The status of groundwaters of Ukraine. Yearbook. SRPE "Geoinform of Ukraine", Kyiv,

2017. (in Ukrainian).

16. Water exchange in the hydrogeological structures of Ukraine (chief editor V.M.

Shestopalov). Kiev, Naukova Dumka, 1991. (in Russian).


ENI/2016/372-403 107

9 ANNEXES

List of groundwater bodies and groups of GWBs with codes

1. Unconfined Quaternary Group of GWBs

Sub-basins

Groups of GWBs

codes Groups of GWBs Area, km2

Group of GWBs

united code

Upper Dnipro,

Middle Dnipro,

Lower Dnipro,

Prypyat,

Desna

UAM5.1.1Q100,

UAM5.1.2Q100,

UAM5.1.3Q100,

UAM5.1.4Q100,

UAM5.1.5Q100

Group of GWBs in

bog Quaternary

sediments

6878,0 UAM5.1GW0001

Upper Dnipro,

Middle Dnipro,

Lower Dnipro,

Prypyat,

Desna

UAM5.1.1Q200,

UAM5.1.2Q200,

UAM5.1.3Q200,

UAM5.1.4Q200,

UAM5.1.5Q200

Group of GWBs in

alluvial Quaternary

sediments

94300,0 UAM5.1GW0002

Upper Dnipro,

Middle Dnipro,

Prypyat,

Desna

UAM5.1.1Q300,

UAM5.1.2Q300,

UAM5.1.4Q300,

UAM5.1.5Q300

Group of GWBs in

water-glacial

Quaternary

sediments

49730,0 UAM5.1GW0003

Middle Dnipro,

Lower Dnipro,

Prypyat,

Desna

UAM5.1.2Q400,

UAM5.1.3Q400,

UAM5.1.4Q400,

UAM5.1.5Q400

Group of GWBs in

glacial- water and

eolian-deluvial

Quaternary

sediments

56700,0 UAM5.1GW0004

Middle Dnipro,

Lower Dnipro

UAM5.1.2Q500,

UAM5.1.3Q500

Group of GWBs in

eolian-deluvial

Quaternary

sediments

68370,0 UAM5.1GW0005


108 ENI/2016/372-403

2. Confined GWBs and groups of GWBs

Subbasins GWBs codes

Groups of GWBs

and GWBs Area, km2

United code of

GWB group

Middle Dnipro, Lower

Dnipro, Prypyat

UAM5.1.2Q600

UAM5.1.3Q600

UAM5.1.4Q600

Group of GWBs in

Middle-Upper

Quaternary

sediments

4 719,0 UAM5.1GW0006


Dnipro, Desna

UAM5.1.2Q600

UAM5.1.3Q600

UAM5.1.5Q600

Group of GWBs in

Lower-Middle

Quaternary

sediments

36 450,0 UAM5.1GW0007

Lower Dnipro UAM5.1.3N100 GWB in terrigenous

Pliocene sediments

661,2 UAM5.1GW0008

Lower Dnipro UAM5.1.3N200 Group of GWBs in

terrigenous-

calcareous Miocene

sediments

22 700,0 UAM5.1GW0009

Prypyat UAM5.1.4N300 GWB in terrigenous-

calcareous

Sarmatian sediments

1 040,0 UAM5.1GW0010


Dnipro, Desna

UAМ5.1.2Р100,

UAМ5.1.3Р100

UAМ5.1.5Р100

Group of GWBs in

terrigenous

Oligocene sediments

37 300,0 UAM5.1GW0011

Upper Dnipro, Middle

Dnipro, Lower

Dnipro, Prypyat,

Desna

UAМ5.1.1Р200,

UAМ5.1.2Р200,

UAМ5.1.3Р200,

UAМ5.1.4Р200,

UAМ5.1.5Р200

Group of GWBs in

terrigenous Eocene

sediments

110 300,0 UAM5.1GW0012


Dnipro, Prypyat

UAМ5.1.2Р300

UAМ5.1.3Р300

UAМ5.1.4Р300

Group of GWBs in

terrigenous

Paleogene

sediments

8 451,0 UAM5.1GW0013

Prypyat UAМ5.1.4К100 GWB in calcareous

Upper Cretaceous

sediments (sub-

basin of the Prypyat)

32 130,0 UAM5.1GW0014

Middle Dnipro,

Desna

UAМ5.1.2К100

UAМ5.1.5К100

GWB in calcareous

Upper Cretaceous

sediments (sub-

basins of the Middle

Dnipro and Desna)

19 280,0 UAM5.1GW0015


ENI/2016/372-403 109

Subbasins GWBs codes

Groups of GWBs

and GWBs Area, km2

United code of

GWB group

Lower Dnipro UAМ5.1.3К100 GWB in calcareous

Upper Cretaceous

sediments (sub-

basin of the Lower

Dnipro)

1 161,0 UAM5.1GW0016

Lower Dnipro UAМ5.1.3К100 GWB in terrigenous

Upper Cretaceous

sediments

577,4 UAM5.1GW0017

Prypyat UAМ5.1.4К200 GWB in terrigenous

Cenomanian

sediments

120,7 UAM5.1GW0018

Upper Dnipro, Middle

Dnipro, Lower

Dnipro, Prypyat,

Desna

UAМ5.1.1К300,

UAМ5.1.2К300,

UAМ5.1.3К300,

UAМ5.1.4К300,

UAМ5.1.5К300

Group of GWBs in

terrigenous Alb-

Cenomanian

sediments

106 800,0 UAM5.1GW0019

Lower Dnipro UAМ5.1.3J100 GWB in terrigenous

Middle-Upper

Jurassic sediments

1 110,0 UAM5.1GW0020

Middle Dnipro,

Prypyat,

Desna

UAМ5.1.2J100,

UAМ5.1.4J100,

UAМ5.1.5J100

Group of GWBs in in

terrigenous Middle

Jurassic sediments

15 620,0 UAM5.1GW0021

Lower Dnipro UAМ5.1.3Т100 GWB in terrigenous

Upper Triassic

sediments

310,1 UAM5.1GW0022

Middle Dnipro UAМ5.1.2Т100 GWB in terrigenous

Lower Triassic

sediments

13,76 UAM5.1GW0023

Lower Dnipro UAМ5.1.3С100 GWB in terrigenous-

calcareous

Carboniferous

sediments

4 668,0 UAM5.1GW0024

Prypyat UAМ5.1.4РЄ100 GWB in effusive-

terrigenous

Precambrian rocks

13 070,0 UAM5.1GW0025


Dnipro, Prypyat

UAМ5.1.2AR100,

UAМ5.1.3AR100

UAМ5.1.4AR100

Group of GWBs in

fissure zone of

Archean-Proterozoic

crystalline rocks

76 640,0 UAM5.1GW0026

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