ICAOICAO

OVERVIEW• ICAO Background• Why We Care • ICAO Pubs• U.S. Pubs• Altimetry• WGS-84• ICAO Region-Specific

1944 Chicago Convention

- established ICAO

- by 52 nations

ICAO Articles ratified 1947

- by 26 Nations

Scene from the Chicago Convention

ICAO Headquarters

• Montreal, Canada

• 190 member nations– as of June 2007

Does ICAO Apply To Me?

• ICAO Article 3:– “... applicable only to civil aircraft, and shall not

be applicable to state aircraft”– “aircraft used in the military, customs, and police

services shall be deemed to be state aircraft”.

• BUT….

Does ICAO Apply To Me?

• AFI 11-202 V3, para 1.2.1: The PIC will comply with:

1.National Procedures - in sovereign nation

2. ICAO SARPs - if no national procedures

3. ICAO SARPs - International / Over the High

Seas – (routine operations)

Does ICAO Apply To Me?

• AFM 11-217 V1, para 18.1.3.1– Outside US National Airspace, apply ICAO

instrument procedures unless otherwise published.

– Nationality of the air traffic controller or who produced the procedure is not relevant.

– Geographic location of the aircraft is the determining factor, unless local procedures are in place. In FLIP and/or local directives

A Note On…“National Procedures”

• “National Procedures” include:– Published procedures– Bilateral Agreements with U.S.

Often Not Generally Available LOA Local AFI Could be airfield-specific

What Rules Do I Use….?

• …. at a U.S. military airfield in foreign country?

• 1st - Bilateral agreements• 2nd - National procedures• 3rd - ICAO SARPs

ICAO Rules & Regs• “The ICAO Convention” - General Rules

– 96 Articles

• SARPs – “Standards And Recommended Practices”– 18 Annexes

• PANS or PANS-OPS – “Procedures for Air Navigation Services”– Doc 4444 – Air Traffic Management– Doc 8168 – Vols I and II

• Regional Supplemental Procedures– Doc 7030

ICAO Rules & Regs

General RulesGeneral Rules- 96 Articles- 96 Articles

SARPsSARPs- 18 Annexes- 18 Annexes

ICAO Rules & RegsPANS-OPSPANS-OPS

Doc 7030,Doc 7030,Regional SupplementRegional Supplement

Differences from ICAO Directives

• Doc 4444– Differences from ICAO procedures must be

published in the country’s aeronautical information

– ICAO does not need to be notified.

• Where are differences published?– National “Aeronautical Information Publication” (AIP)

In search of .... ICAO Pubs

• You can subscribe to them:– http://www.icao.int/

• $2100– Per Year

• OR……

In search of .... ICAO Pubs

• http://dcaa.slv.dk:8000/icaodocs/

In Search Of…National AIP

• FAA’s International Flight Information Manual

– http://www.faa.gov/airports_airtraffic/air_traffic/publications/ifim/country_list/

• Links to AIPs if publicly available

ICAO Information for U.S. Military

• AFI 11-202 V3• AFM 11-217 V1 - chap 18

• FLIP

• Foreign Clearance Guide (FCG)

• Airfield Suitability and Restrictions Report (ASRR)

ICAO Information for U.S. Military

• FLIP– General Planning (GP) – Area Planning (AP) series (AP/1, AP/2….)– Special Use Airspace (AP/1A, AP/2A)– Flight Information Handbook (FIH)– Enroute Supplements– Charts and Approach plates

AFI 11-202 V3

• “This AFI is a common source of directives including Air Force-specific guidance, the FARs, and the ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs)”.

- para 1.1.2

• “Specific rules of each individual nation are published in FLIP and FCG”.

- para 1.2.1.5

• Example…..

Can I Exceed 250 kt. Below 10,000’ Outside the U.S.?

• AFI 11-202 V3, para 5.7.3:• Outside the NAS. The PIC will not allow the aircraft to

exceed 250 KIAS below 10,000 ft. MSL unless:

– Mission requirements dictate and in international airspace.– ICAO or host nation rules permit– Necessary to maintain the minimum safe airspeed (aircraft T.O.)– Required by ATC and permitted by host nation rules.

• Answer: Yes

AFM 11-217 V1

• Chapter 18 - ICAO Procedures– Summarizes many ICAO rules:

– Bank Angle - 25 vs. 30 degrees

– Established on Course– Aircraft Categories

Applied to procedures other than final approach

ICAO Aircraft Categories

ICAO Doc 8168, Vol I, Part III, Chap. 1

ICAO Aircraft Categories

- ICAO Doc 8168, Vol I, Part II, Chap. 2- also in AFM 11-217 V1, Table 18.1

AFM 11-217 V1

• Screen Height– Standard 16 ft above DER (but how do you know?)

• Departures– 3.3 % climb gradient instead of U.S. 24% ROC

• Approach Names– LLZ– Many variations

• Altimetry– More on this later

AFM 11-217 V1

• Low Altitude Approaches– 45/180 and 80/260– Base Turn– Racetrack

• Entry Rules– 30 degree Entry Sector– Exception: Arrival Routing

STAR, feeder routing, or arrival airway Blended into the reversal procedure Protected airspace is provided to allow the turn onto the outbound

reversal track.

- AFM 11-217 V1, para 18.4.2.2.3.1

FLIP

• General Planning (GP)• Area Planning (AP series)• Special Use Airspace (AP/A series)• Flight Information Handbook (FIH)• Enroute Supps• Charts & Approach Plates

FLIP Theaters

Pacific-Australia

Antarctica(AP 3/3A)

Pacific-Australia

Antarctica(AP 3/3A)

Eastern Europeand Asia(AP 4/4A)

EuropeAfrica

Middle East(AP 2/2A)

NorthandSouthAmerica(AP 1/1A/1B)

General Planning

GP - General Planning

• Chapter 4 – Flight Plans (1801)• Chapter 6 – Pilot Procedures

– Has some ICAO-specific stuff

• Chapter 7 - ICAO procedures– Companion to AFM 11-217 V1, Chap 18

• Chapter 8 – Operations & Firings Over the High Seas

GP - General Planning

• FIR / UIR – (Flight / Upper) Information Region– Information service, and Air Traffic Control ??– UIR - similar to FIR – just bigger and higher

May overlay several FIRs

• CTA / UTA – (Control / Upper Control) Area– Air Traffic Control– Often combined with FIRs– UTA – similar to CTA

May overlay several CTAs

GP - General Planning, Chap 8

• Oceanic Procedures– Generally – follow ICAO procedures

– When not – Due Regard

– Territorial Airspace U.S. recognizes 12 miles

– Foreign ADIZ With / Without entering Territorial Airspace

– International Straights / Archepelagic Lanes

AP – Area Planning series

• Includes:– AP/1 - North & South America– AP/2 - Europe, Africa, & Middle East– AP/3 - Pacific, Australia, & Antarctica– AP/4 - Eastern Europe & Asia

Example – AP/4

AP – Area Planning series

• Standard Layout:

• Chap 1 - Theater• Chap 2 - Regional• Chap 3 - National

Example – AP/4

AP – Area Planning series

• Arrangement of Info

– (1) Regional/National Procedures

– (2) Visual Flight Rules– (3) Instrument Flight Rules– (4) Operational Air Traffic– (5) Flight Planning– (6) Flight Hazards

(7) Enroute(8) Terminal(9) Aerial Refueling(10) Bird Hazard Data(11) Additional Information

Example - AP/2 - Regions

• Chapter 2 – Section A – Africa / Indian Ocean– Section B – European– Section C – Middle East / Asia– Section D – North Atlantic

AP / “A” Series

• Special Use Airspace • Includes:

– AP/1A– AP/2A– AP/3A– AP/4A

• MOAs, Restricted Areas

See AP/2A

Special Use Airspace

Flight Information Handbook

• Lost Comm procedures• ICAO Distress and Urgency signals• Oceanic VHF frequencies• USAF Global HF program• RVSM contingency procedures• Conversion Tables

Flight Information Handbook

• Emergency Procedures• Visual Signals• Comm Failure

– FAA– ICAO Europe – Bahrain– Denmark– France– Germany– Hong Kong– Ireland– Israel– Italy– Japan– Norway– Oman– Philippines– Syria– UK

• Distress Signals• Meteorology Sources• Meteorology Services• METAR/TAF Codes• PIREP Format• Conversions• FLIP/NOTAM Abbreviations

•Interception Signals•Algeria•Cuba•Lebanon and Malta•South Africa•Russia•Sweden•Taiwan•Serbia

•Position Reports•FAA•ICAO•Oceanic•Africa•Central & South America

•FSS Phone Numbers•RCR equivalents•USN/USMC Wave Off Lighting•Pilot Controlled Lighting•Airfield Lighting (31 systems)•HF Global Comm System•RVSM Contingencies•Frequency Pairings•Time Zones•Time Hacks•Temperature Corrections

Enroute Supplement

• Section B – Airport/Facility Directory

• Section C– Theater Data / Procedures

• Some Supps are combined with Approach Books– Example – Eastern Europe & Asia

Example – Eastern Europe & Asia

FIR / UIR / CTA

• Enroute Charts

• Area Planning series (AP/1, AP/2….)– Chapter 3 – National Procedures

FCG - Foreign Clearance Guide

www.fcg.pentagon.mil

1.1. General Information BookletGeneral Information Booklet

2.2. Geographic Area BooksGeographic Area Books

3.3. Classified SupplementClassified Supplement– SIPRnet onlySIPRnet only

FCG - Foreign Clearance Guide

FCG – General Info Book

FCG - Foreign Clearance Guide

• General Information Booklet– General Procedural information

– Obtaining Clearances: Aircraft, Blanket, and Personnel– International Airspace, International Straits, and Archipelagic

Sea Lanes– Airports of Entry

FCG - Foreign Clearance Guide

• Geographic Area Books– FCG “Areas” - different than FLIP and ICAO– Each book starts with general information for that entire

“area”.

• Divided into Five Sections:– General Entry Requirements– Aircraft Entrance Requirements– Personnel Entrance Requirements– Travel Information– Miscellaneous

“Due Regard”

• GP, chap 8• FCG• Operational situations that do not lend

themselves to ICAO procedures:– Military contingencies, classified, politically

sensitive

• Prerogative of military aircraft• PICs operate with “Due Regard for the safety

of navigation of civil air traffic”• Translation: You are responsible to avoid a

midair.

“Due Regard”

• Proper terms - “Due Regard” or “Operational” (Ref. 7110.65, para 1-2-1)

– “Tactical” is not the same - although “Tactical” is often used over land and when “required” by ATC.

• Can only be accomplished in international airspace !!!– Reference GP, Chapter 8 (Operations and Firings

Over the High Seas) and the Foreign Clearance Guide (Definitions).

“Due Regard”

• To declare “Due Regard” or “Operational”:– Must operate under one or more of the following:

1. VMC; or2. Within radar and radio coverage of a surface

radar facility; or3. Have airborne radar sufficient to provide

separation between the aircraft and others; or4. Outside controlled airspace.

- International airspace only.

“Due Regard”

• FAA adds: – The appropriate military authority assumes

responsibility for Search and Rescue.

ICAO Mission Plan ChecklistPublication Section Title

1 AFI 11-202 V3

2 AFM 11-217 V1 Chap 18

3 General Planning Chap 4

Chap 6

Chap 7

Chap 8

Flight Plans

Pilot Procedures

ICAO

Oceanic

4 Flight Info Handbook Various

5 Enroute Supplement Sec B

Sec C

Airfield Directory

Theater Data

6 Foreign Clearance Guide General Info book

Geographic Area book

Classified supplement

7 AP/series Chap 1

Chap 2

Chap 3

Theater Procedures

Regional Data

National Procedures

8 Enroute Charts

9 Approach Procedures

Altimetry

FL 40

3000

Transition Level

Transition Altitude

TRANSITION LAYER

Not normally used as a cruise altitude by ATC

Transition Layer

• Can ATC assign you an altitude here?• Can aircraft cruise or level off here?

– No ICAO document directly addresses these questions.

– No USAF or FLIP document does, either.

• AFI 11-217 V1:– Aircraft are not normally assigned altitudes within the

Transition Layer

FL 40

3000

Transition Layer

• ICAO Doc 4444:– Transition Level shall be the lowest flight level

available for use above the Transition Altitude.

– Except when authorized, cruising levels below the minimum flight altitudes shall not be assigned.

FL 40

3000

Transition Altitude

Transition Altitude and Level

Altimetry

• 3 Altimeter Units:– Inches of Mercury (in)– Millibars (mb) or Hectopascals (hPa)– Millimeters (mm)

Altimetry

• 3 Altimeter Settings:– QNH – altitude above MSL– QFE – height above airport or TH elevation– QNE – flight level

Standard datum: 29.92 in

1013 mb

760 mm

Altimetry

• 2 Altitude Units:

– Feet

– Meters

Weird Altimetry

• Altitudes in meters:– China– Russia and FSU

• Altimeter Units in millimeters:– Russia and FSU

• Altimeter Setting in QFE:– Russia and FSU– United Kingdom

Weird Altimetry

• How do you deal with it?

– Convert!– FIH tables – Section D

Israel

• “Altitudes” when flying over land

• “Flight Levels” when over the water

• North is Even

• South is Odd

Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia

• Altitudes below the TLV will be given in meters

More Vertical Separation

• Havana -- North is Even, South is Odd

• New Zealand -- North is Odd, South is Even

• Chile -- 030 to 209: Odd030 to 209: Odd

210 to 029: Even210 to 029: Even

Brunei, India, UK

Altitudes by Quadrant:Altitudes by Quadrant:

000 to 089: Odd000 to 089: Odd

090 to 179: Odd + 500’090 to 179: Odd + 500’

180 to 269: Even180 to 269: Even

270 to 359: Even + 500’270 to 359: Even + 500’

United Kingdom

The Transition Altitude is 3000’ except in:

Aberdeen CTR 6000Belfast CTR 6000Birmingham CTR 4000Cardiff CTR 4000East Midlands CTR 4000Edinburgh CTR 6000Glasgow CTR 6000Leeds Bradford CTR 5000London TMA 6000Manchester TMA 5000Scottish TMA 6000Solent CTA 4000*Sumburgh CTR 6000*Teesside CTR 6000** outside normal operating hours, the TA is 3000’

The World Beyond

Mogadishu airfield

• Closed to all operations due to potential armed conflict. Safety of aircraft, cargo, and personnel cannot be assured.

– AP/2, chap 3

Madagascar

– Madagascar Gov’t has issued a threat to shoot down any aircraft that enters Madagascar airspace without authorization.

– AP/2, chap 3

Austria

• Within some agricultural districts (May to October) in thunderstorms, anti-hail rockets might be fired up to 7000’ MSL. Details by NOTAM.

– AP/2, chap 3

North/South Korea - DMZ

• Extreme caution must be exercised to prevent overflight of this area. The majority of aircraft which have penetrated the DMZ area in the past have been fired upon.

Europe

• Exercise extreme caution when using ADF navaids in the European / Mediterranean Region. May get positive station ID and have the ADF needles point to an entirely different station, due to similar frequencies and differing output strengths.

Japan

• At all Japanese military bases you can expect to have quiet hour lunch time delay from 1100-1200L daily. During that period you will not be allowed to takeoff, land, nor run your engines.

ICAO DifferencesICAO DIFFERENCESICAO DIFFERENCES

ICAO Holding Speeds

Doc 8168, Vol 1, Part IV, Chap 1

The Procedure Turnin 22 Different Languages

Reversal Entry Procedures

• Must be entered from a track within +/- 30 degrees of the outbound track.

• Exception:– Arrival routing: STAR, terminal routing, airway

45/180 vs. 80/260

• PANS-OPS states that the 80/260 procedure turn is an alternative to the 45/180 unless specifically excluded.

ICAO 45/180 vs. 80/260

• PANS-OPS 8168, Vol 1, Part III, Chap 3, para 3.3.2.1:– (a) …. the 45/180 procedure turn is an alternative

to the 80/260 procedure turn, unless specifically excluded.

– (b) …. the 80/260 procedure turn is an alternative to the 45/180 procedure turn, unless specifically excluded.

ICAO 45/180 vs. 80/260

AFM 11-217 V1, para 18.1.5:• Approaches may be designed using U.S. criteria,

PANS-OPS criteria, or host nation criteria that are different from PANS-OPS.

• Aircraft executing maneuvers other than those intended by the host nation approach design could exceed the boundaries of the protected airspace or may cause overflight of unauthorized areas.

• All ICAO procedures must be flown as they are depicted.

What’s Out There

Approach Names

Note the SUA

Same approach – note visual lead-in lights from MAP

Descend in holding, then visual to runway

Same thing – except….

Glideslope brings you in short of the runway

That’s All, Folks