Ibiganiro bigenewe abatorewe kuyobora inzego z'imirenge n ......MINALOC, Imiyoborere ibereye u Rwanda, Ugushyingo 1999 6. MINALOC, La bonne gouvernance et la Democratie, 7. MINALOC,

1

REPUBULIKA Y'U RWANDA

MINISITERI Y'UBUTEGETSI BW'IGIHUGU N'IMIBEREHO MYIZA Y'ABATURAGE, B.P. 3445 - KIGALI

IBIGANIRO BIGENEWE ABATOREWE KUYOBORA INZEGO Z'IMIRENGE

N'UTUGARI MU RWANDA

2

REPUBULIKA Y’U RWANDA

MINISTERI Y’UBUTEGETSI BW’IGIHUGU N’IMIBEREHO MYIZA Y’ABATURAGE

B.P. 3445 - KIGALI

IBIGANIRO BIGENEWE ABATOREWE KUYOBORA INZEGO Z’IMIRENGE

N’UTUGARI MU RWANDA

Kigali, Kanama 2002

3

IJAMBO RY'IBANZE Politiki yo Kwegereza Ubuyobozi n'Ubushobozi Abaturage ikomeje gushinga imizi mu Rwanda. Nyuma y'amatora y'abayobozi b'inzego z'Utugari n'Imirenge yabaye muri Werurwe 1999, habaye amatora y'abayobozi b'inzego z'Uturere, Imijyi n'Umujyi wa Kigali muri Werurwe 2001. Muri Werurwe 2002 na none, hongeye kuba amatora y'abayabozi b'inzego z'Utugari n'Imirenge. Aya matora ya nyuma yagaragaje ko 39% by'abatowe ari bo bari basanzwe mu nzego z'ubuyobozi, abandi bose bakaba ari bashya. Abo bayobozi bashya bakeneye gusobanukirwa n'inshingano zijyanye n'imyanya y'ubuyobozi batorewe. Bakeneye kandi no gusobanukirwa n'imiterere y'inzego z'ubuyobozi, imikorere yazo n'uburyo zigomba gukorana hagati yazo ndetse n'izindi nzego zikorana mu tugari no mu mirenge. Ku birebana n'abatowe bari basanzwe mu buyobozi muri manda yacyuye igihe kuwa 24 Werurwe 2002, byagaragaye ko, n'ubwo bakomeje gutegurwa muri rusange ku bijyanye na Gahunda y'Igihugu yo Kwegereza Ubuyobozi n'Ubushobozi Abaturage, na bo bakeneye amahugurwa yabafasha kugira imyumvire imwe bose ku nshingano zabo. Ni yo mpamvu hateguwe amahugurwa y'abayobozi b'inzego z'Utugari n'Imirenge baherutse gutorwa ku wa 25 na 26 Werurwe 2002, baba abashya cyangwa abari basanzwe mu nzego z'ubuyobozi. Ayo mahugurwa yateguwe ku buryo bunononsoye, kugira ngo azabe ingirakamaro. Abazahugurwa bazahabwa inyigisho zijyanye n'imiterere, inshingano, imikorere n'imikoranire y'inzego n'uko zikorana n'izindi nzego, iterambere ry'abaturage, kurwanya akarengane n'amakimbirane mu bantu, uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu mu miyoborere myiza bishingiye kuri Gahunda ya Guverinoma y'Ubumwe bw'Abanyarwanda, kandi hagaragazwa uruhare rw'abayobozi b'inzego z'ibanze mu kubishyira mu bikorwa. Kugira ngo ayo mahugurwa azagere ku bo agenewe, hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo guhugura abazahugura abandi. Muri buri Ntara n'Umujyi wa Kigali, hahuguwe ababishoboye, bafite n'umwanya wo gukora uwo murimo, kandi hitaweho ko muri buri Karere n'Umujyi haboneka abazahugura bahoraho, bazakomeza gukora uwo murimo igihe cyose bibaye ngombwa. Aya mahugurwa arareba cyane cyane Njyanama y'Umurenge, igizwe na Nyobozi, Inyangamugayo n'Abahuzabikorwa b'Utugari. Impamvu ibi bireba Inama Njyanama y'Umurenge, ni uko ari rwo rutindo ruhuza Akagari n'Akarere, muri gahunda y'imiyoborere myiza n'amajyambere. Mboneyeho umwanya wo gushimira abantu bose bagize uruhare mu gikorwa cyo gutegura aya mahugurwa, mu gutunganya inyandiko, gutanga ibyangombwa bikenewe, ndetse n'abazagira uruhare mu kugeza izi nyigisho ku bo zigenewe. Ndizera ko aya mahugurwa azafasha abayobozi b'inzego z'Utugari n'Imirenge kurushaho gusobanukirwa n'inshingano zabo, n'uko zishyirwa mu bikorwa, kugira ngo Politiki yo Kwegereza Ubuyobozi n'Ubushobozi Abaturage irusheho gushinga

4

imizi mu Rwanda no gufasha abaturarwanda kugera ku mibereho myiza n'amajyambere arambye.

Kanama, 2002

5

INTANGIRIRO Aka gatabo gakubiyemo inyigisho zigenewe abayobozi b'inzego z'ibanze baherutse gutorwa muri Werurwe 2002. Kaje gakurikira kandi kuzuza akandi gatabo kasohotse muri Nyakanga 2000, kari gakubiyemo ibiganiro bigenewe inzego z' ibanze zari zarashyizweho n'amatora yo muri Werurwe 1999. Kimwe na Kariya ka mbere aka gatabo kagamije gufasha Minisiteri y'Ubutegetsi bw'Igihugu n'Imibereho myiza y'Abaturage n'Intara mu gikorwa cyo kongerera ubumenyi nùbushobozi abayobozi b'inzego z'ibanze cyane cyane ku rwego rw'Utugari n'Imirenge. Aka gatabo kandi kazafasha abayobozi b'ingeri zose kwihugura ubwabo batagombye gutegereza ko habaho amahugurwa rusange. Koko rero, umuyobozi mwiza agomba guhora yiyungura ubumenyi, kugira ngo arusheho gusobanukirwa n'inshingano ze, n'uburyo yarushaho kuzirangiza neza. Abayobozi b'inzego z'ibanze bazifashisha inyigisho zikubiye muri aka gatabo mu gikorwa gikomeye cyo gukangurira abaturage kugira uruhare mu miyoborere yabo no mu bikorwa byose bigamije kubateza imbere mu rwego rw'ubukungu n'imibereho myiza. Aka gatabo kagizwe n'ibiganiro bikurikira: - Ikiganiro cya 1 : Gahunda ya Guverinoma y'Ubumwe bw'Abanyarwanda n'uruhare rw'inzego z'ibanze mu kuyishyira mu bikorwa - Ikiganiro cya 2 : Imiterere, Inshingano, Imikorere, imikoranire y'inzego za Leta - Ikiganiro cya 3 : Iterambere ry'abaturage - Ikiganiro cya 4 : Kurwanya akarengane n'amakimbirane mu baturage - Ikiganiro cya 5 : Uburenganzira bw'Ikiremwamuntu mu miyoborere myiza Kuri buri kiganiro hateguwe inyandiko igaragaza uburyo cyatangwa kugira ngo aya mahugurwa azagere ku ntego yayo ariyo « gufasha abayobozi b'inzego z'ibanze gukemura ibibazo by'abo bayobora hafatwa ibyemezo bikwiye kandi hafatwa ingamba zo kuzahura ubukungu byatuma bagera ku miyoborere myiza n'amajyambere birambye. Minisiteri y'Ubutegetsi bw'Igihugu n'Imibereho Myiza y'Abaturage yiteguye kwakira ibitekerezo byose n'inama byayifasha kurushaho kunononsora inyigisho itegurira abayobozi ku nzego zinyuranye.

6

INYANDIKO ZIFASHISHIJWE MU GUTEGURA INYIGISHO IBITABO 1. BERTHOME J. MERCOIRET J., Planification du developpement local,

CIEPAC,1992 2. Inades Formation-Rwanda , Diagnostic Participatif, 3. KUBWIMANA C. et SEBAHIZI J., Syllabus, Planification Strategique et

operationnelle, 2001 4. LAVENDHOMME E., Devenir Moderateur d'Atelier PIPO (Planification des

intervention par objectifs) Manuel de formation, AGCD-BIEF, 1997 5. MINALOC, Imiyoborere ibereye u Rwanda, Ugushyingo 1999 6. MINALOC, La bonne gouvernance et la Democratie, 7. MINALOC, Ibiganiro bigenewe inzego z'ibanze, Kigali, Nyakanga 2000 8. MINALOC, Amajyambere ashingiye kuri ba nyirayo, 2001 9. Reseau des Femmes, Imfashanyigisho y'amahugurwa agenewe abazahugura

Kigali, kuwa 8 Werurwe 1999 10. REZSOHAZY , R., Developpement des Communautes.: Participer,

Programmer, Innover ;. INYANDIKO ZIKUBIYEMO POLITIKI 1. MINALOC , Politiki yo kwegereza abaturage ubuyobozi, 2000 2. MINALOC, Politiki y'Amakoperative mu Rwanda, 2001 3. MINALOC, Politiki ya « Jumelage » mu Rwanda 4. MINISANTE, Politique Nationale de la Population pour le Developpement

Durable du Rwanda, Office National de la Population (ONAPO), Draft 1, Sept.2001

5. MINALOC, Politique de Developpement Communautaire, 2eme edition, 2001 6. MINALOC , Politique de la Decentralisation Fiscale, 2000

7

AMATEGEKO, AMATEKA , AMABWIRIZA N'AMASEZERANO MPUZAMAHANGA 1. Itegeko n° 20/2000 ryo kuwa 26/07/2000 rigenga imiryango idaharanira

inyungu 2. Iteka rya Minisitiri rigena Imikorere n'imikoranire ya Komite zishinzwe amajyambere 3. Iteka rya Perezida rigena amasegiteri, amaselire rikagena n'imikorere y'izo

nzego, Igazeti ya Leta , Umwaka wa 37, n° idasanzwe yo kuwa 15 Gashyantare 2001

4. Iteka rya Perezida rihindura kandi ryuzuza Iteka rya Perezida n° 37/01 ryo kuwa 23/12/1998 rigena amasegiteri n'amaselire rikagena n'imikorere y'izo nzego nk'uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu, Igazeti ya Leta, umwaka wa 4, n°23 Ter 01 Ukuboza 2001.

5. Itegeko N° 43/2000 ryo kuwa 29/12/2000 rigena imitunganyirize n'imikorere y'Intara

6. Itegeko N° 04/2001 ryo kuwa 13/01/2001 rishyiraho imitunganyirize n'imikorere y'Akarere

7. Itegeko n° 05/2001 ryo kuwa 18/01/2001 rishyiraho imitunganyirize n'imikorere y'imijyi mu Rwanda

8. Itegeko N° 07/2001 ryo kuwa 19/01 /2001 rishyiraho imitunganyirize n'Imikorere y'umujyi wa Kigali

9. Itegeko n°17/2002 ryo kuwa 10/5/2002, rishyiraho inkomoko y'imari n'umutungo by'Uturere n'Imijyi kandi rigena imikoreshereze yabyo. 10. Amasezerano yerekeye uburenganzira bw'umwana yo kuwa 20 Ugushyingo 1989 11. Itegeko nyafurika ku burenganzira n'imibereho myiza y'umwana,

Nyakanga,1990 12. Itegeko n° 27/2001 ryo kuwa 28/04/2001 ryerekeye uburenganzira bw'

umwana n' uburyo bwo kumurinda ihohoterwa 13. Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ryerekeye uburenganzira bw'Ikiremwamuntu ryo

kuwa 10 Ukuboza 1948 14. Amasezerano y'Afurika yerekeye uburenganzira bw'Ikiremwamuntu

n'ubw'Abaturage RAPORO 1. MININTER, Memorandum sur la Situation de Jumelage Cooperation entre

Rhenanie-Palatinat et le Rwanda, Kigali, Fevrier 1997 2. Ministere de la Sante/Office National de la Population, Enquete

Demographique et de Sante (EDSR-II), Rwanda 2000, Rapport preliminaire 3. Ministere des Finances et de la Planification Economique, Direction de la

Statistique/Office Nationale de la Population/Fonds des Nations Unies pour la Population, Enquete Socio-Demographique 1996, Rapport Final, VoI.I. Resultats selectionnes, Kigali, Janvier 1998

8

IBISOBANURO BY'AMAGAMBO AHINNYE ADCGL Appui au Developpement Communautaire et à la Gouvernance Locale ARDI Association Rwandaise pour le Developpement Integre ASBL Association Sans But Lucratif AVEGA Association des Veuves du Genocide/Agahozo CDC Comite de Developpement Communautaire CDF Commun Development Fonds CLE Community Livelihood Enhancement CNDH Commission Nationale des Droits de l'Homme CPA Comite Politico-Administratif CRDP Community Reintegration Development Project DP Diagnostic Participatif FAR Forces Armees Rwandaises FARG Fonds d'Assistance aux Rescapes du Genocide FDC Fonds de Developpement Communautaire FMVJ Federation Mondiale des Villes Jumelees FPR Front Patriotique Rwandais GCB Groupements Communautaires de Base IGL Initiative de Gouvernance Locale IRC International Rescue Commitee IS Infrastructure Sociale KHI Kigali Health Institute KIE Kigali Institute of Education KIST Kigali Institute of Sciences and Technolagy LDF Local Defense Force LWF Lutherian World Federation MARP Methode Acceleree de Recherche Participative MINALOC Ministere de l'Administration Locale et des Affaires Sociales MINIREISO Ministere de la reintegration et de la Reinsertion Sociale MTEF Medium Term Expenditure Framework ONG Organisation Non Gouvernementale NURC National Unity and Reconciliation Commission PADEC Projet d'Appui au Developpement Communautaire PCA/C: Programme Cadre d'Appui a la Bonne Gouvernance/Cyangugu PIPO Planification des Interventions par Objectifs PRA Participatory Rural Apraisal PNRP Programme National de Reduction de la Pauvrete TPIR Tribunal Penal International pour le Rwanda ULK Universite Libre de Kigali

9

IKIGANIRO CYA MBERE

UBURYO IKIGANIRO KIZATANGWA

INTEGO RUSANGE Gufasha abayobozi b'inzego z'ibanze gusobanukirwa na Gahunda Guverinoma y'Ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda yari ifite ubwo yajyagaho ku itariki 19/07/1994, kugaragaza aho igeze ishyirwa mu bikorwa, uruhare rwabo ndetse n'urwabaturage bose muri rusange mu kurangiza ibitaragerwaho. INTAMBWE YA MBERE Kwibutsa gahunda Guverinoma y'Ubumwe bw'Abanyarwanda yari yihaye ubwo yajyagaho ku itariki 19/07/1994 Intego yihariye Kumenya neza ingingo z'ingenzi Guverinoma y'ubumwe bw'Abanyarwanda yihaye kugirango ishobore kuvana u Rwanda mu bibazo rwari rurimo Uko iyo ntego yagerwaho - Kubaza abari mu Gihugu mbere y'uko Guverinoma ijyaho, ibibazo byari mu

Rwanda - Kubaza abaje bava hanze y'Igihugu ibibazo basanze gifite - Gusaba abari mu mahugurwa kugaragaza ibyo babona byakozwe kugeza

ubu haba ku rwego rw'Igihugu, mu Ntara cyangwa mu Turere baturukamo INTAMBWE YA 2 Gusobanura impamvu yatumye buri ngingo ngenderwaho itoranywa Intego yihariye Gusobanukirwa neza ibibazo buri ngingo yari igamije gukemura Uko iyo ntego yagerwaho - Kubaza imiterere ya buri kibazo mu bibazo byari byugarije u Rwanda - Kugaragaza ingamba zafashwe mu rwego rwo kubishakira imiti INTAMBWE YA 3 Gusobanukirwa n'ibyakozwe kuri buri ngingo Intego yihariye Gusobanukirwa ibyakozwe n'ibitaragerwaho kuri buri ngingo igize gahunda ya Guverinoma y'ubumwe bw'Abanyarwanda

10

Uko iyo ntego yagerwaho - Kubaza ingero z'ibikorwa byagezweho kuri buri ngingo haba ku rwego rw'Igihugu,

Intara cyangwa Uturere - Kuzuza lisiti y'ibyakozwe hongerwamo ibyibagiranye kandi hagaragazwa

ibitaragerwaho n'inzitizi zabayeho INTAMBWE YA 4 Gusobanukirwa ibitaragerwaho kuri buri ngingo , ingamba zafatwa Intego yihariye Gushakira hamwe ingamba zafatwa kugira ngo ibitaragerwaho bishyirwe mu bikorwa hakurikijwe umwihariko wa buri Karere. Uko iyo ntego yagerwaho - Kubaza ingamba bafatira buri ngingo itaragerwaho binyuze mu matsinda - Kugaragaza ibindi bikorwa byakwitabwaho mu kurangizu ibitaragerwaho INTAMBWE YA 5 Gusobanukirwa n'uruhare rw'abayobozi b'inzego z'ibanze n'urw'abaturage muri rusange bagira mu kurangiza ibitaragerwaho hakurikijwe ingamba zemejwe. Intego yihariye Gusobanukirwa n'uruhare rw'inzego z'ibanze n'urwa buri Muyobozi mu kazi ashinzwe ndetse n'urw'abaturage muri rusange mu rwego rwo gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba zemejwe. Uko iyo ntego yagerwaho - Kubaza uruhare buri rwego, urwa buri Muyobozi mu kazi ashinzwe

n'urw'abaturage muri rusange mu gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba zafashwe - Kungurana ibitekerezo ku ruhare rwagaragajwe - Gufata gahunda y'ibyo basabwa gukora

11

IKIGANIRO CYA MBERE GAHUNDA YA GUVERINOMA Y'UBUMWE

BW'ABANYARWANDA N'URUHARE RW'INZEGO Z'IBANZE MU KUYISHYIRA MU BIKORWA

IGICE CYA MBERE: INTANGIRIRO Mbere y'ishyirwaho rya Guverinoma y'Ubumwe bw'Abanyarwanda, Igihugu cyarangwaga n'umwiryane n'amacakubiri ari nabyo byatumye habaho itsembabwoko n' itsembatsemba. Guverinoma y'Ubumwe bw'Abanyarwanda imaze kujyaho yakoresheje isuzuma ku rwego rw'abaturage igamije kureba icyateye umwiryane n'amacakubiri mu Banyarwanda. Iryo suzuma ryagaragaje ko uwo mwiryane watewe n'ibibazo by'ubuyobozi bubi, ubukene, ubujiji n'imikorere idahwitse y'ubutabera. Haje kwiyongeraho ibibazo by'Ubumwe bw'abanyarwanda bwari bwarahungabanye, ibibazo by'ubutabera, ubukungu, n'umutekano muke. Ishingiye kuri ibyo bibazo, Guverinoma y'Ubumwe bw'Abanyarwanda yasanze ari ngombwa ko hashyirwaho ubuyobozi bushya mu rwego rwo guhangana n' ingaruka z' itsembabwoko n' itsembatsemba no kongera kubaka Igihugu. Kugira ngo ubwo buyobozi bushobore gukora neza bwihaye ingingo munani zikurikira: - Kugarura umutekano n' amahoro mu Gihugu ; - Kuvugurura ubutegetsi bwite bwa Leta, n'ubw'ibanze ubw'amaperefegitura,

Komini, Segiteri na Selire; - Guharanira ubwiyunge bw'abanyarwanda ; - Gucyura, gutuza impunzi no gusubiza mu byabo ababikuwemo n'intambara ; - Guharanira imibereho myiza y'abaturage bose muri rusange no kwita ku

bibazo by'abatagira kivurira nk'imfubyi, abapfakazi, abamugaye, ... ; - Kuzahura ubukungu ; - Kuvugurura Politiki y'ububanyi n'amahanga - Gushimangira demokarasi. Iki kiganiro kigamije gufasha abayobozi b'inzego z'ibanze gusobanukirwa na gahunda ya Guverinoma y'Ubumwe bw'Abanyarwanda, kubagaragariza aho igeze ishyirwa mu bikorwa, n'uruhare rwabo mu gushyira mu bikorwa ibitaragerwaho. ISHYIRWA MU BIKORWA RYA GAHUNDA YA GUVERINOMA Y'UBUMWE BW'ABANYARWANDA. Mu kugaragaza uko Gahunda ya Guverinoma y'Ubumwe bw'Abanyarwanda yagiye igerwaho, haritabwaho kwerekana impamvu, ibyakozwe, inzitizi, ibitaragerwaho, ingamba zafatwa, uruhare rw'abayobozi b'inzego z'ibanze by'umwihariko n'urw'abaturage muri rusange.

12

1.1. Kugarura Umutekano n'Amahoro mu Gihugu: Kuva tariki ya 4/7/1994, u Rwanda rwari rurimo ibice bibiri, itsembabwoka n'itsembatsemba ryari rigikomeza mu bice bimwe, Igihugu cyari mu ntambara n'ubwicanyi, abantu bari barakwiye imishwaro, hari impunzi nyinshi: iza kera n'izahungaga Igihugu muri icyo gihe. Ingenga-bitekerezo (Ideology) y'itsembabwoko n'itsembatsemba yari igikomeza, ubwoba bwo gupfa mu mitima y' abanyarwanda bwari bwinshi, nta butegetsi bwari buriho. U Rwanda rwari rukirimo interahamwe nyinshi, ingabo za kera (Ex FAR) zari zarakwiriye hirya no hino mu mashyamba no mu bihugu duhana imbibi ariko cyane cyane muri Kongo, zitegura gutera u Rwanda. Byari ngombwa ko iyo ngingo iba iya mbere kuko nta mutekano nta n'ikindi gishobora gukorwa. Ibyakozwe - Hahyizweho Guverinoma ihuriweho n'abanyarwanda b'ingeri zose ; - Abanyarwanda bakanguriwe gufatanya n'inzego z'umutekano kwirindira

umutekano (LDF, komite z'umutekano) ; ubu umutekano ukaba uri mu gihugu hose;

- Gusubiza Igihugu ubusugire bwacyo ; - Guhagarika genocide no kurwanya ingenga-bitekerezo yayo mu Rwanda no

kw'isi yose ; - Hakuweho ubwoba bwo kwicwa bwari mu banyarwanda kubera inyigisho

nyinshi zigamije amahoro (amagambo yavuzwe n'abayobozi, inama n'abaturage...)

- Hinjijwe Ingabo za kera mu ngabo za FPR-Inkotanyi (reintegration) ; - Havuguruwe inzego z'umutekano : Minisiteri y'Umutekano, National Security

Service, Polisi y'Igihugu.. . ) ; - Hubatswe inzego z'ubutabera (inkiko zisanzwe, parike n'Inkiko Gacaca) ; - Hashyizweho komisiyo yo gutegura ibisasu . Ibitaragerwaho - Gukemura burundu ikibazo cy'abahungabanya umutekano baturutse hanze

y'Igihugu ; - Bamwe mu banyapolitiki baracyagendera ku bitekerezo bizana amacakubiri ; - Ingenga-bitekerezo (Ideology) y'itsembabwoko n'itsembatsemba ya genocide

iracyariho ; - Itegeko rihana genocide ntirirajyaho. Inzitizi - Bimwe mu bihugu n'imiryango mpuzamahanga bigishyigikiye abasize bakoze

amahano mu Rwanda n'abanyapolitiki bamwe bazana amacakubiri ; Amikoro make ya Leta;

- Ubujiji...

13

Ingamba - Gukomeza imishyikirano n'ibihugu bibitse abahungabanya umutekano ; - Gukomeza gushyira ingufu mu bikorwa byo kurinda umutekano ; - Gukomeza gukangurira abaturage kwibungabungira umutekano. 1.2. Kuvugurura Ubutegetsi bwite bwa Leta, n'ubw'ibanze

(ubw'amaperefegitura, Komini, Segiteri na Selire). Kuva aho FPR-Inkotanyi ihagarikiye itsembabwoko n'itsembatsemba, tariki ya 4/7/1994, nta butegetsi bwariho, nta rwego na rumwe rw'ubuyobozi rwakoraga. Ibyakozwe - Hashyizweho Guverinoma y'Ubumwe bw'Abanyarwanda y'inzibacyuho itariki

ya 19/7/1994 ; - Hashyizweho abayobozi mu nzego z'ubutegetsi bwite bwa Leta ; - Hashyizweho Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y'inzibacyuho ; - Hashyizweho komisiyo zinyuranye (NURC,CNDA, zateganywa ga mu Itegeko

Shingiro; - Havuguruwe inzego z'Ubucamanza n'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga ; - Hashyizweho ikigo bya Leta hagamijwe imicungire myiza y'umutungo wa Leta

(National Tender board), ikigo cyihariye cy'imisoro (Rwanda Revenue Authority), Komisiyo yo kurwanya ruswa;

- Havuguruwe imiterere ya za Minisiteri, bitewe n'ibigamijwe kugerwaho ; - Hashyizweho ibiro by'ubugenzuzi bukuru; - Hashyizweho ikigo gikoresha ibizamini mu rwego rwo gushaka gukorera mu

mucyo (National Examination Board); - Havuguruwe ikigo gicunga amafaranga asana imihanda (Fonds Routier) ; - Havuguruwe imiterere n'imikorere y'inzego z'ibanze z'Utugari, Imirenge

Uturere, Imijyi n'Umujyi wa Kigali; - Hagiyeho inzego zimwe zitariho (Urukiko rw'ikirenga, Inama Nkuru

y'Ubucamanza) ; - Hashyizweho komisiyo ishinzwe gutegura Itegeko Nshinga no kuvugurura

andi mategeko ; - Hashyizweho gahunda yo kwegereza ubuyobozi n'ubushobozi abaturage; - Havuguruwe Imiterere ya za Minisiteri n'Intara. Ibitaragerwaho - Gutegura Itegeko Nshinga biracyakomeza ; - Gahunda yo kwegereza ubuyobozi n'ubushobozi abaturage iracyakomeza; - Imikorere y'ibigo bimwe ntirashinga imizi. Inzitizi - Impinduka zitaramenyerwa (ku bayobozi n'abaturage) - Amikoro make ( abakozi babizobereye bake) ; - Umutekano utaragerwaho neza n' ingaruka z'itsembabwoko n'

itsembatsetsemba.

14

Ingamba - Gukomeza kongerera ubuyobozi inzego z'ubuyobozi (abakozi, amafaranga

n'ibikoresho); - Gukomeza gushimangira gahunda yo kwegereza ubuyobozi n'ubushobozi

abaturage. 1.3. Gucyura, gutuza impunzi no gusubiza mu byabo ababivanywemo

n'intambara Guverinoma yagiyeho mu gihe hari impunzi nyinshi ari iza kera n'izahunze mu mwaka w'1994. Guverinoma yagombaga kwakira no gutuza impunzi zari zimaze imyaka irenga 30 ziciwe mu Gihugu. Yagombaga na none gusubiza mu byabo abari barabivanywemo n'intambara. Ibyakozwe - Hashyizweho MINEREISO, ihabwa inshingano zo gucura, gutuza no gusubiza

abantu mu byabo no gusana ibyangijwe n'intambara; - Hashyizweho Komisiyo y'Igihugu yo gucyura no gutuza impunzi ; - Guverinoma y'Ubumwe bw'Abanyarwanda yacyuye impunzi zirenga miliyoni

eshatu inazisubiza mu byabo; - Abanyarwanda benshi bari bamaze imyaka irenga 30 hanze y'Igihugu

baratahutse baranatuzwa. Ibitaragerwaho - Igikorwa cyo gucyura no gutuza impunzi kiracyakomeza ; - Igikorwa cyo gusubiza imitungo yabohojwe kiracyakomeza. Inzitizi - Zimwe mu mpunzi zagize uruhare mu itsembabwoko n'itsembatsemba

zidashaka gutahuka ; - Bimwe mu bihugu bifite inyungu muri izo mpunzi ; - Ubushake buke bw'imiryango mpuzamahanga ifasha gucyura impunzi ; - Amikoro make. Ingamba - Gukomeza gucyura no gutuza impunzi ; - Gukangurira abaturage gusaranganya ubutaka no gusubiza imitungo itari

byabo ; - Kwihutisha Itegeko ry'Ubutaka ; - Kurwanya impamvu zose zatera ubuhunzi. 1.4. Guharanira Ubumwe bw'Abanyarwanda. Muri Nyakanga 1994, abanyarwanda bari baraciwemo ibice kubera amacakubiri n'ubushyamirane bishingiye ku moko. Abanyarwanda bamwe baratahukaga abandi bahunga kubera ubwoba, ubwishishanye, uburakari bwinshi.

15

Guverinoma y'Ubumwe bw'Abanyarwanda yagombaga gushaka ubumwe n'ubwiyunge hajyaho uburyo bugamije kurwanya amacakubiri mu banyarwanda. Ibyakozwe - Hashyizweho Komisiyo y'Ubumwe n'Ubwiyunge ;

- Hashyizweho ubutegetsi buhuriweho n'abanyarwanda b'ingeri zose, bigamije guha umunyarwanda kwibona muri ubwo butegetsi ;

- Hashyizweho Ingabo z'igihugu zihuriwemo na FPR-Inkotanyi n'ingabo za kera ;

- Hahinduwe irangamuntu yatandukanyaga abanyarwanda bishingiye ku bwoko ;

- Hashyizweho umushinga w'itegeko rihana icyaha cy'ivangura n'icyakurura amacakubiri;

- Hakoreshejwe ingando zihuza abanyarwanda benshi kugira ngo baganire ku mateka n'ibibazo byabo ;

- Hagiyeho Komisiyo y'Igihugu ishinzwe Uburenganzira bw'Ikiremwamuntu - Hashyizweho ibirango bishya buri munyarwanda yibonamo ; - Hashyizweho inkiko Gacaca zigamije ubutabera n'ubumwe. Ibitaragerwaho - Ubumwe n'ubwiyunge bw'abanyarwanda ntiburagerwaho neza ; - Imanza nyinshi zirebana n'itsembabwoko n'itsembatsemba ntiziracibwa ; - Ubusabane bushingiye kugufatanya no gusaranganya ubutaka

bitaragerwaho neza ; - Indishyi z'abazize itsembabwoko n'itsembatsemba zitaratangwa. Inzitizi - Amikoro make ; - Imanza z'itsembabwoko n'itsembatsemba zitaracibwa. Ingamba - Gukangurira abanyarwanda gushyigikira inkiko Gacaca ; - Gukomeza gukangurira abanyarwanda kuvugisha ukuri ku byabaye; - Gukomeza ubukangurambaga k'ubumwe n'ubwiyunge ; - Kwihutisha gushyiraho ikigega cy'indishyi z'abazize itsembabwoko

n'itsembatsemba ; - Kurwanya akarengane no gukemura amakimbirane. 1.5. Guharanira Imibereho Myiza y'Abaturage muri rusange no kwita ku

bibazo by'abatagira kivurira (imfubyi, abapfakazi abamugaye, abarokotse itsembabwoko n' itsembatsemba...)

Guverinoma y'Ubumwe bw'Abanyarwanda ijyaho, ibikorwa remezo by'ibanze, byari byarasenyutse, nta mashuri, nta mavuriro, nta mazi, nta mashanyarazi na telefoni bikora. Abantu benshi batari bafite amacumbi, ibigo by'imfubyi byinshi, abapfakazi n'abamugaye benshi, indwara z'uburyo bwose, ibiribwa bike. Guverinoma y'ubumwe bw'Abanyarwanda yihutiye gushyiraho ingamba zo gufasha abo batishoboye kugira ngo basubizwe mu buzima busanzwe.

16

Ibyakozwe - Hasanwe ibikorwa remezo, hubakwa n'ibindi ( imihanda, amashuri, ibigo

by'ubuzima...) ; - Hashyizweho gahunda yo kugabanya ubukene mu Gihugu ; - Hashyizweho Ikigega gifasha abacitse ku icumu ry'itsembabwoko

n'itsembatsemba batishoboye ; - Guverinoma yagiye yongera buri mwaka amafaranga igenera gufasha

abandi batishoboye badafashwa n'Ikigega cy'abacitse ku icumu ; - Hashyizweho gahunda zo kuzamura imibereho y'abanyarwanda (ibigega,

imiryango y'ubwisungane mu buvuzi, Rama...); - Hashyizweho za gahunda zo kurwanya indwara zinyuranye (SIDA, Malaria,

igituntu. . . ) - Hasanwe amasoko y'amazi mu turere dutadukanye, hubakwa n'andi ; - Hashyizweho Itegeko ry'umuryango, impano n'izungura; - Hashyizweho gahunda yo kugabanya ibigo by'imfubyi ; - Abana benshi b'imfubyi bakiriwe mu miryango. Ibitaragerwaho - Ubukene bwinshi buracyugarije abanyarwanda ; - Umubare w'abatishoboye mu gihugu uracyari mwinshi ; - Ibikorwa remezo biracyari bike - Abana bugarijwe n'ibibazo baracyari benshi. Inzitizi - Amikoro make ; - Imyumvire n'umuco bizitira abana gushyirwa mu miryango. Ingamba - Gukangurira abanyarwanda kurushaho kwitabira umurimo ; - Gukangurira abaturage guhitamo neza abatishoboye bagomba gufashwa nta

marangamutima ; - Gukomeza kubaka, gusana no gufata neza ibikorwa remezo; - Guha ingufu Komisiyo yo kurwanya Sida ; - Kongera ibigo bipima Sida ; - Gukangurira abaturage kugira uruhare rugaragara mu burezi bw'abana babo ; - Gushishikariza abaturage kwitabira imiryango y'ubwisungane mu kwivuza ; - Gushishikariza abaturage gutanga umusanzu muri FARG; - Gushishikariza abaturage gutura mu midugudu ; - Gufasha abanyeshuri bari mu biruhuko kubona imirimo kugira ngo bashobore

gukemura ibibazo by’amafaranga y'ishuri. 1.6. Kuzahura Ubukungu Guverinoma y'Ubumwe bw'Abanyarwanda yatangiye kuyobora u Rwanda nta mikoro ifite, umutungo w'amabanki n'uwa Leta warasahuwe, Igihugu cyaratakaje abantu n'ibintu, ibikorwa remezo byarangiritse, n'ibyari bikiriho bidakora, ubucuruzi hagati mu gihugu no hanze bwarahagaze, ubuhinzi n’ubworozi byarahagaze, abanyarwanda bakennye cyane.

17

Ibyakozwe - Hashyizweho Ikigo cy'Igihugu gishinzwe kwinjiza imisoro n'amahoro ; - Hashyizweho amategeko mashya agenga umusoro n'uburyo bushya bwo

gusoresha ; - Hashyizweho ikigo cya Leta gishinzwe kugurisha Ibigo bya Leta abikorera ku

giti cyabo ; - Hateguwe itegeko rishyiraho ikigo gifasha abashoramari mu Rwanda (Rwanda

Investiments public) ; - Hasanwe ibikorwa remezo byari byarangiritse (imihanda, amashuri,.. . ) - Hatangijwe ibikorwa by'amajyambere hirya no hino mu Gihugu ; hashyirwaho

n'ingamba zo gufasha abahinzi n'aborozi ; - Umusaruro w'ubuhinzi n'ubworozi wariyongereye ; - Hatangijwe porogaramu yihariye ya Banki y'Isi n'Ikigega Mpuzamahanga yo

kuvugurura ubukungu bw' u Rwanda - Hashinzwe izindi Banki nshya ; - Hashyizweho uburyo bwiza bwo gukoresha ingengo y’imari ya Leta

bwegerejwe abaturage (MTEF) ; - Hatangijwe amashuri makuru mashya nka KIST, KIE na KHI ; - Hashyigikiwe Kaminuza zashyizweho n'abikorera ku giti cyabo (ULK,

Universite Adventiste) ; - Leta yafashije abana b'abanyarwanda kwiga hanze mu mashuri y’

ikoranabuhanga. Ibitaragerwaho - Igice kinini cy'abanyarwanda kiracyugarijwe n'ubukene ; - Gahunda y'Igihugu yo kugabanya ubukene iracyakomeza ; - Kuvugurura ubukungu bw'Igihugu biracyakomeza - Inzira ya Gari ya moshi ntiraboneka ; - Ibikorwa-remezo bikiri bike n'ibindi bitarasanwa ; - Ubujiji buracyari bwinshi. Inzitizi - Ubukene, ubujiji, n'ubumenyi buke ; - Igihugu kiri mu bwigunge; - Umusaruro muke ; - Imihanda myinshi idakoze kandi idahagije. Ingamba - Gukomeza gukangurira abanyarwanda kwishakira imirimo no kwihangira

indi mishya; - Guteza imbere ubushakashatsi mu ikoranabuhanga no mu bukungu ; - Guteza imbere ubuhinzi n'ubworozi bishingiye ku ikoranabuhanga no

guteza imbere inganda ziciriritse. I.7. Kuvugurura Politiki y'Ububanyi n'Amahanga Nyuma y'aho Guverinoma y"Abatabazi itsindiwe yakomeje kwereka amahanga ko nta bantu bari mu Gihugu. Guverinoma y’Ubumwe bw'Abanyarwanda yagiyeho amahanga yose yamagana u Rwanda kubera ishusho mbi rwari rufite kubera itsembabwoko n'itsembatsemba.

18

U Rwanda rwagaragaraga kandi rukumvwa nabi kubera itsembabwoko n'itsembatsemba, ntirwagendererwaga, bimwe mu bihugu n'imiryango mpuzamahanga byari bigishyigikiye Guverinoma yari icyuye igihe. Abari bahagarariye u Rwanda muri za ambasade bari abo muri Guverinoma ya kera. Kubera kandi ko bimwe mu bihugu byari byarafashije abateguye umugambi mubisha w"itsembabwoko n'itsembatsemba, ntibyifuzaga ko Guverinoma y"ubumbwe bw'Abanyarwanda yagira icyo igeraho. Guverinoma y'ubumwe bw'abanyarwanda yihatiye kwereka amahanga ukuri no guhindura imikorere yari isanzwe, kubera ko abari basize bakoze itsembabwoko n"itsembatsemba bakomeje guharabika igihugu bagiha isura mbi mu bihugu bahungiyemo. Ibyakozwe - Gusobanura no kumvisha amahanga ibyateye itsembabwoko

n'itsembatsemba n'ingaruka byagize ku gihugu, na gahunda nshya u Rwanda rwiyemeje kugenderaho ;

- Gusobanura amateka y'u Rwanda no kugaragaza ubushake bwo guharanira imibanire myiza y"abanyarwanda n'amahanga;

- Gufungura ambasade aho zari zisanzwe no kuzitangiza mu bihugu zitarimo mu rwego rwo kugirana umubano uhamye ;

- Kwemeza umuryango mpuzamahanga ko itsembabwoko n'itsembatsemha ryabaye mu Rwanda ;

- Hashyizweho Urukiko Mpuzamahanga ruhana ibyaha nshinjabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda, T.P.I.R (Arusha )

- U Rwanda rwabaye nyabagendwa kubera umutekano, - U Rwanda rufite ijambo mu gukemura ibibazo mu byo mu karere no kw'isi - Kwishyura imyenda mu miryango mpuzamahanga u Rwanda rwarimo,

bityo bigatuma narwo rushobora gufata ijambo mu rugaga rw'amahanga no kongera kugirana ubufatanye ;

- Gutsura umubano n'ibihugu bwo mu karere u Rwanda rurimo ; - Kwihatira kujya mu miryango mishya ituma ubuhahirane bwiyongera kandi

bukangenda neza (East Africa Community, Commonwealth, Comesa, Union Africaine...).

Ibitaragerwaho - Bimwe mu bihugu by'amahanga ntibirasobanukirwa neza n'ibibazo by' u

Rwanda ; - Umubano usesuye na bimwe mu bihugu bidukikije ; - Bimwe mu bihugu bigishyigijiye abahungabanya umutekano w'u Rwanda. Inzitizi - Bimwe mu bihugu n'imiryango byagize uruhare mu itsembabwoko

n'itsembatsemba bigifite ipfunwe ; - Abayobozi b'ibihugu bimwe badashimishwa n'uko u Rwanda rwagira

ijambo mu mahanga.

19

Ingamba - Gukomeza gusobanurira amahanga ibibazo by'u Rwanda n'uko ruteganya

gukemura ibibazo byarwo ; - Gukomeza kubungabunga umutekano w'u Rwanda no kuvugurura politiki

yo kuzamura ubukungu. 1.8. Gushimangira Demokarasi Mbere y'uko Guverinoma y'ubumwe bw'Abanyarwanda ijyaho, ubuyobozi bwariho bwarangwaga n'igitugu, abaturage nta ruhare bari bafite mu kwishyiriraho abayobozi, bari barakandamijwe, byari ngombwa ko Guverinoma y'Ubumwe bw'Abanyarwanda yihatira gutangiza ibikorwa bya demokarasi. Demokarasi bisobanuye iki ? - Ubutegetsi bw'abaturage, bushyirwaho n'abaturage, bugakorera abaturage. Amahame ya demokarasi - Kugira uruhare (participation) ; - Guhagararirwa mu nzego z'ubuyobozi (Representation) ; - Igenzura bikorwa (controle). Ibiranga demokarasi - Igihugu kigendera ku mategeko ; - Imiyoborere myiza ; - Uburenganzira bw' ikiremwa muntu ; - Amatora abereye mu mucyo no mu bw'isanzure. Nyuma y'itsembabwoko n'itsembatsemba, amahame y'ibanze ya demokarasi yara hungabanye. Demokarasi ntiyashoboka abantu badafite umutekano, banganye, umutima utari mu gitereko, batagira aho baba, ari nta n'uburyo bw'ibanze buhari bwo kubafasha mu buzima bwa buri munsi. N'ubwo u Rwanda ari uko rwari rumeze ntibyabujije Guverinoma y'Ubumwe bw'Abanyarwanda gutangiza ibikorwa bya demokarasi . Ibyakozwe - Kongera kubaka ubutegetsi nyubahirizategeko, nshingamategeko

n'ubw'ubucamanza ; - Hashyizweho inzego z'ubutegetsi zihuriramo abanyarwanda bafite ibitekerezo

bya politiki bitandukanye kandi byuzuzanya; - Hakozwe amahuriro ngishwanama yagiye abaho mu Ntara no mu Turere

(1996-1997), atuma abanyarwanda batanga ibitekerezo ku mibereho y'Igihugu, ibibazo gifite n'uburyo byakemuka n'inama nyunguranabitekerezo zo mu Rugwiro (1998-1999) ;

20

- Hashyizweho Komisiyo y'Igihugu ishinzwe gutegura Itegeko Nshinga no kuvugurura andi mategeko ;

- Hashyizweho Ihuriro ry'Imitwe ya Politiki yemewe mu Rwanda n’urwego rwo kungurana ibitekerezo ku mikorere y'inzego z'ubutegetsi ku bibazo by'u Rwanda ;

- Hashyizweho politiki yo kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage (Decentralisation) ; - Abaturage bitoreye abayobozi ku nzego z'ibanze:

Muri 1999, amatora mu Tugari n'Imirenge Muri 2001, amatora mu Turere (Imijyi n'Umujyi wa Kigali) Muri 2002, amatora mu Tugari n'Imirenge.

- Inzego z'urubyiruko, abari n'abategarugori zaratowe kuva ku rwego rw’ Akagari kugeza ku rwego rw'igihugu. Ubu bahagarariwe mu Nteko Ishinga amategeko.

Ibitaragerwaho - Itegeko Nshinga rishya ntirirajyaho ; - Amatora ya Perezida n'abadepite; - Amategeko amwe ntaravugururwa - Abaturage ntibarasobanukirwa neza n'amategeko. Inzitizi - Umutekano wagiye uhungabana ; - Ingaruka z'itsembabwoko n'itsembatsemba ; - Ibisigisigi by'ubutegetsi bubi ; - Ibintu byinshi byagombaga guhinduka mu gihe gito ; - Ubukene bukabije ; - Ubujiji ; - Icyorezo cya Sida. Ingamba - Gutegura Itegeko Nshinga abaturage bagizemo uruhare no kuvugurura andi

mategeko ; - Gutegura amatora ku rwego rw'Igihugu ; - Gukomeza gukangurira abanyarwanda umuco wa demokarasi no

kwibungabungira umutekano ; - Gushishikariza abaturage kugira uruhare mu butabera bwunga ; - Gukomeza kuvugurura inzego z'ubuyobozi no gukangurira abaturage uruhare

rwabo mu miyoborere myiza. IGICE CYA 2: URUHARE RW'INZEGO Z'IBANZE Gahunda ya Guverinoma y'Ubumwe ni iy'abanyarwanda bose, ni yo mpamvu buri muturage wese agomba kurushaho kuyisobanukirwa no kuyishyira mu bikorwa. Abayobozi nabo bagomba kurushaho gusobanurira iyi gahunda abo bayobora. Uruhare rw'inzego z'ibanze ni uru rukurikira

21

2.1. Mu rwego rw'Umutekano a) Abayobozi

- Kurushaho gukangurira abaturage kwibungabungira umutekano, gushyigikira

inzego z'umutekano no gukorana nazo ; b) Abaturage

- Kwitabira amarondo mu rwego gufatanya n'inzego z'umutekano. 2.2. Mu rwego rwo gushyiraho no kuvugurura ubutegetsi bwite bwa Leta n'ubw'ibanze.

a) Abayobozi

- Gukangurira abaturage kwitabira kujya mu nzego z'ubuyobozi, kuzitangamo ibitekerezo no gushyira mu bikorwa Gahunda ya Guverinoma y'ubumwe bw'Abanyarwanda ;

- Kubahiriza amahame y'imikorere myiza ; - Gusobanurira abaturage gahunda z'imiyoborere myiza no kubashishikariza

kuzishyira mu bikorwa. b) Abaturage - Kwitabira gahunda za Leta ; - Gutanga ibitekerezo byubaka Igihugu. 2.3. Mu rwego rwo gucyura , gutuza impunzi no gusubiza mu byabo

ababivanywemo n'intambara. a) Abayobozi

- Gushyigikira gahunda ya Guverinoma y'Ubumwe bw'Abanyarwanda yo gutuza impunzi no gusubiza mu byabo ababivanywemo ;

- Gushishikariza abahunze gutahuka. b) Abaturage

- Kwitabira gahunda yo gusaranganya amasambu no gusubiza imitungo y'abandi yabohojwe;

- Gushishikariza abavandimwe bakiri hanze gutaha. 2.4. Mu Rwego rwo guharanira ubumwe n'ubwiyunge bw'abanyarwanda

a) Abayobozi - Gukangurira abaturage umuco wo koroherana, gusabana, gufatanya,

kurwanya amacakubiri n' akarengane; - Gushishikariza abaturage kwitabira inama zigamije gusobanura inkiko

Gacaca no kuzavugisha ukuri ku byabaye; - Gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba zose zavuzwe haruguru.

22

b) Abaturage - Kwitabira no gushyira mu bikorwa gahunda z'ubumwe n'ubwiyunge.

2.5. Mu rwego rwo guharanira imibereho myiza y'abaturage muri rusange no kwita ku bibazo by'abatagira kivurira a) Abayobozi - Gukangurira ababyeyi kwita ku burere bw'abana babo ; - Gukangurira abaturage kwitabira gahunda zigamije imibereho myiza yabo

(gahunda yo kurwanya sida, Malariya, kujya mu mashyirahamwe y'ubwisungane mu rwego rw'ubuvuzi.

b) Abaturage - Kugararagaza abatishoboye bagomba gufashwa nta marangamutima; - Gucunga neza ibikorwa by'amajyambere bamaze kugeraho ; - Kwitabira gahunda zose zigamije kuzamura imibereho yabo. 2.6. Mu rwego kuzahura ubukungu a) Abayobozi - Kumenya gahunda ya Guverinoma y'Ubumwe bw'abanyarwanda

bakayigiramo uruhare no kuyikangurira abaturage, - Gukangurira abaturage kwitabira umurimo ; - Gukangurira abaturage kwitabira ibikorwa by'amajyambere ; - Gukangurira abaturage kwibumbira mu mashyirahamwe n' amakoperative - Gukangurira abaturage kurinda no gucunga ibikorwa by'amajyambere bamaze

kugeraho ; - Gukangurira abaturage kugira uruhare mu isesengura ry'ibibazo byabo no

gushyira mu bikorwa inama bagirwa n'abayobozi babo ; - Gukangurira abaturage kwitabira ibikorwa bigamije kubaka Igihugu (gutanga

umusoro, gukora umuganda,...). b) Abaturage - Kwishakira imirimo no guhanga indi mishya ; 2.7. Mu rwego rwo Kuvugurura Politiki y'ububanyi n'amahanga a) Abayobozi - kurushaho gushimangira ibikorwa by'ubufatanye hagati y'Uturere twabo

n'utw'Amahanga ; - Gushishikariza abaturage baturiye imipaka gufata neza abanyamahanga

baza bagana u Rwanda no kubasonurira politiki na gahunda za Leta ; b) Abaturage - Guteza imbere no gufata neza ibikorwa by'ubukerarugendo ; - Kumenya kwakira abanyamahanga neza ; - Gufata neza bikorwa remezo twatewemo inkunga n'amahanga;

23

2.8. Mu Rwego rwo gushimangira demokarasi a) Abayobozi - Kudashyira imbere inyungu zabo bwite ; - Gukorera mu mucyo ; - Kubahiriza amategeko ; - Kuba inyangamugayo ; - Gutoza abaturage umuco wa demokarasi ; - Gushishikariza abanyarwanda mu ishyirwaho ry'inzego z'ubuyobozi (gutora

no kwiyamamaza). b) Abaturage - Kwiyumvisha ko ubuyobozi ari ubwabo kandi ari bo babushyiraho ari nabo

bukorera ; - Kwimakaza umuco wo gukunda igihugu; - Kwitabira ibikorwa by'amajyambere bumvako ari ibyabo ; - Kumenya amategeko abarengera no kuyubahiriza. UMWANZURO Iyo urebye ibibazo by'ingutu Guverinoma y'Ubumwe bw'Abanyarwanda yahanganye nabyo, ukareba n'amikoro yari ahari kugira ngo bishakirwe ibisubizo, nta wabura kwishimira intambwe u Rwanda rumaze kugeraho Ibyo byose byagezweho abaturage babigizemo uruhare na bo bakaba ari abo gushimirwa. Nk'uko bigaragara na none haracyari ibitaragerwaho neza. Ni ngombwa rero ko abanyarwanda bose bakomeza gufatanya na Leta mu bikorwa byose, hakabaho gusenyera umugozi umwe kugira ngo inshingano zose Guverinoma y'Ubumwe bw'Abanyarwanda yihaye zigerweho.

24

IKIGANIRO CYA KABIRI UBURYO IKIGANIRO KIZATANGWA.

INTEGO RUSANGE Gutuma Inama Njyanama na Komite Nyobozi zikora neza kandi abazigize bagasobanukirwa n'imikoranire y'izo nzego. INTAMBWE YA 1: IMITERERE Y'INZEGO ZA LETA Gusobanukirwa n 'inzego zigize ubuyobozi bw 'ibanze n 'abagize buri rwego Intego yihariye Buri wese azasobanukirwa n'urwego rw'ubuyobozi akoreramo, umwanya afite ndetse n'indi myanya y'imirimo iboneka muri urwo rwego. Uko iyo nzego yagerwaho

- Kubaza abari mu mahugurwa imyanya barimo, urwego ibarizwamo n'itandukaniro riri hagati y'inzego bakoreramo

- Kubasobanurira inzego zigize ubuyobozi bw'ibanze n'abagize buri rwego INTAMBWE YA 2 : INSHINGANO Z'INZEGO ZA LETA Gusobanukirwa n'inshingano za buri rwego rw'ubuyobozi n'inshingano za buri wese ku mwanya yatorewe n'uburyo zishyirwa mu bikorwa. Intego yihariye Buri wese azamenya inshingano ze n'uko zishyirwa mu bikorwa kugira ngo ubuyobozi bw'inzego z'ibanze bugere ku nshingano zahawe. Uko iyo nzego yagerwaho - Kubaza abari basanzwe mu myanya y'ubuyobozi ibyo bakoraga buri wese ku

mwanya yarimo - Kubaza abashya batowe ibyo batorewe n'ibyo bibwiraga bazakora - Kugaragaza inshingano zigenewe buri rwego kuva ku gihugu kugera ku Tugari

n 'uko zigenda zuzuzanya - Kugaragaza ibisabwa inzego z'ibanze kugira ngo zigere ku nshingano zazo - Kugaragaza inshingano z'inzego z'ibanze n'iz'abagize buri rwego nk'uko

amategeko abiteganya - Gufasha abahugurwa gufata imyanzuro na gahunda bagiye kuzajya

bakurikiza.

25

INTAMBWE YA 3: IMIKORERE Y'INZEGO ZA LETA Intego yihariye Kugaragaza inzira inzego z'ubuyobozi cyane cyane ubw'ibanze zinyuramo kugira ngo zibashe gushyira mu bikorwa inshingano zazo Uko iyo ntego yagerwaho - Kubaza abari mu buyobozi bw'inzego z'ibanze uko bakora akazi bashinzwe:

Niba bajya baterana: ryari? Niba bajya bafata ibyemezo: gute? Niba bitabaho: impamvu?

- Kugaragaza icyo amategeko ateganya ku birebana n'imikorere y'inzego

z'ubuyobozi - Gufasha abari mu mahugurwa gufata imyanzuro na gahunda y'uko bagiye

kuzajya bakora INTAMBWE YA 4: IMIKORANIRE Y'INZEGO ZA LETA HAGATI YAZO

N'UKO ZIKORANA N'IZINDI NZEGO Intego yihariye Gusobanukirwa n 'uko inzego bahagarariye zakorana n 'uko nabo bakwiye gukorana ubwabo kugira ngo babashe kugera ku nshingano bahawe Uko iyo nzego yagerwaho - Kubaza uko abari mu nzego zo hejuru bakorana nabo bahuje inshingano

mu nzego zo hasi - Kwerekana uko inzego z'ubuyobozi ku rwego rw'Igihugu zose zibona mu

nzego z'ibanze - Kwerekana uburyo inzego z'ubuyobozi bw'Igihugu zigenda zuzuzanya - Gufasha abari mu mahugurwa gufata imyanzuro na gahunda bagiye kujya

bakurikiza. INTAMBWE YA 5: ISUZUMA RY'IBYAGEZWEHO KUBERA AMAHUGURWA Intego yihariye Buri wese ashobora kugaragaza akamaro k'iki kiganiro mu rwego rwo gutunganya neza inshingano ze Uko iyo nzego yagerwaho - Kubaza abari mu kazi mu gihe cy'ubuyobozi bwa kera itandukaniro riri

hagati yabwo n'ubuyobozi bwegereye abaturage batanga ibimenyetso;

26

- Kwerekana inzitizi ziboneka mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya politiki yo kwegereza ubuyobozi b'ubushobozi abaturage;

- Kugaragaza ibyo bakwiye kwitaho by'umwihariko.

27

IKIGANIRO CYA KABIRI IMITERERE, INSHINGANO, IMIKORERE

N'IMIKORANIRE Y'INZEGO ZA LETA. INTANGIRIRO. Mu Rwanda, ubuyobozi bugaragarira mu nzego zinyuranye, haba ku rwego rw'Igihugu cyangwa ku rwego rwegereye abaturage. Ni ngombwa ko abayobozi ku nzego zose ndetse n'abayoborwa haba basobanukiwe n'imiterere, inshigano, imikorere, imikoranire hagati yazo ndetse n'uko zikorana n'izindi nzego kugira ngo ubuyobozi burusheho gukorwa neza. Muri iki kiganiro. Iki kiganiro kigamije gutuma Inama Njyanama na Komite Nyobozi zikora neza kandi abazigize bagasobanukirwa n'imikoranire y'izo nzego. IGICE CYA MBERE: INZEGO Z'UBUYOBOZI MU RWANDA: Urwego rw'Igihugu Ku rwego rw'Igihugu, inzego z'ubuyobozi zigizwe na: - Perezidansi ya Repubulika; - Guverinoma; - Inteko Ishinga Amategeko; - Urukiko rw'Ikirenga Ubutegetsi Nyubahirizategeko bushinzwe Perezida wa Repubulika, afashijwe na Guverinoma igizwe na Minisitiri w'Intebe, ba Minisitiri cyangwa ba Sekereteri ba Leta. Ubutegetsi Nshingamategeko buhuriweho na Perezida wa Repubulika n'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko. Ubutegetsi bw'Ubucamanza bukoreshwa n'inkiko izo arizo zose, inkuru n'intoya. N.B.: Ubuyobozi bw'Intara ni urwego ruhagarariye ubutegetsi bwite bwa Leta. Inzego z'ibanze Inzego z'Ubuyobozi bw'ibanze bugizwe:

- Umujyi wa Kigali. - Uturere/Imijyi - Imirenge - Utugari

Mu rwego rwa Politiki, izo nzego ziyoborwa n'Inama Njyanama na Komite Nyobozi. Nk'uko bimeze ku rwego rw'Igihugu Inama Njyanama yagereranywa n'Ubutegetsi Nshingwamategeko naho Komite Nyobozi ikagereranywa n'ubutegetsi nyubahirizategeko.

28

Inama Njyanama niyo ishyiraho amategeko na gahunda iyobora buri rwego ikabishyikiriza Komite Nyobozi, kugirango bishyirwe mu bikorwa. IGICE CYA KABIRI : IMITERERE Y'INZEGO Z'IBANZE Inzego z'ubuyobozi, nk'uko zagenwe na Politiki y'Igihugu yo kwegereza ubuyobozi n'ubushobozi abaturage, ni izi zikurikira - Inama Njyanama ku rwego rw'Akagari, Umurenge, Akarere/ Umujyi n'Umujyi

wa Kigali; - Komite Nyobozi ku rwego rw'Akagari, Umurenge, Akarere/Umujyi n'Umujyi wa

Kigali. Komite Nyobozi igabanyijwemo utunama tubiri twuzuzanya ari two: - CPA : Ni ukuvuga akanama gashinzwe ubutegetsi na politiki . - CDC : Ni ukuvuga akanama gashinzwe imibereho myiza, ubukungu

n'amajyambere. Ku rwego rw'Akarere n'Imijyi, imirimo ya CPA ikorwa na Komite Nyobozi yose, naho CDC igizwe n'abantu batandukanye n'abayigize mu Tugari n'Imirenge. Mu Mujyi wa Kigali, Inama Njyanama niyo ifite inshingano za CDC. CDC y'Akarere yitoramo utunama tubiri twungirije ari two: - Akanama gashinzwe ubutegetsi n'imari by'imishinga n'ingengo y'imari

y'amajyambere y'Akarere cyangwa Umujyi. - Akanama gashinzwe gucunga no kugenzura ibikorwa n'imishinga

by'amajyambere. 2.1. Inama njyanama 2.1.1. Inama Njyanama y'Akagari Inama Njyanama y'Akagari igizwe n'abaturage bose bafite nibura imyaka 18 y'amavuko. 2.1.2. Inama Njyanama y'Umurenge Inama Njyanama y'Umurenge igizwe n'abantu bakurikira: - Abagize Komite Nyobozi y'Umurenge (10); - Abahuzabikorwa b'Utugari tugize uwo Murenge; - Abahagarariye urubyiruko muri buri Kagari; - Abahagarariye abari n'abategarugori muri buri Kagari; - Inyangamugayo ebyiri rusange zatowe muri buri kagari

29

2.1.3. Njyanama y'Akarere n'Umujyi Inama Njyanama y'Akarere/Umujyi igizwe n'abantu batowe ku mirenge. Hatorwa umuntu umwe muri rusange kuri buri murenge, umwe umwe ku mwanya w'abahagarariye urubyiruko n'abategarugori . Mu Mijyi no mu Turere tw'Umujyi wa Kigali hatorwa abantu 2 kuri buri mwanya. N.B.: Iyo abahagarariye abategarugori n'urubyiruko bageze ku Karere cyangwa Umujyi bitoramo 1/3 cy'abangana n'abajyanama rusange 2.1.4 Njyanama y'Umujyi wa Kigali Igizwe n'abajyanama 40 bakomoka mu Turere tugize Umujyi wa Kigali. Umujyi wa Kigali ugizwe n'Uturere munani (8) kandi buri Karere kohereza abajyanama batanu (5). Kugira ngo imirimo y'Inama Njyanama irusheho kugenda neza, Inama Njyanama yitoramo Komisiyo. Komisiyo zigize Imana Njyanama y'Akarere/Umujyi n'Umujyi wa Kigali ni izi zikurikira - Komisiyo y'ubukungu na tekiniki; - Komisiyo y'umuco n'imibereho myiza y'abaturage; - Komisiyo y'ubuyobozi, politiki n'amategeko. N.B.: Buri Komisiyo igizwe nibura n'abajyanama batatu batorwa mu bagize Inama Njyanama y'Akarere/Umujyi n'Umujyi wa Kigali. 2.2. Komite nyobozi 2.2.1. Komite Nyobozi y'Akagari Abagize Komite Nyobozi y'Akagari ni abantu 10 batowe n'abaturage. Muri bo hari abantu 4 bagize CPA na 6 bagize CDC. CPA igizwe n'aba bakurikira: - Umuhuzabikorwa w'Akagari; - Umunyamabanga; - Ushinzwe amakuru; - Ushinzwe umutekano. CDC igizwe n'aba bakurikira - Ushinzwe amajyambere; - Ushinzwe Uburezi, Umuco n'amahugurwa y'Abaturage; - Ushinzwe Ubuzima n'Imibereho Myiza y'Abaturage; - Ushinzwe Urubyiruko watowe mu nzego zabo zihariye; - Ushinzwe Abari n'Abategarugori watowe mu nzego zabo zihariye; - Ushinzwe Imari.

30

2.2.2. Komite Nyobozi y'Umurenge Komite Nyobozi y'Umurenge itorwa mu Nama Njyanama y'Umurenge. Mu bantu 10 bayigize, 4 bari muri CPA abandi 6 bari muri CDC. CPA y'Umurenge igizwe ni aba bakurikira: - Umuhuzabikorwa w'Umurenge; - Umunyamabanga; - Ushinzwe Umutekano; - Ushinzwe Amakuru. CDC y'Umurenge igizwe n'aba bakurikira: - Ushinzwe amajyambere; - Ushinzwe Uburezi, Umuco n'Amahugurwa y'Abaturage; - Ushinzwe Ubuzima n'Imibereho Myiza y'Abaturage; - Ushinzwe Urubyiruko; - Ushinzwe Abari n'abategarugori; - Ushinzwe Imari. 2.2.3. Komite Nyobozi y'Akarere n'Umujyi Komite Nyobozi y'Akarere n'Umujyi igizwe n'abantu 5 batowe mu bagize Inama Njyanama: - Umuyobozi w'Akarere; - Umuyobozi wungirije ushinzwe imali, ubukungu n'amajyambere; - Umuyobozi wungirije ushinzwe imibereho myiza y'abaturage; - Umuyobozi wungirije ushinzwe iterambere ry'umunyarwandakazi; - Umuyobozi wungirije ushinzwe urubyiruko, Siporo n'umuco. Inteko itora igizwe na: - Abagize Inama Njyanama y'Akarere cyangwa Umujyi; - Abagize Komite Nyobozi z'Imirenge yose igize Akarere cyangwa Umujyi; - Abahuzabikorwa b'Utugari twose tugize Imirenge. CDC y'Akarere n'Umujyi

igizwe n'abantu bakurikira: - Umuyobozi wungirije ushinzwe imari, ubukungu n'amajyambere, Perezida. - Umunyamabanga Nshigwabikorwa w'Akarere cyangwa Umujyi, umwanditsi; - Perezida wa CDC ku rwego rw'Imirenge igize Akarere cyangwa Umujyi; - Umuhuzabikorwa wa Komite Nyobozi y'inzego z'abari n'abategarugori mu

Karere cyangwa mu Mujyi; - Umuhuzabikorwa wa Komite Nyobozi y'inzego z'urubyiruko mu Karere

cyangwa mu Mijyi; - Abandi bafite ibikorwa by'amajyambere mu Karere cyangwa Umujyi.

31

2.2.4. Komite Nyobozi y'Umujyi wa Kigali Komite Nyobozi y'Umujyi wa Kigali igizwe n'abantu batanu batorwa muri bagenzi babo bagize Inama Njyanama: - Umuyobozi w'Umujyi wa Kigali; - Umuyobozi wungirije ushinzwe imari, ubukungu n'amajyambere; - Umuyobozi wungirije ushinzwe iterambere ry'abanyarwandakazi; - Umuyobozi wungirije ushinzwe urubyiruko, siporo n'umuco; - Umuyobozi wungirije ushinzwe imibereho myiza y'abaturage. Inteko itora igizwe na: - Abagize Inama Njyanama y'Umujyi wa Kigali; - Abagize Inama Njyanama z'uturere tugize Umujyi wa Kigali; - Abagize Komite Nyobozi z'Imiringe yose igize Umujyi wa Kigali; - Abahuzabikorwa b'Utugari twose tugize Umujyi wa Kigali. IGICE CYA. 3: INSHIGANO Z'INZEGO Kuva ku rwego rw'Igihugu kugera ku kagari, abayobozi bafite inshingano yo gukora kugira ngo bageze abaturarwanda ku mibereho myiza. Mbere y'ishyirwaho rya Politiki yo kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage, wasangaga ubutegetsi bwo hejuru aribwo butekerereza abaturarwanda bukabagenera n'ibibakorerwa. Muri iki gihe, buri rwego na buri wese, arasabwa kugira uruhare mu kugena imibereho ibabereye ndetse no gushaka uko yagerwaho. Muri ubwo buryo, buri rwego rugira ibyo rusabwa kandi mu buryo bwuzuzanya: Urwego rw'Igihugu. Kugena amahame ngenderwaho, porogaramu z'igihugu: - Politiki, porogaramu n'amahame remezo igihugu kigenderaho, - Gushakisha ibyangombwa kugira ngo politiki na porogaramu zayo zishyirwe

mu bikorwa. - Kuzamura ubushobozi bw'abaturage, - Kugenzura no gukurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya politiki. Urwego rw'Intara. - Kuyobora no kubahiriza ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya politiki zemewe mu rwego

rw'Igihugu, - Gukurikirana no guhuza ibikorwa by'Uturere n'Imijyi, - Gukurikirana no kugenzura ko ibikorwa by'Uturere n'Imijyi bitanyuranyije

n'amategeko n'amabwiriza atangwa mu rwego rw'Igihugu; - Gufasha no kugira inama Uturere n' Imijyi mw'ifatwa ry'ibyemezo, - Kwita ku mahugurwa y'abakozi bo mu Ntara.

32

Urwego rw'Akarere. - Gutegura politiki ngenderwaho mu Karere bitanyuranyije n'amategeko

n'amabwiriza rusange y'igihugu; - Kugena uburyo bwo gushakisha no gukusanya ibikenerwa mu ishyira mu

bikorwa rya gahunda zemejwe mu karere; - Guhuza no kugenzura ibikorwa by'Imirenge - Guhuza ibikorwa by'abikorera ku giti cyabo bikorwa mu karere. - Kugena gahunda yo gutsura amajyambere mu Karere Urwega rw'Umurenge. - Guhuza ibikorwa by'Utugari, - Gutegura igenamigambi na gahunda y'ibikorwa by'umurenge, - Gukora imirimo y'iranga mimerere. Urwego rw'Akagari. - Gusesengura ibibazo by'abaturage, guhuza ibyifuzo byabo no gushyiraho

ingamba zo kubikemura hakurikijwe ibyihutirwa, - Ubukangurambaga, - Kwita kw'iterambere ry'akagari. 3.1. Inshingano za buri rwego rw'ubuyobozi 3.1.1. Akagari Akagari nk'urwego gashinzwe ibi bikurikira: - Gusesengura ibibazo by'abaturage; - Guhuza ibyifuzo byabo no gufata ingamba zo kubikemura; - Ubukangurambaga; - Kwita ku iterambere ry'Akagari. 3.1.2. Umurenge Umurenge nk'urwego ushinzwe ibi bikurikira - Guhuza ibikorwa by'Utugari; - Gutegura igenamigambi na gahunda y'ibikorwa by'Umurenge; - Gukora ibikorwa by'irangamimerere. 3.1.3. Akarere Akarere nk'urwego gashinzwe ibi bikurikira: - Kwita ku mizamukire y'ubuhinzi, ubworozi n'amashyamba; - Kwita ku byerekeye ubucuruzi mu Karere; - Kwita ku mizamukire y'inganda ziciriritse zikorera mu Karere; - Gukurikirana imikorere y'amashuri abanza n'ayisumbuye mu Karere, guhugura

abarimu bayo, kumenya gahunda ikurikizwa no gukora ubugenzuzi; - Kwita ku bigo nderabuzima bikorera mu Karere; - Kwita ku bikorwa by'amazi n'imicungire yayo; - Kwita ku bukerarugendo no kubungabunga ibidukikije mu Karere; - Kugena imikoreshereze y'ubutaka;

33

- Gutunganya no gutanga ibibanza mu Karere; - Gukurikirana imikorere y'amashyirahamwe n'amakoperative mu Karere; - Kwita ku batishoboye; - Gusana imihanda y'Akarere; - Gukora ibikorwa by'ubutabazi mu Karere; - Kurinda amarimbi n'izindi nzibutso biri mu Karere; - Kwita ku rubyiruko, umuco n'imyidagaduro; - Kwita kuri gahunda zo guteza imbere abari n'abategarugori; - Kwita ku burenganzira bw'abana; - Kwita kuri gahunda z'urubyiruko n'iz'abari n'abategarugori; - Gukangurira abaturage kwita ku isuku. 3.1.4 Umujyi Umujyi nk'urwego ushinzwe ibi bikurikira: - Ibyerekeye ubucuruzi mu Mujyi ; - Imizamukire y'inganda ziciriritse zikorera mu Mujyi ; - Kwita ku mashuri abanza n'ayisumbuye akorera mu Mujyi, guhugura abarimu

bayo, gukurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya gahunda z'inyigisho no gukora ubugenzuzi ;

- Kwita ku bigo nderabuzima bikorera mu Mujyi ; - Kwita ku bikorwa by'amazi n'imicungire yayo ; - Guteza imbere ubukerarugendo no kubungabunga ibidukikije mu Mujyi ; - Gufata ibyemezo ku mikoreshereze y'ubutaka, gutunganya no gutanga

ibibanza mu Mujyi ; - Gukurikirana imikorere y'amashyirahamwe n'amakoperative akorera mu Mujyi - Kwita ku batishoboye ; - Kwita ku mihanda y'Umujyi; - Ibikorwa by'ubutabazi mu Mujyi; - Kwita ku marimbi n'inzibutso z'itsembabwoko n'itsembatsemba biri mu Mujyi; - Kwita ku buringanire, umuco, urubyiruko, abari n'abategarugori

n'imyidagaduro; - Kwita ku burenganzira bw'Abana; - Kwita ku buhinzi, ubworozi n'amashyamba bikorerwa mu Mujyi. 3.2. Inshingano z'inzego kuri buri rwego 3.2.1. Inshingano z'Inama Njyanama ku rwego rw'Akagari - Kwemeza imigambi na gahunda y'ibikorwa by'Akagari nu gukurikirana uko

Komite Nyobozi ibishyira mu bikorwa; - Kwemeza gahunda y' ibikorwa; - Gusuzuma, kwemeza cyangwa guhindura ibyemezo byafashwe n'inzego zo

hasi; - Gusuzuma ibikorwa n'imikorere ya Komite Nyobozi; - Gufatira ibihano no gusimbura umuyobozi kubera imyifatire mibi cyangwa

ubushobozi buke; - Gusuzuma ibibazo ari ibyabaye ari n'ibiriho n'uburyo byakemuka.

34

3.2.2. Inshingano z'Inama Njyanama y'Umurenge - Kwemeza imigambi na gahunda y'ibikorwa by'Umurenge no gukurikirana uko

bishyirwa mu bikorwa na Komite Nyobozi; - Kwemeza gahunda y'ibikorwa n'ingengo y'imari by'umwaka; - Gusuzuma, kwemeza cyangwa guhindura ibyemezo byafashwe n'inzego zo

hasi; - Gusuzuma ibikorwa n'imikorere ya Komite Nyobozi; - Gusuzuma ibibazo ari ibyabaye ari n'ibiriho n'uburyo byazakemurwa; - Gufatira ibihano no gusimbura abayobozi bifashe nabi cyangwa se

bagaragayeho ubushobozi buke; - Gusuzuma no gufata ibyemezo ku buryo umutekano wabungwabungwa mu

Murenge. 3.2.3. Inshingano z'Inama Njyanama ku rwego rw'Akarere. - Kwubahiriza Itegeko nshingiro n'andi mategeko y'u Rwanda no guteza imbere

ubuyobozi bushingiye kuri demokarasi; - Gushyiraho amabwiriza agenga Akarere mu byerekeye politiki no gushyira mu

bikorwa ibyemezo byafashwe na Leta; - Gushyiraho abakozi no kubagenera imishahara hakurikijwe amategeko

n'amabwiriza agenga abakozi ba Leta; - Gufata ibyemezo byo kubungabunga umutekano; - Kwemeza gahunda y'igenamigambi ry'amajyambere; - Kwemeza ingengo y'imari y'Akarere no gushyiraho umubare ntarengwa

w'amafaranga agomba gusohoka mu isanduku y'Akarere; - Gukurikirana imirimo ya Komite Nyobozi; - Gushyiraho amabwiriza yerekeye imisoro n'amahoro; - Guhagarika Umujyanama witwaye nabi; - Guhuza ibikorwa by'Imirenge; - Kwemeza impano, indagano n'imyenda Akarere gashobora gufata; - Kugenzura imicungire y'umutungo w'Akarere nibura rimwe mu gihembwe; - Kwemeza itangwa cyangwa igurishwa ry'umutungo w'Akarere. 3.2.4. Inshingano z'inama njyanama y'Umujyi. Inama Njyanama y'Umujyi ishinzwe amajyambere, imyubakire n'imitunganyirize yawo. Itegura kandi ikemeza umushinga w'igishushanyo Mbonera cy'Umujyi bitanyuranyije n'amategeko n'amabwiriza agenga imizamukire y'Imijyi, ikagishyikiriza Minisitiri ufite imitunganyirize y'imijyi mu nshingano ze, ibinyujije ku Mukuru w'Intara. Inzego z'ubutegetsi z'Umujyi ni zo zishyira mu bikorwa icyo gishushanyo mbonera cyemejwe. Inama Njyanama y'Umujyi ishinzwe - Gushyiraho igenamigambi ry'amajyambere y'Umujyi ; - Kwemeza ingengo y'imali y'Umujyi ; - Gushyiraho imisoro n'amahoro byishyurwa mu Mujyi hakurikijwe amategeko

n'amabwiriza biriho ;

35

- Gushyiraho inzego z'imirimo z'Umujyi , kugena uburyo zizakora n'imishahara y'abakozi hakurikijwe amategeko n'amabwiriza agenga abakozi ba Leta ;

- Kwemeza imari ishorwa mu bigo cyangwa mu ma Sosiyete yagirira Umujyi akamaro ;

- Kwemeza binyujijwe mu mabwiriza umwenda ntarengwa Umujyi wafata buri mwaka.

Ifatanyije n'izindi nzego z'imirimo zibishinzwe, Inama Njyanama y'Umujyi ishinzwe imicungire n'imizamukire y'ibikorwa byo mu Mujyi cyane cyane ibi bikurikira: - Gushyiraho ibishushanyo-mbonera byihariye by'Imirenge n'Utugari by'Umujyi - Gushyiraho gahunda no gukurikirana uburyo bwo gutwara abantu n'ibintu mu

Mujyi ; - Gushyiraho no gutunganya uduce tutubakwamo mu Mujyi ; - Gushyiraho uduce twakira abimurwa kubera ibikorwa bya kijyambere, aho

abantu batura, imyanya y'ubucuruzi, ahagenerwa inganda n'ahagenerwa ubusitani ;

- Guca utujagari no guha Umujyi isura nziza ; - Gutunganya imihanda, amateme n'imiyoboro y'amazi ; - Gushyiraho ibyapa no kugena amazina y'imihanda ; - Kumurikira abagenzi ku mihanda, aho abantu bahurira no ku mazu y'imirimo

y'Umujyi ; - Gukwirakwiza ibikorwa remezo bya kijyambere ; - Gushyiraho amasoko, amabagiro, ahacururizwa inyama n'amafi ; - Gushyiraho, kwagura no gucunga amarimbi ; - Gusukura, gushyira hamwe no gutwa imyanda yose yo mu Mujyi ; - Gutunganya amazi n'ibidukikije ; - Gushyiraho aho imodoka zihagarara n'aho abagenzi bazitegera ; - Kwita ku mibereho myiza y'abaturage n'umuco n'imyidagaduro mu Mujyi ; - Guteza imbere uburezi , ubuzima rusange, ubucuruzi, inganda n'ubukorikori ; - Gutsura ubutwererane n'ubufatanye n'indi Mijyi ; - Gukurikirana ibindi bikorerwa mu Mujyi bitari mu nshingano z'Ubutegetsi bwite

bwa Leta. 3.2.5. Inshingano z'Inama Njyanama y'Umujyi wa Kigali Inama Njyanama y'Umujyi wa Kigali ishinzwe amajyambere, imyubakire n'imitunganyirize yawo. Itegura kandi ikemeza umushinga w'igishushanyo-mbonera cy'Umujyi wa Kigali bitanyuranyije n'amategeko agenga imizamukire y'Imijyi, ikagishyikiriza Minisitiri ufite imitunganyirize y'Imijyi mu nshingano ze. Inama Njyanama y'Umujyi wa Kigali ishinzwe ibi bikurikira - Gushyiraho politiki y'amajyambere y'Umujyi wa Kigali no gukurikirana uko

ikorwa; - Kwemeza ingengo y'imari y'Umujyi wa Kigali; - Gushyiraho amahoro yishyurwa mu Mujyi wa Kigali hakurikijwe amategeko

n'amabwiriza biriho;

36

- Gushyiraho inzego z'imirimo z'Umujyi wa Kigali, ikanagena uburyo zizakora n'imishahara y'abakozi hakurikijwe amategeko n'amabwiriza agenga abakozi ba Leta;

- Kwemeza imari ishorwa mu bigo cyangwa mu masosiyete Umujyi wa Kigali ufitemo imigabane;

- Kwemeza umwenda ntarengwa Umujyi wa Kigali wafata binyujijwe mu mabwiriza. Iyo umwenda urenze uwari wemejwe n'amabwiriza y'Inama Njyanama y'Umujyi wa Kigali, kandi Guverinoma ikaba ibifitemo uruhare uwo mwenda wemezwa n'Inama y'Abaminisitiri.

- Gutera inkunga yihariye mu byerekeye ubukungu n'amajyambere Uturere tw'Umujyi wa Kigali tutishoboye.

Ifatanyije n'izindi nzego z'imirimo zibishinzwe, Inama Njyanama y'Umujyi wa Kigali ishinzwe imicungire n'imizamukire y'ibikorwa byo mu mujyi cyane cyane ibi bikurikira: - Gukora ibishushanyo byihariye byo gutunganya Uturere tw'Umujyi; - Gukora igishushanyo mbonera cyo gutwara abantu n'ibintu; - Gukora gahunda yo gukurikirana uburyo bwo gutwara abantu n'ibintu mu mujyi

wa Kigali; - Kugena no gutunganya uduce tutubakwamo mu mujyi wa Kigali; - Kugena uduce twakira abimurwa kubera ibikorwa by'amajyambere, aho

abantu batura, imyanya y'ubucuruzi, ahagenerwa inganda n'ahagenerwa ubusitani;

- Guca utujagari no guha Umujyi isura nziza; - Gutunganya imihanda, amateme n'imiyoboro y'amazi; - Gushyiraho ibyapa no kugena amazina y'imihanda; - Gushyira amatara ku mihanda, aho abantu benshi bahurira no ku mazu

y'imirimo y'Umujyi; - Gukwirakwiza ibikorwa-remezo by'amajyambere; - Gushyiraho, kwagura no gucunga amarimbi; - Gutunganya amazi n'ibidukikije; - Kwita ku isuku, Gushyira hamwe no gutwara imyanda yose yo mu mujyi no

kuyitunganya; - Kugena aho imodoka zihagarara n'aho abagenzi bazitegera; - Kwita ku imibereho myiza y'abaturage, umuco n'imyidagaduro; - Guteza imbere uburezi, ubuzima rusange, ubucuruzi, inganda n'ubukorikori; - Gutsura ubutwererane n' ubufatanye n' indi miryango; - Gukurikirana ibindi bikorerwa mu Mujyi wa Kigali bitari mu nshingano

z'ubutegetsi bwite bwa Leta. 3.2.6. Inshingano za Komite Nyobozi y'Akagari Komite Nyobozi ku rwego rw'Akagari ishinzwe ibi bikurikira: - Gushyira mu bikorwa ibyemezo by'Inama Njyanama; - Gushyira mu bikorwa amabwiriza atanzwe n'Inzego zo hejuru; - Guhuza ibikorwa byo muri urwo rwego; - Gutegura no gutanga raporo mu Nama Njyanama, iyo raporo ikoherezwa mu

rwego rwo hejuru Inama Njyanama imaze kuyemeza.

37

3.2.7. Inshingano za Komite Nyobozi ku rwego rw'Umurenge Komite Nyobozi ku rwego rw'Umurenge ishinzwe ibi bikurikira: - Guhuza ibikorwa by'Umurenge; - Gutegura igenamigambi na gahunda y'ibikorwa by'Umurenge; - Gukora imirimo y'irangamimerere; - Gushyira mu bikorwa ibyemejwe n'Inama Njyanama; - Gutegurira Inama Njyanama gahunda z'ibikorwa n'inzira bizakorwamo; - Gutegura no gutanga raporo mu Nama Njyanama no ku rwego rwisumbuye; - Gushyira mu bikorwa amategeko y'Igihugu n'amabwiriza yatanzwe n'Inzego zo

hejuru. 3.2.8. Inshingano za Komite Nyobozi ku rwego rw'Akarere Komite Nyobozi ku rwego rw'Akarere ishinzwe cyane cyane ibi bikurikira: - Ubuyobozi bw'Akarere; - Gufata ingamba zo kubungabunga umutekano; - Gutegura gahunda y'igenamigambi ry'iterambere; - Gutegura gahunda igomba kwigwa n'Inama Njyanama y'Akarere no gutangaza

ibyemezo byayifatiwemo; - Gushyira mu bikorwa ingengo y'imari; - Gutegura no kwohereza mu Ntara raporo y'igihembwe n'iy'umwaka; - Gusuzuma no gukemura ibibazo by'abaturage bitashoboye gukemurwa ku

rwego rw'Umurenge; - Gushakira Akarere abakozi bashoboye. 3.2.9 Inshingano za Komite Nyobozi y'Umujyi Komite Nyobozi y'Umujyi ishinzwe: - Gutegura ibyigwa n'Inama Njyanama y'Umujyi; - Gutegura ingengo y'imari y'Umujyi ikayishyikiriza Inama Njyanama y'Umujyi; - Gukurikirana uko amabwiriza n'ibyemezo by'Inama Njyanama y'Umujyi

byubahirizwa; - Kugenzura no gutanga raporo buri mwaka ku birebana n'ikoreshwa ry'ingengo

y'imari; - Gukora imirimo yindi ihabwa n'Inama Njyanama y'Umujyi cyangwa izindi

nzego za Leta. 3.2.10. Inshingano za Komite Nyobozi y'Umujyi wa Kigali Komite Nyobozi y'Umujyi wa Kigali ishinzwe cyane cyane: - Gutegura ibyigwa n'Inama Njyanama y'Umujyi wa Kigali; - Gutegura ingengo y'imari y'Umujyi wa Kigali ikanashyikirizwa Inama Njyanama

y'Umujyi wa Kigali; - Gukurikirana uko amabwiriza n'ibyemezo by'Inama Njyanama y'Umujyi wa

Kigali byubahirizwa; - Kugenzura no gutanga raporo buri mwaka ku birebana n'ikoreshwa ry'ingengo

y'imari;

38

- Gukora imirimo yindi ihabwa n'Inama Njyanama y'Umujyi wa Kigali cyangwa izindi nzego za Leta.

3.2.11. Inshingano za CPA Inshingano za CPA muri rusange ku rwego rw'Umurenge n'Akagari ni izi zikurikira: - Gukurikirana ibyemezo byafashwe n'Inama Njyanama na Komite Nyobozi; - Kwita ku bibazo bijyanye n'imyirondoro y'Abaturage; - Kwita ku bibazo birebana n'Umutekano; - Kugeza ku baturage amakuru y'imvaho. Inshingano za buri wese muri CPA Umuhuzabikorwa - Gutegura neza Inama zose ayobora; - Gutumira Inama za Komite Nynbozi n'Inama Njyanama akoresheje inyandiko

n'amatangazo; - Kuyobora Inama Njyanama y'Umurenge cyangwa Akagari akayigezaho

Inyandiko-mvugo ikubiyemo ibyemejwe na Komite Nyobozi kugira nga bisuzumwe bifatirwe imyanzuro;

- Guhuza ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'ibyemejwe na Komite Nyobozi n'Inama Njyanama;

- Gushyikiriza mu nyandiko urwego rwisumbuye ibyemejwe n'Inama Njyanama; - Gukurikirana, afatanyije n'abagize Komite Nyobozi, ko ibyemejwe n'Inama

Njyanama bishyirwa mu bikorwa; - Gushyikiriza abo ahuza, amabwiriza aturutse hejuru akoresheje inama

cyangwa inyandiko; - Gutanga raporo; - Gukorana neza n'abandi bagize komite Nyobozi. Umunyamabanga - Gukurikirana inama za Komite Nyobozi n'iz'Inama Njyanama no kuzikorera

inyandiko-mvugo; - Gushyira umukono kuri izo nyandiko afatanyije n'umuyobozi w' inama; - Gushyingura ahabigenewe inyandikomvugo z'inama n'izindi zose; - Gukora imirimo y'Umuhuzabikorwa igihe uwo adahari, icyo gihe abari mu

nama batora undi mwanditsi; - Guhuriza hamwe raporo zitangwa n'abagize Komite Nyobozi; - Gukurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'ibikubiye muri raporo kugira ngo yibutse

Umuhuzabikorwa ibyakozwe n'ibitakozwe; - Gufasha Umuhuzabikorwa gutegura inama za Komite Nyobozi n'iz'Inama

Njyanama. Ushinzwe umutekano - Gukurikiranira hafi icyahungabanya umutekano w'abantu n'ibintu mu rwego

ariho; - Kugena gahunda y' amarondo;

39

- Gukusanya raporo z'umutekano zivuye mu nzego zinyuranye z'abashinzwe umutekano (Nyumbakumi, abaraye amarondo, LDF)

- Guha Umuhuzabikorwa raporo z'uko umutekano uteye; - Gutanga raporo y'umutekano muri Komite Nyobozi no mu Nama Njyanama

igihe cyose zateranye; - Gukorana n'abashinzwe umutekano. Ushinzwe amakuru - Gutara amakuru, kuyatunganya no kuyageza ku bamukuriye na ku baturage; - Kurwanya ibihuha ashakisha kandi atangaza amakuru y'imvaho; - Gutangaza amakuru yose arebana n'umuco, imikino n'imyidagaduro,

amajyambere y'Akarere afatanyije na bagenzi be bo muri Komite Nyobozi. 3.2.12. Inshingano za CDC Inshingano za CDC y'Akagari: - Gufasha abaturage, uhereye ku bitekerezo byabo, gutekereza ku bibazo

byabo n'ibikenewe byose no kubishakira ibisubizo bahereye cyane ku bushobozi bwabo n'ubw'Akarere, byaba ngombwa bagashakisha inkunga zava hanze. Ibyo bibazo bikemurwa bahereye ku byihutirwa kurusha ibindi.

- Gukangurira abaturage kugira uruhare rw'ibanze mu bikorwa byose by'amajyambere bikorerwa mu Kagari;

- Guhuza ibikorwa by'imishinga y'amajyambere yo ku rwego rw' Akagari; - Kumenyesha imiryango ituye muri ako Kagari uburyo buboneka ahandi

bwabafasha mu guteza imbere umutungo wabo nko gushakisha amasoko mu Karere cyangwa hanze yako;

- Kwakira no kugira inama abaje kwaka inguzanyo no gutoranya abazihabwa; - Gukurikirana uko inguzanyo zishyurwa; - Gukurikirana imikoreshereze y'inguzanyo y'imali y'amajyambere yagenewe

ako Kagari, umutungo rusange wagenewe ako Kagari harimo n'imfashanyo y'abaterankunga banyuranye bagenera ako Kagari;

- Kureba niba imishinga itabangamiye ibidukikije; - Kubera abaturage ubwishingizi mu bijyanye n'inguzanyo; - Guha raporo Komite Nyobozi kugira ngo iyisobanurire Inama Njyanama

igomba kuyifataho ibyemezo. Inshingano za CDC z'Umurenge: - Gutegura gahunda y'amajyambere ihereye ku bikenewe byagaragajwe mu

Tugari, hiyongereyeho ibikenewe kurwego rw'Umurenge. Iyo gahunda y'amajyambere izaherwaho mu gutegura iyo ku rwego rw'Akarere n'Imijyi;

- Kwiga no guhuza ibikorwa by'imishinga y'amajyambere yo ku rwego rw'Imirenge;

- Gufasha abaturage kwishakira ibisubizo by'ibibazo bafite mu rwego rw'amajyambere bahereye ku bushobozi bwabo bwite;

- Gukurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'imishinga ikorwa n'abaturage (amashyirahamwe, abikorera ku giti cyabo ....), ikagira uruhare mu itangwa ry'amasoko n'ikurikiranwa ry'abagize amasezerano arebana n'amajyambere;

40

- Gukurikirana imikoreshereze y'imari y'amajyambere yagenewe Imirenge; - Gutegura no guha raporo Komite Nyobozi nayo igomba kuyishyikiriza Inama

Njyanama y'Umurenge ngo iyifateho icyemezo, hanyuma Umuhuzabikorwa akayishyikiriza Umuyobozi w'Akarere;

- Kureba niba imishinga itabangamiye ibidukikije. Inshingano za CDC z'Uturere n'Imijyi

- Gutegura, bifashishije impuguke, gahunda y'amajyambere y'Uturere n'Imijyi bahereye kuri gahunda z'amajyambere z'Imirenge, hakiyongeraho ibikenewe ku rwego rw'Uturere n'Imijyi.

- Gutegura ingengabihe y'ibikorwa n'ingengo y'imari by'imishinga y'amajyambere y'Uturere n'Imijyi.

- Gutegura ingengo y'imari yo gushyira mu bikorwa imishinga y'Uturere n'Imijyi n'ingengo y'imari isanzwe yo kuri urwo rwego.

- Guhuza ibikorwa byose by'ubucuti n'ubutwererane. - Gutegura ingengo y'imari y'amajyambere ifatanyije n'ushinzwe ibaruramari kuri

urwo rwego ikanashyiraho gahunda yo gutera inkunga imishinga y'Akagari, Umurenge, Akarere n'Imijyi.

- Gutegura amahugurwa y'abaturage mu byerekeye amajyambere rusange. - Kwerekeza inkunga zose mu bikorwa bijyanye na gahunda y'amajyambere

yateguwe. - Gusobanurira Komite Nyobozi, na yo ikihutira gutanga raporo mu Nama

Njyanama y'Akarere cyangwa Umujyi ku bijyanye n'ikurikiranabikorwa, ireme ry'imishinga mu rwego rwa tekiniki, urw'imari, urw'imibereho myiza y'abaturage n'urw'ibidukikije.

- Binyujijwe muri Komite Nyobozi, gutanga raporo mu buyobozi bw'Igihugu, raporo y'imikoreshereze y'Ikigega gitsura amajyambere, imigendekere y'imishinga , n'iya gahunda yo kwita buri gihe ku bikorwa remezo.

• Kuri izo nshingano ziteganywa n'amategeko, hiyongereyeho izi zikurikira: - Gukangura no gushishikariza abaturage kugira uruhare mu majyambere yabo. - Guha ububasha akanama kungirije hakurikijwe ubushobozi bw'abakagize

kugira ngo barangize imirimo yihutirwa. - Gushyigikira imishinga yakozwe n'abaturage. - Guhuza ibikorwa n' imikorere y' abaterankunga banyuranye mu rwego

rw'amajyambere kugira ngo hataba itatanya ry'imbaraga zigamije guteza imbere Akarere.

- Kwigira hamwe n'abaterankunga n'abandi, imishinga yakorerwa mu Karere, ukurikije gahunda y'amajyambere y'Akarere.

- Gukorana mu buryo butaziguye no mu mucyo n'abantu bose bazana ibikorwa by'amajyambere mu Karere.

- Guhuriza hamwe raporo y'utunama twungirije. Inshingano z'akanama kungirije gashinzwe ubutegetsi n'imari by'imishinga n'ingengo y'imari y'Akarere - Gucunga Konti no kumenya uko ikigega cya CDC gihagaze n'uko gikoreshwa

buri gihe. - Gukora gahunda y'imikoreshereze y'umutungo w'ikigega hakurikijwe imishinga

cyangwa ibikorwa byemerewe inkunga n' ikigega.

41

- Gukurikirana imicungire y'amafaranga y'inguzanyo zibyara inyungu n'uko zishyurwa.

- Gukora raporo y'imicungire y'ikigega ( buri kwezi, buri mezi atatu). - Gutanga ibitekerezo mu buryo isoko ry'ibikorwa rishobora gutegurwa no

gutangwa. - Gutegura ingengo y'imari y'amajyambere. - Gutegura no gushyira mu bikorwa ibyemejwe na CDC y'Akarere cyangwa

Umujyi. Inshingano z'akanama kungirije gashinzwe gucunga no kugenzura ibikorwa n'imishinga by'amajyambere - Gusuzuma inyandiko z'imishinga isaba inkunga ku rwego rw'Akagari

n'Umurenge no kwemeza cyangwa gutanga ibitekerezo byakurikizwa mu kuyinononsora.

- Kohereza inyandiko z'imishinga yujuje ibyangombwa byo kubona inkunga mu kanama gashinzwe ubutegetsi n'imari, kugira ngo bategure amasezerano n'inyandiko zibahesha uburenganzira bwo gufata amafaranga.

- Gusuzuma ingaruka z'ibikorwa by'imishinga ku bidukikije no ku mibereho myiza rusange y'abaturage.

- Gusuzuma raporo y'imigendekere y'ibikorwa by'imishinga. - Gukurikirana no kugenzura ibikorwa by'amajyambere. - Gutegura no gushyira mu bikorwa ibyemejwe na CDC y'Akarere cyangwa

Umujyi. Inshingano za buri wese mu bagize CDC Ushinzwe amajyambere - Gukurikirana ibikorwa byose byo kuzamura amajyambere; - Gufasha gutegura no gushyira mu bikorwa imishinga y'amajyambere, arebera

hamwe n'abandi ibikorwa by'amajyambere bikenewe; - Gufatanya n'abandi kwiga uko imari izacungwa kuri buri rwego; - Gukurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'imishinga y'amajyambere; - Guhuriza hamwe ibikorwa by'abagize CDC; - Gutumiza no kuyobora inama ya CDC ku rwego ariho; - Gutanga raporo muri Komite Nyobozi ku rwego ariho igashyikirizwa Inama

Njyanama; Ushinzwe imari - Gukurikirana imikoreshereze y'umutungo wagenewe ibikorwa

by'amajyambere; - Gushakisha uburyo bwose bwakongera umutungo; - Gukurikirana iby'amahoro ku rwego ariho; - Kugaruza umutungo watanzweho inguzanyo; - Kumenya umutungo kamere ubyara umusaruro n'imikoreshereze yawo.

42

Ushinzwe uburezi, umuco, n'amahugurwa - Kumenya ibikenewe mu mahugurwa n' abo agenewe no kuyakorera gahunda; - Gutegura amahugurwa, guteganya abazahugura no gukurikirana uko

amahugurwa agenda muri rusange; - Gusuzuma no kumenya ko intego y'amahugurwa yagezweho; Kumenya

umubare w'abana batiga, abiga n'abacikije amashuri; - Gukurikirana uburezi uko bugenda n'uko bwitabirwa ku Kagari n'Umurenge; - Gukangurira abaturage akamaro ko kwitabira no gushyigikira gahunda

z'uburezi n'ak'utunama tw'uburezi tw'ababyeyi; - Gushishikariza ababyeyi kohereza abana mu mashuri; - Guharanira ko umuco nyarwanda watera imbere; - Kumenya ibyumba by'amashuri, iby'amahugurwa n'iby'umuco uko bingana,

aho biherereye, uko bimeze n'aho bikenewe; - Gukorana n'inzego z'uburezi ku rwego ariho. Ushinzwe ubuzima n'imibereho myiza y'abaturage - Kumenya ibibazo bihungabanya ubuzima mu Kagari n'Umurenge, impamvu no

kubishakira uburyo byakemurwa; - Gushishikariza abaturage ibikorwa byose bibungabunga ubuzima (gukingiza,

imirire myiza, isuku, kwirinda indwara z'ibyorezo); - Gukangurira abaturage kwitabira no gufata neza ibikorwa bigamije

kubungabunga ubuzima; - Gukurikirana imikorere y'abashinzwe ibikorwa bigamije kubungabunga

ubuzima; - Gufatanya n'abandi bagize CDC mu kumenya abatishoboye , umubare wabo,

aho baherereye hakurikijwe ibyangombwa ngenderwaho; - Gushakisha uburyo ibibazo by'abatishoboye byakemurwa, kubashakira

inkunga no kumenya uko iyo nkunga yabagezeho yakoreshejwe; - Gushishikariza abaturage kwitabira kugira uruhare rugaragara mu kwita kuri

bagenzi babo batishoboye; - Gukangurira abatishoboye kugira uruhare rugaragara mu gukemura ibibazo

byabo. Ushinzwe urubyiruko - Kumenya ibibazo by'urubyiruko, impamvu zabyo n'uburyo byakemurwa; - Gushishikariza urubyiruko kwitabira ibikorwa byabateza imbere nk' u Rwanda

rw' ej o; - Gushishikariza inzego zose kugira uruhare mu burere no mu bikorwa byose

biteza imbere urubyiruko; - Gutoza urubyiruko umuco wo gukunda igihugu, gukunda umurimo no

kwihangira imirimo. Ushinzwe abari n'abategarugori - Kumenya ibibazo byugarije abari n'abategarugori, impamvu zabyo n'uburyo

byakemurwa;

43

- Gushishikariza abari n'abategarugori kugira uruhare rugaragara mu kurwanya ubujiji n'ubukene;

- Gufatanya n'ushinzwe uburezi, umuco n'amahugurwa kubakangurira uruhare rwabo mu iterambere ry'Igihugu;

- Gushishikariza inzego zose kugira uruhare rugaragara mu gushimangira uburinganire n'ubwuzuzanye mu muryango n'imbere y'amategeko;

- Kubatoza kwigirira icyizere mu bitekerezo byabo no kugera ku bikorwa byabateza imbere bifashishije ubushobozi bwabo.

IGICE CYA 4: IMIKORERE INZEGO Gahunda, ibyemezo, amategeko n'amabwiriza ngenderwaho ku rwego rw'Igihugu bifatirwa mu nama za Guverinoma bigashyirwa mu bikorwa na Minisiteri zibishinzwe. Ku nzego z'ibanze, Inama Njyanama igena gahunda kandi igafata ibyemezo binyuranye binyuze mu nama. Izo gahunda n'ibyemezo bishyirwa mu bikorwa na Komite Nyobozi kuko ariyo ishinzwe akazi ka buri munsi. Imikorerere y'izo nzego igenwa n'amategeko, amateka n'amabwiriza ariho. 4.1. Inama Njyanama • Akagari n'Umurenge. - Inama Njyanama y'Akagari n'Umurenge iterana rimwe mu kwezi mu nama

isanzwe. Iterana mu nama zidasanzwe buri gihe cyose bibaye ngombwa. Kugira ngo ibyemezo bifatwe, hagomba kuba hari byibuze 51% by'abagize Imana Njyanama.

- Inama Njyanama itumizwa kandi ikayoborwa n'Umuhuzabikorwa kuri buri rwego. Iyo adahari, bikorwa n'Umunyamabanga. Iyo bombi badahari, abagize Inama Njyanama bitoramo uyitumiza akanayiyobora. Icyo gihe inama yitoramo undi mwanditsi.

- Icyemezo cyo guhagarika umwe mu bagize Inama Njyanama y'Umurenge gifatwa iyo byemejwe na 2/3 by'abagize Inama Njyanama y'Umurenge.

- Ku rwego rw'Akagari , ibyemezo cyo guhagarika Umuyobozi gifatwa iyo byemejwe na 51% by'umubare wemewe kugira ngo inama ibe. Inama zitumizwa bisanzwe n'Umuyobozi cyangwa bisabwe na 1/3 cy'abayigize. Iyo yanze kuyitumiza, inama iterana iyo haje kimwe cya gatatu (1/3 cy'abayigize ) bakitoramo uyiyobora, n'iyo umuyobozi wayo usanzwe yaba ahari. Ariko iyo batujuje uwo mubare, ntibashobora kongera kuyitumira mbere y'inama itaha isanzwe y'Inama Njyanama.

• Akarere, Umujyi, Umujyi wa KIGALI - Inama Njyanama iterana byibuze rimwe mu mezi atatu mu nama isanzwe. - Iterana mu nama zidasanzwe igihe cyose bibaye ngombwa. - Inama ifata ibyemezo iyo haje 2/3 by'abagize inama Njyanama, ariko iyo

itumiwe ku nshuro ya kabiri, iterana iyo habonetse 1/3. - Itumizwa kandi ikayoborwa n'Umuyobozi w'Akarere cyangwa Umujyi. Iyo

adahari, bikorwa n'Umuyobozi wungirije ushinzwe ubukungu, imari n'amajyambere.

44

- Inama zidasanzwe zishobora guterana zitumiwe n'Umuyobozi w'Inama Njyanama abyibwirije, cyangwa bisabwe na 1/3 cy'abayigize.

- Ibyemezo bifatwa ku bwiganze burunduye bw'amajwi y'abaje mu nama. Ariko umujyanama avanwaho iyo byemejwe na 2/3 by'Abagize Inama Njyanama.

- Ibibazo bikomeye, mbere yo gufatirwa ibyemezo, bibanza gushyikirizwa Komisiyo bireba, kugira ngo ibinononsore.

4.2. Komite Nyobozi. 4.2.1 Ku rwego rw'Akagari n'Umurenge . Komite Nyobozi y'Akagari n'Umurenge iterana buri minsi 15 mu nama isanzwe. Iterana mu nama zidasanzwe igihe cyose bibaye ngombwa. Ifata ibyemezo iyo hari 51% by'abayigize. Itumizwa kandi ikayoborwa n'Umuhuzabikorwa kuri buri rwego. Iyo afite ikimubuza kuyobora inama bikorwa n'Umunyamabanga. Iyo bombi badahari, bihitiramo utumiza inama akanayiyobora. 4.2.2 Ku rwego rw'Akarere, Umujyi, Umujyi wa Kigali. Abagize Komite Nyobozi y'Akarere n'Umujyi batorerwa imyaka itanu. Batorwa mu bagize Inama Njyamana kandi bujuje ibyangombwa bisabwa n'Itegeko. Ntibashobora kurenza inshuro 2 zikurikiranye. Itegeko ntiriteganya uburyo komite Nyobozi y'Akarere, Umujyi n'umujyi wa Kigali iterana. IGICE CYA 5: IMIKORANIRE Y'INZEGO HAGATI YAZO, N'IMIKORANIRE YAZO N'IZINDI NZEGO. Muri gahunda yo kwegereza ubuyobozi n'ubushobozi abaturage, birakwiye ko ibikorwa byakorerwaga ku rwego rw'Igihugu bigomba kumanuka bigakorerwa mu nzego zegereye abaturage. Buri mukozi wo ku rwego rwo hejuru agomba kuba azi neza uwo bahuje inshingano ku rwego rwo hasi. Ikindi kandi, buri rwego rw'ubuyobozi ntirugomba kwibona nkaho rukora rwonyine, ningombwa ko habaho uburyo bwo kuzihuza mu bwuzuzanye kugirango gahunda n'ibyemezo bifatwa n'uburyo bwo kubishyira mu bikorwa birusheho koroha. Urugero: - Hakwiye kubaho ihuriro rihuza Minisiteri, Intara/Umujyi wa Kigali

nÙturere/Imijyi. - Hakwiye kubaho ihuriro rihuza Intara/ilmujyi wa Kigali,Uturere/Imijyi

n'Imirenge. - Hakwiye kubaho ihuriro rihuza Akarere/Umujyi,Imirenge n'Utugari. 5.1. Imikoranire hagati y'Inzego z'Ibanze. Hahwiye kubaho imikoraniye isobanutse hagati y'Inama Njyanama na Komite Nyobozi ndetse no hagati y'izo nzego ubwazo.

45

5.1.1. Imikoranire hagati y'Inama Njyanama na Komite Nyobozi Muri rusange Inama Njyanama ishinzwe gufata ibyemezo byose birebana n'ubuyobozi kuri buri rwego, Komite Nyobozi ishinzwe, mu mirimo yayo ya buri munsi, kubishyira mu bikorwa. • Komite Nyobozi kuri buri rwego. - Itegura ibigomba gusuzumwa n'Inama Njyanama; - Ishyira mu bikorwa ibyemezo by'Inama Njyanama - Ishyikiriza Inama Njyanama raporo y'Igihembwe n'iyÙmwaka. • Inama Njyanama kuri buri rwego. - Isuzuma kandi igafata ibyemezo ku bibazo yashyikirijwe na Komite Nyobozi - Igenzura imikorere ya Komite Nyobozi - Isuzuma kandi ikemeza raporo yashyikirijwe na Komite Nyobozi 5.1.2 Imikoranire hagati y'Inama Njyanama y'Akarere/Umujyi n'Inama

Njyanama y'Umurenge Inama Njyanama y'Akarere igomba kumenya ibibazo biri mu Mirenge inyuranye igize Akarere kugira ngo bishakirwe umuti. Ibyo byashoboka buri mujyanama w'Akarere agiye akorana n'abajyana bagize Umurenge yatorewemo, bagahana amakuru na raporo z'ibibazo biri mu Murenge kugira ngo byigirwe ku rwego rw'Akarere. Ibyo kandi bikwiye gukorwa hagati y'abagize Inama Njyanama z'Uturere tugize Umujyi wa Kigali n'abagize Inama Njyanama y'Umujyi wa Kigali. 5.1.3. Imikoranire hagati ya Komite Nyobozi y'Akarere/Umujyi na Komite

Nyobozi y'Umurenge: Abagize Komite Nyobozi y'Akarere/Umujyi bagomba gushyiraho gahunda ihoraho y'inama zajya zibahuza n'abagize Komite Nyobozi y'Umurenge. Umuyobozi wa Komite Nyobozi ku rwego rw'Akarere n'Umujyi, agomba guhuza abagize Komite Nyobozi ku rwego rwo hasi kandi bagakorana neza akurikirana ibikorwa byabo, abagira Inama kandi nabo bakamuha raporo buri wese ku bimureba. Abayobozi bungirije nabo bakwiye gukorana n'abandi bayobozi bungirije bo ku nzego zo hasi bakajya bahana raporo kandi bakabagira Inama mu kazi kabo ka buri munsi. 5.2. Imikoranire hagati ya CPA na CDC.

• Ku rwego rw'Akagari n'Umurenge. Komite Nyobozi zigabanyijwemo Komite 2 zungirije zitandukanye ariko zuzanya ari zo : CPA na CDC. Ibyemezo bya CDC bishyikirizwa Inama Njyanama binyujijwe kuri Komite Nyobozi. Umuhuzabikorwa kuri buri rwego ni we utumiza Inama abaturage hahuriramo n'abagize CDC.

46

5.3. Imikoranire hagati ya CDC y'Akarere n'Umujyi na Komite Nyobozi kuri urwo rwego.

• CDC ishinzwe gutegura no gukurikirana imishinga n'ibikorwa

by'amajyambere mu Karere n'Umujyi. Raporo ya CDC ishyikirizwa Komite Nyobozi kugira ngo iyisuzume mbere yo kuyohereza mu Nama Njyanama. CDC iyoborwa n'umwe mu bagize Komite Nyobozi, ari we Muyobozi wungirije ushinzwe imari, ubukungu n'Amajyambere.

5.4. Imikoranire hagati y'Inzego z'Ubuyobozi bw'Igihugu uko zigenda

zisumbana. - Urwego rw'Umurenge ruhuza ibikorwa by'Utugari tugize Umurenge; - Urwego rw'Akarere ruhuza ibikorwa by'Imirenge igize Akarere; - Urwego rw'Intara rukurikirana imikorere y'Inzego z'ubuyobozi bw' Ibanze. - Umujyi wa Kigali uhuza ibikorwa by'Uturere tuwugize. - Muri rusange, urwego rwo hejuru rusuzuma ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya Politiki

n'ingamba by'Igihugu ku rwego rwo hasi. - Buri rwego kandi rugomba kubahiriza amabwiriza yatanzwe n'Inzego zo

hejuru. 5.4.1. Hagati y'Umurenge n'Akagari. - Ibyemezo by'Inama Njyanama y'Akagari bishyikirizwa Komite Nyobozi

y'Umurenge kugira ngo ibisuzume, mbere yo kubishyikiriza Inama Njyanama y'Umurenge kugira ngo ibyemeze.

5.4.2. Hagati y'Umurenge n'Akarere cyangwa Umujyi. - Hari Inama zigomba guhuza CPA z'Imirenge na Komite Nyobozi z'Akarere

cyangwa Umujyi; - Iyo icyemezo cy'Inama Njyanama y'Umurenge kinyuranyije n'amategeko,

Umuyobozi w'Akarere yandikira Inama Njyanama y'Umurenge ayisaba guhindura icyemezo cyayo. Iyo Inama Njyanama idahinduye icyo cyemezo, Umuyobozi w'Akarere asaba Umuhuzabikorwa w'Umurenge kumutumira mu nama y'Inama Njyanama, kugira ngo ayisobanurire amategeko atubahirijwe. Iyo batabyumvikanyeho, Umuyobozi w'Akarere atumira Inama Njyanama y'Akarere kugira ngo ibifateho imyanzuro igomba gukurikizwa. Iyo Inama Njyanama y'Umurenge idakurikije ibyemezo by'Inama Njyanama y'Akarere, Umuyobozi w'Inama Njyanama y'Akarere yandikira Minisitiri ufite ubutegetsi bw'Igihugu mu Nshingano ze, amusaba gusesa Inama Njyanama y'Umurenge.

- Iyo abaturage b'Umurenge babonye Umujyanama utarangiza neza

inshingano ze, bashobora kubigeza ku Nama Njyanama y'Umurenge. Iyo isanze bifite ishingiro, Komite Nyobozi y'Umurenge ibishyikiriza Inama Njyanama y'Akarere ikabifataho umwanzuro.

47

5.4.3. HagatI y'Akarere/Umujyi n'Intara cyangwa Umujyi wa Kigali. Intara n'Umujyi wa Kigali bishinzwe; - Guhuza Ibikorwa by'iterambere, Imibereho Myiza n'umuco by'Uturere

n'Imijyi; - Gufasha Uturere n'Imijyi gukurikiza politiki rusange ya Leta ; - Mu Mujyi wa Kigali, hari Inama zihuza Komite NyobozI y'Umujyi wa Kigali

na za Komite Nyobozi z'Uturere tugize Umujyi wa Kigali. - Umukuru w'Intara cyangwa Umuyobozi w'Umujyi wa Kigali bashobora

gusaba kujya mu nama z'Inama Njyanama z'Uturere. - Intara n'Umujyi wa Kigali bisuzuma niba ibyemezo by'Inama Njyanama

z'Uturere byubahiriza amategeko. 5.5. Imikoranire y'Inzego z'Ubuyobozi n'Izindi nzego. 5.1.1. Imikoranire hagati y'inzego z'ubuyobozi n'inzego zihariye z'abari n'abategarugori, n'iz'urubyiruko. - Ibyo byiciro byombi by'abaturage bifite inzego zihariye, bikanagira

n'ababihagarariye muri Komite Nyobozi no mu Nama Njyanama ku rwego rw'Akagari, Umurenge, Akarere, Imijyi n'Umujyi wa Kigali. Ku rwego rw'Akagari, Abayobozi ba Komite Nyobozi z'ibyo byiciro, ni nabo bayihagarariye muri Komite Nyobozi y'Akagari. Ku rwego rw'Umurenge, Abayobozi b'ibyo byiciro byombi bari mu bagize CDC z'Imirenge.

- Inzego zihariye za biriya byiciro zashyiriweho kugira ngo zite ku bibazo byihariye by'ibyo byiciro ku buryo bw'umwihariko.

Ni ukuvuga ko abahagarariye inzego zihariye bakusanya ibibazo by'izo nzego, bakajya inama n'abahagarariye biriya byiciro muri Komite Nyobozi no mu Nama Njyanama, kugira ngo hafatwe ibyemezo byo kubikemura. 5.1.2. Imikoranire hagati y'inzego z'ubuyobozi n'inzego zishinzwe amajyambere mu Karere. Inzego z'ubuyobozi n'izishinzwe amajyambere zihurira muri C.D.C y'Akarere cyangwa Umujyi. Imikoranire hagati y'izo nzego iteye ku buryo bukurikira: - Abahagarariye Leta, imiryango nterankunga, amashyirahamwe n'abikorera ku giti

cyabo bafite ibikorwa by'amajyambere mu Karere batanga ibitekerezo, inama ku bijyanye n'ibikorwa by'amajyambere. Abashyigikira imishinga batanga ubushobozi n'amahugurwa.

- Hifashishijwe impuguke n'abagize CDC, hasesengurwa ibitekerezo byatanzwe.CDC yohereza imyanzuro mu Nama Njyanama biciye kuri Komite Nyobozi.

Ibyemezo byafashwe bishyirwa mu bikorwa n'abahagarariye Leta, Imiryango nterankunga, amashyirahamwe n'abikorera ku giti cyabo.

48

49

Imikoranire y’inzego (Institutions) zikorera mu turere

-

- Ubushishozi - Guhugura etc

- Ibitekerezo - Inama - Gushyigikira Imishinga

-

Abahagarariye Leta Imiryango ntera nkunga Amashyirahamwe Abikorera ku giti cyabo

• Gusesengura hifashishijwe impuguge/CDC

• Kwohereza umwanzuruo

mu nama biciye kuri Komite Nyobozi

Abahagarariye Leta

Imiryango ntera nkunga

Amashyirahamwe Abikorera ku giti cyabo

50

Uruhare rw'inzego zinyuranye mu mikorere ya CDC Icyo CDC iteze ku buyobozi - Kongererwa ubushobozi n'ubumenyi no kugezwaho ibikoresho bya ngombwa; - Gushyiraho amategeko ahamye kandi asobanutse neza ku birebana na CDC; - Kumvisha no gusobanurira abaterankunga ko CDC ari urwego

rw'amajyambere bagomba gukorana kandi ko narwo rugenzura imikorere n'ibikorwa byabo. Ibi bireba cyane cyane urwego rwa Minisiteri, urw'Intara n'urw'Akarere;

- Gusobanurira inzego zose z'ubuyobozi imikorere n'imikoranire ya CDC no kuzishishikariza korohereza buri rwego gukorana nayo;

- Gufatanya na CDC mu gukangurira abaturage kwitabira gukorana mu bikorwa byose bisaba uruhare rwabo;

- Kumvisha izindi nzego ko CDC ari akanama kungirije gakorera muri Nyobozi gahagarariye amajyambere muri rusange;

- Kumvisha banki ibirebana n'imikorere yazo na CDC mu koroshya imikoreshereze y'Ikigega Gitsura Amajyambere FDC ).

Icyo Ubuyobozi buteze kuri CDC - Gukora igenamigambi ry'amajyambere ifatanije n'abaturage; - Gukangurira abaturage kugira uruhare mu majyambere rusange no

kubumvisha ko ibikorwa ari ibyabo. - Kumenya no gusesengura ibibazo birebana n'amajyambere no gushakisha

uburyo byakemuka; - Gukora imishinga isubiza ibibazo byagaragaye; - Gutanga umurongo ngenderwaho w' ibikorwa byose by' amajyambere w'

abakorera mu Karere; - Kumenya ko itagomba gusimbura izindi nzego z'ubuyobozi ahubwo ko

buzuzanya; - Gutanga raporo y'ibikorwa muri Komite Nyobozi. Icyo CDC iteze ku baturage - Kugirirwa icyizere; - Kugira uruhare rugaragara mu gucunga ibikorwa by'amajyambere yabo

n'ikigega cyabo, kugaruza umutungo no kuwongera; - Kwiyumvisha ko imirimo CDC ikora iyikora mu izina ryabo; - Kwitabira inama n'ibiganiro bikorerwa mu nzego zose; - Kugaragaza ubushake n'uruhare mu gukemura ibibazo; - Gukorana ubwitange n'ubushake imirimo isaba uruhare rwabo; Icyo abaturage

bateze kuri CDC; - Kubavugira no kubafasha gushaka icyabateza imbere; - Kubagezaho imigendekere y'imirimo y'imishinga; - Kubakangurira gukunda umurimo no kwihangira imirimo; - Kubafasha kumenya abatishoboye no gushakisha uko ibibazo byakemuka; - Kubera abaturage ubwishingizi mu gihe cyo guhabwa inguzanyo ku mishinga

yabo;

51

- Gukangurirwa kumva ko ibibazo ari ibyabo kandi ko ari bo bafite umwanya wa mbere mu kubashakira ibisubizo;

- Kugezwaho imikoreshereze n'imicungire y'ikigega; - Kumenyeshwa inkunga zatanzwe no gufatanya na CDC kugaruza inguzanyo

zatanzwe. Icyo CDC iteze ku baterankunga - Kugaragaza gahunda y'imirimo, uburyo buhari kugira ngo imirimo

yateganyijwe ishyirwe mu bikorwa no kubyumvikanaho mbere y'uko itangira; - Kumenya imikorere yabo kugira ngo ibashe kugenzura no gukurikirana

imikoreshereze y'umutungo; - Kumenya ko abaturage bagomba gusobanukirwa imikorere y'abaterankunga

n'imikoreshereze y'umutungo; - Gutanga raporo y'imirimo no kwitabira inama; - Gutera inkunga CDC nk'urwego rw'amajyambere mu mahugurwa, ingendo-

shuri n'ibindi. Icyo abaterankunga bateze kuri CDC - Kubasobanurira no kubagezaho gahunda y'amajyambere; - Kubamenyesha ibyihutirwa kurusha ibindi n'aho byakorerwa; - Kumvikana ku byo abaterankunga bakora; - Kugaragariza abaterankunga imikoreshereze y'amafaranga bahawe; - Gukangurira abaturage uruhare rwabo mu gucunga no mu gushyira mu

bikorwa imishinga baterwamo inkunga. 5.1.3. Imikoranire hagati y'inzego z'ubuyobozi n'abahagarariye gahunda za Leta. Gahunda nyinshi za Leta zihagarariwe ku rwego rw'Intara n'Umujyi wa Kigali. - Ku rwego rw'Intara, ibikorwa by'izo gahunda n'iby'inzego z'ubuyobozi bihuzwa

na Komite Mpuzabikorwa y'Intara. - Ku rwego rw'Umujyi wa Kigali, bikorwa na Komite Nyobozi. Muri rusange rero,

ibikorwa by'izo gahunda byinjizwa muri gahunda rusange y'Intara cyangwa Umujyi wa Kigali. Twibutse ko Komite Mpuzabikorwa y'Intara igizwe n'aba bakurikira:

- Umukuru w'Intara ari na we muyobozi wayo; - Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa, Umwanditsi; - Abayobozi b'Uturere n'Imijyi; - Abahagarariye imirimo ya Leta mu Ntara; - Abayobozi b'Imirimo ku rwego rw'Intara; Zimwe muri gahunda za Leta zikorera mu rwego rw'Intara n'Umujyi wa Kigali: - Komisiyo y'Ubumwe n'Ubwiyunge; - Komisiyo y'Uburenganzira by'Ikiremwa muntu; - Komisiyo y'Amatora; - Komisiyo yo Kurwanya Ubukene; - Inkiko Gacaca; - Itangaza Makuru:

52

UMWANZURO RUSANGE. Guverinoma y'Ubumwe bw'Abanyarwanda yahagurukiye kurushaho gushimangira imiyoborere myiza kandi ishingiye ku ngufu n'ibitekerezo by'abaturage. Uruhare rw'abayobozi rero ni ngombwa kugirango abaturage barusheho gusobanukirwa n'iyo gahunda, bityo n'ibikorwa bigamije kubateza imbere babigiremo uruhare rugaragara. Abayobozi ku nzego zose bakwiye gusobanukirwa n'imiterere, imikorere n'imikoranire y'inzego, n'inshingano za buri wese kuri buri rwego. IKIGANIRO CYA GATATU UBURYO IKIGANIRO KIZATANGWA I N T E G O R U S A N G E Kongerera inzego z'ibanze ubumenyi n'ubushobozi bwatuma bafasha abaturage kwigeza ku majyambere arambye kandi bagizemo uruhare. INTAMBWE YA 1 Gusobanukirwa n'uburyo bushya bwo kuzamura imibereho y'abaturage no kugera ku majyambere arambye hakoreshejwe guha uruhare abaturage mu majyambere yabo. Intego yihariye Gusobanukirwa na Politiki y'amajyambere rusange abaturage bagizemo uruhare Uko iyo ntego yagerwaho - Kugaragaza amahame y'iyo Politiki - Kubaza abari mu mahugurwa ingamba zafatwa n'ibikorwa bikwiye kugerwaho

kugira ngo ayo mahame yubahirizwe - Kugaragaza ingamba zafashwe n'ibikorwa bimaze kugerwaho muri urwo

rwego INTAMBWE YA 2 Gusobanukirwa n 'inzira abaturage banyuramo kugira ngo babashe kwigeza ku majyambere Intego yihariye Gufasha inzego z'ibanze gushishikariza abaturage kugira uruhare Kugaragaza mu igenamigambi ry'amajyambere yabo. Uko iyo ntego yagerwaho - Kubaza abari mu mahugurwa igenamigambi icyo ari cyo n ' impamvu

rigomba kubaho Kugaragaza ibyiza byo gukora igenamigambi - Kugaragaza uko igenamigambi rikorwa n'abaturage riteye

53

- Kugaragaza inzira abaturage banyuramo mu rwego rwo kwisesengurira ibibazo

INTAMBWE YA 3 Gusobanukirwa n'uburyo abaturage bashyira mu bikorwa igenamigambi bakoze. Intego yihariye Gutuma abaturage bashobora kwitegurira no gukurikirana imishinga igamije imibereho myiza yabo. Uko iyo ntego yagerwaho - Kugaragaza imiterere y'umushinga rusange abaturage bagizemo uruhare

herekanwa ingingo ngenderwaho mu kugena inyito, impamvu, aho umushinga uzakorera, abo ugenewe, Intego zawo, ibigamije kugerwaho mu gihe cya vuba, ibipimo by'ibimenyetso by'ibigamijwe, imirimo izakorwa, ingingo y'imari izakenerwa, aho imari izaturuka, uburambe bw'umushinga, inkurikizi ku bidukikije, imbogamizi ku mushinga, gukurikirana no gusuzuma ibikorwa, gushakisha imari izakoreshwa no gukorana n 'abaterankunga

- Kugaragaza imiterere y'umushinga muto ubyara inyungu herekanwa ingingo ngenderwaho mu kugena bimwe mu bigize umwihariko wa bene iyo mishinga ( aho igitekerezo gituruka, uko umushinga wigwa, itegurwa ry'umushinga, ishyirwa mu bikorwa by'umushinga, guhuza imirimo y'umushinga n'ibindi.

- Gufasha abahugurwa gukora umwitozo wo gutegura umushinga rusange cyangwa umushinga muto ubyara inyungu.

INTAMBWE YA 4 Gusobanukirwa n'uburyo Leta iteganya gufasha abaturage gushyira mu bikorwa igenamigambi bakoze. Intego yihariye Gutuma abari mu mahugurwa basobanukirwa na Politiki yo kwegereza ubushobozi abaturage Uko iyo ntego yagerwaho - Kugaragaza ingamba za Leta mu rwego rwo kwegereza ubushobozi; - Gutanga ibitekerezo kuri izo ngamba no Kugaragaza uruhare rwazo mu

kwegereza ubushobozi abaturage; - Kugaragaza amategeko Politiki yo kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage

igenderaho hasobanurwa imikorere y'itegeko ry'inkomoko y'umutungo w'uturere, Imijyi n'umujyi wa Kigali, imikorere y'Ikigega rusange gitsura amajyambere;

- Gutanga ibitekerezo ku Itegeko ry'inkomoko y'umutungo no ku mikorere y'ikigega.

54

INTAMBWE YA 5 Gusobanukirwa n'uruhare rw'abaturage mu micungire y'Ikigega gitsura amajyambere y'abaturage (FDC) Intego yihariye Gusobanukirwa n'imiterere, imikorere n'imicungire y'ikigega gitsura amajyambere y'abaturage Uko iyo ntego yagerwaho - Kugaragaza inkomoko y'umutungo w'Ikigega, akamaro k'Ikigega gitsura

amajyambere mu mizamukire y'abaturage, ubwoko bw'imishinga iterwa inkunga n'icyo kigega, uko imishinga y'abaturage ishyirwa mu bikorwa n'abatera inkunga Ikigega;

- Kubaza abari mu mahugurwa cyane cyane abagize CDC uko bakorana n'abatera inkunga ikigega mu rwego rw'imicungire yacyo;

- Kugaragaza uburyo inkunga yashyizwe mu Kigega ikwiye gucungwa; - Kugaragaza uruhare rwa buri rwego rw'ubuyobozi mu micungire y'Ikigega. INTAMBWE YA 6 Gusobanukirwa n'uruhare rw'amashyirahamwe n'amakoperative mu iterambere ry'abaturage Intego yihariye Gusobanukirwa n'uruhare rw'abayobozi mu gushyigikira amashyirahamwe n'amakoperative nka bumwe mu buryo bwo gufasha abaturage kwigeza ku majyambere Uko iyo ntego yagerwaho - Kugaragaza Koperative icyo ari cyo no kugaragaza itandukaniro riri hagati ya

Koperative n'indi miryango y'ubufatanye (imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta, imiryango y'ubucuruzi, imiryango y'ubufatanye magirirane)

- Kubafasha gutandukanya amakoperative, imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta, imiryango y'ubucuruzi n'imiryango y'ubufatanye magirirane ikorera mu Turere bakomokamo hakoreshejwe imyitozo

- Kugaragaza uko Koperative n'imiryango yindi y'ubufatanye bishingwa mu Rwanda

- Kwigira hamwe akamaro ko kwibumbira mu mashyirahamwe n'akamaro k'iyo miryango yindi y'ubufatanye mu mizamukire y'abaturage

- Kubaza ibibazo amakoperative n'amashyirahamwe bikunze guhura nabyo - Gufasha abari mu mahugurwa kugaragaza gahunda n'ingamba bafata mu

rwego rwo gukemura ibyo bibazo

55

INTAMBWE YA 7 Uruhare inzego z'ibanze zagira mu gufasha abaturage kwiteza imbere hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gushaka umubano wihariye n'ubufatanye hagati yazo. Intego yihariye Gusobanurira abayobozi b'inzego z'ibanze uburyo bwo guteza imbere abaturage binyuze mu kugirana umubano wihariye n'ubufatanye hagati y'inzego z'ubuyobozi Uko iyo ntego yagerwaho - Gusobanura " jumelage " icyo ari cyo n 'uburyo iboneka - Kugaragaza amahame "Jumelage" ishingiyeho - Gusobanura uko jumelage ishyirwa mu bikorwa - Kubaza imikorere ya jumelage mu Turere dufitanye umubano wihariye cyangwa

ubufatanye n'izindi nzego z'ubuyobozi zaba izo mu gihugu cyangwa izo hanze - Gufasha abahugurwa gufata gahunda n'ingamba zatuma umubano ushingiye kuri

`jumelage’ n'ubufatanye birushaho kugenda neza - Kugaragaza uruhare rwa buri wese muri iyo gahunda no mu gushyira mu bikorwa

izo ngamba

56

IKIGANIRO CYA GATATU

ITERAMBERE RY'ABATURAGE INTANGIRIRO Mu rwego rwo gushyira mu bikorwa politiki yo kwegereza ubuyobozi n'ubushobozi abaturage, hatekerejwe uko abaturage bagira uruhare rugaragara mu bikorwa by'amajyambere bituma bagera ku mibereho myiza ku buryo burambye. Muri urwo rwego hateguwe kandi hemezwa politiki y'amajyambere rusange abaturage bagizemo uruhare, hagamijwe gushyiraho uburyo abanyarwanda bose bagira uruhare rusesuye mu bikorwa bigamije iterambere ryabo. Kugirango ibyo bishoboke ni ngombwa ko abaturage bagira uruhare rugaragara, bagafata iya mbere mu mirimo ijyanye no gutegura igenamigambi ry'ibikorwa bizabafasha kugera kuri iryo terambere. Iryo genamigambi niryo baheraho bategura imishinga igamije kubateza imbere. Iyo mishinga igomba gutegurwa neza, igaturuka muri bo ubwabo kandi igasubiza ibibazo bafite. Na none kandi ni ngombwa ko inzego zegereye abaturage zihabwa ubushobozi butuma zishobora kurangiza imirimo yazo ya buri munsi no gushyira mu bikorwa imishinga igamije iterambere ry'abaturage. Ni muri urwo rwego hateguwe politiki yo kwegereza abaturage ubushobozi (fiscal decentralization policy). Iyo politiki igamije gushyigikira no guha Uturere n'Imijyi uburenganzira bwo kwishakira umutungo no kuwucunga, gushyigikira amajyambere y'Uturere n'Imijyi hashyirwaho Ikigega rusange gitsura amajyambere (CDF) n'Ibigega bitsura amajyambere y'abaturage (FDC). Kugirango iterambere rirusheho gushinga imizi, ni ngombwa ko buri wese, yaba Leta, imiryango nterankunga, abikorera ku giti cyabo, imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta n'amashyirahamwe ; bose bagira uruhare rugaragara kuva ku itegurwa ry'igenamigambi kugera ku ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'imishinga. ITERAMBERE RY'ABATURAGE BISOBANUYE IKI ? Iterambere ry'abaturage ni ubwiyongere bugaragara kandi bufatika n'ubutaboneka bw'imibereho yose ya muntu, mu birebana n'amikoro cyangwa umusaruro, mu birebana n'ubujijuke bw'ingeri zose, byatuma abasha kubaho igihe kirekire mu mudendezo. Intego rusange y'iki kiganiro ni ukongerera inzego z'ibanze ubumenyi (ubushobozi) bwo gufasha abaturage kwigeza ku majyambere arambye kandi bagizemo uruhare.

57

Intego zihariye ni: - Gufasha inzego z'ibanze gushishikariza abaturage kugira uruhare rugaragara

mu igenamigambi ry'amajyambere yabo; - Gutuma abaturage bashobora kwitegurira no gukurikirana imishinga igamije

imibereho myiza yabo ; - Gutuma abayobozi b'inzego z'ibanze basobanukirwa n'inkomoko y'umutungo

wabafasha kwiteza imbere ; - Gutuma abaturage basobanukirwa uruhare rwa buri wese (Leta, Imiryango

itegamiye kuri Leta (NGOs), Abikorera ku giti cyabo, Amashyirahamwe y'abaturage (GCBs)) mu iterambere muri rusange.

Iki kiganiro kigabanyijemo ibice birindwi aribyo: - Politiki y'amajyambere rusange abaturage bagizemo uruhare ; - Uburyo bwo gutegura igenamigambi ry'amajyambere ; - Uburyo bwo kwiga imishinga no kuyishakira inkunga ; - Politiki yo kwegereza ubushobozi abaturage ; - Imiterere, imikorere n'imicungire y'Ikigega Gitsura Amajyambere y'Abaturage

(FDC) ; - Uruhare rw'amashyirahamwe n'amakoperative mu iterambere ; - Umubano wihariye n'ubufatanye hagati y'inzego z'ubuyobozi. IGICE CYA 1: POLITIKI Y'AMAJYAMBERE RUSANGE ABATURAGE

BAGIZEMO URUHARE 1.1. Isobanurampamvu Politiki y'amajyambere rusange abaturage bagizemo uruhare ni politiki ishakisha uburyo bwose ba nyirubwite bagira uruhare rusesuye mu mibereho myiza n'ubukungu byabo hakurikijwe uburyo bukurikira: - Kwiga ubwabo ibibazo byabo bakagerageza kubishakira ibisubizo; - Kwikorera gahunda; - Gushyira mu bikorwa iyo gahunda bahereye ku bushobozi bwabo; - Gushakisha bibaye ngombwa inkunga yo hanze yo kubunganira. 1.2. Ingingo remezo za politiki y'amajyambere rusange abaturage

bagizemo uruhare 1.2.1. Intego za politiki y'amajyambere rusange abaturage bagizemo

uruhare Intego rusange - Gutuma politiki y'igihugu yo kwegereza ubuyobozi n'ubushobozi abaturage

ishinga imizi, hagenwa uburyo bushoboka kugira ngo abaturage bagire uruhare rusesuye mu majyambere yabo hagamijwe kurwanya ubukene.

58

Intego zihariye - Gutuma abaturage bagira uruhare mu kwikorera igenamigambi ndetse no

mu kwicungira imishinga yabo babicishije ku bayobozi bitoreye; - Kwongera ubushobozi kuri buri rwego; - Kwongera umusaruro hakoreshejwe umutungo muke n'ubushobozi dufite; - Gushyigikira ibikorwa bibyara inyungu hakoreshejwe inguzanyo ziciriritse

(micro-finace). 1.2.2. Amahame - Abaturage nibo shingiro ry'amajyambere; - Hagomba gukoreshwa uburyo buha abaturage kugira uruhare mu bikorwa

byabo ariko hagashorwa amafaranga cyane cyane mu bikorwa bifitiye akamaro abantu benshi, bibyara inyungu, bigatanga n'akazi.

- Kwibanda rugikubita ku gushora amafaranga menshi mu bikorwa byo

kuzamura umusaruro (ubuhinzi, ubworozi,.....) nyuma yaho agashorwa mu bitunganya uwo musarura n'ibindi biha akazi abantu (ubucuruzi, ubukorikori n'inganda),

- Kugabanya cyane iby'ubuntu. Ubuntu bwakoreshwa ku byiciro

by'abatishoboye kandi bagaragajwe n'abaturage ariko ubwo buntu nabwo bukaba ubwo kugira ngo bave muri ibyo bibazo bibugarije.

- Imishinga minini ireba igihugu nk'imihanda y'igihugu, ibibuga by'indege,....

yayoborerwa hejuru, ariko inzego z'ibanze ireba zikayigiramo uruhare. Indi mishinga yose ikwiye kwigwa, kuyoborwa no gucungwa n'ubuyobozi bw'ibanze hakurikijwe ibyiciro byagenwe byo kwegereza ubuyobozi n'ubushobozi abaturage (deconcentration, delegation, devolution).

- Guhera buri gihe ku bushobozi bwite. 1.2.3 Ingamba - Gushyiraho uburyo butuma ba nyirubwite bibanda ku birebana n'amajyambere

yaho kandi bakayicungira. - Gushyigikira amashyirahamwe kuko yegeranya abantu benshi bakagira

ibikorwa bifatika bakoresheje uburyo budahenze, ndetse agatuma n'abantu barushaho kumvikana;

- Gushyiraho uburyo bwo gutara, gutunganya, no guhererekanya amakuru; - Kongera umusaruro hakoreshejwe uduke dufite; - Gushyiraho mu Turere n'Imijyi ibigega bitsura amajyambere n'uburyo bwo

gucunga umutungo ba nyirubwite bafitemo uruhare kugira ngo hatabaho inyerezwa.

- Gushakisha no gushyiraho uburyo bworoshye bwo kubona amafaranga yo gushyira mu bikorwa imishinga iciriritse (micro-finance) hakurikijwe ubukene bw'abanyarwanda.

59

1.2.4. Ibikorwa by'ingenzi biteganywa. 1.2.4.1 Gushyiraho uburyo buboneye bw'iterambere rusange riha uruhare rukomeye abaturage Abaturage nibo iterambere rusange rishingiyeho. Niyo mpamvu hagomba gushyirwaho uburyo buha abaturage uruhare rusesuye mu bikorwa byose bigamije iterambere ryabo kugirango barusheho kubigira ibyayo bityo bizarambe. 1.2.4.2. Gusobanura neza icyo buri wese ufite uruhare mu majyambere ashinzwe n'aho ahurira n'abandi. Igishushanyo gikurikira kirerekana uko Komite zishinzwe amajyambere y'abaturage (CDC) zikorana n'izindi nzego. CDC ni yo ishinzwe guhuza ibikorwa byose by'amajyambere mu Karere n'Umujyi ariko ntabwo bivuga ko isimbura impuguke n'abandi bakora ibikorwa by'amajyambere. Abo bose hagomba guca kuri CDC, ibidasobanutse bakayisobanurira ikabanza ikabigira ibyayo mbere y'uko byoherezwa ngo bishyirwe mu bikorwa. CDC yifashisha igenamigambi ikorana n'abafite uruhare mu majyambere. Abo bose bagomba guca kuri CDC, ibidasobanutse bakayisobanurira ikabanza ikabigira ibyayo mbere y'uko byoherezwa ngo bishyirwe mu bikorwa. CDC yifashisha igenamigambi ikorana n'abafite uruhare mu majyambere.

61

Ibitekerezo - Ubushishozi - Guhugura,ibindi.... - Inama - Gushyigikira imishinga

Gushyira mu bikorwa

Abahagarariye Leta

Imiryango ntera Nkunga


- Gusesengura hifashishijwe impuguke/CDC

- Kwohereza umwanzuro mu nama njyanama ngo ifate ibyemezo biciye kuri Komite

Abahagarariye Leta Imiryango Ntera nkunga


62

1.2.4.3. Guha abayobozi b'inzego z'ibanze ubushobozi no gushyiraho uburyo bwo kugeza abaturage ku iterambere Politiki y'amajyambere rusange abaturage bagizemo uruhare ishingiye ku buyobozi bw'ibanze. Ni ukuvuga ko bugomba kubonerwa inkunga ariko na bwo bukishakishiriza kugira ngo burangize inshingano zabwo. Akarere, Umujyi bitegura amafaranga yo gufasha ku ngengo y'imari isanzwe, ariko inzego zegereye abaturage zikishakishiriza zihereye ku yo zemererwa n'amategeko : gukora amafaranga ku mishinga zize, mu kugurisha amakayi yo gutanga amasoko, ku nyungu y'imyenda batanze n'ibindi bakwishakashakira bakabyumvikanaho biciye mu Nama Njyanama ariko bitabangamiye andi mategeko. 1.2.4.4. Kongera ubushobozi bw' ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'iterambere

ry'abaturage Ibi bisaba ibi bikurikira: - Gushyiraho uburyo buboneye bwo gukora Igenamigambi uhereye ku baturage

(PRA, PIPO). Ubutegetsi bwite bwa Leta bukora Igenamigambi rishingiye kuri gahunda z'inzego z'ibanze, hiyongereyeho gahunda z'ibyo ubutegetsi bwite bwa Leta bukeneye.

- Gushyiraho gahunda yo kureba amahugurwa akenewe ku nzego zose no gukora ayo mahugurwa hakurikijwe ubushobozi bukenewe.

- Kwigisha ivugururwa ry'ubutegetsi muri za Kaminuza. - Gushyiraho ikigo gihoraho cyo kwigisha ibijyanye na gahunda ya politiki yo

kwegereza ubuyobozi n'ubushobozi abaturage. - Gushyigikira ko abantu bishyira hamwe mu kwiteza imbere bityo bikorohereza

ubumwe n'ubwiyunge. - Gushyiraho uburyo bwo gutara, gutunganya no guhererekanya amakuru

(butiki y'amakuru). 1.2.4.5 Kongera umusaruro - Gushyigikira ubushakashatsi bugera mu cyaro kugira ngo haboneke

ikoranabuhanga ryiza ryakwamamazwa; - Gushakisha no gushyigikira ibikorwa bigurishwa bigatanga amafaranga,

ibidakenera ubutaka ndetse no kumenyereza abanyarwanda guhindura akamenyero (imirire n'ibindi....);

- Gushyigikira ibikorwa biha isoko umusaruro w'abaturage (inganda ntoya,...) ndetse n'imijyi igiye gushyirwaho mu cyaro igomba gukorana amasezerano n'Uturere two mu cyaro kugira ngo babe magirirane: bamwe batanga umusaruro wabo, abandi baborohereza kubona ibindi nk'inyongeramusaruro.

- Kwita ku bidukikije mu bikorwa byose bitegurwa;

63

1.2.4.6 Gushyiraho uburyo buhamye bwo gushakisha umutungo w'iterambere no gufasha abaturage kugira uruhare mu kuwucunga. - Gushakisha ibyangombwa bikenewe mu gushakisha umutungo wageza

abaturage ku iterambere (abantu, ibintu n'amafaranga). - Gushyiraho ikigega gitsura amajyambere(FDC) kimwe kuri buri

Karere/Umujyi n'uburyo bwo kugicunga abaturage bagizemo uruhara.

1.2.4.7 Gushakisha no gushyiraho uburyo bw'inguzanyo ziciriritse ziberanye n'ubukene bw'abanyarwanda - Gushyiraho ihuriro rirebana n'ibyerekeranye inguzanyo ziciriritse. Iryo huriro rigizwe n'ibigo, imiryango nterankunga, imishinga y'amajyambere bitanga inguzanyo ziciriritse ndetse n'ibitanga amahugurwa bikorera mu Rwanda. Iryo huriro rigomba gusesengura ibibazo birebana n'inguzanyo ziciriritse, rikerekana uburyo bwabera abanyarwanda benshi bakennye mu gutanga inguzanyo ziciriritse. Igihe ritaragera ku myanzuro ifatika hakwitabazwa Banki z'Abaturage nk'uko bikorwa ubu ngubu mu mishinga imwe n'imwe. 1.3. Ibikorwa byafasha ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'iyi politiki Kugirango iyi politiki ishyirwe mu bikorwa kandi igere ku ntego yayo neza, ni ngombwa ko ibikorwa bikurikira byakwitabwaho: - Gushyiraho cyangwa guhindura amategeko n'amabwiriza arebana na

CDC, FDC,CDF n'inguzanyo ziciriritse; - Kureba uko izindi politiki za Minisiteri zinyuranye zirebana n'iterarnbere

ry'abaturage zategurwa zihereye kuri politiki y'amajyambere rusange abaturage bagizemo uruhare.

- Gushyiraho itsinda ryihariye rishinzwe guhora rinonosora iyi politiki uko igenda

ishyirwa mu bikorwa. 1.4. Ibimaze kugerwaho - Inyandiko ya politiki yarateguwe yemezwa na Guverinoma; - Habaye inama nyunguranabitekerezo n'amahugurwa anyuranye yari agamije

gusobanura iyo politiki; - Imishinga igamije imiyoborere myiza n'amajyambere rusange ikorera hirya no

hino mu gihugu (CRDP, PADEC, PCA/C, ADCGL-Kibungo, FDC, IGL, IS, Microrealisations, CLE, ...);

- Hateguwe amagenamigambi y'Uturere tumwe na tumwe hakoreshejwe uburyo

bwo guha uruhare abaturage;

64

- Hashyizweho amategeko n'amateka agamije gushyimangira iyo politiki.

Twavuga nk'Iteka rigena imikorere n'imitunganyirize ya Komite ishinzwe amajyambere y'abaturage (CDC) n'itegeko rishyiraho Ikigega Rusange cya Leta Gitsura Amajyambere (CDF).

1.5. Ibyakwitabwaho - Kongerera ubushobozi inzego z'ibanze n'abaturage kugirango bashobore

kugira uruhare rugaragara mu majyambere yabo; - Gushyigikira ibigega bitsura amajyambere y'abaturage; - Gufasha Uturere n'Imijyi gutegura amagenamigambi; - Gukwirakwiza imishinga igamije amajyambere rusange hirya no hino mu

gihugu.

65

IGICE CYA 2: URUHARE RW'INZEGO Z'IBANZE Gahunda ya Guverinoma y'Ubumwe ni iy'abanyarwanda bose, ni yo mpamvu buri muturage wese agomba kurushaho kuyisobanukirwa no kuyishyira mu bikorwa. Abayobozi nabo bagomba kurushaho gusobanurira iyi gahunda abo bayobora. Uruhare rw'inzego z'ibanze ni uru rukurikira 2.1. Mu rwego rw'Umutekano

a) Abayobozi

- Kurushaho gukangurira abaturage kwibungabungira umutekano, gushyigikira

inzego z'umutekano no gukorana nazo ; b) Abaturage

- Kwitabira amarondo mu rwego gufatanya n'inzego z'umutekano. 2.2. Mu rwego rwo gushyiraho no kuvugurura ubutegetsi bwite bwa Leta n'ubw'ibanze.

b) Abayobozi

- Gukangurira abaturage kwitabira kujya mu nzego z'ubuyobozi, kuzitangamo ibitekerezo no gushyira mu bikorwa Gahunda ya Guverinoma y'ubumwe bw'Abanyarwanda ;

- Kubahiriza amahame y'imikorere myiza ; - Gusobanurira abaturage gahunda z'imiyoborere myiza no kubashishikariza

kuzishyira mu bikorwa. b) Abaturage - Kwitabira gahunda za Leta ; - Gutanga ibitekerezo byubaka Igihugu. 2.3. Mu rwego rwo gucyura , gutuza impunzi no gusubiza mu byabo

ababivanywemo n'intambara. a) Abayobozi

- Gushyigikira gahunda ya Guverinoma y'Ubumwe bw'Abanyarwanda yo gutuza impunzi no gusubiza mu byabo ababivanywemo ;

- Gushishikariza abahunze gutahuka. b) Abaturage

- Kwitabira gahunda yo gusaranganya amasambu no gusubiza imitungo y'abandi yabohojwe;

- Gushishikariza abavandimwe bakiri hanze gutaha.

66

2.4. Mu Rwego rwo guharanira ubumwe n'ubwiyunge bw'abanyarwanda a) Abayobozi

- Gukangurira abaturage umuco wo koroherana, gusabana, gufatanya,

kurwanya amacakubiri n' akarengane; - Gushishikariza abaturage kwitabira inama zigamije gusobanura inkiko

Gacaca no kuzavugisha ukuri ku byabaye; - Gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba zose zavuzwe haruguru.

b) Abaturage - Kwitabira no gushyira mu bikorwa gahunda z'ubumwe n'ubwiyunge.

2.5. Mu rwego rwo guharanira imibereho myiza y'abaturage muri rusange no kwita ku bibazo by'abatagira kivurira

a) Abayobozi - Gukangurira ababyeyi kwita ku burere bw'abana babo ; - Gukangurira abaturage kwitabira gahunda zigamije imibereho myiza yabo

(gahunda yo kurwanya sida, Malariya, kujya mu mashyirahamwe y'ubwisungane mu rwego rw'ubuvuzi. b) Abaturage

- Kugararagaza abatishoboye bagomba gufashwa nta marangamutima; - Gucunga neza ibikorwa by'amajyambere bamaze kugeraho ; - Kwitabira gahunda zose zigamije kuzamura imibereho yabo. 2.6. Mu rwego kuzahura ubukungu a) Abayobozi - Kumenya gahunda ya Guverinoma y'Ubumwe bw'abanyarwanda

bakayigiramo uruhare no kuyikangurira abaturage, - Gukangurira abaturage kwitabira umurimo ; - Gukangurira abaturage kwitabira ibikorwa by'amajyambere ; - Gukangurira abaturage kwibumbira mu mashyirahamwe n' amakoperative - Gukangurira abaturage kurinda no gucunga ibikorwa by'amajyambere bamaze

kugeraho ; - Gukangurira abaturage kugira uruhare mu isesengura ry'ibibazo byabo no

gushyira mu bikorwa inama bagirwa n'abayobozi babo ; - Gukangurira abaturage kwitabira ibikorwa bigamije kubaka Igihugu (gutanga

umusoro, gukora umuganda,...). b) Abaturage - Kwishakira imirimo no guhanga indi mishya ; 2.7. Mu rwego rwo Kuvugurura Politiki y'ububanyi n'amahanga a) Abayobozi - kurushaho gushimangira ibikorwa by'ubufatanye hagati y'Uturere twabo

n'utw'Amahanga ; - Gushishikariza abaturage baturiye imipaka gufata neza abanyamahanga

baza bagana u Rwanda no kubasonurira politiki na gahunda za Leta ;

67

b) Abaturage - Guteza imbere no gufata neza ibikorwa by'ubukerarugendo ; - Kumenya kwakira abanyamahanga neza ; - Gufata neza bikorwa remezo twatewemo inkunga n'amahanga; 2.8. Mu Rwego rwo gushimangira demokarasi a) Abayobozi - Kudashyira imbere inyungu zabo bwite ; - Gukorera mu mucyo ; - Kubahiriza amategeko ; - Kuba inyangamugayo ; - Gutoza abaturage umuco wa demokarasi ; - Gushishikariza abanyarwanda mu ishyirwaho ry'inzego z'ubuyobozi (gutora

no kwiyamamaza). b) Abaturage - Kwiyumvisha ko ubuyobozi ari ubwabo kandi ari bo babushyiraho ari nabo

bukorera ; - Kwimakaza umuco wo gukunda igihugu; - Kwitabira ibikorwa by'amajyambere bumvako ari ibyabo ; - Kumenya amategeko abarengera no kuyubahiriza. UMWANZURO Iyo urebye ibibazo by'ingutu Guverinoma y'Ubumwe bw'Abanyarwanda yahanganye nabyo, ukareba n'amikoro yari ahari kugira ngo bishakirwe ibisubizo, nta wabura kwishimira intambwe u Rwanda rumaze kugeraho Ibyo byose byagezweho abaturage babigizemo uruhare na bo bakaba ari abo gushimirwa. Nk'uko bigaragara na none haracyari ibitaragerwaho neza. Ni ngombwa rero ko abanyarwanda bose bakomeza gufatanya na Leta mu bikorwa byose, hakabaho gusenyera umugozi umwe kugira ngo inshingano zose Guverinoma y'Ubumwe bw'Abanyarwanda yihaye zigerweho.

68

IKIGANIRO CYA KABIRI UBURYO IKIGANIRO KIZATANGWA.

INTEGO RUSANGE Gutuma Inama Njyanama na Komite Nyobozi zikora neza kandi abazigize bagasobanukirwa n'imikoranire y'izo nzego. INTAMBWE YA 1: IMITERERE Y'INZEGO ZA LETA Gusobanukirwa n 'inzego zigize ubuyobozi bw ' ibanze n 'abagize buri rwego Intego yihariye Buri wese azasobanukirwa n'urwego rw'ubuyobozi akoreramo, umwanya afite ndetse n'indi myanya y'imirimo iboneka muri urwo rwego. Uko iyo nzego yagerwaho

- Kubaza abari mu mahugurwa imyanya barimo, urwego ibarizwamo n'itandukaniro riri hagati y'inzego bakoreramo

- Kubasobanurira inzego zigize ubuyobozi bw'ibanze n'abagize buri rwego INTAMBWE YA 2 : INSHINGANO Z'INZEGO ZA LETA Gusobanukirwa n'inshingano za buri rwego rw'ubuyobozi n'inshingano za buri wese ku mwanya yatorewe n'uburyo zishyirwa mu bikorwa. Intego yihariye Buri wese azamenya inshingano ze n'uko zishyirwa mu bikorwa kugira ngo ubuyobozi bw'inzego z'ibanze bugere ku nshingano zahawe. Uko iyo nzego yagerwaho - Kubaza abari basanzwe mu myanya y'ubuyobozi ibyo bakoraga buri wese ku

mwanya yarimo - Kubaza abashya batowe ibyo batorewe n'ibyo bibwiraga bazakora - Kugaragaza inshingano zigenewe buri rwego kuva ku gihugu kugera ku Tugari

n 'uko zigenda zuzuzanya - Kugaragaza ibisabwa inzego z'ibanze kugira ngo zigere ku nshingano zazo - Kugaragaza inshingano z'inzego z'ibanze n'iz'abagize buri rwego nk'uko

amategeko abiteganya - Gufasha abahugurwa gufata imyanzuro na gahunda bagiye kuzajya

bakurikiza.

69

INTAMBWE YA 3: IMIKORERE Y'INZEGO ZA LETA Intego yihariye Kugaragaza inzira inzego z'ubuyobozi cyane cyane ubw'ibanze zinyuramo kugira ngo zibashe gushyira mu bikorwa inshingano zazo Uko iyo ntego yagerwaho - Kubaza abari mu buyobozi bw'inzego z'ibanze uko bakora akazi bashinzwe:

Niba bajya baterana: ryari? Niba bajya bafata ibyemezo: gute? Niba bitabaho: impamvu?

- Kugaragaza icyo amategeko ateganya ku birebana n'imikorere y'inzego

z'ubuyobozi - Gufasha abari mu mahugurwa gufata imyanzuro na gahunda y'uko bagiye

kuzajya bakora INTAMBWE YA 4: IMIKORANIRE Y'INZEGO ZA LETA HAGATI YAZO

N'UKO ZIKORANA N'IZINDI NZEGO Intego yihariye Gusobanukirwa n 'uko inzego bahagarariye zakorana n 'uko nabo bakwiye gukorana ubwabo kugira ngo babashe kugera ku nshingano bahawe Uko iyo nzego yagerwaho - Kubaza uko abari mu nzego zo hejuru bakorana nabo bahuje inshingano

mu nzego zo hasi - Kwerekana uko inzego z'ubuyobozi ku rwego rw'Igihugu zose zibona mu

nzego z'ibanze - Kwerekana uburyo inzego z'ubuyobozi bw'Igihugu zigenda zuzuzanya - Gufasha abari mu mahugurwa gufata imyanzuro na gahunda bagiye kujya

bakurikiza. INTAMBWE YA 5: ISUZUMA RY'IBYAGEZWEHO KUBERA AMAHUGURWA Intego yihariye Buri wese ashobora kugaragaza akamaro k'iki kiganiro mu rwego rwo gutunganya neza inshingano ze Uko iyo nzego yagerwaho - Kubaza abari mu kazi mu gihe cy'ubuyobozi bwa kera itandukaniro riri

hagati yabwo n'ubuyobozi bwegereye abaturage batanga ibimenyetso; - Kwerekana inzitizi ziboneka mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya politiki yo

kwegereza ubuyobozi b'ubushobozi abaturage; - Kugaragaza ibyo bakwiye kwitaho by'umwihariko.

70

IKIGANIRO CYA KABIRI IMITERERE, INSHINGANO, IMIKORERE

N'IMIKORANIRE Y'INZEGO ZA LETA. INTANGIRIRO. Mu Rwanda, ubuyobozi bugaragarira mu nzego zinyuranye, haba ku rwego rw'Igihugu cyangwa ku rwego rwegereye abaturage. Ni ngombwa ko abayobozi ku nzego zose ndetse n'abayoborwa haba basobanukiwe n'imiterere, inshigano, imikorere, imikoranire hagati yazo ndetse n'uko zikorana n'izindi nzego kugira ngo ubuyobozi burusheho gukorwa neza. Muri iki kiganiro. Iki kiganiro kigamije gutuma Inama Njyanama na Komite Nyobozi zikora neza kandi abazigize bagasobanukirwa n'imikoranire y'izo nzego. IGICE CYA MBERE: INZEGO Z'UBUYOBOZI MU RWANDA: Urwego rw'Igihugu Ku rwego rw'Igihugu, inzego z'ubuyobozi zigizwe na: - Perezidansi ya Repubulika; - Guverinoma; - Inteko Ishinga Amategeko; - Urukiko rw'Ikirenga Ubutegetsi Nyubahirizategeko bushinzwe Perezida wa Repubulika, afashijwe na Guverinoma igizwe na Minisitiri w'Intebe, ba Minisitiri cyangwa ba Sekereteri ba Leta. Ubutegetsi Nshingamategeko buhuriweho na Perezida wa Repubulika n'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko. Ubutegetsi bw'Ubucamanza bukoreshwa n'inkiko izo arizo zose, inkuru n'intoya. N.B.: Ubuyobozi bw'Intara ni urwego ruhagarariye ubutegetsi bwite bwa Leta. Inzego z'ibanze Inzego z'Ubuyobozi bw'ibanze bugizwe:

- Umujyi wa Kigali. - Uturere/Imijyi - Imirenge - Utugari

Mu rwego rwa Politiki, izo nzego ziyoborwa n'Inama Njyanama na Komite Nyobozi. Nk'uko bimeze ku rwego rw'Igihugu Inama Njyanama yagereranywa n'Ubutegetsi Nshingwamategeko naho Komite Nyobozi ikagereranywa n'ubutegetsi nyubahirizategeko.

71

Inama Njyanama niyo ishyiraho amategeko na gahunda iyobora buri rwego ikabishyikiriza Komite Nyobozi, kugirango bishyirwe mu bikorwa. IGICE CYA KABIRI : IMITERERE Y'INZEGO Z'IBANZE Inzego z'ubuyobozi, nk'uko zagenwe na Politiki y'Igihugu yo kwegereza ubuyobozi n'ubushobozi abaturage, ni izi zikurikira - Inama Njyanama ku rwego rw'Akagari, Umurenge, Akarere/ Umujyi n'Umujyi

wa Kigali; - Komite Nyobozi ku rwego rw'Akagari, Umurenge, Akarere/Umujyi n'Umujyi wa

Kigali. Komite Nyobozi igabanyijwemo utunama tubiri twuzuzanya ari two: - CPA : Ni ukuvuga akanama gashinzwe ubutegetsi na politiki . - CDC : Ni ukuvuga akanama gashinzwe imibereho myiza, ubukungu

n'amajyambere. Ku rwego rw'Akarere n'Imijyi, imirimo ya CPA ikorwa na Komite Nyobozi yose, naho CDC igizwe n'abantu batandukanye n'abayigize mu Tugari n'Imirenge. Mu Mujyi wa Kigali, Inama Njyanama niyo ifite inshingano za CDC. CDC y'Akarere yitoramo utunama tubiri twungirije ari two: - Akanama gashinzwe ubutegetsi n'imari by'imishinga n'ingengo y'imari

y'amajyambere y'Akarere cyangwa Umujyi. - Akanama gashinzwe gucunga no kugenzura ibikorwa n'imishinga

by'amajyambere. 2.1. Inama njyanama 2.1.1. Inama Njyanama y'Akagari Inama Njyanama y'Akagari igizwe n'abaturage bose bafite nibura imyaka 18 y'amavuko. 2.1.2. Inama Njyanama y'Umurenge Inama Njyanama y'Umurenge igizwe n'abantu bakurikira: - Abagize Komite Nyobozi y'Umurenge (10); - Abahuzabikorwa b'Utugari tugize uwo Murenge; - Abahagarariye urubyiruko muri buri Kagari; - Abahagarariye abari n'abategarugori muri buri Kagari; - Inyangamugayo ebyiri rusange zatowe muri buri kagari

72

2.1.3. Njyanama y'Akarere n'Umujyi Inama Njyanama y'Akarere/Umujyi igizwe n'abantu batowe ku mirenge. Hatorwa umuntu umwe muri rusange kuri buri murenge, umwe umwe ku mwanya w'abahagarariye urubyiruko n'abategarugori . Mu Mijyi no mu Turere tw'Umujyi wa Kigali hatorwa abantu 2 kuri buri mwanya. N.B.: Iyo abahagarariye abategarugori n'urubyiruko bageze ku Karere cyangwa Umujyi bitoramo 1/3 cy'abangana n'abajyanama rusange 2.1.4 Njyanama y'Umujyi wa Kigali Igizwe n'abajyanama 40 bakomoka mu Turere tugize Umujyi wa Kigali. Umujyi wa Kigali ugizwe n'Uturere munani (8) kandi buri Karere kohereza abajyanama batanu (5). Kugira ngo imirimo y'Inama Njyanama irusheho kugenda neza, Inama Njyanama yitoramo Komisiyo. Komisiyo zigize Inama Njyanama y'Akarere/Umujyi n'Umujyi wa Kigali ni izi zikurikira - Komisiyo y'ubukungu na tekiniki; - Komisiyo y'umuco n'imibereho myiza y'abaturage; - Komisiyo y'ubuyobozi, politiki n'amategeko. N.B.: Buri Komisiyo igizwe nibura n'abajyanama batatu batorwa mu bagize Inama Njyanama y'Akarere/Umujyi n'Umujyi wa Kigali. 2.2. Komite nyobozi 2.2.1. Komite Nyobozi y'Akagari Abagize Komite Nyobozi y'Akagari ni abantu 10 batowe n'abaturage. Muri bo hari abantu 4 bagize CPA na 6 bagize CDC. CPA igizwe n'aba bakurikira: - Umuhuzabikorwa w'Akagari; - Umunyamabanga; - Ushinzwe amakuru; - Ushinzwe umutekano. CDC igizwe n'aba bakurikira - Ushinzwe amajyambere; - Ushinzwe Uburezi, Umuco n'amahugurwa y'Abaturage; - Ushinzwe Ubuzima n'Imibereho Myiza y'Abaturage; - Ushinzwe Urubyiruko watowe mu nzego zabo zihariye; - Ushinzwe Abari n'Abategarugori watowe mu nzego zabo zihariye; - Ushinzwe Imari.

73

2.2.2. Komite Nyobozi y'Umurenge Komite Nyobozi y'Umurenge itorwa mu Nama Njyanama y'Umurenge. Mu bantu 10 bayigize, 4 bari muri CPA abandi 6 bari muri CDC. CPA y'Umurenge igizwe ni aba bakurikira: - Umuhuzabikorwa w'Umurenge; - Umunyamabanga; - Ushinzwe Umutekano; - Ushinzwe Amakuru. CDC y'Umurenge igizwe n'aba bakurikira: - Ushinzwe amajyambere; - Ushinzwe Uburezi, Umuco n'Amahugurwa y'Abaturage; - Ushinzwe Ubuzima n'Imibereho Myiza y'Abaturage; - Ushinzwe Urubyiruko; - Ushinzwe Abari n'abategarugori; - Ushinzwe Imari. 2.2.3. Komite Nyobozi y'Akarere n'Umujyi Komite Nyobozi y'Akarere n'Umujyi igizwe n'abantu 5 batowe mu bagize Inama Njyanama: - Umuyobozi w'Akarere; - Umuyobozi wungirije ushinzwe imali, ubukungu n'amajyambere; - Umuyobozi wungirije ushinzwe imibereho myiza y'abaturage; - Umuyobozi wungirije ushinzwe iterambere ry'umunyarwandakazi; - Umuyobozi wungirije ushinzwe urubyiruko, Siporo n'umuco. Inteko itora igizwe na: - Abagize Inama Njyanama y'Akarere cyangwa Umujyi; - Abagize Komite Nyobozi z'Imirenge yose igize Akarere cyangwa Umujyi; - Abahuzabikorwa b'Utugari twose tugize Imirenge. CDC y'Akarere n'Umujyi

igizwe n'abantu bakurikira: - Umuyobozi wungirije ushinzwe imari, ubukungu n'amajyambere, Perezida. - Umunyamabanga Nshigwabikorwa w'Akarere cyangwa Umujyi, umwanditsi; - Perezida wa CDC ku rwego rw'Imirenge igize Akarere cyangwa Umujyi; - Umuhuzabikorwa wa Komite Nyobozi y'inzego z'abari n'abategarugori mu

Karere cyangwa mu Mujyi; - Umuhuzabikorwa wa Komite Nyobozi y'inzego z'urubyiruko mu Karere

cyangwa mu Mijyi; - Abandi bafite ibikorwa by'amajyambere mu Karere cyangwa Umujyi.

74

2.2.4. Komite Nyobozi y'Umujyi wa Kigali Komite Nyobozi y'Umujyi wa Kigali igizwe n'abantu batanu batorwa muri bagenzi babo bagize Inama Njyanama: - Umuyobozi w'Umujyi wa Kigali; - Umuyobozi wungirije ushinzwe imari, ubukungu n'amajyambere; - Umuyobozi wungirije ushinzwe iterambere ry'abanyarwandakazi; - Umuyobozi wungirije ushinzwe urubyiruko, siporo n'umuco; - Umuyobozi wungirije ushinzwe imibereho myiza y'abaturage. Inteko itora igizwe na: - Abagize Inama Njyanama y'Umujyi wa Kigali; - Abagize Inama Njyanama z'uturere tugize Umujyi wa Kigali; - Abagize Komite Nyobozi z'Imiringe yose igize Umujyi wa Kigali; - Abahuzabikorwa b'Utugari twose tugize Umujyi wa Kigali. IGICE CYA. 3: INSHIGANO Z'INZEGO Kuva ku rwego rw'Igihugu kugera ku kagari, abayobozi bafite inshingano yo gukora kugira ngo bageze abaturarwanda ku mibereho myiza. Mbere y'ishyirwaho rya Politiki yo kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage, wasangaga ubutegetsi bwo hejuru aribwo butekerereza abaturarwanda bukabagenera n'ibibakorerwa. Muri iki gihe, buri rwego na buri wese, arasabwa kugira uruhare mu kugena imibereho ibabereye ndetse no gushaka uko yagerwaho. Muri ubwo buryo, buri rwego rugira ibyo rusabwa kandi mu buryo bwuzuzanya: Urwego rw'Igihugu. Kugena amahame ngenderwaho, porogaramu z'igihugu: - Politiki, porogaramu n'amahame remezo igihugu kigenderaho, - Gushakisha ibyangombwa kugira ngo politiki na porogaramu zayo zishyirwe

mu bikorwa. - Kuzamura ubushobozi bw'abaturage, - Kugenzura no gukurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya politiki. Urwego rw'Intara. - Kuyobora no kubahiriza ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya politiki zemewe mu rwego

rw'Igihugu, - Gukurikirana no guhuza ibikorwa by'Uturere n'Imijyi, - Gukurikirana no kugenzura ko ibikorwa by'Uturere n'Imijyi bitanyuranyije

n'amategeko n'amabwiriza atangwa mu rwego rw'Igihugu; - Gufasha no kugira inama Uturere n' Imijyi mw'ifatwa ry'ibyemezo, - Kwita ku mahugurwa y'abakozi bo mu Ntara.

75

Urwego rw'Akarere. - Gutegura politiki ngenderwaho mu Karere bitanyuranyije n'amategeko

n'amabwiriza rusange y'igihugu; - Kugena uburyo bwo gushakisha no gukusanya ibikenerwa mu ishyira mu

bikorwa rya gahunda zemejwe mu karere; - Guhuza no kugenzura ibikorwa by'Imirenge - Guhuza ibikorwa by'abikorera ku giti cyabo bikorwa mu karere. - Kugena gahunda yo gutsura amajyambere mu Karere Urwega rw'Umurenge. - Guhuza ibikorwa by'Utugari, - Gutegura igenamigambi na gahunda y'ibikorwa by'umurenge, - Gukora imirimo y'iranga mimerere. Urwego rw'Akagari. - Gusesengura ibibazo by'abaturage, guhuza ibyifuzo byabo no gushyiraho

ingamba zo kubikemura hakurikijwe ibyihutirwa, - Ubukangurambaga, - Kwita kw'iterambere ry'akagari. 3.2. Inshingano za buri rwego rw'ubuyobozi 3.1.1. Akagari Akagari nk'urwego gashinzwe ibi bikurikira: - Gusesengura ibibazo by'abaturage; - Guhuza ibyifuzo byabo no gufata ingamba zo kubikemura; - Ubukangurambaga; - Kwita ku iterambere ry'Akagari. 3.1.2. Umurenge Umurenge nk'urwego ushinzwe ibi bikurikira - Guhuza ibikorwa by'Utugari; - Gutegura igenamigambi na gahunda y'ibikorwa by'Umurenge; - Gukora ibikorwa by'irangamimerere. 3.1.3. Akarere Akarere nk'urwego gashinzwe ibi bikurikira: - Kwita ku mizamukire y'ubuhinzi, ubworozi n'amashyamba; - Kwita ku byerekeye ubucuruzi mu Karere; - Kwita ku mizamukire y'inganda ziciriritse zikorera mu Karere; - Gukurikirana imikorere y'amashuri abanza n'ayisumbuye mu Karere, guhugura

abarimu bayo, kumenya gahunda ikurikizwa no gukora ubugenzuzi; - Kwita ku bigo nderabuzima bikorera mu Karere; - Kwita ku bikorwa by'amazi n'imicungire yayo; - Kwita ku bukerarugendo no kubungabunga ibidukikije mu Karere; - Kugena imikoreshereze y'ubutaka;

76

- Gutunganya no gutanga ibibanza mu Karere; - Gukurikirana imikorere y'amashyirahamwe n'amakoperative mu Karere; - Kwita ku batishoboye; - Gusana imihanda y'Akarere; - Gukora ibikorwa by'ubutabazi mu Karere; - Kurinda amarimbi n'izindi nzibutso biri mu Karere; - Kwita ku rubyiruko, umuco n'imyidagaduro; - Kwita kuri gahunda zo guteza imbere abari n'abategarugori; - Kwita ku burenganzira bw'abana; - Kwita kuri gahunda z'urubyiruko n'iz'abari n'abategarugori; - Gukangurira abaturage kwita ku isuku. 3.1.4 Umujyi Umujyi nk'urwego ushinzwe ibi bikurikira: - Ibyerekeye ubucuruzi mu Mujyi ; - Imizamukire y'inganda ziciriritse zikorera mu Mujyi ; - Kwita ku mashuri abanza n'ayisumbuye akorera mu Mujyi, guhugura abarimu

bayo, gukurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya gahunda z'inyigisho no gukora ubugenzuzi ;

- Kwita ku bigo nderabuzima bikorera mu Mujyi ; - Kwita ku bikorwa by'amazi n'imicungire yayo ; - Guteza imbere ubukerarugendo no kubungabunga ibidukikije mu Mujyi ; - Gufata ibyemezo ku mikoreshereze y'ubutaka, gutunganya no gutanga

ibibanza mu Mujyi ; - Gukurikirana imikorere y'amashyirahamwe n'amakoperative akorera mu Mujyi - Kwita ku batishoboye ; - Kwita ku mihanda y'Umujyi; - Ibikorwa by'ubutabazi mu Mujyi; - Kwita ku marimbi n'inzibutso z'itsembabwoko n'itsembatsemba biri mu Mujyi; - Kwita ku buringanire, umuco, urubyiruko, abari n'abategarugori

n'imyidagaduro; - Kwita ku burenganzira bw'Abana; - Kwita ku buhinzi, ubworozi n'amashyamba bikorerwa mu Mujyi. 3.2. Inshingano z'inzego kuri buri rwego 3.2.1. Inshingano z'Inama Njyanama ku rwego rw'Akagari - Kwemeza imigambi na gahunda y'ibikorwa by'Akagari nu gukurikirana uko

Komite Nyobozi ibishyira mu bikorwa; - Kwemeza gahunda y' ibikorwa; - Gusuzuma, kwemeza cyangwa guhindura ibyemezo byafashwe n'inzego zo

hasi; - Gusuzuma ibikorwa n'imikorere ya Komite Nyobozi; - Gufatira ibihano no gusimbura umuyobozi kubera imyifatire mibi cyangwa

ubushobozi buke; - Gusuzuma ibibazo ari ibyabaye ari n'ibiriho n'uburyo byakemuka.

77

3.2.2. Inshingano z'Inama Njyanama y'Umurenge - Kwemeza imigambi na gahunda y'ibikorwa by'Umurenge no gukurikirana

uko bishyirwa mu bikorwa na Komite Nyobozi; - Kwemeza gahunda y'ibikorwa n'ingengo y'imari by'umwaka; - Gusuzuma, kwemeza cyangwa guhindura ibyemezo byafashwe n'inzego zo

hasi; - Gusuzuma ibikorwa n'imikorere ya Komite Nyobozi; - Gusuzuma ibibazo ari ibyabaye ari n'ibiriho n'uburyo byazakemurwa; - Gufatira ibihano no gusimbura abayobozi bifashe nabi cyangwa se

bagaragayeho ubushobozi buke; - Gusuzuma no gufata ibyemezo ku buryo umutekano wabungwabungwa mu

Murenge. 3.2.3. Inshingano z'Inama Njyanama ku rwego rw'Akarere. - Kwubahiriza Itegeko nshingiro n'andi mategeko y'u Rwanda no guteza imbere

ubuyobozi bushingiye kuri demokarasi; - Gushyiraho amabwiriza agenga Akarere mu byerekeye politiki no gushyira mu

bikorwa ibyemezo byafashwe na Leta; - Gushyiraho abakozi no kubagenera imishahara hakurikijwe amategeko

n'amabwiriza agenga abakozi ba Leta; - Gufata ibyemezo byo kubungabunga umutekano; - Kwemeza gahunda y'igenamigambi ry'amajyambere; - Kwemeza ingengo y'imari y'Akarere no gushyiraho umubare ntarengwa

w'amafaranga agomba gusohoka mu isanduku y'Akarere; - Gukurikirana imirimo ya Komite Nyobozi; - Gushyiraho amabwiriza yerekeye imisoro n'amahoro; - Guhagarika Umujyanama witwaye nabi; - Guhuza ibikorwa by'Imirenge; - Kwemeza impano, indagano n'imyenda Akarere gashobora gufata; - Kugenzura imicungire y'umutungo w'Akarere nibura rimwe mu gihembwe; - Kwemeza itangwa cyangwa igurishwa ry'umutungo w'Akarere. 3.2.4. Inshingano z'inama njyanama y'Umujyi. Inama Njyanama y'Umujyi ishinzwe amajyambere, imyubakire n'imitunganyirize yawo. Itegura kandi ikemeza umushinga w'igishushanyo Mbonera cy'Umujyi bitanyuranyije n'amategeko n'amabwiriza agenga imizamukire y'Imijyi, ikagishyikiriza Minisitiri ufite imitunganyirize y'imijyi mu nshingano ze, ibinyujije ku Mukuru w'Intara. Inzego z'ubutegetsi z'Umujyi ni zo zishyira mu bikorwa icyo gishushanyo mbonera cyemejwe. Inama Njyanama y'Umujyi ishinzwe - Gushyiraho igenamigambi ry'amajyambere y'Umujyi ; - Kwemeza ingengo y'imali y'Umujyi ; - Gushyiraho imisoro n'amahoro byishyurwa mu Mujyi hakurikijwe amategeko

n'amabwiriza biriho ;

78

- Gushyiraho inzego z'imirimo z'Umujyi , kugena uburyo zizakora n'imishahara y'abakozi hakurikijwe amategeko n'amabwiriza agenga abakozi ba Leta ;

- Kwemeza imari ishorwa mu bigo cyangwa mu ma Sosiyete yagirira Umujyi akamaro ;

- Kwemeza binyujijwe mu mabwiriza umwenda ntarengwa Umujyi wafata buri mwaka.

Ifatanyije n'izindi nzego z'imirimo zibishinzwe, Inama Njyanama y'Umujyi ishinzwe imicungire n'imizamukire y'ibikorwa byo mu Mujyi cyane cyane ibi bikurikira: - Gushyiraho ibishushanyo-mbonera byihariye by'Imirenge n'Utugari by'Umujyi - Gushyiraho gahunda no gukurikirana uburyo bwo gutwara abantu n'ibintu mu

Mujyi ; - Gushyiraho no gutunganya uduce tutubakwamo mu Mujyi ; - Gushyiraho uduce twakira abimurwa kubera ibikorwa bya kijyambere, aho

abantu batura, imyanya y'ubucuruzi, ahagenerwa inganda n'ahagenerwa ubusitani ;

- Guca utujagari no guha Umujyi isura nziza ; - Gutunganya imihanda, amateme n'imiyoboro y'amazi ; - Gushyiraho ibyapa no kugena amazina y'imihanda ; - Kumurikira abagenzi ku mihanda, aho abantu bahurira no ku mazu y'imirimo

y'Umujyi ; - Gukwirakwiza ibikorwa remezo bya kijyambere ; - Gushyiraho amasoko, amabagiro, ahacururizwa inyama n'amafi ; - Gushyiraho, kwagura no gucunga amarimbi ; - Gusukura, gushyira hamwe no gutwa imyanda yose yo mu Mujyi ; - Gutunganya amazi n'ibidukikije ; - Gushyiraho aho imodoka zihagarara n'aho abagenzi bazitegera ; - Kwita ku mibereho myiza y'abaturage n'umuco n'imyidagaduro mu Mujyi ; - Guteza imbere uburezi , ubuzima rusange, ubucuruzi, inganda n'ubukorikori ; - Gutsura ubutwererane n'ubufatanye n'indi Mijyi ; - Gukurikirana ibindi bikorerwa mu Mujyi bitari mu nshingano z'Ubutegetsi bwite

bwa Leta. 3.2.5. Inshingano z'Inama Njyanama y'Umujyi wa Kigali Inama Njyanama y'Umujyi wa Kigali ishinzwe amajyambere, imyubakire n'imitunganyirize yawo. Itegura kandi ikemeza umushinga w'igishushanyo-mbonera cy'Umujyi wa Kigali bitanyuranyije n'amategeko agenga imizamukire y'Imijyi, ikagishyikiriza Minisitiri ufite imitunganyirize y'Imijyi mu nshingano ze. Inama Njyanama y'Umujyi wa Kigali ishinzwe ibi bikurikira - Gushyiraho politiki y'amajyambere y'Umujyi wa Kigali no gukurikirana uko

ikorwa; - Kwemeza ingengo y'imari y'Umujyi wa Kigali; - Gushyiraho amahoro yishyurwa mu Mujyi wa Kigali hakurikijwe amategeko

n'amabwiriza biriho;

79

- Gushyiraho inzego z'imirimo z'Umujyi wa Kigali, ikanagena uburyo zizakora n'imishahara y'abakozi hakurikijwe amategeko n'amabwiriza agenga abakozi ba Leta;

- Kwemeza imari ishorwa mu bigo cyangwa mu masosiyete Umujyi wa Kigali ufitemo imigabane;

- Kwemeza umwenda ntarengwa Umujyi wa Kigali wafata binyujijwe mu mabwiriza. Iyo umwenda urenze uwari wemejwe n'amabwiriza y'Inama Njyanama y'Umujyi wa Kigali, kandi Guverinoma ikaba ibifitemo uruhare uwo mwenda wemezwa n'Inama y'Abaminisitiri.

- Gutera inkunga yihariye mu byerekeye ubukungu n'amajyambere Uturere tw'Umujyi wa Kigali tutishoboye.

Ifatanyije n'izindi nzego z'imirimo zibishinzwe, Inama Njyanama y'Umujyi wa Kigali ishinzwe imicungire n'imizamukire y'ibikorwa byo mu mujyi cyane cyane ibi bikurikira: - Gukora ibishushanyo byihariye byo gutunganya Uturere tw'Umujyi; - Gukora igishushanyo mbonera cyo gutwara abantu n'ibintu; - Gukora gahunda yo gukurikirana uburyo bwo gutwara abantu n'ibintu mu mujyi

wa Kigali; - Kugena no gutunganya uduce tutubakwamo mu mujyi wa Kigali; - Kugena uduce twakira abimurwa kubera ibikorwa by'amajyambere, aho

abantu batura, imyanya y'ubucuruzi, ahagenerwa inganda n'ahagenerwa ubusitani;

- Guca utujagari no guha Umujyi isura nziza; - Gutunganya imihanda, amateme n'imiyoboro y'amazi; - Gushyiraho ibyapa no kugena amazina y'imihanda; - Gushyira amatara ku mihanda, aho abantu benshi bahurira no ku mazu

y'imirimo y'Umujyi; - Gukwirakwiza ibikorwa-remezo by'amajyambere; - Gushyiraho, kwagura no gucunga amarimbi; - Gutunganya amazi n'ibidukikije; - Kwita ku isuku, Gushyira hamwe no gutwara imyanda yose yo mu mujyi no

kuyitunganya; - Kugena aho imodoka zihagarara n'aho abagenzi bazitegera; - Kwita ku imibereho myiza y'abaturage, umuco n'imyidagaduro; - Guteza imbere uburezi, ubuzima rusange, ubucuruzi, inganda n'ubukorikori; - Gutsura ubutwererane n' ubufatanye n' indi miryango; - Gukurikirana ibindi bikorerwa mu Mujyi wa Kigali bitari mu nshingano

z'ubutegetsi bwite bwa Leta. 3.2.6. Inshingano za Komite Nyobozi y'Akagari Komite Nyobozi ku rwego rw'Akagari ishinzwe ibi bikurikira: - Gushyira mu bikorwa ibyemezo by'Inama Njyanama; - Gushyira mu bikorwa amabwiriza atanzwe n'Inzego zo hejuru; - Guhuza ibikorwa byo muri urwo rwego; - Gutegura no gutanga raporo mu Nama Njyanama, iyo raporo ikoherezwa mu

rwego rwo hejuru Inama Njyanama imaze kuyemeza.

80

3.2.7. Inshingano za Komite Nyobozi ku rwego rw'Umurenge Komite Nyobozi ku rwego rw'Umurenge ishinzwe ibi bikurikira: - Guhuza ibikorwa by'Umurenge; - Gutegura igenamigambi na gahunda y'ibikorwa by'Umurenge; - Gukora imirimo y'irangamimerere; - Gushyira mu bikorwa ibyemejwe n'Inama Njyanama; - Gutegurira Inama Njyanama gahunda z'ibikorwa n'inzira bizakorwamo; - Gutegura no gutanga raporo mu Nama Njyanama no ku rwego rwisumbuye; - Gushyira mu bikorwa amategeko y'Igihugu n'amabwiriza yatanzwe n'Inzego zo

hejuru. 3.2.8. Inshingano za Komite Nyobozi ku rwego rw'Akarere Komite Nyobozi ku rwego rw'Akarere ishinzwe cyane cyane ibi bikurikira: - Ubuyobozi bw'Akarere; - Gufata ingamba zo kubungabunga umutekano; - Gutegura gahunda y'igenamigambi ry'iterambere; - Gutegura gahunda igomba kwigwa n'Inama Njyanama y'Akarere no gutangaza

ibyemezo byayifatiwemo; - Gushyira mu bikorwa ingengo y'imari; - Gutegura no kwohereza mu Ntara raporo y'igihembwe n'iy'umwaka; - Gusuzuma no gukemura ibibazo by'abaturage bitashoboye gukemurwa ku

rwego rw'Umurenge; - Gushakira Akarere abakozi bashoboye. 3.2.9 Inshingano za Komite Nyobozi y'Umujyi Komite Nyobozi y'Umujyi ishinzwe: - Gutegura ibyigwa n'Inama Njyanama y'Umujyi; - Gutegura ingengo y'imari y'Umujyi ikayishyikiriza Inama Njyanama y'Umujyi; - Gukurikirana uko amabwiriza n'ibyemezo by'Inama Njyanama y'Umujyi

byubahirizwa; - Kugenzura no gutanga raporo buri mwaka ku birebana n'ikoreshwa ry'ingengo

y'imari; - Gukora imirimo yindi ihabwa n'Inama Njyanama y'Umujyi cyangwa izindi

nzego za Leta. 3.2.10. Inshingano za Komite Nyobozi y'Umujyi wa Kigali Komite Nyobozi y'Umujyi wa Kigali ishinzwe cyane cyane: - Gutegura ibyigwa n'Inama Njyanama y'Umujyi wa Kigali; - Gutegura ingengo y'imari y'Umujyi wa Kigali ikanashyikirizwa Inama Njyanama

y'Umujyi wa Kigali; - Gukurikirana uko amabwiriza n'ibyemezo by'Inama Njyanama y'Umujyi wa

Kigali byubahirizwa; - Kugenzura no gutanga raporo buri mwaka ku birebana n'ikoreshwa ry'ingengo

y'imari;

81

- Gukora imirimo yindi ihabwa n'Inama Njyanama y'Umujyi wa Kigali cyangwa izindi nzego za Leta.

3.2.11. Inshingano za CPA Inshingano za CPA muri rusange ku rwego rw'Umurenge n'Akagari ni izi zikurikira: - Gukurikirana ibyemezo byafashwe n'Inama Njyanama na Komite Nyobozi; - Kwita ku bibazo bijyanye n'imyirondoro y'Abaturage; - Kwita ku bibazo birebana n'Umutekano; - Kugeza ku baturage amakuru y'imvaho. Inshingano za buri wese muri CPA Umuhuzabikorwa - Gutegura neza Inama zose ayobora; - Gutumira Inama za Komite Nynbozi n'Inama Njyanama akoresheje inyandiko

n'amatangazo; - Kuyobora Inama Njyanama y'Umurenge cyangwa Akagari akayigezaho

Inyandiko-mvugo ikubiyemo ibyemejwe na Komite Nyobozi kugira nga bisuzumwe bifatirwe imyanzuro;

- Guhuza ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'ibyemejwe na Komite Nyobozi n'Inama Njyanama;

- Gushyikiriza mu nyandiko urwego rwisumbuye ibyemejwe n'Inama Njyanama; - Gukurikirana, afatanyije n'abagize Komite Nyobozi, ko ibyemejwe n'Inama

Njyanama bishyirwa mu bikorwa; - Gushyikiriza abo ahuza, amabwiriza aturutse hejuru akoresheje inama

cyangwa inyandiko; - Gutanga raporo; - Gukorana neza n'abandi bagize komite Nyobozi. Umunyamabanga - Gukurikirana inama za Komite Nyobozi n'iz'Inama Njyanama no kuzikorera

inyandiko-mvugo; - Gushyira umukono kuri izo nyandiko afatanyije n'umuyobozi w' inama; - Gushyingura ahabigenewe inyandikomvugo z'inama n'izindi zose; - Gukora imirimo y'Umuhuzabikorwa igihe uwo adahari, icyo gihe abari mu

nama batora undi mwanditsi; - Guhuriza hamwe raporo zitangwa n'abagize Komite Nyobozi; - Gukurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'ibikubiye muri raporo kugira ngo yibutse

Umuhuzabikorwa ibyakozwe n'ibitakozwe; - Gufasha Umuhuzabikorwa gutegura inama za Komite Nyobozi n'iz'Inama

Njyanama. Ushinzwe umutekano - Gukurikiranira hafi icyahungabanya umutekano w'abantu n'ibintu mu rwego

ariho; - Kugena gahunda y' amarondo;

82

- Gukusanya raporo z'umutekano zivuye mu nzego zinyuranye z'abashinzwe umutekano (Nyumbakumi, abaraye amarondo, LDF)

- Guha Umuhuzabikorwa raporo z'uko umutekano uteye; - Gutanga raporo y'umutekano muri Komite Nyobozi no mu Nama Njyanama

igihe cyose zateranye; - Gukorana n'abashinzwe umutekano. Ushinzwe amakuru - Gutara amakuru, kuyatunganya no kuyageza ku bamukuriye na ku baturage; - Kurwanya ibihuha ashakisha kandi atangaza amakuru y'imvaho; - Gutangaza amakuru yose arebana n'umuco, imikino n'imyidagaduro,

amajyambere y'Akarere afatanyije na bagenzi be bo muri Komite Nyobozi. 3.2.13. Inshingano za CDC Inshingano za CDC y'Akagari: - Gufasha abaturage, uhereye ku bitekerezo byabo, gutekereza ku bibazo

byabo n'ibikenewe byose no kubishakira ibisubizo bahereye cyane ku bushobozi bwabo n'ubw'Akarere, byaba ngombwa bagashakisha inkunga zava hanze. Ibyo bibazo bikemurwa bahereye ku byihutirwa kurusha ibindi.

- Gukangurira abaturage kugira uruhare rw'ibanze mu bikorwa byose by'amajyambere bikorerwa mu Kagari;

- Guhuza ibikorwa by'imishinga y'amajyambere yo ku rwego rw' Akagari; - Kumenyesha imiryango ituye muri ako Kagari uburyo buboneka ahandi

bwabafasha mu guteza imbere umutungo wabo nko gushakisha amasoko mu Karere cyangwa hanze yako;

- Kwakira no kugira inama abaje kwaka inguzanyo no gutoranya abazihabwa; - Gukurikirana uko inguzanyo zishyurwa; - Gukurikirana imikoreshereze y'inguzanyo y'imali y'amajyambere yagenewe

ako Kagari, umutungo rusange wagenewe ako Kagari harimo n'imfashanyo y'abaterankunga banyuranye bagenera ako Kagari;

- Kureba niba imishinga itabangamiye ibidukikije; - Kubera abaturage ubwishingizi mu bijyanye n'inguzanyo; - Guha raporo Komite Nyobozi kugira ngo iyisobanurire Inama Njyanama

igomba kuyifataho ibyemezo. Inshingano za CDC z'Umurenge: - Gutegura gahunda y'amajyambere ihereye ku bikenewe byagaragajwe mu

Tugari, hiyongereyeho ibikenewe kurwego rw'Umurenge. Iyo gahunda y'amajyambere izaherwaho mu gutegura iyo ku rwego rw'Akarere n'Imijyi;

- Kwiga no guhuza ibikorwa by'imishinga y'amajyambere yo ku rwego rw'Imirenge;

- Gufasha abaturage kwishakira ibisubizo by'ibibazo bafite mu rwego rw'amajyambere bahereye ku bushobozi bwabo bwite;

- Gukurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'imishinga ikorwa n'abaturage (amashyirahamwe, abikorera ku giti cyabo ....), ikagira uruhare mu itangwa ry'amasoko n'ikurikiranwa ry'abagize amasezerano arebana n'amajyambere;

83

- Gukurikirana imikoreshereze y'imari y'amajyambere yagenewe Imirenge; - Gutegura no guha raporo Komite Nyobozi nayo igomba kuyishyikiriza Inama

Njyanama y'Umurenge ngo iyifateho icyemezo, hanyuma Umuhuzabikorwa akayishyikiriza Umuyobozi w'Akarere;

- Kureba niba imishinga itabangamiye ibidukikije. Inshingano za CDC z'Uturere n'Imijyi

- Gutegura, bifashishije impuguke, gahunda y'amajyambere y'Uturere n'Imijyi bahereye kuri gahunda z'amajyambere z'Imirenge, hakiyongeraho ibikenewe ku rwego rw'Uturere n'Imijyi.

- Gutegura ingengabihe y'ibikorwa n'ingengo y'imari by'imishinga y'amajyambere y'Uturere n'Imijyi.

- Gutegura ingengo y'imari yo gushyira mu bikorwa imishinga y'Uturere n'Imijyi n'ingengo y'imari isanzwe yo kuri urwo rwego.

- Guhuza ibikorwa byose by'ubucuti n'ubutwererane. - Gutegura ingengo y'imari y'amajyambere ifatanyije n'ushinzwe ibaruramari kuri

urwo rwego ikanashyiraho gahunda yo gutera inkunga imishinga y'Akagari, Umurenge, Akarere n'Imijyi.

- Gutegura amahugurwa y'abaturage mu byerekeye amajyambere rusange. - Kwerekeza inkunga zose mu bikorwa bijyanye na gahunda y'amajyambere

yateguwe. - Gusobanurira Komite Nyobozi, na yo ikihutira gutanga raporo mu Nama

Njyanama y'Akarere cyangwa Umujyi ku bijyanye n'ikurikiranabikorwa, ireme ry'imishinga mu rwego rwa tekiniki, urw'imari, urw'imibereho myiza y'abaturage n'urw'ibidukikije.

- Binyujijwe muri Komite Nyobozi, gutanga raporo mu buyobozi bw'Igihugu, raporo y'imikoreshereze y'Ikigega gitsura amajyambere, imigendekere y'imishinga , n'iya gahunda yo kwita buri gihe ku bikorwa remezo.

• Kuri izo nshingano ziteganywa n'amategeko, hiyongereyeho izi zikurikira: - Gukangura no gushishikariza abaturage kugira uruhare mu majyambere yabo. - Guha ububasha akanama kungirije hakurikijwe ubushobozi bw'abakagize

kugira ngo barangize imirimo yihutirwa. - Gushyigikira imishinga yakozwe n'abaturage. - Guhuza ibikorwa n' imikorere y' abaterankunga banyuranye mu rwego

rw'amajyambere kugira ngo hataba itatanya ry'imbaraga zigamije guteza imbere Akarere.

- Kwigira hamwe n'abaterankunga n'abandi, imishinga yakorerwa mu Karere, ukurikije gahunda y'amajyambere y'Akarere.

- Gukorana mu buryo butaziguye no mu mucyo n'abantu bose bazana ibikorwa by'amajyambere mu Karere.

- Guhuriza hamwe raporo y'utunama twungirije. Inshingano z'akanama kungirije gashinzwe ubutegetsi n'imari by'imishinga n'ingengo y'imari y'Akarere - Gucunga Konti no kumenya uko ikigega cya CDC gihagaze n'uko gikoreshwa

buri gihe. - Gukora gahunda y'imikoreshereze y'umutungo w'ikigega hakurikijwe imishinga

cyangwa ibikorwa byemerewe inkunga n' ikigega.

84

- Gukurikirana imicungire y'amafaranga y'inguzanyo zibyara inyungu n'uko zishyurwa.

- Gukora raporo y'imicungire y'ikigega ( buri kwezi, buri mezi atatu). - Gutanga ibitekerezo mu buryo isoko ry'ibikorwa rishobora gutegurwa no

gutangwa. - Gutegura ingengo y'imari y'amajyambere. - Gutegura no gushyira mu bikorwa ibyemejwe na CDC y'Akarere cyangwa

Umujyi. Inshingano z'akanama kungirije gashinzwe gucunga no kugenzura ibikorwa n'imishinga by'amajyambere - Gusuzuma inyandiko z'imishinga isaba inkunga ku rwego rw'Akagari

n'Umurenge no kwemeza cyangwa gutanga ibitekerezo byakurikizwa mu kuyinononsora.

- Kohereza inyandiko z'imishinga yujuje ibyangombwa byo kubona inkunga mu kanama gashinzwe ubutegetsi n'imari, kugira ngo bategure amasezerano n'inyandiko zibahesha uburenganzira bwo gufata amafaranga.

- Gusuzuma ingaruka z'ibikorwa by'imishinga ku bidukikije no ku mibereho myiza rusange y'abaturage.

- Gusuzuma raporo y'imigendekere y'ibikorwa by'imishinga. - Gukurikirana no kugenzura ibikorwa by'amajyambere. - Gutegura no gushyira mu bikorwa ibyemejwe na CDC y'Akarere cyangwa

Umujyi. Inshingano za buri wese mu bagize CDC Ushinzwe amajyambere - Gukurikirana ibikorwa byose byo kuzamura amajyambere; - Gufasha gutegura no gushyira mu bikorwa imishinga y'amajyambere, arebera

hamwe n'abandi ibikorwa by'amajyambere bikenewe; - Gufatanya n'abandi kwiga uko imari izacungwa kuri buri rwego; - Gukurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'imishinga y'amajyambere; - Guhuriza hamwe ibikorwa by'abagize CDC; - Gutumiza no kuyobora inama ya CDC ku rwego ariho; - Gutanga raporo muri Komite Nyobozi ku rwego ariho igashyikirizwa Inama

Njyanama; Ushinzwe imari - Gukurikirana imikoreshereze y'umutungo wagenewe ibikorwa

by'amajyambere; - Gushakisha uburyo bwose bwakongera umutungo; - Gukurikirana iby'amahoro ku rwego ariho; - Kugaruza umutungo watanzweho inguzanyo; - Kumenya umutungo kamere ubyara umusaruro n'imikoreshereze yawo.

85

Ushinzwe uburezi, umuco, n'amahugurwa - Kumenya ibikenewe mu mahugurwa n' abo agenewe no kuyakorera gahunda; - Gutegura amahugurwa, guteganya abazahugura no gukurikirana uko

amahugurwa agenda muri rusange; - Gusuzuma no kumenya ko intego y'amahugurwa yagezweho; Kumenya

umubare w'abana batiga, abiga n'abacikije amashuri; - Gukurikirana uburezi uko bugenda n'uko bwitabirwa ku Kagari n'Umurenge; - Gukangurira abaturage akamaro ko kwitabira no gushyigikira gahunda

z'uburezi n'ak'utunama tw'uburezi tw'ababyeyi; - Gushishikariza ababyeyi kohereza abana mu mashuri; - Guharanira ko umuco nyarwanda watera imbere; - Kumenya ibyumba by'amashuri, iby'amahugurwa n'iby'umuco uko bingana,

aho biherereye, uko bimeze n'aho bikenewe; - Gukorana n'inzego z'uburezi ku rwego ariho. Ushinzwe ubuzima n'imibereho myiza y'abaturage - Kumenya ibibazo bihungabanya ubuzima mu Kagari n'Umurenge, impamvu no

kubishakira uburyo byakemurwa; - Gushishikariza abaturage ibikorwa byose bibungabunga ubuzima (gukingiza,

imirire myiza, isuku, kwirinda indwara z'ibyorezo); - Gukangurira abaturage kwitabira no gufata neza ibikorwa bigamije

kubungabunga ubuzima; - Gukurikirana imikorere y'abashinzwe ibikorwa bigamije kubungabunga

ubuzima; - Gufatanya n'abandi bagize CDC mu kumenya abatishoboye , umubare wabo,

aho baherereye hakurikijwe ibyangombwa ngenderwaho; - Gushakisha uburyo ibibazo by'abatishoboye byakemurwa, kubashakira

inkunga no kumenya uko iyo nkunga yabagezeho yakoreshejwe; - Gushishikariza abaturage kwitabira kugira uruhare rugaragara mu kwita kuri

bagenzi babo batishoboye; - Gukangurira abatishoboye kugira uruhare rugaragara mu gukemura ibibazo

byabo. Ushinzwe urubyiruko - Kumenya ibibazo by'urubyiruko, impamvu zabyo n'uburyo byakemurwa; - Gushishikariza urubyiruko kwitabira ibikorwa byabateza imbere nk' u Rwanda

rw' ej o; - Gushishikariza inzego zose kugira uruhare mu burere no mu bikorwa byose

biteza imbere urubyiruko; - Gutoza urubyiruko umuco wo gukunda igihugu, gukunda umurimo no

kwihangira imirimo. Ushinzwe abari n'abategarugori - Kumenya ibibazo byugarije abari n'abategarugori, impamvu zabyo n'uburyo

byakemurwa;

86

- Gushishikariza abari n'abategarugori kugira uruhare rugaragara mu kurwanya ubujiji n'ubukene;

- Gufatanya n'ushinzwe uburezi, umuco n'amahugurwa kubakangurira uruhare rwabo mu iterambere ry'Igihugu;

- Gushishikariza inzego zose kugira uruhare rugaragara mu gushimangira uburinganire n'ubwuzuzanye mu muryango n'imbere y'amategeko;

- Kubatoza kwigirira icyizere mu bitekerezo byabo no kugera ku bikorwa byabateza imbere bifashishije ubushobozi bwabo.

IGICE CYA 4: IMIKORERE INZEGO Gahunda, ibyemezo, amategeko n'amabwiriza ngenderwaho ku rwego rw'Igihugu bifatirwa mu nama za Guverinoma bigashyirwa mu bikorwa na Minisiteri zibishinzwe. Ku nzego z'ibanze, Inama Njyanama igena gahunda kandi igafata ibyemezo binyuranye binyuze mu nama. Izo gahunda n'ibyemezo bishyirwa mu bikorwa na Komite Nyobozi kuko ariyo ishinzwe akazi ka buri munsi. Imikorerere y'izo nzego igenwa n'amategeko, amateka n'amabwiriza ariho. 4.1. Inama Njyanama • Akagari n'Umurenge. - Inama Njyanama y'Akagari n'Umurenge iterana rimwe mu kwezi mu nama

isanzwe. Iterana mu nama zidasanzwe buri gihe cyose bibaye ngombwa. Kugira ngo ibyemezo bifatwe, hagomba kuba hari byibuze 51% by'abagize Imana Njyanama.

- Inama Njyanama itumizwa kandi ikayoborwa n'Umuhuzabikorwa kuri buri rwego. Iyo adahari, bikorwa n'Umunyamabanga. Iyo bombi badahari, abagize Inama Njyanama bitoramo uyitumiza akanayiyobora. Icyo gihe inama yitoramo undi mwanditsi.

- Icyemezo cyo guhagarika umwe mu bagize Inama Njyanama y'Umurenge gifatwa iyo byemejwe na 2/3 by'abagize Inama Njyanama y'Umurenge.

- Ku rwego rw'Akagari , ibyemezo cyo guhagarika Umuyobozi gifatwa iyo byemejwe na 51% by'umubare wemewe kugira ngo inama ibe. Inama zitumizwa bisanzwe n'Umuyobozi cyangwa bisabwe na 1/3 cy'abayigize. Iyo yanze kuyitumiza, inama iterana iyo haje kimwe cya gatatu (1/3 cy'abayigize ) bakitoramo uyiyobora, n'iyo umuyobozi wayo usanzwe yaba ahari. Ariko iyo batujuje uwo mubare, ntibashobora kongera kuyitumira mbere y'inama itaha isanzwe y'Inama Njyanama.

• Akarere, Umujyi, Umujyi wa KIGALI - Inama Njyanama iterana byibuze rimwe mu mezi atatu mu nama isanzwe. - Iterana mu nama zidasanzwe igihe cyose bibaye ngombwa. - Inama ifata ibyemezo iyo haje 2/3 by'abagize inama Njyanama, ariko iyo

itumiwe ku nshuro ya kabiri, iterana iyo habonetse 1/3. - Itumizwa kandi ikayoborwa n'Umuyobozi w'Akarere cyangwa Umujyi. Iyo

adahari, bikorwa n'Umuyobozi wungirije ushinzwe ubukungu, imari n'amajyambere.

87

- Inama zidasanzwe zishobora guterana zitumiwe n'Umuyobozi w'Inama Njyanama abyibwirije, cyangwa bisabwe na 1/3 cy'abayigize.

- Ibyemezo bifatwa ku bwiganze burunduye bw'amajwi y'abaje mu nama. Ariko umujyanama avanwaho iyo byemejwe na 2/3 by'Abagize Inama Njyanama.

- Ibibazo bikomeye, mbere yo gufatirwa ibyemezo, bibanza gushyikirizwa Komisiyo bireba, kugira ngo ibinononsore.

4.2. Komite Nyobozi. 4.2.1 Ku rwego rw'Akagari n'Umurenge . Komite Nyobozi y'Akagari n'Umurenge iterana buri minsi 15 mu nama isanzwe. Iterana mu nama zidasanzwe igihe cyose bibaye ngombwa. Ifata ibyemezo iyo hari 51% by'abayigize. Itumizwa kandi ikayoborwa n'Umuhuzabikorwa kuri buri rwego. Iyo afite ikimubuza kuyobora inama bikorwa n'Umunyamabanga. Iyo bombi badahari, bihitiramo utumiza inama akanayiyobora. 4.2.2 Ku rwego rw'Akarere, Umujyi, Umujyi wa Kigali. Abagize Komite Nyobozi y'Akarere n'Umujyi batorerwa imyaka itanu. Batorwa mu bagize Inama Njyamana kandi bujuje ibyangombwa bisabwa n'Itegeko. Ntibashobora kurenza inshuro 2 zikurikiranye. Itegeko ntiriteganya uburyo komite Nyobozi y'Akarere, Umujyi n'umujyi wa Kigali iterana. IGICE CYA 5: IMIKORANIRE Y'INZEGO HAGATI YAZO, N'IMIKORANIRE YAZO N'IZINDI NZEGO. Muri gahunda yo kwegereza ubuyobozi n'ubushobozi abaturage, birakwiye ko ibikorwa byakorerwaga ku rwego rw'Igihugu bigomba kumanuka bigakorerwa mu nzego zegereye abaturage. Buri mukozi wo ku rwego rwo hejuru agomba kuba azi neza uwo bahuje inshingano ku rwego rwo hasi. Ikindi kandi, buri rwego rw'ubuyobozi ntirugomba kwibona nkaho rukora rwonyine, ningombwa ko habaho uburyo bwo kuzihuza mu bwuzuzanye kugirango gahunda n'ibyemezo bifatwa n'uburyo bwo kubishyira mu bikorwa birusheho koroha. Urugero: - Hakwiye kubaho ihuriro rihuza Minisiteri, Intara/Umujyi wa Kigali

nÙturere/Imijyi. - Hakwiye kubaho ihuriro rihuza Intara/ilmujyi wa Kigali,Uturere/Imijyi

n'Imirenge. - Hakwiye kubaho ihuriro rihuza Akarere/Umujyi,Imirenge n'Utugari. 5.1. Imikoranire hagati y'Inzego z'Ibanze. Hahwiye kubaho imikoraniye isobanutse hagati y'Inama Njyanama na Komite Nyobozi ndetse no hagati y'izo nzego ubwazo.

88

5.1.1. Imikoranire hagati y'Inama Njyanama na Komite Nyobozi Muri rusange Inama Njyanama ishinzwe gufata ibyemezo byose birebana n'ubuyobozi kuri buri rwego, Komite Nyobozi ishinzwe, mu mirimo yayo ya buri munsi, kubishyira mu bikorwa. • Komite Nyobozi kuri buri rwego. - Itegura ibigomba gusuzumwa n'Inama Njyanama; - Ishyira mu bikorwa ibyemezo by'Inama Njyanama - Ishyikiriza Inama Njyanama raporo y'Igihembwe n'iyÙmwaka. • Inama Njyanama kuri buri rwego. - Isuzuma kandi igafata ibyemezo ku bibazo yashyikirijwe na Komite Nyobozi - Igenzura imikorere ya Komite Nyobozi - Isuzuma kandi ikemeza raporo yashyikirijwe na Komite Nyobozi 5.1.2 Imikoranire hagati y'Inama Njyanama y'Akarere/Umujyi n'Inama Njyanama

y'Umurenge Inama Njyanama y'Akarere igomba kumenya ibibazo biri mu Mirenge inyuranye igize Akarere kugira ngo bishakirwe umuti. Ibyo byashoboka buri mujyanama w'Akarere agiye akorana n'abajyana bagize Umurenge yatorewemo, bagahana amakuru na raporo z'ibibazo biri mu Murenge kugira ngo byigirwe ku rwego rw'Akarere. Ibyo kandi bikwiye gukorwa hagati y'abagize Inama Njyanama z'Uturere tugize Umujyi wa Kigali n'abagize Inama Njyanama y'Umujyi wa Kigali. 5.1.3. Imikoranire hagati ya Komite Nyobozi y'Akarere/Umujyi na Komite

Nyobozi y'Umurenge: Abagize Komite Nyobozi y'Akarere/Umujyi bagomba gushyiraho gahunda ihoraho y'inama zajya zibahuza n'abagize Komite Nyobozi y'Umurenge. Umuyobozi wa Komite Nyobozi ku rwego rw'Akarere n'Umujyi, agomba guhuza abagize Komite Nyobozi ku rwego rwo hasi kandi bagakorana neza akurikirana ibikorwa byabo, abagira Inama kandi nabo bakamuha raporo buri wese ku bimureba. Abayobozi bungirije nabo bakwiye gukorana n'abandi bayobozi bungirije bo ku nzego zo hasi bakajya bahana raporo kandi bakabagira Inama mu kazi kabo ka buri munsi. 5.3. Imikoranire hagati ya CPA na CDC.

• Ku rwego rw'Akagari n'Umurenge. Komite Nyobozi zigabanyijwemo Komite 2 zungirije zitandukanye ariko zuzanya ari zo : CPA na CDC. Ibyemezo bya CDC bishyikirizwa Inama Njyanama binyujijwe kuri Komite Nyobozi. Umuhuzabikorwa kuri buri rwego ni we utumiza Inama abaturage hahuriramo n'abagize CDC.

89

5.3. Imikoranire hagati ya CDC y'Akarere n'Umujyi na Komite Nyobozi kuri urwo rwego.

• CDC ishinzwe gutegura no gukurikirana imishinga n'ibikorwa

by'amajyambere mu Karere n'Umujyi. Raporo ya CDC ishyikirizwa Komite Nyobozi kugira ngo iyisuzume mbere yo kuyohereza mu Nama Njyanama. CDC iyoborwa n'umwe mu bagize Komite Nyobozi, ari we Muyobozi wungirije ushinzwe imari, ubukungu n'Amajyambere.

5.4. Imikoranire hagati y'Inzego z'Ubuyobozi bw'Igihugu uko zigenda

zisumbana. - Urwego rw'Umurenge ruhuza ibikorwa by'Utugari tugize Umurenge; - Urwego rw'Akarere ruhuza ibikorwa by'Imirenge igize Akarere; - Urwego rw'Intara rukurikirana imikorere y'Inzego z'ubuyobozi bw' Ibanze. - Umujyi wa Kigali uhuza ibikorwa by'Uturere tuwugize. - Muri rusange, urwego rwo hejuru rusuzuma ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya Politiki

n'ingamba by'Igihugu ku rwego rwo hasi. - Buri rwego kandi rugomba kubahiriza amabwiriza yatanzwe n'Inzego zo

hejuru. 5.4.1. Hagati y'Umurenge n'Akagari. - Ibyemezo by'Inama Njyanama y'Akagari bishyikirizwa Komite Nyobozi

y'Umurenge kugira ngo ibisuzume, mbere yo kubishyikiriza Inama Njyanama y'Umurenge kugira ngo ibyemeze.

5.4.2. Hagati y'Umurenge n'Akarere cyangwa Umujyi. - Hari Inama zigomba guhuza CPA z'Imirenge na Komite Nyobozi z'Akarere

cyangwa Umujyi; - Iyo icyemezo cy'Inama Njyanama y'Umurenge kinyuranyije n'amategeko,

Umuyobozi w'Akarere yandikira Inama Njyanama y'Umurenge ayisaba guhindura icyemezo cyayo. Iyo Inama Njyanama idahinduye icyo cyemezo, Umuyobozi w'Akarere asaba Umuhuzabikorwa w'Umurenge kumutumira mu nama y'Inama Njyanama, kugira ngo ayisobanurire amategeko atubahirijwe. Iyo batabyumvikanyeho, Umuyobozi w'Akarere atumira Inama Njyanama y'Akarere kugira ngo ibifateho imyanzuro igomba gukurikizwa. Iyo Inama Njyanama y'Umurenge idakurikije ibyemezo by'Inama Njyanama y'Akarere, Umuyobozi w'Inama Njyanama y'Akarere yandikira Minisitiri ufite ubutegetsi bw'Igihugu mu Nshingano ze, amusaba gusesa Inama Njyanama y'Umurenge.

- Iyo abaturage b'Umurenge babonye Umujyanama utarangiza neza

inshingano ze, bashobora kubigeza ku Nama Njyanama y'Umurenge. Iyo isanze bifite ishingiro, Komite Nyobozi y'Umurenge ibishyikiriza Inama Njyanama y'Akarere ikabifataho umwanzuro.

90

5.4.3. HagatI y'Akarere/Umujyi n'Intara cyangwa Umujyi wa Kigali. Intara n'Umujyi wa Kigali bishinzwe; - Guhuza Ibikorwa by'iterambere, Imibereho Myiza n'umuco by'Uturere

n'Imijyi; - Gufasha Uturere n'Imijyi gukurikiza politiki rusange ya Leta ; - Mu Mujyi wa Kigali, hari Inama zihuza Komite NyobozI y'Umujyi wa Kigali

na za Komite Nyobozi z'Uturere tugize Umujyi wa Kigali. - Umukuru w'Intara cyangwa Umuyobozi w'Umujyi wa Kigali bashobora

gusaba kujya mu nama z'Inama Njyanama z'Uturere. - Intara n'Umujyi wa Kigali bisuzuma niba ibyemezo by'Inama Njyanama

z'Uturere byubahiriza amategeko. 5.5. Imikoranire y'Inzego z'Ubuyobozi n'Izindi nzego. 5.1.1. Imikoranire hagati y'inzego z'ubuyobozi n'inzego zihariye z'abari n'abategarugori, n'iz'urubyiruko. - Ibyo byiciro byombi by'abaturage bifite inzego zihariye, bikanagira

n'ababihagarariye muri Komite Nyobozi no mu Nama Njyanama ku rwego rw'Akagari, Umurenge, Akarere, Imijyi n'Umujyi wa Kigali. Ku rwego rw'Akagari, Abayobozi ba Komite Nyobozi z'ibyo byiciro, ni nabo bayihagarariye muri Komite Nyobozi y'Akagari. Ku rwego rw'Umurenge, Abayobozi b'ibyo byiciro byombi bari mu bagize CDC z'Imirenge.

- Inzego zihariye za biriya byiciro zashyiriweho kugira ngo zite ku bibazo byihariye by'ibyo byiciro ku buryo bw'umwihariko.

Ni ukuvuga ko abahagarariye inzego zihariye bakusanya ibibazo by'izo nzego, bakajya inama n'abahagarariye biriya byiciro muri Komite Nyobozi no mu Nama Njyanama, kugira ngo hafatwe ibyemezo byo kubikemura. 5.1.2. Imikoranire hagati y'inzego z'ubuyobozi n'inzego zishinzwe amajyambere mu Karere. Inzego z'ubuyobozi n'izishinzwe amajyambere zihurira muri C.D.C y'Akarere cyangwa Umujyi. Imikoranire hagati y'izo nzego iteye ku buryo bukurikira: - Abahagarariye Leta, imiryango nterankunga, amashyirahamwe n'abikorera ku giti

cyabo bafite ibikorwa by'amajyambere mu Karere batanga ibitekerezo, inama ku bijyanye n'ibikorwa by'amajyambere. Abashyigikira imishinga batanga ubushobozi n'amahugurwa.

- Hifashishijwe impuguke n'abagize CDC, hasesengurwa ibitekerezo byatanzwe.CDC yohereza imyanzuro mu Nama Njyanama biciye kuri Komite Nyobozi.

Ibyemezo byafashwe bishyirwa mu bikorwa n'abahagarariye Leta, Imiryango nterankunga, amashyirahamwe n'abikorera ku giti cyabo.

91

92

Imikoranire y’inzego (Institutions) zikorera mu turere

-

- Ubushishozi - Guhugura etc

- Ibitekerezo - Inama - Gushyigikira Imishinga

-

Abahagarariye Leta Imiryango ntera nkunga Amashyirahamwe Abikorera ku giti cyabo

• Gusesengura hifashishijwe impuguge/CDC

• Kwohereza umwanzuruo

mu nama biciye kuri Komite Nyobozi

Abahagarariye Leta

Imiryango ntera nkunga


93

Uruhare rw'inzego zinyuranye mu mikorere ya CDC Icyo CDC iteze ku buyobozi - Kongererwa ubushobozi n'ubumenyi no kugezwaho ibikoresho bya ngombwa; - Gushyiraho amategeko ahamye kandi asobanutse neza ku birebana na CDC; - Kumvisha no gusobanurira abaterankunga ko CDC ari urwego

rw'amajyambere bagomba gukorana kandi ko narwo rugenzura imikorere n'ibikorwa byabo. Ibi bireba cyane cyane urwego rwa Minisiteri, urw'Intara n'urw'Akarere;

- Gusobanurira inzego zose z'ubuyobozi imikorere n'imikoranire ya CDC no kuzishishikariza korohereza buri rwego gukorana nayo;

- Gufatanya na CDC mu gukangurira abaturage kwitabira gukorana mu bikorwa byose bisaba uruhare rwabo;

- Kumvisha izindi nzego ko CDC ari akanama kungirije gakorera muri Nyobozi gahagarariye amajyambere muri rusange;

- Kumvisha banki ibirebana n'imikorere yazo na CDC mu koroshya imikoreshereze y'Ikigega Gitsura Amajyambere FDC ).

Icyo Ubuyobozi buteze kuri CDC - Gukora igenamigambi ry'amajyambere ifatanije n'abaturage; - Gukangurira abaturage kugira uruhare mu majyambere rusange no

kubumvisha ko ibikorwa ari ibyabo. - Kumenya no gusesengura ibibazo birebana n'amajyambere no gushakisha

uburyo byakemuka; - Gukora imishinga isubiza ibibazo byagaragaye; - Gutanga umurongo ngenderwaho w' ibikorwa byose by' amajyambere w'

abakorera mu Karere; - Kumenya ko itagomba gusimbura izindi nzego z'ubuyobozi ahubwo ko

buzuzanya; - Gutanga raporo y'ibikorwa muri Komite Nyobozi. Icyo CDC iteze ku baturage - Kugirirwa icyizere; - Kugira uruhare rugaragara mu gucunga ibikorwa by'amajyambere yabo

n'ikigega cyabo, kugaruza umutungo no kuwongera; - Kwiyumvisha ko imirimo CDC ikora iyikora mu izina ryabo; - Kwitabira inama n'ibiganiro bikorerwa mu nzego zose; - Kugaragaza ubushake n'uruhare mu gukemura ibibazo; - Gukorana ubwitange n'ubushake imirimo isaba uruhare rwabo; Icyo abaturage

bateze kuri CDC; - Kubavugira no kubafasha gushaka icyabateza imbere; - Kubagezaho imigendekere y'imirimo y'imishinga; - Kubakangurira gukunda umurimo no kwihangira imirimo; - Kubafasha kumenya abatishoboye no gushakisha uko ibibazo byakemuka; - Kubera abaturage ubwishingizi mu gihe cyo guhabwa inguzanyo ku mishinga

yabo;

94

- Gukangurirwa kumva ko ibibazo ari ibyabo kandi ko ari bo bafite umwanya wa mbere mu kubashakira ibisubizo;

- Kugezwaho imikoreshereze n'imicungire y'ikigega; - Kumenyeshwa inkunga zatanzwe no gufatanya na CDC kugaruza inguzanyo

zatanzwe. Icyo CDC iteze ku baterankunga - Kugaragaza gahunda y'imirimo, uburyo buhari kugira ngo imirimo

yateganyijwe ishyirwe mu bikorwa no kubyumvikanaho mbere y'uko itangira; - Kumenya imikorere yabo kugira ngo ibashe kugenzura no gukurikirana

imikoreshereze y'umutungo; - Kumenya ko abaturage bagomba gusobanukirwa imikorere y'abaterankunga

n'imikoreshereze y'umutungo; - Gutanga raporo y'imirimo no kwitabira inama; - Gutera inkunga CDC nk'urwego rw'amajyambere mu mahugurwa, ingendo-

shuri n'ibindi. Icyo abaterankunga bateze kuri CDC - Kubasobanurira no kubagezaho gahunda y'amajyambere; - Kubamenyesha ibyihutirwa kurusha ibindi n'aho byakorerwa; - Kumvikana ku byo abaterankunga bakora; - Kugaragariza abaterankunga imikoreshereze y'amafaranga bahawe; - Gukangurira abaturage uruhare rwabo mu gucunga no mu gushyira mu

bikorwa imishinga baterwamo inkunga. 5.1.3. Imikoranire hagati y'inzego z'ubuyobozi n'abahagarariye gahunda za Leta. Gahunda nyinshi za Leta zihagarariwe ku rwego rw'Intara n'Umujyi wa Kigali. - Ku rwego rw'Intara, ibikorwa by'izo gahunda n'iby'inzego z'ubuyobozi bihuzwa

na Komite Mpuzabikorwa y'Intara. - Ku rwego rw'Umujyi wa Kigali, bikorwa na Komite Nyobozi. Muri rusange rero,

ibikorwa by'izo gahunda byinjizwa muri gahunda rusange y'Intara cyangwa Umujyi wa Kigali. Twibutse ko Komite Mpuzabikorwa y'Intara igizwe n'aba bakurikira:

- Umukuru w'Intara ari na we muyobozi wayo; - Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa, Umwanditsi; - Abayobozi b'Uturere n'Imijyi; - Abahagarariye imirimo ya Leta mu Ntara; - Abayobozi b'Imirimo ku rwego rw'Intara; Zimwe muri gahunda za Leta zikorera mu rwego rw'Intara n'Umujyi wa Kigali: - Komisiyo y'Ubumwe n'Ubwiyunge; - Komisiyo y'Uburenganzira by'Ikiremwa muntu; - Komisiyo y'Amatora; - Komisiyo yo Kurwanya Ubukene; - Inkiko Gacaca; - Itangaza Makuru:

95

UMWANZURO RUSANGE. Guverinoma y'Ubumwe bw'Abanyarwanda yahagurukiye kurushaho gushimangira imiyoborere myiza kandi ishingiye ku ngufu n'ibitekerezo by'abaturage. Uruhare rw'abayobozi rero ni ngombwa kugirango abaturage barusheho gusobanukirwa n'iyo gahunda, bityo n'ibikorwa bigamije kubateza imbere babigiremo uruhare rugaragara. Abayobozi ku nzego zose bakwiye gusobanukirwa n'imiterere, imikorere n'imikoranire y'inzego, n'inshingano za buri wese kuri buri rwego. IKIGANIRO CYA GATATU UBURYO IKIGANIRO KIZATANGWA I N T E G O R U S A N G E Kongerera inzego z'ibanze ubumenyi n'ubushobozi bwatuma bafasha abaturage kwigeza ku majyambere arambye kandi bagizemo uruhare. INTAMBWE YA 1 Gusobanukirwa n'uburyo bushya bwo kuzamura imibereho y'abaturage no kugera ku majyambere arambye hakoreshejwe guha uruhare abaturage mu majyambere yabo. Intego yihariye Gusobanukirwa na Politiki y'amajyambere rusange abaturage bagizemo uruhare Uko iyo ntego yagerwaho - Kugaragaza amahame y'iyo Politiki - Kubaza abari mu mahugurwa ingamba zafatwa n'ibikorwa bikwiye kugerwaho

kugira ngo ayo mahame yubahirizwe - Kugaragaza ingamba zafashwe n'ibikorwa bimaze kugerwaho muri urwo

rwego INTAMBWE YA 2 Gusobanukirwa n 'inzira abaturage banyuramo kugira ngo babashe kwigeza ku majyambere Intego yihariye Gufasha inzego z'ibanze gushishikariza abaturage kugira uruhare Kugaragaza mu igenamigambi ry'amajyambere yabo. Uko iyo ntego yagerwaho - Kubaza abari mu mahugurwa igenamigambi icyo ari cyo n ' impamvu

rigomba kubaho Kugaragaza ibyiza byo gukora igenamigambi - Kugaragaza uko igenamigambi rikorwa n'abaturage riteye

96

- Kugaragaza inzira abaturage banyuramo mu rwego rwo kwisesengurira ibibazo

INTAMBWE YA 3 Gusobanukirwa n'uburyo abaturage bashyira mu bikorwa igenamigambi bakoze. Intego yihariye Gutuma abaturage bashobora kwitegurira no gukurikirana imishinga igamije imibereho myiza yabo. Uko iyo ntego yagerwaho - Kugaragaza imiterere y'umushinga rusange abaturage bagizemo uruhare

herekanwa ingingo ngenderwaho mu kugena inyito, impamvu, aho umushinga uzakorera, abo ugenewe, Intego zawo, ibigamije kugerwaho mu gihe cya vuba, ibipimo by'ibimenyetso by'ibigamijwe, imirimo izakorwa, ingingo y'imari izakenerwa, aho imari izaturuka, uburambe bw'umushinga, inkurikizi ku bidukikije, imbogamizi ku mushinga, gukurikirana no gusuzuma ibikorwa, gushakisha imari izakoreshwa no gukorana n 'abaterankunga

- Kugaragaza imiterere y'umushinga muto ubyara inyungu herekanwa ingingo ngenderwaho mu kugena bimwe mu bigize umwihariko wa bene iyo mishinga ( aho igitekerezo gituruka, uko umushinga wigwa, itegurwa ry'umushinga, ishyirwa mu bikorwa by'umushinga, guhuza imirimo y'umushinga n'ibindi.

- Gufasha abahugurwa gukora umwitozo wo gutegura umushinga rusange cyangwa umushinga muto ubyara inyungu.

INTAMBWE YA 4 Gusobanukirwa n'uburyo Leta iteganya gufasha abaturage gushyira mu bikorwa igenamigambi bakoze. Intego yihariye Gutuma abari mu mahugurwa basobanukirwa na Politiki yo kwegereza ubushobozi abaturage Uko iyo ntego yagerwaho - Kugaragaza ingamba za Leta mu rwego rwo kwegereza ubushobozi; - Gutanga ibitekerezo kuri izo ngamba no Kugaragaza uruhare rwazo mu

kwegereza ubushobozi abaturage; - Kugaragaza amategeko Politiki yo kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage

igenderaho hasobanurwa imikorere y'itegeko ry'inkomoko y'umutungo w'uturere, Imijyi n'umujyi wa Kigali, imikorere y'Ikigega rusange gitsura amajyambere;

- Gutanga ibitekerezo ku Itegeko ry'inkomoko y'umutungo no ku mikorere y'ikigega.

97

INTAMBWE YA 5 Gusobanukirwa n'uruhare rw'abaturage mu micungire y'Ikigega gitsura amajyambere y'abaturage (FDC) Intego yihariye Gusobanukirwa n'imiterere, imikorere n'imicungire y'ikigega gitsura amajyambere y'abaturage Uko iyo ntego yagerwaho - Kugaragaza inkomoko y'umutungo w'Ikigega, akamaro k'Ikigega gitsura

amajyambere mu mizamukire y'abaturage, ubwoko bw'imishinga iterwa inkunga n'icyo kigega, uko imishinga y'abaturage ishyirwa mu bikorwa n'abatera inkunga Ikigega;

- Kubaza abari mu mahugurwa cyane cyane abagize CDC uko bakorana n'abatera inkunga ikigega mu rwego rw'imicungire yacyo;

- Kugaragaza uburyo inkunga yashyizwe mu Kigega ikwiye gucungwa; - Kugaragaza uruhare rwa buri rwego rw'ubuyobozi mu micungire y'Ikigega. INTAMBWE YA 6 Gusobanukirwa n'uruhare rw'amashyirahamwe n'amakoperative mu iterambere ry'abaturage Intego yihariye Gusobanukirwa n'uruhare rw'abayobozi mu gushyigikira amashyirahamwe n'amakoperative nka bumwe mu buryo bwo gufasha abaturage kwigeza ku majyambere Uko iyo ntego yagerwaho - Kugaragaza Koperative icyo ari cyo no kugaragaza itandukaniro riri hagati ya

Koperative n'indi miryango y'ubufatanye (imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta, imiryango y'ubucuruzi, imiryango y'ubufatanye magirirane)

- Kubafasha gutandukanya amakoperative, imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta, imiryango y'ubucuruzi n'imiryango y'ubufatanye magirirane ikorera mu Turere bakomokamo hakoreshejwe imyitozo

- Kugaragaza uko Koperative n'imiryango yindi y'ubufatanye bishingwa mu Rwanda

- Kwigira hamwe akamaro ko kwibumbira mu mashyirahamwe n'akamaro k'iyo miryango yindi y'ubufatanye mu mizamukire y'abaturage

- Kubaza ibibazo amakoperative n'amashyirahamwe bikunze guhura nabyo - Gufasha abari mu mahugurwa kugaragaza gahunda n'ingamba bafata mu

rwego rwo gukemura ibyo bibazo

98

INTAMBWE YA 7 Uruhare inzego z'ibanze zagira mu gufasha abaturage kwiteza imbere hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gushaka umubano wihariye n'ubufatanye hagati yazo. Intego yihariye Gusobanurira abayobozi b'inzego z'ibanze uburyo bwo guteza imbere abaturage binyuze mu kugirana umubano wihariye n'ubufatanye hagati y'inzego z'ubuyobozi Uko iyo ntego yagerwaho - Gusobanura " jumelage " icyo ari cyo n 'uburyo iboneka - Kugaragaza amahame "Jumelage" ishingiyeho - Gusobanura uko jumelage ishyirwa mu bikorwa - Kubaza imikorere ya jumelage mu Turere dufitanye umubano wihariye cyangwa

ubufatanye n'izindi nzego z'ubuyobozi zaba izo mu gihugu cyangwa izo hanze - Gufasha abahugurwa gufata gahunda n'ingamba zatuma umubano ushingiye kuri

`jumelage’ n'ubufatanye birushaho kugenda neza - Kugaragaza uruhare rwa buri wese muri iyo gahunda no mu gushyira mu bikorwa

izo ngamba

99

IKIGANIRO CYA GATATU

ITERAMBERE RY'ABATURAGE INTANGIRIRO Mu rwego rwo gushyira mu bikorwa politiki yo kwegereza ubuyobozi n'ubushobozi abaturage, hatekerejwe uko abaturage bagira uruhare rugaragara mu bikorwa by'amajyambere bituma bagera ku mibereho myiza ku buryo burambye. Muri urwo rwego hateguwe kandi hemezwa politiki y'amajyambere rusange abaturage bagizemo uruhare, hagamijwe gushyiraho uburyo abanyarwanda bose bagira uruhare rusesuye mu bikorwa bigamije iterambere ryabo. Kugirango ibyo bishoboke ni ngombwa ko abaturage bagira uruhare rugaragara, bagafata iya mbere mu mirimo ijyanye no gutegura igenamigambi ry'ibikorwa bizabafasha kugera kuri iryo terambere. Iryo genamigambi niryo baheraho bategura imishinga igamije kubateza imbere. Iyo mishinga igomba gutegurwa neza, igaturuka muri bo ubwabo kandi igasubiza ibibazo bafite. Na none kandi ni ngombwa ko inzego zegereye abaturage zihabwa ubushobozi butuma zishobora kurangiza imirimo yazo ya buri munsi no gushyira mu bikorwa imishinga igamije iterambere ry'abaturage. Ni muri urwo rwego hateguwe politiki yo kwegereza abaturage ubushobozi (fiscal decentralization policy). Iyo politiki igamije gushyigikira no guha Uturere n'Imijyi uburenganzira bwo kwishakira umutungo no kuwucunga, gushyigikira amajyambere y'Uturere n'Imijyi hashyirwaho Ikigega rusange gitsura amajyambere (CDF) n'Ibigega bitsura amajyambere y'abaturage (FDC). Kugirango iterambere rirusheho gushinga imizi, ni ngombwa ko buri wese, yaba Leta, imiryango nterankunga, abikorera ku giti cyabo, imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta n'amashyirahamwe ; bose bagira uruhare rugaragara kuva ku itegurwa ry'igenamigambi kugera ku ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'imishinga. ITERAMBERE RY'ABATURAGE BISOBANUYE IKI ? Iterambere ry'abaturage ni ubwiyongere bugaragara kandi bufatika n'ubutaboneka bw'imibereho yose ya muntu, mu birebana n'amikoro cyangwa umusaruro, mu birebana n'ubujijuke bw'ingeri zose, byatuma abasha kubaho igihe kirekire mu mudendezo. Intego rusange y'iki kiganiro ni ukongerera inzego z'ibanze ubumenyi (ubushobozi) bwo gufasha abaturage kwigeza ku majyambere arambye kandi bagizemo uruhare.

100

Intego zihariye ni: - Gufasha inzego z'ibanze gushishikariza abaturage kugira uruhare rugaragara

mu igenamigambi ry'amajyambere yabo; - Gutuma abaturage bashobora kwitegurira no gukurikirana imishinga igamije

imibereho myiza yabo ; - Gutuma abayobozi b'inzego z'ibanze basobanukirwa n'inkomoko y'umutungo

wabafasha kwiteza imbere ; - Gutuma abaturage basobanukirwa uruhare rwa buri wese (Leta, Imiryango

itegamiye kuri Leta (NGOs), Abikorera ku giti cyabo, Amashyirahamwe y'abaturage (GCBs)) mu iterambere muri rusange.

Iki kiganiro kigabanyijemo ibice birindwi aribyo: - Politiki y'amajyambere rusange abaturage bagizemo uruhare ; - Uburyo bwo gutegura igenamigambi ry'amajyambere ; - Uburyo bwo kwiga imishinga no kuyishakira inkunga ; - Politiki yo kwegereza ubushobozi abaturage ; - Imiterere, imikorere n'imicungire y'Ikigega Gitsura Amajyambere y'Abaturage

(FDC) ; - Uruhare rw'amashyirahamwe n'amakoperative mu iterambere ; - Umubano wihariye n'ubufatanye hagati y'inzego z'ubuyobozi. IGICE CYA 1: POLITIKI Y'AMAJYAMBERE RUSANGE ABATURAGE

BAGIZEMO URUHARE 1.1. Isobanurampamvu Politiki y'amajyambere rusange abaturage bagizemo uruhare ni politiki ishakisha uburyo bwose ba nyirubwite bagira uruhare rusesuye mu mibereho myiza n'ubukungu byabo hakurikijwe uburyo bukurikira: - Kwiga ubwabo ibibazo byabo bakagerageza kubishakira ibisubizo; - Kwikorera gahunda; - Gushyira mu bikorwa iyo gahunda bahereye ku bushobozi bwabo; - Gushakisha bibaye ngombwa inkunga yo hanze yo kubunganira. 1.2. Ingingo remezo za politiki y'amajyambere rusange abaturage

bagizemo uruhare 1.2.1. Intego za politiki y'amajyambere rusange abaturage bagizemo

uruhare Intego rusange - Gutuma politiki y'igihugu yo kwegereza ubuyobozi n'ubushobozi abaturage

ishinga imizi, hagenwa uburyo bushoboka kugira ngo abaturage bagire uruhare rusesuye mu majyambere yabo hagamijwe kurwanya ubukene.

101

Intego zihariye - Gutuma abaturage bagira uruhare mu kwikorera igenamigambi ndetse

no mu kwicungira imishinga yabo babicishije ku bayobozi bitoreye; - Kwongera ubushobozi kuri buri rwego; - Kwongera umusaruro hakoreshejwe umutungo muke n'ubushobozi dufite; - Gushyigikira ibikorwa bibyara inyungu hakoreshejwe inguzanyo ziciriritse

(micro-finace). 1.2.2. Amahame - Abaturage nibo shingiro ry'amajyambere; - Hagomba gukoreshwa uburyo buha abaturage kugira uruhare mu bikorwa

byabo ariko hagashorwa amafaranga cyane cyane mu bikorwa bifitiye akamaro abantu benshi, bibyara inyungu, bigatanga n'akazi.

- Kwibanda rugikubita ku gushora amafaranga menshi mu bikorwa byo

kuzamura umusaruro (ubuhinzi, ubworozi,.....) nyuma yaho agashorwa mu bitunganya uwo musarura n'ibindi biha akazi abantu (ubucuruzi, ubukorikori n'inganda),

- Kugabanya cyane iby'ubuntu. Ubuntu bwakoreshwa ku byiciro

by'abatishoboye kandi bagaragajwe n'abaturage ariko ubwo buntu nabwo bukaba ubwo kugira ngo bave muri ibyo bibazo bibugarije.

- Imishinga minini ireba igihugu nk'imihanda y'igihugu, ibibuga by'indege,....

yayoborerwa hejuru, ariko inzego z'ibanze ireba zikayigiramo uruhare. Indi mishinga yose ikwiye kwigwa, kuyoborwa no gucungwa n'ubuyobozi bw'ibanze hakurikijwe ibyiciro byagenwe byo kwegereza ubuyobozi n'ubushobozi abaturage (deconcentration, delegation, devolution).

- Guhera buri gihe ku bushobozi bwite. 1.2.3 Ingamba - Gushyiraho uburyo butuma ba nyirubwite bibanda ku birebana n'amajyambere

yaho kandi bakayicungira. - Gushyigikira amashyirahamwe kuko yegeranya abantu benshi bakagira

ibikorwa bifatika bakoresheje uburyo budahenze, ndetse agatuma n'abantu barushaho kumvikana;

- Gushyiraho uburyo bwo gutara, gutunganya, no guhererekanya amakuru; - Kongera umusaruro hakoreshejwe uduke dufite; - Gushyiraho mu Turere n'Imijyi ibigega bitsura amajyambere n'uburyo bwo

gucunga umutungo ba nyirubwite bafitemo uruhare kugira ngo hatabaho inyerezwa.

- Gushakisha no gushyiraho uburyo bworoshye bwo kubona amafaranga yo gushyira mu bikorwa imishinga iciriritse (micro-finance) hakurikijwe ubukene bw'abanyarwanda.

102

1.2.4. Ibikorwa by'ingenzi biteganywa. 1.2.4.1 Gushyiraho uburyo buboneye bw'iterambere rusange riha uruhare rukomeye abaturage Abaturage nibo iterambere rusange rishingiyeho. Niyo mpamvu hagomba gushyirwaho uburyo buha abaturage uruhare rusesuye mu bikorwa byose bigamije iterambere ryabo kugirango barusheho kubigira ibyayo bityo bizarambe. 1.2.4.2. Gusobanura neza icyo buri wese ufite uruhare mu majyambere ashinzwe n'aho ahurira n'abandi. Igishushanyo gikurikira kirerekana uko Komite zishinzwe amajyambere y'abaturage (CDC) zikorana n'izindi nzego. CDC ni yo ishinzwe guhuza ibikorwa byose by'amajyambere mu Karere n'Umujyi ariko ntabwo bivuga ko isimbura impuguke n'abandi bakora ibikorwa by'amajyambere. Abo bose hagomba guca kuri CDC, ibidasobanutse bakayisobanurira ikabanza ikabigira ibyayo mbere y'uko byoherezwa ngo bishyirwe mu bikorwa. CDC yifashisha igenamigambi ikorana n'abafite uruhare mu majyambere. Abo bose bagomba guca kuri CDC, ibidasobanutse bakayisobanurira ikabanza ikabigira ibyayo mbere y'uko byoherezwa ngo bishyirwe mu bikorwa. CDC yifashisha igenamigambi ikorana n'abafite uruhare mu majyambere.

103

Ibitekerezo - Ubushishozi - Guhugura,ibindi.... - Inama - Gushyigikira imishinga

Gushyira mu bikorwa

Abahagarariye Leta

Imiryango ntera Nkunga


- Gusesengura hifashishijwe impuguke/CDC

- Kwohereza umwanzuro mu nama njyanama ngo ifate ibyemezo biciye kuri Komite

Abahagarariye Leta Imiryango Ntera nkunga


104

1.2.4.3. Guha abayobozi b'inzego z'ibanze ubushobozi no gushyiraho uburyo bwo kugeza abaturage ku iterambere Politiki y'amajyambere rusange abaturage bagizemo uruhare ishingiye ku buyobozi bw'ibanze. Ni ukuvuga ko bugomba kubonerwa inkunga ariko na bwo bukishakishiriza kugira ngo burangize inshingano zabwo. Akarere, Umujyi bitegura amafaranga yo gufasha ku ngengo y'imari isanzwe, ariko inzego zegereye abaturage zikishakishiriza zihereye ku yo zemererwa n'amategeko : gukora amafaranga ku mishinga zize, mu kugurisha amakayi yo gutanga amasoko, ku nyungu y'imyenda batanze n'ibindi bakwishakashakira bakabyumvikanaho biciye mu Nama Njyanama ariko bitabangamiye andi mategeko. 1.2.4.4. Kongera ubushobozi bw' ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'iterambere

ry'abaturage Ibi bisaba ibi bikurikira: - Gushyiraho uburyo buboneye bwo gukora Igenamigambi uhereye ku baturage

(PRA, PIPO). Ubutegetsi bwite bwa Leta bukora Igenamigambi rishingiye kuri gahunda z'inzego z'ibanze, hiyongereyeho gahunda z'ibyo ubutegetsi bwite bwa Leta bukeneye.

- Gushyiraho gahunda yo kureba amahugurwa akenewe ku nzego zose no gukora ayo mahugurwa hakurikijwe ubushobozi bukenewe.

- Kwigisha ivugururwa ry'ubutegetsi muri za Kaminuza. - Gushyiraho ikigo gihoraho cyo kwigisha ibijyanye na gahunda ya politiki yo

kwegereza ubuyobozi n'ubushobozi abaturage. - Gushyigikira ko abantu bishyira hamwe mu kwiteza imbere bityo bikorohereza

ubumwe n'ubwiyunge. - Gushyiraho uburyo bwo gutara, gutunganya no guhererekanya amakuru

(butiki y'amakuru). 1.2.4.5 Kongera umusaruro - Gushyigikira ubushakashatsi bugera mu cyaro kugira ngo haboneke

ikoranabuhanga ryiza ryakwamamazwa; - Gushakisha no gushyigikira ibikorwa bigurishwa bigatanga amafaranga,

ibidakenera ubutaka ndetse no kumenyereza abanyarwanda guhindura akamenyero (imirire n'ibindi....);

- Gushyigikira ibikorwa biha isoko umusaruro w'abaturage (inganda ntoya,...) ndetse n'imijyi igiye gushyirwaho mu cyaro igomba gukorana amasezerano n'Uturere two mu cyaro kugira ngo babe magirirane: bamwe batanga umusaruro wabo, abandi baborohereza kubona ibindi nk'inyongeramusaruro.

- Kwita ku bidukikije mu bikorwa byose bitegurwa;

105

1.2.4.6 Gushyiraho uburyo buhamye bwo gushakisha umutungo w'iterambere no gufasha abaturage kugira uruhare mu kuwucunga. - Gushakisha ibyangombwa bikenewe mu gushakisha umutungo wageza

abaturage ku iterambere (abantu, ibintu n'amafaranga). - Gushyiraho ikigega gitsura amajyambere(FDC) kimwe kuri buri

Karere/Umujyi n'uburyo bwo kugicunga abaturage bagizemo uruhara.

1.2.4.7 Gushakisha no gushyiraho uburyo bw'inguzanyo ziciriritse ziberanye n'ubukene bw'abanyarwanda - Gushyiraho ihuriro rirebana n'ibyerekeranye inguzanyo ziciriritse. Iryo huriro rigizwe n'ibigo, imiryango nterankunga, imishinga y'amajyambere bitanga inguzanyo ziciriritse ndetse n'ibitanga amahugurwa bikorera mu Rwanda. Iryo huriro rigomba gusesengura ibibazo birebana n'inguzanyo ziciriritse, rikerekana uburyo bwabera abanyarwanda benshi bakennye mu gutanga inguzanyo ziciriritse. Igihe ritaragera ku myanzuro ifatika hakwitabazwa Banki z'Abaturage nk'uko bikorwa ubu ngubu mu mishinga imwe n'imwe. 1.4. Ibikorwa byafasha ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'iyi politiki Kugirango iyi politiki ishyirwe mu bikorwa kandi igere ku ntego yayo neza, ni ngombwa ko ibikorwa bikurikira byakwitabwaho: - Gushyiraho cyangwa guhindura amategeko n'amabwiriza arebana na

CDC, FDC,CDF n'inguzanyo ziciriritse; - Kureba uko izindi politiki za Minisiteri zinyuranye zirebana n'iterarnbere

ry'abaturage zategurwa zihereye kuri politiki y'amajyambere rusange abaturage bagizemo uruhare.

- Gushyiraho itsinda ryihariye rishinzwe guhora rinonosora iyi politiki uko igenda

ishyirwa mu bikorwa. 1.4. Ibimaze kugerwaho - Inyandiko ya politiki yarateguwe yemezwa na Guverinoma; - Habaye inama nyunguranabitekerezo n'amahugurwa anyuranye yari agamije

gusobanura iyo politiki; - Imishinga igamije imiyoborere myiza n'amajyambere rusange ikorera hirya no

hino mu gihugu (CRDP, PADEC, PCA/C, ADCGL-Kibungo, FDC, IGL, IS, Microrealisations, CLE, ...);

- Hateguwe amagenamigambi y'Uturere tumwe na tumwe hakoreshejwe uburyo

bwo guha uruhare abaturage;

106

- Hashyizweho amategeko n'amateka agamije gushyimangira iyo politiki.

Twavuga nk'Iteka rigena imikorere n'imitunganyirize ya Komite ishinzwe amajyambere y'abaturage (CDC) n'itegeko rishyiraho Ikigega Rusange cya Leta Gitsura Amajyambere (CDF).

1.5. Ibyakwitabwaho - Kongerera ubushobozi inzego z'ibanze n'abaturage kugirango bashobore

kugira uruhare rugaragara mu majyambere yabo; - Gushyigikira ibigega bitsura amajyambere y'abaturage; - Gufasha Uturere n'Imijyi gutegura amagenamigambi; - Gukwirakwiza imishinga igamije amajyambere rusange hirya no hino mu

gihugu. IGICE CYA 2: UBURYO BWO GUTEGURA IGENAMIGAMBI RY'AMAJYAMBERE Nk'uko tumaze kubibona mu bice bibanza haruguru, politiki y'amajyambere rusange abaturage bagizemo uruhare igamije cyane cyane guha uburyo n'ubushobozi abaturage kugirango barusheho kugira uruhare rugaragara mu bikorwa byose bigamije amajyambere yabo.

Kimwe rero mu bigaragaza ko abaturage bafite uruhare mu bikorwa bigamije amajyambere yabo, ni ukuba baragize uruhare mu gutegura Igenamigambi ryabo ku nzego zose. 2.1. Igenamigambi ni iki ? Igenamigambi ni uburyo (processus) bugamije gutegura (guteganya), ibizakorwa n'urwego uru n'uru ; akarere aka n'aka ; abantu aba n'aba bagamije kugera ku ntego iyi n'iyi y'amajyambere kandi bahereye ku miterere yabo mu gihe runaka. Umuntu yakongera akavuga ko gukora Igenamigambi ari uburyo bwo gutekereza ku mpamvu y'igikorwa iki n'iki, hagafatwa icyemezo kigaragaza icyifuzwa gukorwa, uburyo bwo kugikora, igihe wagikorera, ibyakenerwa kugira ngo gikorwe ndetse n' agaciro k' ibyazakenerwa. By'umwihariko, Igenamigambi ni yo soko (shingiro) y'amajyambere. Igihe rikozwe ba nyir'ubwite barigizemo uruhare, haba hari icyizere ko iterambere bifuza (bagamije) bazarigeraho.

107

2.2. Kuki hakorwa Igenamigambi ? Iyo abantu bashaka kugira igikorwa batunganya cyangwa bageraho; ntabwo gihita kiba cyangwa ngo gikorwe. Baragitegura ndetse bakanagiteganyiriza. Ibyo bisaba kwiha intego; inshingano ndetse n'uburyo kugira ngo ikigamijwe kigerweho. Buri gikorwa cyose kigomba kubanzirizwa no kugitegura (planifier) ndetse no mu gihe kirimo gitunganywa. Ibyo bigatuma hatabaho akajagari mu mikorere.

Igenamigambi risobanura neza uburyo ibikorwa byateganyijwe bizashyirwa mu ngiro,

ryerekana igihe imirimo izakorerwa, uko izagenda ikurikirana; abazayikora,

ibizakenerwa, aho bizava, ingorane cyangwa inzitizi zavuka n'uko zabonerwa umuti.

Gukora Igenamigambi bigeza ku bintu bikurikira: - Guteganya ku buryo busobanutse ibigamije kugerwaho; - Kudasesagura ingufu zihari (umutungo, ibikoresho, abakozi, ...); - Gushobora guteganya ingorane zishobora kuboneka n'uburyo bwazikemura; - Kubasha gukurikirana neza ibikorwa bigafasha gukora neza no kugera ku

ntego; - Gushobora gufata ibyemezo ibi n'ibi ku buryo bworoshye. Ariko Ibyo byose

bigerwaho ari uko hubahirijwe ibyateganyije. 2.3. Igenamigambi rikorwa rite ? Mu gukora Igenamigambi hari ibyiciro (etapes) by'ingenzi bigomba gukurikizwa, kugira ngo ribe riteguye neza. Ibyo byiciro n'ibi bikurikira: - Isesengura ry'imiterere y'akarere , y'ahantu, y'abantu mu gihe iki n'iki ; - Kwiha intego n' inshingano bigomba kugerwaho ushingiye ku isesengura

ryakozwe ; - Gutekereza no guhanga (gushyiraho) gahunda zigamije kurangiza inshingano

zemejwe ; - Gutegura iteganyabikorwa (plans d'action) rigamije gushyira mu bikorwa

gahunda zemejwe ; - Gushyiraho uburyo bwo gukurikirana no gusuzuma ibigerwaho na gahunda

zemejwe. Igenamigambi rikorwa hagati y' ibihe bibiri:

108

Ibikorwa Kugira ngo igenamigambi ribe ryuzuye kandi ryemerwe na bose, rigomba kugendera ku bitekerezo byaturutse ku nzego zose za ba nyir'ubwite (abaturage), kandi zabifatiye ibyemezo. 2.4. Uburyo igenamigambi rikorwa Mu gutegura igenamigambi hari uburyo (tekiniki) bwinshi bwifashishwa kugira ngo ritungane. Muri izo tekiniki twavuga nka: - MARP (PRA, DP) : (Methode Acceleree de Recherche Participative) bivuga

ubushakashatsi bubangutse ba nyir'ubwite (abaturage) bagizemo uruhare mu gusesengura ibibazo byabo ; ndetse bakanashakira umuti ibyo bbazo bahereye ku bushobozi bwabo w'ibindi biboneka iwabo.

- PIPO : (Planification des Interventions Par Objectifs) ni uburyo bwo gukora igenamigambi rigamije gutegura, gutunganya cyangwa kugenzura igikorwa iki n'iki cyangwa umushinga.

Kubera ko ubwo buryo bugenda buhinduka muri iki gihe mu gihugu cyacu bifashisha uburyo bwa MARP mu gutegura igenamigambi rishingiye kuri ba nyir'ubwite. Ariko ibyo ntibivuze ko ubundi buryo butagikoreshwa ; byose biterwa n'ubumenyi abategura igenamigambi baba bafite kuri buri buryo. Muri rusange, igenamigambi rigomba gushingira ku byifuzo n'ibitekerezo by'abaturage, rikanatangirira mu Kagari hakoreshejwe uburyo bwizwe neza butuma ba nyirubwite bagira uruhare rw'ibanze haba mu gutanga ibitekerezo no mu gushaka ibisubizo by'ibibazo byagaragaye bahereye ku bushobozi bwabo n'ubwo aho batuye. CDC ya buri rwego igomba kubigiramo uruhare rugaragara. Gutegura no kwemeza igenamigambi bikorwa ku buryo bukurikira: - Isesengurwa ry'ibibazo n'urutonde rwabyo hakurikijwe ibyihutirwa kurusha

ibindi bikorerwa ku rwego rw'Akagari abaturage bako babifashijwemo n'impuguke na CDC yo kuri urwo rwego. Perezida w'iyo CDC niwe wohereza

Igihe abantu barimo (kitameze neza)

Igihe kizaza (kimeze neza kurusha mbere)

- Gusesengura ibibazo - Gusesengura ibisubizo -Gushyira mu bikorwa ibisubizo

-Intego ugomba kugeraho

109

urwo rutonde abinyujije kuri Komite Nyobozi, ku Nama Njyanama ngo irwemeze, mbere y'uko rwohererezwa Komite Nyobozi y'Umurenge.

- CDC yo ku rwego rw'Umurenge ihuriza hamwe ibyavuye mu Tugari twose

maze ikongeraho ibikenewe byo kuri urwo rwego, igategura imbanziriza mushinga w'igenamigambi ry'amajyambere y'Umurenge ishyikirizwa, binyujijwe kuri Komite Nyobozi, Inama Njyanama y'urwo rwego. Inama Njyanama y'Umurenge yemeza igenamigambi imaze kugisha Inama Inama Njyanama z'Utugari tuwugize. Iyo nyandiko y'igenamigambi y'Umurenge, Komite nyobozi y'Umurenge iyoherereza urwego rw'Akarere cyangwa Umujyi.

- CDC y'Akarere cyangwa Umujyi, yifashishije impuguke n'abandi bagira

uruhare mu majyambere yako cyangwa yawo, itegura igenamigambi ry'amajyambere y'Akarere cyangwa Umujyi ihereye ku magenamigambi y'amajyambere y'Imirenge yose ikagize cyangwa iwugize no ku bikenewe biri kuri urwo rwego. Mbere yo gushyirwa mu bikorwa, igenamigambi ry'amajyambere y'Akarere cyangwa Umujyi ribanza kwemezwa n'Inama Njyanama y'Akarere cyangwa Umujyi binyujijwe kuri Komite nyobozi. Igenamigambi ry'amajyambere iyo rimaze kwemezwa ryohererezwa Umukuru w'Intara.

- CDC y'Umujyi munini ukozwe n'Uturere cyangwa Imijyi, yifashishije

impuguke n'abandi bagira uruhare mu majyambere yawo, itegura igenamigambi ry'amajyambere y'Umujyi ihereye ku magenamigambi y'amajyambere y'Uturere cyangwa Imijyi biwugize no ku bikenewe byihariye ku rwego rw'Umujyi munini. Mbere yo gushyirwa mu bikorwa, igenamigambi ry'Uturere cyangwa Umujyi ribanza kwemezwa na n'Inama Njyanama y'Akarere cyangwa Umujyi bigize Umujyi munini ndetse n'igenamigambi ry'Umujyi munini abanza kwemezwa n'Inama Njyanama y'Umujyi munini. Igenamigambi ryose rigomba kuba rikubiyemo nibura ibi bikurikira.

- Uburyo bwo kunoza ibikorwa n'imirimo yo mu rwego rw'imibereho myiza

n'ubukungu;

- Uburyo bw'imitunganyirize y'Akarere no kubungabunga ibidukikije;

- Ibikorwa bibyara inyungu; - Ibikorwa bigenewe abatishoboye.

Impuguke zose zikorera mu Karere, mu Mujyi no mu Ntara n'abandi bose bafite uruhare mu majyambere y'Akarere, Umujyi cyangwa Intara bafite inshingano zo gufasha ba nyir'ubwite mu gutegura no gushyira mu bikorwa igenamigambi ryabo.

Imishinga yose y'amajyambere ikorerwa mu Karere cyangwa mu Mujyi, harimo n'iyo mu

110

rwego rw'ubucuti n'ubutwerane (jumelage), igomba kuba igaragara mu igenamigambi ry'ako Karere cyangwa Umujyi, kandi akaba ariho ishyirirwa mu bikorwa ikanahacungirwa. Ariko iyo haboneste igikorwa cya ngombwa kandi cyihutirwa, kigomba kubanza kunononsorwa kikinjizwa mw'igenamigambi ry'Akarere mbere y'uko gishyirwa mu bikorwa. Imishinga yo ku nzego zirenze Akarere cyangwa Umujyi yigwa kandi igashyirirwa mu bikorwa kuri izo nzego, ariko Uturere cyangwa Imijyi byose iyo mishinga ikoreramo bigomba kugira uruhare rugaragara mu mikurikiranire no mu micungire yayo.

111

IGICE CYA 3: UBURYO BWO KWIGA IMISHINGA NO KUYISHAKIRA INKUNGA

Nk'uko tumaze kubibona haruguru, abaturage bagomba kugira uruhare mu igenamigambi ry'amajyambere basesengurira hamwe ibibazo bibugarije ndetse banabishakira ibisubizo bishoboka. Ni muri urwo rwego rero bagomba no kwitegurira imishinga igamije iterambere ryabo. Ni ngombwa ko imishinga igamije imibereho myiza yabo itegurwa neza, igaturuka muri bo ubwabo kandi ikaza isubiza ibibazo bafite. Inzego z'ibanze zatowe zigomba kumenya ko zifite uruhare rukomeye mu gutegura igenamigambi ry'amajyambere, gutegura imishinga, kuyikurikirana no gucunga neza ibikorwa byayo kugira ngo bizarambe. Hari ubwoko bubiri bw'imishinga n'ubwo usanga hari byinshi ihuriyeho - Imishinga rusange abaturage bagizemo uruhare; - Imishinga mito ibyara inyungu. Muri iki gice turibanda cyane ku mishinga rusange abaturage bagizemo uruhare kubera ko inzego z'ibanze zishinzwe gufatanya n'abaturage gutekereza kuri bene iyi mishinga, kuyitegura no gukurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryayo. Ni nazo akenshi zishinzwe gushishikariza abaturage kwitabira gutanga uruhare rwabo muri iyo mishinga. Turibuvuge ariko no ku mishinga mito ibyara inyungu yatekerejwe n'abaturage ku giti cyabo cyangwa mu mashyirahamwe kuko inzego z'ibanze zizasabwa kujya ziyitangaho ibitekerezo mbere y'uko ihabwa inkunga y'Ikigega Gitsura Amajyambere (FDC); ndetse zikaba zagira n'inama abaturage ku byerekeye uburyo bwo kuyitegura neza. 3.1. Umushinga rusange Umushinga ni igikorwa kigizwe n'uruhererekane rw'imirimo umuntu umwe cyangwa abantu benshi bateganya gukora mu bihe biri imbere, bagamije gukemura ibibazo iki n'iki kiriho babona kibabangamiye. Icyo gikorwa kiba kigamije kongerera imibereho myiza banyirumushinga, imiryango yabo ndetse n'abatuye Akarere imirimo ikorerwamo cyangwa izakorerwamo. Gutegura umushinga bisaba kubanza kumenya uko ikibazo giteye, kugisesengura, gutekereza inzira zose zishoboka mu kugikemura no gutekereza ku buryo buboneye kugira ngo icyo kibazo gishobore gukemuka, hakurikijwe ubushobozi buhari ugereranyije n'ibyangombwa byose bizifashishwa kugira ngo gishobore gukemuka.

112

3.1.1. Imiterere y'umushinga Umushinga ugizwe n'ibice bikurikira 3.1.1.1. Inyito y'umushinga Inyito y'umushinga igomba kuba igaragaza neza ibikubiyemo n'icyo ugamije kugeraho. Urugero : Kubaka isoko rya kijyambere 3.1.1.2. Impamvu z'umushinga Ni ho bagaragaza imiterere y'ikibazo gihari. Urugero: Kubaka isoko rya kijyambere : impamvu z'umushinga zishobora

gutangwa mu buryo bukurikira : Mu kigereranyo, abatuye Akarere ka R... babarirwa mu bihumbi 50. Ibyo bahinga byose barabyirira, ibindi bikabapfira ubusa kubera kubura isoko babigurishirizamo. Ibyo bituma abaturage badashobora kubona amafaranga atuma bashobora gukemuka ibibazo bijyanye n'imibereho myiza (isuku, ubuzima, uburezi bw'abana, imiturire, n'ibindi). Isoko rimwe rukumbi na ryo Akarere gafite riri ahantu haruhije kuhagera kandi ntirisakaye. Kuryagura nabyo birasaba kuriha ibikorwa remezo, bindi kuko ibihari bidahagije kandi ubuyobozi bw'Akarere ntibufite ubushobozi buhagije bwo kubikora.

3.1.1.3. Aho umushinga uzakorera Utegura umushinga agomba kwerekana Akarere n'ahantu ibikorwa by'umushinga bizabera ; akagaragaza imiterere y'Akarere, ibigakikije n'ibihakorerwa, ibikorwa remezo biharangwa n'uburyo bwo guhuza abatuye Akarere hagati yabo ubwabo, no hagati yabo n'utundi turere. Ibyo bishingirwaho byose bishobora gushakwa mu biro by'impuguke binyuranye bikorera mu turere, muri za minisiteri n'ahandi, bitewe n' urwego n' ingano y' umushinga. 3.1.1.4. Abo umushinga ugenewe n'abo uzagirira akamaro

Mu kwiga umushinga, ni ngombwa kugaragaza abo ibikorwa bigenewe,

n'akamaro bizagira ku bantu bose muri rusange. Aho ni ho inshingano z'umushinga

zerekana imihindukire mu gihe kizaza. Urugero : Abatuye Akarere ka R... no mu Turere tundi duturanye nako. 3.1.1.5. Intego z'umushinga

113

3.1.1.5.1. Intego rusange Igaragaza icyo abaturage bateze ku mushinga muri rusange, ikerekana icyo bagamije kuzageraho mu gihe uwo mushinga uzaba urangiye, cyane impinduka ku buzima mu gihe kizaza. Urugero : Gufasha abaturage b'Akarere ka R.... kugurisha umusaruro wabo no guhahirana n'utundi turere bitabagoye. 3.1.1.5.2. Intego zihariye Intego zihariye zigomba kugirana isano n'intego rusange y'umushinga, zerekana ibisubizo n'uburyo ibikorwa bigenda bikemura ibibazo. Kugena Intego z'umushinga ni ukuzigaragaza mu magambo asobanutse aherekejwe n'ingero zo gupima cyangwa gusuzuma mu mibare niba umushinga ugera ku nshingano zawo. Urugero: - Kubona aho umusaruro w'abaturage ugurishirizwa; - Kongera ibyinjira mu mutungo w'Akarere; - Kongera umusaruro w'abaturage; - Kongera mutungo w'abaturage ; - Kubona ibikorerwa ahandi ku buryo bworoshye. Intego zigomba kurangwa n'ibi bikurikira: - Gusobanurwa mu magambo yumvikana : zigomba kuvuga ku buryo

bwumvikana ibitegerejwe kugerwaho. - Gusobanurwa mu buryo bufututse kandi buhamye : amagambo akoreshwa

n'imyumvire yayo bigomba kuba bisobanuye, intego zivugwa zikumvwa kandi zikemerwa na buri wese.

- Kuba zifite ishingiro kandi zishobora kugerwaho : intego zitanzwe zigomba

kugira ishingiro ryitaye ku mutungo uriho mu Karere, ku bikikije aho umushinga uzakorera, ku nzitizi umushinga ushobora guhura nazo, ibyatuma ushobora kugenda neza, byaba ibihari bigaragara cyangwa ibyashobora kuzaboneka.

- Kuba zishobora kuzahabwa agaciro no kuzasuzumwa :intego zigomba

gutangwa zibumbiye hamwe zigaragaza uko ibikorwa bizagenda bisuzumwa mu gihe imirimo ikorwa na nyuma yaho.

- Kuvuga igihe ibikorwa ibi n'ibi bizaba birangiye : umushinga ugomba

kwerekana amatariki ntarengwa ariko nta gukabya, umushinga uzatangiriraho kandi ukarangiriraho, ndetse n'amatariki y'uturimo dukorwa hagati y'ibyiciro bikuru by'umushinga.

114

- Intego zigamijwe zigomba kuba zisubiza ibibazo biriho : intego nziza uko igomba guhuza n'igikenewe umushinga wiyemeje kubonera igisubizo. Igikenewe ni cyo kigaragaza ireme ry'intego igamijwe kugerwaho.

3.1.1.6. Ibigamijwe kugerwaho mu gihe cya bugufi Ni ibikorwa bigaragara umushinga uteganya kugeraho herekanwa n'uko byagezweho mu gihe giteganyijwe. Urugero: - Umutungo w'abaturage wariyongeye; - Amafaranga yinjiye mu isanduku y'Akarere yariyongeye; - Umusaruro w'abaturage wariyongeye; - Abaturage baturuka mu tundi Turere baje guhaha cyangwa se bazanye

umusaruro wabo ; - Umubare w'ibicuruzwa wariyongeye; - Umubare w'abacuruzi wariyongeye. Kugira ngo ikigamijwe kugerwaho kirusheho gufutuka, kigomba kubahiriza ibi bikurikira - Kuba gifututse, kitakwitiranwa n'ibindi (Spécifique), - Kuba gishobora gupimwa (Mesurable), Kuba gishoboka (Atteignable/réalisable), - Kuba gishyize mu gaciro (Réaliste), - Kuba gifite igihe ntarengwa kigomba gukorerwamo (inscrit dans le Temps).

Izo ngingo eshanu ni byo bita mu rurimi rw'igifaransa SMART.

Igiteganyijwe kugerwaho kigomba kugaragazwa n'ibi bikurikira : ubunini (quantite), ubwiza (qualite) n'igihe (Temps). Byibura bibiri muri byo byagombye kugaragara. Urugero :Amafaranga yinjira mu Karere aziyongeraho miliyoni icumi mu mwaka wa

2002. 3.1.1.7. Ibipimo by'ibimenyetso by'ibigamijwe Ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko ibyateganyijwe bigenda bigerwaho bishobora kuba ari igipimo, umubare, ikintu cyabaye, igitekerezo, imyumvire cyangwa imibonere y'ikintu. Icyo gipimo cyerekana uko ibintu biteye cyangwa ibyo abaturage bimirije imbere. Ibimenyetso ibi n'ibi bifite agaciro k'ibanze mu gukurikirana no gusuzuma ibyagezweho n'imishinga igamije gutsura amajyambere n'imizamukire rusange y' abaturage. Ibimenyetso bifasha kwerekana ibyagezweho. 3.1.1.7.1. Amoko y'ibimenyetso

115

Ibimenyetso ni ngombwa mu kumenya buri gihe uko umushinga wifashe n'uko ibikorwa byawo bigenda bikurikirana. Ni ngombwa rero ko ibimenyetso bishyirwaho kuri buri cyiciro cy'umushinga. Muri byo hari: - Ibimenyetso bigaragaza ibyazitira irangizwa ry'ibyateganyijwe mu mushinga n'

ibyatuma umushinga ugenda neza ; - Ibimenyetso bigaragaza ibishorwa mu mushinga; - Ibimenyetso bigaragaza uburyo ibikenerwa bigenda bishorwa mu mushinga; - Ibimenyetso bigaragaza ibikorwa byari biteganyijwe kugerwaho; - Ibimenyetso bigaragaza uruhare umushinga wagize ku baturage. 3.1.1.7.2. Ibimenyetso bidashidikanywaho Ni ibimenyetso bigaragarira buri wese, bishobora gupimwa mu manyakuri n'abantu babiri batandukanye buri muntu ku giti cye, ntawe umuvugiyemo, bakabona ibyagezweho kimwe. Ibyo bimenyetso byerekana: - Igihe (ni ryari?) - Akarere (ni hehe ?) - Itsinda ry'abantu byari bigenewe (ni bande ?) - Ingano y'ibyagezweho (bingana iki ?) - N'ubwiza bwabyo (bimeze bite?) Ibimenyetso byifashishwa mu isuzuma biboneka ahantu hose wavana amakuru yakwifashishwa mu gusuzuma. Hashobora kuba muri za raporo zakozwe, ibyagaragajwe na anketi yakozwe, n'ibindi. 3.1.1.8 Ibizakorwa Iyo ibigamijwe kugerwaho bimaze kugaragara, ni ngombwa kwerekana uruhererekane rw'imirimo izakorwa, abazayikora, ibizakenerwa, igihe igomba gukorerwa n'uburyo buzakoreshwa. Urugero : Mu kubaka isoko rya kijyambere mu Karere R..., imirimo izakorwa yaba: - Gusiza ikibanza; - Kubaka fondasiyo y'amabuye; - Kuzamura inkuta z'amatafari ahiye; - Gukora igisenge cy'ibyuma; - Gusakaza amabati akomeye afite imigongo migari ; - Gukingisha inzugi zikoze mu byuma, n'ibindi.

Ibyo bishobora gushyirwa mu mbonerahamwe ikurikira:

116

Urutonde rw’imirimo izakorwa

Ibikoresho Umubare Agaciro mu mafaranga

Igihe bizatangirira n’igihe bizarangirira

Abazabikora+-Abaturage -Abatera-nkungu

Ingengabihe y'imirimo izakorwa ishobora gushyirwa mu mbonerahamwe ya GANTT iteye itya:

117

Amezi Ukwezi 1

Ukwezi kwa 2 Ukwezi kwa 3 Ukwezi kwa 4 Ukwezi kwa 5

Ibyumweru 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0

1 1

1 2

1 3

1 4

1 5

1 6

1 7

1 8

1 9

2 0

Ibikorwa Gusiza Gucukura imisingi

Kubaka fondasiyo

Kuzamura inkuta

Gusakara Gukotera amatafari

Gutera inzugi

Gushyiramo sima

Gusiga amarangi

Gukora isuku

3.1.1.9. Ingengo y’imari

Itegurwa ry’umushinga uwo ari wo wose, risaba guteganya ingengo y’mari izakoreshwa kuri buri gikorwa, rinagaragaza agaciro k’ibikoresho bizakenerwa, ak’ibikorwa biteganywa n’imishahara y’abazabikora n’abazabikurikirana. Bishobora gushyirwa mu mbonerahamwe ku buryo bukurikira:

IBIKENEWE UMUBARE IGICIRO CYA KIMWE (P.U.)

IGICIRO CYA BYOSE

Ibikoresho Abakozi Ubwikorezi Amafaranga agenerwa imirimo rusange y' umushinga 3.1.1.10. Aho imari izaturuka

118

Mu gutegura umushinga, ni ngombwa gutekereza aho imari yizewe izaturuka kugira ngo ibikorwa bizarangire neza hakurikijwe gahunda yateganyijwe. Imari igenwa igaragaza mbere na mbere uruhare rwa ba nyir'umushinga mu bikorwa bifatika nk'umuganda, umusanzu, n'ibindi. 3.1.1.11. Gutegura uburambe bw'umushinga Uburambe bw'umushinga butegurwa kuva igitekerezo cyawo gitangiye, mu gihe cy'ishyirwa mu bikorwa kugeza kirangiye hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gukangurira abaturage kugira uruhare mu gufata neza ibyagezweho, mu kwicungira no mu gukurikirana umushinga. Hateganywa n'uburyo buzafasha mu gusimbura ibyangiritse cyangwa ibishaje. Muri make uburambe bw'umushinga bushingiye ku nkingi zikurikira: - Uruhare rw' abaturage; - Gutanga igisubizo ku gikenewe koko; - Kuba igikorwa cyemewe mu muco n'imibereho isanzwe y'abaturage; - Kuba igikorwa giteganyijwe kitabangamiye ibinyabuzima biri mu Karere

n'ibigakikije; - Kugira ubushobozi buhagije mu gucunga umutungo no guhuza ibikorwa

by'umushinga; - Kugendera buri gihe ku bigezweho, ntusigare inyuma ngo ibyo ukora n'ibyo

ugeraho bisumbwe n'iby'abandi bakora muri urwo rwego mu Karere; 3.1.1.12. Inkurikizi ku bidukikije Mbere yo gushyira umushinga mu bikorwa, ni ngombwa kumenya neza mbere y' igihe niba ntacyo umushinga uzonona ku bintu kamere bisanzwe mu karere ndetse no ku mibereho y'abagatuye. Urugero : Mu rwego rwo kubaka isoko rya kijyambere, ingaruka uyu mushinga

ushobora kugira ku bidukikije zaba: - Ibiti byaho bizangirika binashireho; - Amazi azajya ava ku mabati azatera isuri; - Indwara ziterwa n'isuku nke. Iyo bibaye ngombwa, hifashishwa impuguke, kugira ngo ikore gahunda yo kurengera ibidukikije. 3.1.1.13. Imbogamizi ku mushinga Ni ngombwa gutekereza ku mpamvu zidaturutse ku mushinga zishobora kubangamira ibikorwa, intego na gahunda ntibishobore kugerwaho. Iyo bishobotse hafatwa ingamba zo kuzirinda. Urugero : Mu rwego rwo kubaka isoko rya kijyambere, imbogamizi zaba: - Umusaruro udahagije watuma isoko ritagira icyo ryinjiza; - Imicungire mibi y'isoko n'ibiriturukamo.

119

3.1.1.14. Gukurikirana no gusuzuma ibikorwa Iki gice kireba uko imirimo yateganyijwe ikorwa n'umusaruro ufatika wagezweho. Kugira ngo umushinga ube uw'amajyambere koko, bisaba ko ushyirwa mu bikorwa neza, ugakurikiranwa cyane, hakagenda hakorwa isuzuma kugira ngo bifashe gukosora ibitagenda neza. Isuzuma rihera ku byakozwe mu gushyira mu bikorwa umushinga, hagereranywa ibyateganyijwe n'ibyakozwe kugira ngo hagaragazwe akamaro kawo ku baturage no ku Karere.

120

3.1.1.14.1. Impamvu zo gukurikirana no gusuzuma ibikorwa. Bikorwa kugira ngo:

- Intego zateganyijwe zigerweho, ingorane zigaragaye mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa zikemurwe zinakosorwe hakiri kare.

- Hatangwe inyigisho zizafasha mu gutegura indi mishinga no gushobora guhindura uburyo bwo gukora.

3.1.1.14.2. Ibyo ukurikirana n'usuzuma ibikorwa agomba kwitaho. - Gusuzuma uko intego zigerwaho agereranyije n'ibyakozwe nyakuri; - Gusuzuma imikoreshereze y'umutungo na raporo y'icungamari; - Kureba niba abakozi bashyirwaho babifitiye ubumenyi; - Gukurukirana uko imirimo yagenze hakurikijwe igihe cyateganyijwe n'intego

y'umushinga; - Gutuma hafatwa ingamba zo gukomeza guhindura imikorere cyangwa

guhagarika umushinga. 3.1.1.14.3. Guteganya ingengabihe y'igenzura n'isuzuma Isuzuma rikorwa mu bice bitatu bitandukanye: - Mbere y'uko umushinga utangira, bifasha kumenya uko byifashe no kureba ko

hari icyahindutse mu byari biteganyijwe; - Umushinga watangiye gushyirwa mu bikorwa, kugira ngo hatangwe inama

igihe ari ngombwa; - Umushinga warangije igihe wagenewe, kugira ngo hagaragazwe ko ikibazo

cyariho cyakemutse. N.B : Igenzura rishobora gukorwa igihe cyase umuterankunga cyangwa umuhagarariye abishatse. 3.1.1.15. Gushakisha imari izakoreshwa no gukorana n'abaterankunga Iyo umushinga umaze gutegurwa no kwigwa neza, iyo nyir'umushinga nta mikoro ahagije afite, ikiba gisigaye ni ugushaka umuterankunga. 3.1.1.15.1. Kumenya no kwimenyekanisha mu baterankunga Gushakisha imari neza bisaba kubanza kumenya abo ishakirwamo, aho baherereye, kubimenyekanishaho mu nyandiko cyangwa mu biganiro n'ibindi. 3.1.1.15.2. Gutegura no gukurikirana inyandiko zishakisha inkunga Kugira ngo ushakwaho inkunga abashe kumva neza umushinga ni ngombwa ko inyandiko yawo igaragaza ibi bikurikira: - Izina ry'umushinga; - Ahantu umushinga ukorera; - Intego zawo; - Ibikorwa biteganyijwe;

121

- Igihe uzamara; - Abo ugenewe; - Abazawukora; - Ibikenewe muri rusange; - Uruhare rwa ba nyir'umushinga; - Inkunga isabwa. Iyo urangije kohereza iyo nyandiko urayikurikirana. 3.2. Umushinga muto ubyara inyungu Nk'uko twabibonye mu gice cya mbere, umushinga ni igikorwa umuntu ateganya gukora agamije inyungu ye, iy'abe ndetse n'iy'Akarere umushinga uzakoreramo. 3.2.1. Aho igitekerezo cy'umushinga gituruka Igitekerezo cyo gukora umushinga gishobora kuva ku muntu ku giti cye, iyo afashe umugambi wo gukemura ibibazo bijyanye n'imibereho ye, iy'abe ndetse n'iy'Akarere. Mu ishyirahamwe, akenshi igitekerezo cy'umushinga gituruka ku banyamuryango babiri cyangwa batatu, abandi banyamuryango bagatanga igitekerezo byabo bareba niba umushinga bateganya gukora utanyuranya n'intengo n'amategeko by'umuryango, kandi niba uzakemura ibibazo runaka bibugarije, utaretse n'iby'Akarere batuyemo muri rusange. 3.2.2. Iyigwa ry'umushinga Kwiga umushinga bisaba: - Kubanza gushishoza neza mu ihitamo ry'igitekerezo cy'umushinga; - Gutegura umushinga hasesengurwa neza ibirebana n'isoko, ishyirwa mu

bikorwa ry'umushinga, ibyo uzatwara n'imyungukire yawo. 3.2.2.1. Guhitamo umushinga Igikunze kugaragara ni uko abaturage benshi, kubera ubumenyi buke no kutagira ubibafashamo, bakunze guhitamo imishinga isanzwe ikorwa n'abaturanyi, batitaye ku isoko rihari. Akenshi iyo mishinga ikunze gucumbagira ndetse no guhomba, bitewe no kugabagabana isoko ari benshi. Ni yo mpamvu gushakashaka igitekerezo cy'umushinga bisaba kumenya Akarere umushinga uzakorerwamo, gusesengura neza uburyo uwo mushinga ushobora gutera imbere no kumenya ibigomba gukorwa byose ngo umushinga ushoboke kandi ubyare inyungu. Aho gukora umushinga ukorwa na benshi kandi bigaragara ko isoko ridahagije, habaho kwihangira umushinga mushya ariko mbere yo kuwushyira mu bikorwa hakitabwaho ingingo zikurikira: - Kureba niba umushinga uri mu rwego rw'ushaka kuwukora; - Kureba niba isoko rikwiye; - Kureba niba ibyo umushinga uzatwara biri mu rugero;

122

- Kumenya ibiranga umunyamushinga mwiza, yaba umuntu ku giti cye cyangwa ishyirahamwe;

3.2.2.1.1. Kureba niba umushinga uri mu rwego rw'ushaka kuwukora Igitekerezo cy'umushinga kiboneye kirangwa n'ibi bikurikira: - Kuba kitanyuranya n'intego ndetse n'inyungu bwite z'ushaka gukora

umushinga. - Kuba nyir'umushinga afite ubushobozi bwo kuwushyira mu bikorwa no

kuwucunga nta nkomyi. - Kuba umushinga ugaragariza nyirawo ko uzagaruza imari yashoye kandi

ukamuteza imbere. 3.2.2.1.2. Kureba niba umushinga wabona isoko rikwiye Kugira ngo umushinga ushobore kuzagirira akamaro nyirawo, ni ngombwa ko uba ufite isoko rihagije. Mu rwego rwo gushishoza ko isoko rikwiye, ni ngombwa gushingira kuri ibi bikurikira: - Umubare n'ubushobozi bw'abaguzi bw'ikizakorwa n'umushinga; - Abari mu Karere bakora ibisa n'ibyo umushinga ushaka gukora; - Ingamba zo kugurisha ibicuruzwa. 3.2.2.1.3. Kureba niba ibyo umushinga uzasaba biri mu rugero Nyir'umushinga agomba gusesengura neza niba umushinga ashobora gukora udahenze kandi ko uzatuma abona inyungu ihagije atagombye gukoresha ibiciro biri hejuru y'iby'abandi. Muri urwo rwego, agomba no kureba neza niba umushinga utazasaba ikoranabuhanga n'ibindi bihambaye adafitiye ubushobozi. Ni yo mpamvu agomba kumenya ibi bikurikira: - Agaciro k'ibikoresho biramba n'iby'ibanze; - Imishahara y'abakozi bazakenerwa mu mushinga; - Agaciro k'ibindi bizakenerwa mu mushinga; - N'ibindi. 3.2.2.1.4. Ibiranga umunyamushinga mwiza - Kudatinya gutangira igikorwa gishya abandi batigeze bakora ; - Gushyira mu gaciro : gutangirira ku mushinga muto yiha intego ashobora

kuzageraho; - Kugira umurava : kuba ashobora gukora atizigama kugira ngo intego yiyemeje

azigereho ;

123

- Kuba afite igihe gihagije kugira ngo akurikirane mu buryo buhoraho ibikorwa bye ;

- Kugira ubushishozi mu kuyobora imirimo y'abakozi ; - KugIra gahunda mu icungamutungo yuzuza ibitabo byabugenewe ; - Gukomera ku ntego yiyemeje : akomeza gukora n'iyo yahura n'ingorane ; - Kuzigama amafaranga kabone n'iyo yaba agomba kwiyima ibyo yifuza ; - KugIra urugwiro. 3.2.3. Itegurwa ry'umushinga Iyo umaze guhitamo igitekerezo cy'umushinga, intambwe ikurikira ni iyo gutegura umushinga. Mu itegurwa ry'umushinga, higwa mu buryo busesuye ingingo zikurikira: - Isoko ry'umushinga; - Ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'umushinga; - Gahunda yo gushora no gukoresha imari 3.2.3.1. Kwiga Isoko ry'umushinga Kwiga Isoko ry'umushinga bisaba gusesengura: - Ingano n'ubushobozi bw'abaguzi; - Abakora ibisa n'ibyo umushinga uteganya gukora bari mu karere; - Ingamba zo kugurisha ibicuruzwa. 3.2.3.1.1. Umubare w'abaguzi n'ubushobozi bwabo KugIra ngo umushinga ushobore kubyara inyungu, ni ngombwa ko ibicuruzwa biba bifite abaguzi bahagije kandi bafite n'ubushobozi bwo kubihaha. KugIra ngo bimenyekane, ni ngombwa kwibaza ibibazo bikurikira: - Ni ibiki bizakorwa cyangwa bizacuruzwa ? - Ni bande bazabigura ? - Batuye hehe ? Kugera aho umushinga ukorera biraborohera ? - Bagura ibingana iki mu cyumweru cyangwa mu kwezi ? - Bafite ubushobozi bwo guhahira umushinga mu buryo buhoraho ? Kugira ngo haboneke ibisubizo kuri ibi bibazo, bisaba kuganira n'abandi bahari bakora nk'ibyo umushinga uteganya gukora ndetse n'abashobora kubigura. 3.2.3.1.2. Abakora nk'ibyo umushinga wateganyije Ku bakora nk'ibyo umushinga wateganije hibazwa ibibazo bikurikira - Hari abakora nk'ibyo umushinga uteganya bari mu Karere ? - Bangana iki ? - Imirimo yabo iragenda neza ? - Hari abaguzi bahagije ku buryo bagurira abantu bose bakora nk' ibyo

umushinga uteganya ? - Ni iki cyemeza ko ari uwo mushinga abaguzi bazahitamo ?

124

- Amasaha yo gutangira no guhagarika akazi ni ayahe ? - Ibicuruzwa bifite irihe reme ? bizacururizwa he ? bizapfunyikwa mu ki Abaguzi bazakirwa bate ? bizagirirwa isuku bite ? Kugira ngo haboneke ibisubizo kuri ibi bibazo, ni ngombwa gusura abasanzwe bakora nk'ibyo umushinga uteganya, kwitegereza uburyo bakora no kuganira nabo. 3.2.3.1. Ingamba zo kugurisha umusaruro cyangwa ibyaranguwe Bitewe n'uko akenshi umushinga uba ukorera mu karere nyirawo azwimo kandi ukaba unakemura ibibazo by'abagatuye, igikunze kugaragara ni uko nta ngamba zihariye zo kugurisha ibicuruzwa zikunze kwitabwaho. Ibyo bikagira ingaruka ku myungukire y'umushinga. Kubera iyo mpamvu, umushinga wagombye gutangirana ingamba zihamye zo kugurisha ibicuruzwa byawo, usesengura ibirebana n'ibi bikurikira: - Igicuruzwa ubwacyo ; - Aho kizagurushirizwa ; - Igiciro ; - Imenyekanisha ry'ibicuruzwa.

Igicuruzwa Igicuruzwa kigomba kutanyurana n'ibyifuzo by'abaguzi. Kugira ngo ubucuruzi bukurure abaguzi benshi, ni ngombwa kwita by'umwihariko ku byo bakunda : ireme, ingano, amabara, izina n' ibindi. Ahagurishirizwa Gutanga igicuruzwa kinyuze abaguzi ku giciro cyiza ntibihagije, kigomba kuboneka ahantu heza, hafite isuku kandi abaguzi bagera nta mbogamizi.

Igiciro Kuba igicuruzwa kinyuze abaguzi ntibihagije; kigomba kuba gifite Igiciro kitari hejuru y'icy'abandi; ndetse bishobotse kikaba munsi, ariko ibyo bigakorwa byitondewe kugira ngo hatabamo guhomba.

Kumenyekanisha ibicuruzwa Nta gutegereza ko abaguzi bimenyera aho ibintu bicururizwa. Nyirabyo agomba kumenyekanisha ibicuruzwa bye, akabitaka ku buryo abikundisha abaguzi. Imenyekanisha rishobora gukorwa mu buryo bw'amatangazo anyuzwa kuri radiyo, televiziyo, mu binyamakuru, mu nama z'abaturage cyangwa mu buryo bworoheje bw'ibyapa bishyirwa imbere cyangwa hafi y'aho ibicuruzwa biri.

Ingero - Hano hari icyuma gisya neza ;

125

- Hano tugurisha amamesa meza cyane ; - Tugurisha ikigage cyiza cyane. 3.2.4. Ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'umushinga Ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'umushinga ritateguwe neza rikunze kuba intandaro yo guhomba, n'iyo waba warashishoje neza, umushinga wawe ndetse ukaba ufite n'isoko rihagije. Bityo ni ngombwa: - Guhitamo neza aho umushinga uzakorera ; - Guteganya ibizakenerwa n'umushinga ; - Gusesengura gahunda z'imirimo, kuyikurikirana no gushyiraho uburyo bwo

guhuza ibikorwa ; - Guteganya imikoreshereze n'imicungire y'umutungo w'umushinga. 3.2.4.1. Guhitamo aho umushinga uzakorera Mbere yo guhitamo aho umushinga uzakorera, birakwiye gutekereza ku byangombwa bikenewe, bitewe n'imirimo izakorwa ndetse no kwibaza ibibazo bikurikira:

- Abazakorana n'umushinga (abakozi, abaguzi) baherereye he ? - Ibikoresho cyangwa ibicuruzwa bizarangurwa he? Bizagera bite aho

umushinga uzakorera? - Ni hehe haboneka ibindi byafasha umushinga: amazi, amashanyarazi, ikibanza, isambu, urwuri?

N'ubwo bitoroshye kuzuza ibisabwa byose, nyir'umushinga agerageza guhitamo aho abona byiganje. 3.2.4.2. Gusesengura ibizakenerwa n'umushinga Umushinga mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa bya wo ukenera ibintu byinshi; nyir'umushinga akwiye kubiteganya yibaza ku byo umushinga we ukeneye: Ingero: Isambu:

- Hakenewe isambu, imirima, urwuri imusozi cyangwa mu gishanga?

- Irahari, izakodeshwa cyangwa izagurwa? - Igomba kuba yabonetse ryari?

Ubwubatsi - Amazu arahari, azatirwa, azubakwa, azakodeshwa ? - Amazu angana iki, yubatswe mu bihe bikoresho ?

Ibikoresho

126

- Ni ibihe? Bingana iki ? - Biboneka he ? Ku kihe giciro ? 3.2.4.3. Uko gahunda y'imirimo y'umushinga iteye Bisaba kugaragaza : - Urutonde rw'imirimo y'umushinga n'uko ikurikirana; - Ibizakenerwa kuri buri murimo uteganyijwe; - Ingengabihe y'imirimo n'igihe buri wose uzamara; - Abazabishingwa n'ubushobozi bakwiye kuba bafite; - Uburyo bwo gukurikirana no guhuza imirimo y'umushinga, n'uzabishingwa. 3.2.4.4. Guteganya imicungire y'umutungo w'umushinga Kudatandukanya umutungo bwite wa nyir'umushinga n'uw'umushinga ni imwe mu ntandaro zo guhomba. Usesengura umushinga agomba guteganya imikoreshereze n'imicungire y'umutungo uramba, imisaruro, ibicuruzwa n'imari yibaza ibibazo bikurikira - Umutungo w'umushinga ukeneye kuzacungwa ni uwuhe? - Uzacungwa na nde? Ute ? Yifashishije iki ? - Stoki z'ibikoreshwa bitanga umusaruro n'ibicuruzwa zizakenera gusimburwa

ryari? 3.2.4.5. Guhuza imirimo y'umushinga Umushinga uhuza abantu b'ingeri nyinshi (abakozi, abakiriya, abapiganwa nawo}, ukenera ibikoresho byinshi, ugakora imirimo itandukanye. Kubera izo mpamvu, nyir'umushinga agomba kwiyemeza guhuza ibikorwa by'umushinga. Iyo adashoboye kuboneka, agomba gutoranya umuntu uzashingwa iyo mirimo kandi ufite ubushobozi n'ubushake. Mu ishyirahamwe, uwo murimo ushobora gushingwa akanama ncungamutungo karimo abantu bake mu bagize inama y'ubutegetsi, bakayoborwa n'umujyanama ushinzwe imirimo. 3.2.5. Gahunda yo gushora no gukoresha imari y'umushinga Nyuma yo kwiga ibijyanye n'isoko ry'umushinga no kuwuteganyiriza ibikoresho, imirimo n'abazayikora; icyiciro gikurikiyeho ni ukuwubarira ibizawutangangwaho n'ibyo uzinjiza. 3.2.5.1. Iteganya ry'imari ntangiramushinga Guteganya ibizatangwa ku mushinga mu itangizwa ryawo n'aho bizaturuka bisaba kwibaza ibibazo bikurikira: Umushinga uzasaba iki? Uzasaba ibingana iki? Bifite akahe gaciro fatizo? Ni ukurondora ibizakenerwa byose: Umubare kuri buri bwoko kimwe n'agaciro fatizo kabyo. 3.2.5.2. Iteganya ry'aho imari y'umushinga izaturuka

127

Iyo imari ikenewe imaze kugaragazwa, nyir'umushinga agomba kwibaza aho izaturuka. Ibyo bisaba kugaragaza:

3.2.5.2.1. Uruhare rwe rushobora kuba rushingiye kuri ibi bikurikira: - Agaciro k'ibikoresho, inzu n'izindi nyubako asanganywe; - Agacfro k'imirimo azikorera mu mushinga niba nta gihembo yigeneye; - Imari bwite yiteguye gushora mu bikorwa byateganyijwe.

3.2.5.2.2. Inkunga yizeye cyane cyane ahereye hafi y'aho umushinga uzakorera

Si ngombwa rero guhita atekereza abaterankunga ba kure cyangwa bazwiho kuba bashyigikira ibikorwa by'amajyambere kuko badatanga byose ahubwo ayiteganya ahereye hafi y'aho umushinga uzakorera. Urugero: Akarere, umuryango nterankunga ukorera mu Karere, abihayimana,.. .

3.2.5.2.3. Inguzanyo ikenewe hakurikijwe igice cy'imari itaraboneka Nyuma yo kugaragaza Inguzanyo ikenewe, ni ngombwa kwibaza aho izasabwa, ibisabwa uguza, uburyo n'igihe Inguzanyo izishyurirwa.

3.2.5.2.4. Gutegura isimbura ry'umutungo w'ibiramba ari byo bita ubwisazure

Amazu n'ibikoresho by'umushinga bigomba guteganyirizwa gusimburwa igihe bizaba byashaje. Kubera izo mpamvu, buri kwezi hagomba kubarwa agaciro bitakaza bahereye ku gaciro bifite mu ntangiriro z'umushinga n'igihe bateganya ko byamara. Bisaba kwifashisha ibigereranyo by'ishami rishinzwe imisoro ryo muri Minisiteri y'Imari n'Igenamigambi bikurikira:

Umutungo ubarirwa b i

Imyaka bawubarira

Ijanisha ry'ubwisazure

Amazu yubatswe mu bikoresho bikomeye (amatafari ahiye) 20 5%

Amazu yubatswe muri rukarakara, ibiti, ibikoresho bikoze mu biti, imashini n'ibindi

10 10%

Ibikoresho byo mu biro, byo mu Mangazini 5 20%

Amamodoka, amapikipiki 4 25% Udukoresho duciriritse 3 33%

3.2.5.2.5. Guteganya gahunda yo kwishyura Inguzanyo Nk'uko byagaragaye mu isesengura ry'aho imari izaturuka, ni ngombwa ko nyir'umushinga asaba Inguzanyo kugira ngo abone imari ihagije yo gushora. Akurikije ibisabwa, agomba guteganya gahunda y'uburyo azishyura Inguzanyo igeretseho inyungu yumvikanyweho mu masezerano.

128

3.2.5.2.6. Guteganya imyungukire y'umushinga

Ni ngombwa kwibaza ibi bibazo bikurikira:

- Uko bizakorwa ku buryo haboneka inyungu; - Ibizatuma inyungu yabonetse mu mushinga imenyekana.

Kugira ngo ibyo bigerweho, bisaba kubara ibyo umushinga utwara n'ibyo winjiza mu

kwezi cyangwa mu mwaka no kubigereranya. Si ngombwa kureba inyungu y'ako kanya nyir'umushinga agomba no guteganya imikoreshereze y' imari ku gihe kirekire kuko ariho imyungukire y'umushinga ishobora kugaragara. Nyir'umushinga, akurikije imyungukire igaragazwa n'igereranya ry'imari yinjiye n'amafaranga yasohotse, afata

ibyemezo byo kugira ibyo ahindura byatuma umushinga wunguka kurushaho. Muri ibyo harimo:

- Gushakisha uburyo ikiranguzo cyagabanuka, atoranya isoko ryiza azaranguriramo; - Kugabanya imari itangwa ku mirimo ya buri munsi y'umushinga; - Gushakisha ibindi byinjiza imari bitajyanye n'imirimo y'ibanze y' umushinga; - Gushakisha isoko ryiza ryo kugurishirizamo umusaruro ku giciro cyiza no ku bantu benshi

129

IGICE CYA 4: POLITIKI YO KWEGEREZA UBUSHOBOZI ABATURAGE (Fiscal Decentralisation Policy)

Nk'uko tumaze kubibona haruguru, biragaragara ko politiki y'amajyambere abaturage bagizemo uruhare itashoboka inzego zegereye abaturage zidahawe ubushobozi kugirango zishobore kurangiza inshingano zahawe cyane cyane izirebana n'iterambere ry'abaturage. Niyo mpamvu hashyizweho politiki yo kwegereza ubushobozi abaturage igamije kwegereza no guha inzego zegereye abaturage uburyo bwo kwishakira umutungo no kuwicungira. 4.1. Intego za politiki yo kwegereza ubushobozi abaturage 4.1.1. Intego rusange Guha ubuyobozi bw'Uturere/Imijyi n'Umujyi wa Kigali ubushobozi buhagije kugira ngo bubashe karangiza inshingano zabwo. 4.1.2. Intego zihariye - Gushyigikira no guha ubuyobozi bw'Uturere/Imijyi n'Umujyi wa Kigali uburenganzira bwo kwishakira umutungo no kuwicungira; - Gushyigikira iterambere ry'Uturere/Imijyi n'Umujyi wa Kigali kugira ngo

hatagira Uturere n'Imijyi bisigara inyuma cyane, bityo tukadindiza amajyamberere mu gihugu cyose.

4.2. Ingamba za politiki yo kwegereza abaturage ubushobozi Mu rwego rwo gushyira mu bikorwa politiki yo kwegereza ubushobozi abaturage, byabaye ngombwa ko ingamba zikurikira zifatwa: 4.2.1. Kongerera Uturere/Imijyi n'Umujyi wa Kigali uburyo byakoresha mu gushakisha umutungo wabyo bwite Ibi bizakorwa mu buryo bukurikira: - Guha Uturere/Imijyi uburenganzira bwo kwishyiriraho ikigereranyo

cy'umusoro n'amahoro hatirengangijwe amategeko. Ibi bizajya bituma Uturere, Imijyi n'Umujyi wa Kigali bishyiraho ikigereranyo kijyanye n'igihe ndetse n'ubushobozi bw'abasoreshwa.

- Kongerera Uturere, Imijyi n'Umujyi wa Kigali ubushobozi bwo kugena imisoro hakurikijwe ibikorwa Uturere /Imijyi bikorera abaturage.

- Kwegurira Uturere, Imijyi n'Umujyi wa Kigali imisoro imwe yakirwaga ku rwego rw'Igihugu (umusoro w'ipatante, umusoro ku bukode, umusoro ku mutungo utimukanwa,...).

130

4.2.2. Gushyiraho Uburyo bwo Gutsura Amajyambere mu Turere no mu Mijyi Birumvikana ko amafaranga azajya akomoka mu misoro n'amahoro azaba adahagije cyane cyane mu bikorwa birebana n'ingengo y'imari y'amajyambere. Ni ngombwa rero ko hashakishwa ubundi buryo bwo guteza imbere amajyambere mu Turere /Imijyi n'Umujyi wa Kigali. Ubwo buryo buzibanda cyane ku nguzanyo no ku nkunga zaba iza Leta cyangwa iz'abandi baterankunga. 4.2.3. Gushyiraho Ikigega Rusange gishinzwe gutera inkunga Uturere/Imijyi Hateganyijwe ko muri iki Kigega Leta izajya ishyiramo 10% by'amafaranga yinjira mu isanduku ya Leta ku ngengo y'imari yayo isanzwe buri mwaka. Imibare y'amafaranga ajya muri icyo kigega izajya ishingira ku mafaranga Leta yinjije mu mwaka ushize. Abaterankunga nabo bazashishikarizwa kunyuza inkunga zabo muri iki kigega. Inkunga z'ikigega zizakoreshwa mu bikorwa by'amajyambere gusa. Ubukene bw'Uturere, Imijyi n'Umujyi wa Kigali buzaba muri bimwe byitabwaho igihe cy'isaranganywa ry'inkunga y'ikigega rusange. 4.2.4. Kongerera imbaraga icunga mutungo n'Imari by'Uturere/Umujyi ndetse n'Umujyi wa Kigali n'igenzura ry'umutungo Kugira ngo icungamutungo n'imari birusheho gukorwa neza kandi bikorerwe mu mucyo, ni ngombwa ko uburyo bwo gucunga umutungo n'imari bikoreshwa mu Turere, Imijyi n'Umujyi wa Kigali bwavugururwa bityo bugahabwa ingufu. Biteganyijwe ko bizakorwa mu buryo bukurikira:

- Gushyiraho no guha imbaraga igenzura mu Turere, Imijyi n'Umujyi wa Kigali. Ibyo bizakorwa binyuze mu nzira zikurikira:

• Gushyiraho ibiro by'Umugenzuzi w'imari mu Karere/Umujyi; • Guha imbaraga igenzura ku rwego rw'Intara n'Umujyi wa Kigali kandi iri

genzura rigakorerwa Uturere n'Imijyi buri gihe; • Kwifashisha ibiro by'Umugenzuzi w'imari ya Leta "Auditor General"; • Guha imbaraga n'ubushobozi Uturere, Imijyi n'Umujyi wa Kigali mu

kwitegurira gahunda z'amajyambere z'igihe kirekire. 4.3. Amategeko politiki yo kwegereza abaturage ubushobozi igenderaho Kugira ngo ingamba za Politiki yo kwegereza ubushobozi abaturage zishyirwe mu bikorwa hari amategeko yashyizweho. Ayo mategeko ni aya: - Itegeko rishyiraho inkomoko y'imari n'umutungo by'Uturere, Imijyi n'Umujyi wa Kigali kandi rigena imikoreshereze yabyo. - Itegeko rishyiraho kandi rigena imikorere n'imitunganyirize y'Ikigega Rusange cya Leta gitsura Amajyambere y'Uturere, Imijyi n'Umujyi wa Kigali.

131

4.3.1. Itegeko ry'inkomoko y'umutungo w'Uturere, Imijyi n'Umujyi wa Kigali Muri rusange, Itegeko ry'Inkomoko y'Umutungo w'Uturere, n'Imijyi n'Umujyi wa Kigali ryegurira Uturere, Imijyi n'Umujyi wa Kigali imwe mu misoro yakirwaga ku rwego rw'Igihugu. Iyo misoro ni iyi: - Umusoro ku mutungo utimukanwa; - Umusoro w'Ipatanti; - Umusoro ku bukode 4.3.1.1. Umusoro ku mutungo utimukanwa Umusoro ku mutungo utimukanwa ni umusoro ku butaka. Ubutaka busoreshwa bukaba bugabanyijemo ibice bitatu: - Ubutaka bwubatsweho; - Ubutaka bw'ahatubatse; - Ubutaka bw'ahagenewe gucukurwa amabuye y'agaciro cyangwa umusenyi. Umusoro ku butaka bwubatse ubarwa hakurikijwe ubuso bw'ahubatse (m2). Ubuso bw'ahubatse bwose buteranyirizwa hamwe, igiteranyo kikagenerwa ikigereranyo cy'umusoro n'Inama Njyanama. Ibipimo ntarengwa byashyizweho n'itegeko. Ubuso bw'amabaraza n'ibirongozi bibarirwa mu buso bwubatseho. Ubuso bw'amazu y'amagorofa buteranyirizwa hamwe bugasoreshwa. Igorofa ya mbere isonerwa ku kigerenyo cya 50%, iya kabiri isonerwa ku kigereranyo cya 75%, igorofa ya gatatu yo ntisora. Ku muntu wubatse ajya mu kuzimu, ibice by'inzu biri mu kuzimu byose bisonerwa umusoro. Gusonera ubutaka bwubatsweho bigenwa n'itegeko. Umusoro ku butaka bw'ahatubatse nawo ubarwa kuri metero kare (m2) nanone ukagenwa n'Inama Njyanama itirengagije ibipimo ntarengwa bishyirwaho n'itegeko. Ku byerekeye amasambu yubatswemo amazu, ubuso bw'ahatubatse busoreshwa, butangwa n'ikinyuranyo hagati y'ubuso bwose bw'isambu inshuro ebyiri z'ubuso bwubatsweho.Uko ubutaka butubatseho busonerwa nabyo bigenwa n'itegeko. Umusoro ku butaka bw'ahagenewe gucukurwa amabuye y'agaciro, amabuye cyangwa umusenyi nawo ubarwa kuri metero kare (m2). Ikigereranyo cy'umusoro kigenwa n'Inama Njyanama hatirengagijwe ibipimo ntarengwa bigenwa n'itegeko. 4.3.1.2 Umusoro w’Ipatanti Umusoro w'Ipatanti ugenwa hakurikijwe ipatanti y'ifatizo (P), ahantu ibisoreshwa biri n'ubwoko bwabyo. Ipantanti y'ifatizo igenwa n'Inama Njyanama imaze gusuzuma ubushobozi bw'abaturage ariko ntishobora kurenga amafaranga ibihumbi bibiri (2000 Frw).

132

Imbonerahamwe ikurikira irerekana uburyo umusoro w'ipatanti ugenwa

Ubwoko bw'ibikorwa Ipatanti Akarere Umujyi Umujyi wa Bisoreshwa y'ifatizo ‘P' k'icyaro Kigali A) Umucuruzi udafite iduka, PA 1 PA 2PA 2PAabanyabukorikori badafite imashini, abatwara abantu

n'ibintu ku mapikipiki

B) Ubucuruzi, Ubukorikori PB SPB 1 OPB 20PB bwifashisha imashini, C) Ubwikorezi bwose PC 10 PC 10 PC 10 PC Buri butavuzwe muri A Buri Buri modoka modoka modoka D) Amahoteri PD SPD 30PD 100PD E) Imirimo y'ubwenge usoreshwa yigengaho, PE 10 PE 20PE 20PE Imirimo ikorerwa abandi n'ibindi bisa F) Inganda, gutumiza no PF 120 PF 120PF 120PF kohereza ibintu mu mahanga G) Imirimo y'ubwishingizi, PG 30 P 100P 100P iy'amabanki n'indi isa nayo

Buri kigo kigomba kwishyura umusoro w'Ipatanti. Ku mirimo itari iy'ubwikorezi ku gika cya C cy'iyi mbonerahamwe, ipatanti yongerwaho IOP kuri buri modoka iyo ariyo yose igendeshwa na moteri ikoreshwa imirimo izana inyungu. 4.3.1.2. Umusoro ku nyungu z'ubukode Ishingiro ry'umusoro

Ni umusoro wakwa ku nyungu zikomoka ku bukode bw'amazu n'ubutaka biri mu Rwanda hatitawe ku gihugu bene kuzibona batuyemo cyangwa bacumbitsemo. Uyu musoro wakwa: - Ku mutungo ukomoka ku mazu n'ubutaka bikodeshwa; - Ku mutungo uvanguye ubonwa n'ukodesha ibikodeshanyo, byaba byose

cyangwa igice cyabyo.

133

Mu mutungo uvanguye hashobora no kubamo ubukode bw'ibikoresho byimukanwa nk'amamashini, amatungo n'ibindi bikoresho bishobora gukodeshwa. Inyungu ivanguye iboneka bavanye mu nyungu ivanze agaciro k'ibyatanzwe ku bikodeshwa byishingiwe n'uhabwa inyungu kangana na 30% z'inyungu ivanze. Iyo uhabwa inyungu z'ubukode ashoboye kwerekana ko yishyura banki kubera umwenda yafashe agura cyangwa yubaka igikodeshwa runaka agomba gutangira umusoro w'ubukode, icyo gihe inyungu isoreshwa iboneka bavanye mu nyungu ivanze agaciro gahwanye na 50% y'inyungu ivanze. Inyungu ivanze igizwe n'umubare ukomatanije w'amafaranga akomoka kuri ibi bikurikira: - Ubukode ; - imisoro y'ubwoko bwose itanzwe n'ukodesha, mu kigwi cya nyirugukodeshwa; - Ibyakozwe byose n'ukodesha usibye ibijyanye n'isana risanzwe rijyana

n'ubukode, bigiriwe nyirugukodesha biturutse cyangwa bidaturutse ku byemeranyijwe mu ikodeshwa ry'inzu.

Abagomba gusora

Abagomba gusora ni aba bakurikira: - Nyirubwite, nyirubwitirirwe cyangwa nyiruburagizwe ku kintu kitimukanwa; - Uhabwa inyungu y'ukuri ku ikodesha ry'amazu, ubutaka n'ibindi bikodeshanyo.

Kubara umusoro Inama Njyanama ya buri Karere cyangwa Umujyi ishyiraho ikigereranyo cy'umusoro ku nyungu z'ubukode ikurikije ibiteganywa bikurikira: - Igice cya mbere cy'inyungu kuva kuri 0 kugeza 60000 Frw ntigisoreshwa; - 10 % ku gice cy'inyungu kuva 60.001 Frw kugeza ku 180.000 Frw; - 15% ku gice cy'inyungu kuva 180.001 Frw kugeza ku 300.000 Frw; - 20% ku gice cy'inyungu kuva 300.001 Frw kugeza 600. 000 Frw ; - 25% ku gice cy'inyungu kuva 600.001 Frw kugeza 1 000.000 Frw; - 30% ku mafaranga arengaho.

Icyitonderwa Uretse imisoro Uturere n'Imijyi cyangwa Umujyi wa Kigali bihabwa n'itegeko ry'inkomoko y'umutungo, iri tegeko na none rigena ko 1.5% by'amafaranga yinjira mu isanduku ya Leta ku ngengo y'imari yayo isanzwe buri mwaka, azajya agabanywa Uturere, Imijyi n'Umujyi wa Kigali kugira ngo yunganire izi nzego mu ngengo y'imari yazo isanzwe. 4.3.2. Ikigega Rusange gitsura amajyambere

134

Nk'uko byavuzwe haruguru, politiki yo kwegereza ubushobozi abaturage iteganya ko hazashyirwaho Ikigega Rusange gitsura amajyambere y'Uturere, Imijyi n'Umujyi wa Kigali. Ni muri urwo rwego, itegeko ryashyizweho. Muri iki kigega, hateganyijwe ko hazajya hashyirwamo 10% by'amafaranga yinjira mu isanduku ya Leta ku ngengo y'imari yayo isanzwe buri mwaka. Ibarura ry'ayo mafaranga rizajya rishingira ku mafaranga yinjiye umwaka ushize. 4.3.2.1. Isaranganywa ry'inkunga y'Ikigega Rusange gitsura amajyambere Isaranganywa ry'inkunga y'Ikigega Rusange gitsura amajyambere mu Turere, mu Mijyi no mu Mujyi wa Kigali rigenwa n'Inama y'Ubutegetsi, kopi y'ibyemezo by'Inama igashyikirizwa Minisitiri ufite Ikigega mu nshingano ze. Mu mwaka wa 2002 hateganyijwe ko isaranganywa ry'inkunga y'Ikigega rizashingira ku bintu bitatu bikurikira: - Umubare w'abaturage batuye Akarere cyangwa Umujyi; - Ubukene bw'Akarere cyangwa Umujyi; - Amafaranga azagabanywa Uturere n'Imijyi ku buryo bungana. Ibimaze kuvugwa haruguru bizafasha kugena umubare w'amafaranga ntarengwa buri Karere cyangwa Umujyi bizahabwa. Birumvikana ko inkunga y'Ikigega Rusange gitsura amajyambere izajya ikoreshwa mu bikorwa by'amajyambere gusa. Imishinga izaterwa inkunga igomba kuba yizwe neza kandi yujuje ibyangombwa bindi bisabwa. 4.3.2.2. Imikorere y' Ikigega Rusange gitsura amajyambere Nk'uko bigaragara mu gishushanyo kiri ku mugereka, ni ngombwa ko ibikurikira bikorwa: - Imishinga irategurwa ikemezwa n'Inama Njyanama y'Akarere, Umijyi n'Umujyi

wa Kigali. - Imishinga ivuye mu Turere, Imijyi ikusanyirizwa ku Ntara n'Umujyi wa Kigali.

Komite Mpuzabikorwa y'Intara cyangwa Inama Njyanama y'Umujyi wa Kigali ikayisuzuma kandi ikagira icyo iyivugaho.

- lmishinga ivuye ku Ntara ijya mu buyobozi bw'Ikigega Rusange gitsura amajyambere, bukayisuzuma, bukayikorera raporo hanyuma bukayohereza mu Nama y'Ubutegetsi.

- Inama y'Ubutegetsi ni yo ifata imyanzuro ku mishinga izaterwa inkunga n'Ikigega. Ibyemezo by'Inama y'Ubutegetsi bishyikirizwa Minisitiri ufite Ikigega mu shingano ze.

- Inama y'Ubutegetsi nyuma yo kwemeza imishinga, yandikira Minisitiri ufite imari mu nshingano ze imusaba kwoherereza Uturere, Imijyi n'Umujyi wa Kigali amafaranga y'imishinga yemejwe .

- Iyo amafaranga ageze mu Turere, Imijyi n'Umujyi wa Kigali afungurirwa konti yayo. Raporo zisobanura uko amafaranga yakoreshejwe zohererezwa Komite Mpuzabikorwa y'Intara n'Inama Njyanama y'Umujyi wa Kigali kopi

135

zikohererezwa Ubuyobozi bw'Ikigega, Inama y'Ubutegetsi, Minisitiri ufite Ikigega mu nshingano ze na Minisitiri ufite imari mu nshingano ze.

- Amafaranga y'imishinga azajya yohererezwa Uturere, Imijyi n'Umujyi wa Kigali mu byiciro.

Akarere, Imijyi n'Umujyi wa Kigali bitazatanga raporo isobanura imikoreshereze y'amafaranga bahawe, nta yandi mafaranga bashobora guhabwa kugeza igihe raporo itangiwe. 4.3.2.3 Uruhare rw'inzego zitandukanye mu gikorwa cyo kwegereza Ubushobozi Abaturage. Buri rwego rw'ubuyobozi rugomba kugira uruhare rugaragara mu gikorwa cyo kwegereza ubushobozi abaturage. - Leta isabwa kubahiriza ibyo yasezeranyije Uturere, Imijyi n'Umujyi wa Kigali,

cyane cyane mu bijyanye n'inkunga ibagenera kandi bigakorerwa igihe, kuko iyo inkunga itabonekeye igihe, imirimo yose idindira bityo, ibyo ubuyobozi bwagombaga kugeza ku baturage ntibigerweho.

- Ubuyobozi bw'Uturere, Imijyi n'Umujyi wa Kigali bugomba gukora ibishoboka

byose kugira ngo burangize inshingano zabwo bukoresha inzira zose zishoboka kandi zemewe n'amategeko, mu gushakisha umutungo. N'ubwo itegeko ryemerera Uturere n'Imijyi kwishyiriraho ibigereranyo by'imusoro n'amahoro, ntibakwiriye kubihanika cyane kuko bibaye bityo abasoreshwa benshi ntibasora.

Ikindi ni uko ubuyobozi bugomba gushishikariza abasoreshwa kwitabira gusora, babereka impamvu bugomba gusora. Ubuyobozi bugomba kureba ko ibirarane by'imisoro bikurikiranwa kandi bikinjizwa mw'isanduku y'Akarere, Umujyi n'Umujyi wa Kigali. Ubuyobozi bugomba gukora ibishoboka byose kugira ngo bukorere abaturage ibyo bifuza. Ibi ni nabyo bizashishikariza abaturage gutanga imisoro. Ku bijyanye n'inkunga Leta iha Uturere, Imujyi n'Umijyi wa Kigali, ubuyobozi bw' izi nzego bugomba kubahiriza ibyo Leta isaba, nko gucunga amafaranga bahawe neza, gutangira raporo igihe n'ibindi. - Ubuyobozi bw'inzego z'ibanze nabwo busabwa gukorana umurava mu

gukangurira abaturage kwinjiza imisoro n'amahôro yatangwa ku rwego rw'Igihugu ubu ikaba yareguriwe Uturere/Imij yi.

- Umuturage nawe agomba kugira uruhare rugaragara mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa

rya gahunda yo kwegereza abaturage ubushobozi, yitabira gutanga imisoro n'amahôro asabwa n'amategeko.

136

UMUGEREKA

Imikorere y'Ikigega Rusange Gitsura Amajyambere

137

IGICE CYA 5 IMITERERE, IMIKORERE N'IMICUNGIRE Y'IKIGEGA GITSURA AMAJYAMBERE Y'ABATURAGE (FDC).

Kugirango imishinga yateguwe ishobore gushyirwa mu bikorwa, bumwe mu buryo bwateganijwe ni Ikigega Gitsura Amajyambere y'Uturere Ikigega gitsura amajyambere y'Uturere n'Imijyi ni Ikigega kiri ku rwego rw'Akarere cyangwa Umujyi kikaba kinyuzwamo amafaranga yose agenewe ingengo y'imari y'amajyambere. Iki kigega cyashyizweho n'iteka rya minisitiri n°003/07.05 ryo kuwa 22/03/2002 rigena imikorere n'imitunganyirize ya Komite ishinzwe Amajyambere y'Uturere cyangwa Imijyi mu mutwe waryo wa kane. Icyo kigega cyashyiriweho gufasha CDC mu guhuza ibikorwa by'amajyambere kugira ngo bigirire akamaro abaturage kandi nabo babigiremo uruhare rugaragara. 5.1. Imiterere y'ikigega gitsura amajyambere 5.1.1. Inkomoko y'umutungo w'Ikigega. Amafaranga ashyirwa mu Kigega ashobora guturuka aha hakurikira: - Ingengo y'imari y'Akarere cyangwa Umujyi igenewe amajyambere; - Imishinga Minisiteri zishyigikirwamo n'abaterankunga banyuranye igamije

guteza imbere icyaro; - Ubufatanye (Jumelage); - Umugabane ukomoka ku musaruro bwite wa Leta, Akarere cyangwa Umujyi

kugira ngo birusheho kwiteza imbere; - Inkunga zikomoka muri Ambassade, imiryango itagengwa na Leta; imishinga

y'amajyambere, amadini n'ibindi; - Ikigega binyuranye bishyirwaho na Minisiteri nk'icy'abari n'abategarugori; - Uruhare rw'abaturage mu bikorwa by'amajyambere n'ibindi. 5.1.2. Akamaro k'Ikigega gitsura amajyambere y'abaturage Ikigega gitsura amajyambere gituma: - Imicungire y'imishinga iva kuri Minisiteri igakorerwa mu Karere cyangwa mu

Mujyi; - Abakozi b'umushinga babishoboye bazaba begereye abaturage aho kwibera i

Kigali maze bakabafasha no mu bindi; - Imishahara ihanitse n'ibikoresho bihenze n'ibigenda ku ngendo z'urujya

n'uruza hagati ya Minisiteri n'Akarere cyangwa Umujyi bizagabanuka cyangwa biveho;

- Imiryango nyarwanda itagengwa na Leta cyangwa ibindi bigo bizarushaho gukorera neza abaturage mu gihe bizaba bibegereye;

- Umutungo n'inkunga bizasaranganywa Uturere n'Imijyi ku buryo tuzazamukira rimwe kandi n'amafaranga aboneke mu cyaro hose;

- Minisiteri zizava mu byo gucunga amafaranga y'imishinga, zisigarane uruhare rwo gushakira inkunga Ikigega no gukurikirana uko zikoreshwa;

- Abaterankunga bazabona koko inzira yo kwegereza abaturage inkunga bifuza bidaheze hejuru, muri Minisiteri cyangwa mu bakozi b'imishinga.

138

- Amafaranga azagenda ku bakozi bazafasha abaturage gushyira mu bikorwa imishinga yabo n'ibikoresho bizakenerwa ntibigomba kurenga 15% (frais de fonctionnement) y'ingengo y'imari y'umushinga mu micungire yawo.

- 85% by'amafaranga yagenewe umushinga agomba kugera ku baturage haba mu bikorwa bifatika ubagezaho, mu mahugurwa cyangwa mu kubongerera ubumenyi bwo kwigeza ku byo batari bashoboye.

- Iki kigega gishobora kugira imirongo itandukanye, ku ngengo y'imari bitewe n'abatanze inkunga n'icyo zigenewe. Ibi bigomba kubohererezwa mu gihe cy'ishyirwa mu bikorwa kandi bigatangirwa raporo zitandukanye.

- Uburyo bw'imicungire y'inkunga na bwo bugomba kumvikanwaho: Bushobora kuba buziguye cyangwa se butaziguye.

5.1.3. Ubwoko bw'imishinga iterwa inkunga n'Ikigega Inkunga y'Ikigega igamije cyane cyane: - Kongerera abaturage ubushobozi; - Gushyigikira imishinga mito ibyara inyungu; - Kubaka ibikorwa remezo by'amajyambere; - Gutera inkunga ibikorwa byo gufasha abatishoboye (abamugaye, abacitse ku

icumu, abapfakazi, imfubyi zitishoboye, abana n'abakene badafite uko biga.) 5.1.4. Uko imishinga y'abaturage ishyirwa mu bikorwa Akenshi CDC cyangwa izindi nzego z'ibanze, ntabwo zibasha ubwazo gushyira mu bikorwa imishinga y'abaturage bitewe n'uburemere bwayo. Ni yo mpamvu mu Karere cyangwa Umujyi, haba hari imiryango nyarwanda cyangwa mpuzamahanga itegamiye kuri Leta, amashyirahamwe cyangwa se abikorera ku giti cyabo, bizwiho ubushobozi, akamenyero n'ubushake bwo gukorana n'abaturage mu bijyanye n'iterambere, bizajya bishyira mu bikorwa imishinga hakurikijwe amasezerano yakozwe hagati y'inzego z'ibanze n'abaterankunga bireba. 5.2. Imicungire y'ikigega gitsura amajyambere y'abaturage Ikigega gitsura amajyambere y'abaturage gicungwa na CDC y'Akarere cyangwa Umujyi, hubahirijwe uburyo busanzwe bukoreshwa mu ibaruramari. Umutungo w'Ikigega gitsura amajyambere uri mu byiciro bibiri: - Hari amafaranga agenewe ibikorwa by'amajyambere by'abaturage aba ari kuri

konti agacungwa na CDC ku buryo butaziguye; - Hari kandi n'inkunga y'ibikorwa by'amajyambere itangwa n' abaterankunga

bakayicungira ubwabo ariko ikagaragara mu bitabo by'ibaruramari ry'Ikigega. Ku buryo butaziguye, inkunga icishwa muri icyo kigega kandi igacungirwa hafi na CDC yifashishije umucungamari w'Akarere cyangwa Umujyi. Ku buryo buziguye, icungwa n'uwo muterankunga ariko agaha umucungamari w'Akarere cyangwa Umujyi kopi y'inyandiko zose zirebana n'imikoreshereze y'iyo nkunga kugirango bigaragare mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'ingengo y'imari y'Akarere cyangwa Umujyi.

139

Icyitonderwa: Inkunga yose iri mu kigega igomba gukora gusa icyo yagenewe. Raporo z'uko yakoreshejwe zitangwa mu buryo bwumvikanyweho hagati y' umuterankunga n'uwayisabye.

5.3. Uko Ikigega gitsura amajyambere y'abaturage gikora kuri buri rwego Ikigega gitsura amajyambere kigenewe buri rwego rw'ubuyobozi kuva mu Kagari kugeza mu Karere cyangwa Umujyi. 5.3.1. Urwego rw'Akagari Ikigega gitsura amajyambere gitera inkunga imishinga iciriritse ibyara inyungu mu buryo bw' inguzanyo. Abaturage ku giti cyabo cyangwa amashyirahamwe bategura imishinga ibyara inyungu, bakayigeza muri CDC y'Akagari. Iyo mishinga irazamuka ikagera kuri CDC y'Akarere cyangwa Umujyi nta rwego na rumwe isimbutse . Iyo bigaragaye ko umushinga wizwe neza, uterwa inkunga, naho uwateguwe nabi, usubizwa mu nzego zo hasi, kugira ngo nyirawo yongere awunonosore neza. 5.3.2. Urwego rw'Umurenge Ikigega gitsura amajyambere y'abaturage gitera inkunga imishinga y'ibikorwa remezo by'amajyambere . Mu igenamigambi ry'amajyambere nyaryo, Umurenge uba wagaragaje ibyo bikorwa by'amajyambere bifitiye abaturage bose akamaro nk'amashuri, amasoko, amazi meza, imihanda, amashyamba, amazu y'ubuyobozi n'ibindi. Iyo bimaze gusuzumwa neza bikemezwa ku rwego rw'umurenge n'inzego zose bireba, bishyikirizwa komite Nyobozi y'Akarere cyangwa Umujyi kugira ngo byigwe neza na CDC y'Akarere cyangwa Umujyi, binaterwe inkunga n'ikigega bimaze kwemezwa n'Inama Njyanama. 5.3.3. Urwego rw'Akarere cyangwa Umujyi Imishinga ihakorerwa iterwa inkunga n'ikigega ni iyagirira abaturage benshi akamaro, irenze imbibi n'ubushobozi bw'umurenge . Umuntu yavuga nk'amashuri yisumbuye, ibitaro bikuru, imihanda ihuza imirenge myinshi, ibikorwa by'amazi, imishinga y'igenamigambi ry'amajyambere, kongerera ubumenyi n'ubushobozi abaturage, abakozi n'abayobozi, ubushakashatsi, ibikorwa bihuriweho n'imirenge myinshi, kwigira hamwe n'abaterankunga banyuranye igifitiye Akarere kose akamaro.

140

IGICE CYA 6: URUHARE RW'AMASHYIRAHAMWE N'AMAKOPERATIVE MU ITERAMBERE RY'ABATURAGE N'ubwo abanyarwanda bakunda kwibumbira mu mashyirahamwe n'amakoperative kubera ko bamaze kumenya ko ari imwe mu nzira yabazanira amajyambere, baracyabura ubumenyi bwabafasha kugera neza ku ntego biyemeje. Impamvu zibitera ni ubuke bw'abakozi bamenyereye imikorere yayo n'ubushobozi buke bwo kwikorera amahugurwa. Imiryango y'ubufatanye ni myinshi ariko imikorere n'imikoranire yayo ntirasobanukira abantu benshi ugasanga havuka ibibazo. Byongeye kandi hari imiryango yihaye ububasha bwo gutangiza amashyirahamwe hakanabaho n'ikibazo kijyanye n'uburyo bwo gutera inkunga amashyirahamwe. Muri iyi nyandiko turaza gusobanura itandukaniro ry'iyo miryango nuko yakorana. Ariko imiryango twibandaho cyane n'iy'amashyirahamwe n'amakoperative kuko abanyarwanda ariyo bahisemo kurusha iyindi. 6.1 Umuryango wa koperative 6.1.1. Koperative ni iki ? Umuryango mpuzamahanga w'amakoperative ku isi (International Cooperative Alliance) wemeje ko "Koperative ari umuryango wigenga, ugizwe n'abantu bishyize hamwe ku bushake, kugira ngo babone uko bagera ku byo bakenera mu rwego rw' ubukungu, urw' imibanire y'abantu n'umuco, bakoresheje ikigo gikora imirimo yunguka (entreprise) batunze kandi bayobora ubwabo mu buryo bwa demokarasi". Uyu muryango na none uvuga ko "amakoperative ashingiye ku byiza (values) byo kwifasha, (self help) kwiyitaho, (self responsibility) demokarasi, uburinganire (equality and equity) no kugobokana (solidarity). Amakoperative kandi yemera ubupfura bwo kuba umunyakuri (honesty) kuvuga icyo utekereza (openness) no kwita ku mryango mugari w'akarere cyangwa igihugu (social responsibility and caring for others)". Itandukaniro ry'ubufatanye bwahozeho kera n'umuryango wa koperative w'ubu, ni uko koperative itarebwa nk'ubufatanye bw'abantu gusa, ahubwo ifatwa nk'ikigo gikora, kigurisha (gucuruza) ibintu cyangwa imirimo kugira ngo cyunguke. Icyitonderwa : Ibisobanuro bivuzwe haruguru ni kimwe n'ibireba amashyirahamwe agamije kuba amakoperative ataruzuza ibyangombwa byose byasabwe 6.1.2. Intego ya koperative Intego ya koperative ni ugufasha abanyamuryango kugera ku byifuzo byabo nta nyungu y'ikirenga bayitezeho. 6.1.3. Imari ya koperative Imari y'ishingiro ya koperative iva ku migabane y'abanyamuryango ifite igihe igomba kuba yarangiye kwishyurwa.

141

6.2. Indi miryango y'ubufatanye Imiryango bamwe bakunda kwita amashyirahamwe, isobanuka neza iyo witegereje ibikorwa bya buri muryango. Kugeza ubu mu Rwanda hakunze kuboneka ubwoko bune bw'imiryango ari bwo: 1. Imiryango y'ubucuruzi; 2. Imiryango itagamije inyungu; 3. Imiryango magirirane. 6.2.1. Imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta Umuryango utagamije inyungu cyangwa utegamiye kuri Leta (A.S.B.L,ONG) ugizwe n'abantu bishyira hamwe kugira ngo babashe gufasha igihugu gitere imbere cyangwa se bagakora urwunge rw'amashyirahamwe adaharanira inyungu kugira ngo bafashe igihugu cyangwa se igihugu mu kubiteza imbere. Iyo miryango igengwa n' itegeko n° 20/2000 ryo kuwa 20/07/2000 igahabwa ubuzima-gatozi na Minisiteri y'Ubutabera n'Imikoranire y'Inzego. Mu Rwanda hari Imiryango nyarwanda n'iy'abanyamahanga. Imiryango nyarwanda twavuga nka : DUTERIMBERE, ARDI, AVEGA, TUMURERE, CENTRE IWACU n'indi myinshi. Imiryango y'abanyamahanga ni nka : IRC, LWF, CARE, OXFAM, Rwanda IMPACT n'imiryango nyarwanda ihuje inshingano ishobora kwishyira hamwe, igakora impuzamashyirahamwe. Itandukaniro ry'iyo miryango yombi n'uko umwe wita ku bibazo by'abanyarwanda naho undi ukaba ushobora no gukorera mu bindi bihugu. 6.2.1.1. Ibyo iyi miryango ikunze gukora - Gufasha igihugu mu bikorwa by' iterambere. Ibyo bikorwa bitoranwa,

hakurikije Ibyo Leta yifuza.

Ingero - Gufasha abarokotse n'itsembabwoko n'itsembatsemba; - Gusana no guteza imbere ibikoresho bya ngombwa (imihanda, amazu, ibigo

bya Leta...); . - Gufasha abari n'abategarugori mu kwiteza imbere; - Gufasha imfubyi, abapfakazi n'abasaza batishoboye; - Guteza imbere inyigisho n'amahugurwa; - Kurengera ibidukikije no kubiteza imbere; - Ubushakashatsi; - Amajyambere y'icyaro; - Kwita ku buzima bw'abaturage; - Guteza imbere ubuhinzi n'ubworozi; - Kwigisha abaturage uburyo bwo gushakisha indi mirimo itari iyo guhinga

n'ibindi.

142

6.2.1.2. Intego y'imiryango itagengwa na Leta Nk'uko bigaragara mu mirimo iyi miryango ikunda gukora, intego yayo nkuru ni ugufasha abayishinze kwitangira amajyambere rusange nta nyungu yindi bayitezeho. 6.2.1.3. Imari y'iyi miryango Imari y'umuryango igizwe n'imisanzu y'abanyamuryango itangwa igihe cyose ikenewe. Iyo misanzu ntisubizwa umunyamuryango n'iyo umuryango waba usenyutse. Ahubwo imari isigaye nyuma y'iseswa ihabwa cyangwa ikaragwa undi muryango bihuje intego. 6.2.2. Imiryango y'ubucuruzi Iyi miryango igizwe n'abantu bateranya amafaranga, kugira ngo bayabyaze inyungu. Iyi miryango mu Rwanda igengwa n'itegeko n°35 ryo muri 1991. Iby'ingenzi muri iri tegeko n'ukwiyandikisha mu kigo cy'ubucuruzi (secteur prive). Ingero z'iyi miryango ni nka SULFO, UTEXRWA, ENTREGELE, TABARWANDA, BRALIRWA, AMEKI COLOR, RWANDA FOAM. 6.2.2.1. Intego y'iyi miryango Intego yayo n'ugushakisha uburyo bwose imari abanyamuryango bashoye yabyara inyungu ihanitse. 6.2.2.2. Imari y'umuryango Imari shingiro igizwe n'imigabane buri munyamuryango yiyemeje gutanga kandi yarishye. Iyo migabane irarutana kandi ifite igihe iba yararangiye gutangwa. Ububasha bwo gufata ibyemezo burasumbana hakurikijwe imibare y'imigabane umunyamuryango yashoye. lyo umunyamuryango asezeye mu muryango, ashobora kugurisha imigabane ye. Iyo umuryango usheshwe, abanyamuryango bagabana imari isigaye. Inyungu zitangwa hakurikijwe imibare y'imigabane yatanzwe. 6.2.3. Imiryango y'ubufatanye magirirane Iyi miryango ni abantu bifatanya bagahuza imbaraga zabo. Bashobora guhuzwa n'ibikorwa bafatanyije cyangwa inama bungurana. Amategeko iyi miryango igenderaho ni aya kera cyane akaba akeneye kuvugururwa. 6.2.3.1. Intego yayo Intego yayo ni ugufasha abanyamuryango mu mibereho yabo. 6.2.3.2. Imari y'umuryango Imari y'umuryango igizwe gusa n'imisanzu y'abanyamuryango igomba gutangwa buri gihe.

143

Imbonerahamwe igaragaza aho koperative itandukaniye n'indi miryango

Koperative Imiryango y’ubucuruzi

Imiryango itagamije inyungu

Mutualités Imiryango Magirirane Ubwoko

bw'imiryango Ingingo yigwaho

Igisobanuro Ni abantu bahuje ibibazo Ni abantu bateranya Ni abantu bafatanya Ni abantu bifatanya

bifatanya bagahuza amafaranga kugira ngo bagahuza imbaraga zabo bagahuza imbaraga zabo imbaraga zabo bayabyaze inyungu ku kibazo gihari nta nyungu kugirango bakemure ikibazo bahuriyeho

Intego Ifasha beneyo mu Gushakisha uburyo bwose Ifasha abayishinze Ifasha beneyo mu

mibereho yabo, nta imari bashoye yabyara kwitangira amajyambere mibereho yabo, buri nyungu y'ikirenga inyungu ihanitse rusange nta nyungu yindi muntu ku giti cye bayitezeho bayitezeho

Imari Imari y'ishingiro igizwe Imari y'ishingiro igizwe (mari y'umuryango igizwe Imari y'umuryango igizwe

y'Umuryango n'imigabane n'imigabane n'imisanzu gusa n'imisanzu gusa n'imisanzu y'abanyamuryango. y'abanyamuryango y'abanyamuryango, y'abanyamuryango, Ifite igihe igomba kuba itangwa igihe cyose igomba gutangwa igihe igomba gutangwà igihe yarangirije kwishyurwa ikenewe cyose ari ngombwa cyose.

Ifatwa Nta munyamuryango Umunyamuryango afite Nta munyamuryango Nta munyamuryangory 'i byemezo usumba undi iyo bafata ububasha bwo kugenzura usumba undi iyo bafata usumba undi iyo bafata

ibyemezo. umutungo hakurikijwe imibare ibyemezo. ibyemezo

Umuntu ijwi rimwe Umuntu ijwi rimwe. Umuntu ijwi rimwe.

144

Gusezera mu

miryango :

Isubizwa ry'imigabane

Nta muntu ushobora kugurisha imigabane ye.lshobora guhabwa undi muryango byemejwe n’Inama Rusange

Umunyamuryango ashobora kugurisha imigabane ye

Umunyamuryango ntasubizwa imisanzu yatanze

Umunyamuryango ntasubizwa imisanzu yatanze

Ubwasisi cyangwa Ubwasisi butangwa Inyungu zitangwa Nta nyungu nta bwasisi Nta nyungu nta bwasisi

inyungu hakurikijwe uburyo hakurikije imibare bitangwa umunyamuryango y'imigabane yatanzwe yafashije koperative ayiteza imbere

Inyungu ku Inyungu idakabije ku Hakorwa ibishobotse Nta nyungu iteganyirijwe Nta nyungu iteganyirijwe

migabane migabane mu Rwanda byose kugirango imisanzu ku misanzu yatanzwe

Iseswa Abanyamuryango Abanyamuryango Imari isigaye nyuma Abanyamuryango ntabwo

N'ivanwaho bashobora kugabana imari bagabana imari isigaye y'iseswa ry'umuryango bashobora kugabana imari

ry'umuryango isigaye nyuma y'iseswa nyuma y'iseswa ihabwa cyangwa iragwa isigaye nyuma y'iseswa rya koperative ry'umuryango undi muryango bihuje cyangwa ngo bayihe undi intego muryango bahuje intego.

Muri iki gihe mu Rwanda, hagiye haba amashyirahamwe ariko ntacyo yagiye amarira abanyamuryango kubera ko badasobanukiwe mu buryo bwo gucunga imari n'imikoranire ikaba itaragenze neza.

145

Icyitonderwa: Nk'uko twakomeje kubona, kamere y'abantu ijyanye no kubana no gufatanya. Niyo mpamvu imiryango y'ubufatanye ishyigikirwa na Leta zose ku Isi. Ikindi twabonye n'uko iyi miryango imeze nk'amashuri ajijura abantu. Icyakora abantu bakunda kwitiranya amashyirahamwe y'amakoperative n'indi miryango. Ni byiza rero kuzirikana itandukaniro ryabyo, ariko na none tukita cyane ku mikoranire myiza yayo kugirango habeho iterambere rishimishije kuri rubanda. Iyi Miryango igomba gutegura amahugurwa y'ingeri zose agamije guteza imbere abaturage. Imiryango igomba gutanga inkunga zishingiye ku byifuzo by'abaturage zibunganira mu mishinga yabo. Izo nkunga zishobora kuba impano cyangwa inguzanyo ariko zigahabwa ufite gahunda igaragara kandi yagirira abaturage akamaro ndetse akanerekana uburyo bwo kuyicunga. Iyi Miryango igomba gukora ubushakashatsi hamwe no kwerekana neza uruhare rw'ubufatanye mu iterambere ry'Igihugu.

6.4. Uko koperative ishingwa mu rwanda Nk'uko byavuzwe hasobanurwa icyo koperative aricyo, koperative itangirira ku bitekerezo by'abantu bahuje ibibazo, inzitizi mu mibereho yabo, bakiyemeza gukorera hamwe mu kubikemura. Kubera ko abantu bagira ibibazo byinshi batoranyamo kimwe bagashinga ishyirahamwe kugira ngo bagikemure. Iyo abo bantu bageze ku mubare wo hasi ugenwa n' itegeko rigenga amakoperative, bakora inama yo kwegeranya ibitekerezo no kumvikana ku kibazo bahisemo. Barebera hamwe abanyamuryango abo ariko n'aho bazaturuka, umutungo wabo aho uzava, aho bazashinga icyicaro, imbibi bazakoreramo n'ibindi. Kugira ngo basobanukirwe neza icyo bagiye gukora no gufata ibyemezo, bihamye bashyiraho Komisiyo yo kwiga umushinga neza. Inama ya kabiri iba iyo gusobanura umushinga, abayijemo bagafata ibyemezo, byo kuwushyira mu bikorwa. Iyo nama na none ishyiraho komisiyo yo kwandika amategeko y'ishyirahamwe ryabo biyemeje gushinga. Ayo mategeko akurikiza itegeko rikuru rigenga amakoperative yose mu Rwanda. Iyo umushinga n'amategeko biteguwe neza, hakurikiraho gukora inama rusange ya mbere yo kubyemeza no gukora inzego z'ubuyobozi za koperative. Komisiyo zivaho kugeza igihe hazavuka ikindi gikorwa cya tekiniki. Abayobozi batowe mu nama ya mbere rusange bategura amategeko y'umwihariko akemezwa n'inama rusange idasanzwe ikurikira. Abanyamuryango bagomba gutanga imigabane kugira ngo koperative itangire ibikorwa. Imigabane n'imwe mu nshingano za ngombwa ku banyamuryango. Koperative yemererwa gukora imaze kwiyandikisha no kubona ibyemezo gitangwa n'ubutegetsi bw'aho intebe yayo izashingwa. Iyo ibikorwa by'iyo Koperative bigenda neza hakurikiraho gusaba ubuzima gatozi kugira ngo irusheho gukorera mu bwisanzure.

146

Icyitonderwa: Inama zose ni ngombwa kuzikorera inyandiko mvugo. Muri make iyo

ni yo nzira yo gushinga koperative. Ibindi bisobanuro biri mu ngingo ya 7, 8, 9 n'iya 10 y'itegeko

n°31/88 ryo kuwa 12 Ukwakira 1988 ritunganya amakoperative mu

Rwanda. Kugira ngo koperative ishyirwe mu rwego rukora neza, igomba kuba ikora inama nk'uko byemewe n'amategeko agenga amakoperative. Abanyamuryango bakagira ubwisanzure bwo gutanga ibitekerezo. Koperative Igomba kugira umutungo ugaragara hamwe n'icungamutungo ryiza. Igomba kugira amategeko y'umwihariko kandi ikayubahiriza. Igomba kugira ubuyobozi bwiza ndetse no gutanga raporo mu nzego z'ubuyobozi bw'aho ikorera. 6.5. Akamaro ko kwibumbira mu makoperative n'amashyirahamwe Koperative zigira uruhare rwo kubumbatira ubumwe bw'abanyamuryango n'abanyarwanda muri rusange zibateza imbere muri demokarasi. Koperative zitoza abanyamuryango gushaka umutungo bwite ushingiye kubyo igihugu gifite, kuvana abanyarwanda mu bujiji, gutanga imirimo no kunganira Leta mu bikorwa byinshi by'amajyambere. Ni yo mpamvu usanga amakoperative aboneka mu nzego zose z’imirimo. Icyakora gutera imbere kwa koperative bituruka ku bushobozi, ububasha n'ubushake bw'abanyamuryango. 6.5.1. Akamaro k'iyo miryango mu majyambere y'Igihugu. Imiryango y'ubufatanye ifite akamaro kenshi ku majyambere y'u Rwanda cyane cyane muri izi ngingo zikurikira: - Kongera umusaruro; - Kongera ubumenyi mu mikorere n'icungamutungo; - Guteza imbere uburezi rusange; - Kubona ibisubizo by'amasoko; - Kwita ku mibereho y'abayigize; - Kumenyekanisha Akarere 6.5.1.1. Kongera umusaruro Nkuko bigaragara iyi miryango ifasha beneyo kongera umusaruro uretse ko ari mu buryo butandukanye. Aho iyo miryango ifite imari shingiro itubutse ibasha gukora imirimo myinshi ikongera umutungo wayo cyangwa uwa rubanda.

147

6.5.1.2. Kongera ubumenyi mu mikorere n'icungamutungo Amakoperative agomba kwiyungura ubumenyi no kubwungurana hagati yayo yifashisha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho mu mikorere n'icungamutungo. 6.5.1.3. Guteza imbere umuco n'uburere Kwishyira hamwe bifitiye abanyamuryango akamaro ku buryo bukurikira: - Bituma bita ku murimo; - Bamenya gukora; - Bubaha ubutegetsi n'amategeko; - Birenganura bakanarenganurwa hakurikije uburenganzira

bw'ikiremwamuntu. 6.5.1.4. Kubona ibisubizo by'amasoko Iyo abantu bishyize hamwe biborohera kubona isoko ry'umusaruro wabo ku biciro bishimishije 6.5.1.5. Kwita ku mibereho y'abanyamuryango

Imiryango ifasha abanyamuryango kurwanya ubukene, ubujiji, ubunebwe, ubusinzi,

ubushomeri n'ubwomanzi. 6.5.1.6 Kumenyekanisha Akarere Umuryango uwo ariwo wose muyo twavuze, ugira icyicaro, ku cyicaro cy'umuryango hakemurirwamo ibibazo byinshi. Igirira akamaro abaturuka ku munyamuryango kandi igatuma Akarere cyangwa Umujyi ukoreramo bimenyekana. 6.6. Ibibazo amakoperative n'amashyirahamwe akunda guhura nabyo

n'uburyo bwo kubikemura: - Kutizerana; - Gutangira nabi kandi hutihuti. Kutiga neza intego bituma yibagirana cyangwa

ikarengwaho. Abanyamuryango bagera aho batumva neza ikibazo bifuza gukemura. Bagomba rero kwirinda guhubuka bagasesengura umushinga ujyanye n'ikibazo kibareba. Hagomba kuba inama nyinshi mu gihe cyo kwitegura gushinga iyo miryango;

- Kudasobanukirwa n'inshingano kw'abanyamuryango. Umunyamuryango

ntashyigikira umuryango iyo atamenye akamaro ko kuza mu nama, kwiyandikisha, gutanga imigabane/imisanzu, kwaka inyungu ku

148

migabane ye, gutora ubuyobozi no kubukuraho. Ibyo rero bigomba gutangirwa amahugurwa ahagije;

- Uburyo buziguye bwo kubona ibyemezo n'ubuzima gatozi Ibi bituma imiryango

myinshi itinda gushingwa cyangwa igakoresha amafaranga menshi mu gukurikirana ibyo bintu. Amabwiriza kuri icyo kibazo akwiye gutangwa, ibyangombwa bigatangwa ku buryo bworoshye;

- Gushishikazwa no kubona inyungu za vuba. Iyo batazibonye batangira

kudohoka, umuryango ntube ugishoboye imirimo yawo; - Gutangirana imari y'ishingiro nkeya cyane. Iyo imari shingiro idahagije

ibikorwa biba bikeya; - Inzego z'ubuyobozi zidakora neza. Umuyobozi mwiza ni ushoboye kandi

witanga. Iyo umwe ananiwe imirimo ye, hagomba gutorwa undi umusimbura vuba hatarinze kuba amakimbirane;

- Ikibazo cy'amasoko. Hari n'igihe amakoperative n'amashyirahamwe abura aho

agurishiriza umusaruro wayo cyangwa aho ahahira ibyo akeneye. Kugira ngo akemure icyo kibazo, ni byiza gushyiraho uburyo yahahirana;

- Kunyereza umutungo wa koperative n'amashyirahamwe. Nk'uko bikunze

kugaragara, iyo abanyamuryango, batabihugukiwe bihagije no kwita ku migendekere y'imirimo n'umutungo wa koperative. Usanga icungamutungo rya koperative ryarahariwe Umucungamutungo cyangwa Perezida. Bityo umutungo ugasa nk'aho ari uwabo bwite. Ibyo bituma koperative ihomba vuba cyane. Ni yo mpamvu koperative zagombye kugira abagenzuzi bakora imirimo yabo neza;

- Ingaruka y'itsembabwoko z'itsembatsemba. Hari amakoperative

n'amashyirahamwe yapfushije bamwe mu banyamuryango muri 1994 biyaviraho guhomba no gusenyuka.

6.6. Uruhare rw'inzego z'ubuyobozi bw'igihugu mu gushyigikira

amakoperative n'amashyirahamwe Minisiteri zifite imiryango yavuzwe mu nshingano zayo, zigomba gukora imirimo ikurikira: - Gutegura no gukurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa n'iyubahirizwa ry'amategeko

ayigenga. - Gutera inkunga mu bya tekiniki (amahugurwa, inama, ...) amakoperative yo

mu nzego zose hakurikijwe ubushobozi bwayo. - Gushyigikira Ibikorwa by'izindi nzego bitanyuranije n'amategeko ayigenga. Ku rwego rw'Intara, Komite mpuzabikorwa ifite inshingano yo guhuza Ibikorwa byose by'amajyambere by'Uturere n'Imijyi bigize Intara harimo n'ibyamakoperative n'amashyirahamwe. Ku rwego rw'Akarere cyangwa Umujyi, hazakorerwa ibi bikurikira:

149

- KomIte ishinzwe amajyambere (CDC) ishyira Ibikorwa by'amakoperative n'amashyirahamwe mu igenamigambi ry'amajyambere y'Akarere cyangwa Umujyi;

- Ibikorwa by'amakoperative n'amashyirahamwe bisuzumwa na Komite Nyobozi y'Akarere cyangwa Umujyi;

- Ibikorwa by'amakoperative byemezwa n'Inama Njyanama y'Akarere cyangwa Umujyi;

- CDC ikurikirana Ibikorwa by'amakoperative n'amashyirahamwe mu rwego rwo gushyira mu bikorwa imishinga y'amajyambere rusange y'Akarere cyangwa Umujyi.

Ku rwego rw'Umurenge, hazakorerwa ibi bikurikira - KomIte ishinzwe amajyambere (CDC) yakira kandi ikanasuzuma Ibikorwa

by'amakoperative n'amashyirahamwe; - Inama njyanama y'Umurenge ni yo igira icyo ivuga ku mikorere

y'amakoperative n'amashyirahamwe mbere y'uko amadosiye yayo agera ku rwego rw'Akarere n'Umujyi.

- CDC ikurikirana ibibazo bya buri munsi by'amakoperative. 6.8. Umwanzuro N'ubwo abaturage bakunze kwitabira kwibumbira mu makoperative n'amashyirahamwe bakeneye amahugurwa ahagije muri urwo rwego. Ni yo mpamvu abayobozi b'inzego z'ibanze bagomba kwita kuri izi nyigisho no gukora gahunda nziza yo kuzigeza ku baturage no gukurikirana ko zibagirira akamaro.

150

IGICE CYA 7 UMUBANO WIHARIYE N'UBUFATANYE HAGATI Y'INZEGO Z'UBUYOBOZI

Umubano ni inkingi ikomeye mu mibereho y'abantu by'umwihariko, no mu majyambere y'igihugu muri rusange. Ubuzima ntibwagira agaciro abantu badahuye ngo basabane, bungurane ibitekerezo cyangwa ngo baterane inkunga. Ubusanzwe inshuti yawe ikugeza ku buryo bworoshye ku nshuti zayo, bityo inshuti zikagenda ziyongera, cyane cyane ko inshuti , zifatanya gukemura bimwe mu bibazo bibabangamiye. Uko ugira inshuti nyinshi, mu kinyarwanda bisobanura ingufu nyinshi. 7.1. Amavu n'amavuko ya jumelage 7.1.1. Uko yatangiye Intambara ya kabiri y'isi yose irangiye, abaturage b'ibihugu binyuranye bari barihebye, barigunze, badasabana ndetse batanahahirana. Ibyo ahanini byatewe n'ibikorwa byibasira inyokomuntu byagiye bikorerwa bamwe mu baturage b'ibihugu byari byibasiwe n'intambara, kandi bigakomezwa n'uko ibihugu byari byigabanijemo ibice, buri gihugu gifite uruhande gishyigikiye. Iyo ntambara yageze no mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, aho buri ruhande rwashyigikiraga igihugu cyarukoronije, ibyo bituma na bimwe mu bihugu by'Afurika byinjira muri iyo ntambara. Ntibyari byoroshye kongera guhuza abo baturage, ngo buri wese yumve n'ubwo hari abandi badahuje igihugu, bashobora kuba barenga imipaka bagasabana, bagaterana inkunga mu mibereho yabo. Ni muri urwo rwego bamwe mu bayobozi b'ibihugu bafashe iyambere, batekereza uburyo abaturage b'ibyo bihugu bashobora kubana, bakagendererana, bagafatanya kandi bagaca umuco w'ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose. Hashyizweho amashyirahamwe ashinzwe guhuza abaturage b'uturere tunyuranye, urugero ni "Federation Mondiale des Villes Jumelees (FMVJ)" ifite icyicaro mu Bufaransa, "Sister Cities International" ifite icyicaro muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika. Uwo mubano ugamije ubucuti n'ubutwererane hagati y'abaturage b'inzego zinyuranye ( Komini n'imijyi n'izindi nzego zaba iza Leta cyangwa Abikorera ku giti cyabo ) zo mu bihugu byateye imbere, ubucuti n'ubufatanye butaziguye mu guhana ibyangiritse, guhana amakuru no kungurana ubuhanga mu bintu binyuranye. Nyuma y'aho ibihugu byo muri Afurika biboneye ubwigenge, uwo mubano wageze no kuri uwo mugabane, uhuza cyane cyane abanyafurika n'abatuye indi migabane y'isi. Urugero: Ubufaransa n'Ubudage. Uwo mubano ukomeje kwagura amarembo hagati y'Intara, Umujyi wa Kigali, Uturere n'Imijyi kuva mu 1996.

151

7.1.2. Jumelage ni iki ? Jumelage ni uburyo bwihariye bushingiye ku bucuti nyakuri kandi butaziguye hagati y'abaturage b'inzego z'ubuyobozi bagamije kumenyana mu mico no mu myifatire, guhana amakuru, no guterana inkunga. Ni umubano uhuza abaturage b'ibihugu bitandukanye, mu rwego rwo kwiteza imbere bungurana ibitekerezo banaterana inkunga buri wese mu byo ashobora gufashamo undi. Ni umubano utagomba kurangwa n'ibyifuzo by'abayobozi gusa, ishingiro ryawo ni abaturage. 7.1.3. Uburyo "Jumelage" Iboneka. Umubano wa Jumelage ni nk'undi mubano wose ushingiye ku bucuti hagati y'abantu babiri, uretse ko Jumelage yo iboneka hagati y'abaturage bo mu nzego z'ubuyobozi zitandukanye, zaba iza Leta cyangwa iz'abikorera ku giti cyabo. Uwo mubano ushobora kuboneka ku buryo bubiri: - Abantu ubwabo : Nk'uko bivugwa, isi yabaye nk'umudugudu, abantu baratembera ku migabane yose y'isi, ari nako bagenda bongera inshuti. Izo nshuti zishobora kuba abantu ku giti cyabo cyangwa abantu hari ku rwego runaka rw'ubuyobozi. • Ushobora kuba uba mu mahanga, kubera akamenyero cyangwa inshuti

umaze kuhagira, bikagufasha kuba wagirana ibiganiro n'ubuyobozi bwaho, ushaka kubashishikariza kugirana "Jumelage" n'Akarere cyangwa Umujyi uvukamo;

• Ushobora kandi kuba mu Karere cyangwa Umujyi uyobora hari abanyamahanga bahakorera, muhereye ku bucuti mufitanye, bakagufasha kugushakira umubano n'ubuyobozi bw'iwabo.

- Inzego za Leta : Hifashishijwe inzego zisanzwe za Leta, hari inzira za politiki igihugu kinyuramo mu gushakisha umubano cooperation bilaterale ) n'ibindi bihugu. Izo nzego zishobora no kwifashishwa mu gutsura umubano wihariye kandi utaziguye Jumelage - cooperation decentralisee) hagati y'abaturage ubwabo batuye ibihugu bibiri. 7.2. Amahame ya "jumelage" 7.2.1. Kumenyana mu mico no mu mibereho Jumelage igamije kunoza imibanire y'abaturage bo mu nzego z'ubuyobozi bwegereye abaturage zo mu bihugu binyuranye bagirana umubano utaziguye. Jumelage, ntabwo igomba gufatwa nk'ubutwererane, kuko umubano ugomba kubanza gushimangirwa, ibikorwa byo gushyigikirana mu nzego zinyuranye z'ubuzima bigakurikiraho.

152

7.2.2. Guhana amakuru no gusurana bihagije Kugira ngo umubano utere imbere kandi abawufitanye barusheho gukomeza kwizerana, ni ngombwa ko abaturage b'impande zombi bahana amakuru, basabana, bagasurana kandi bakifatanya mu bikorwa binyuranye, haba mu byiza cyangwa mu ibyago. 7.2.3. Gufashanya mu bikorwa by'amajyambere Inkunga zinyuranye mu mubano hagati y'abantu ubwabo kimwe no hagati y'abaturage bo mu nzego z'ubuyobozi zinyuranye ni ngombwa, kuko impande zombi ziba zitanganya ubushobozi. Izo nkunga zishobora kuba inkunga mu bitekerezo, cyangwa se mu bikorwa by'amajyambere. 7.3. Ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya jumelage. Kugirango "Jumelage" ikore neza, kandi igirire abaturage b' impande zombi akamaro, abaturage bagomba kumva ko atari umubano hagati y'abayobozi, ko ahubwo ari umubano wabo. Bagomba guhora bashakisha icyateza uwo mubano imbere, babifashijwemo n'Ubuyobozi bitoreye mu nzego zose zikurikirana iterambere ry'abaturage kuva ku Kagari kugera ku rwego rw'Igihugu, ndetse no mu byicaro bya za Ambassade ziri mu bihugu by'inshuti. Kugira ngo abaturage bashobore gukurikirana iby'uwo mubano, hashyirwaho akanama (Comité de jumelage ) kagizwe n'abantu bahagarariye inzego zose zifite "Jumelage" cyangwa zifite ibikorwa biterwa inkunga mu rwego rwa "Jumelage". Izo nzego n' inshingano zazo n' izi zikurikirana: 7.3.1. Komite ya Jumelage ku rwego rw'Akarere n'Umujyi - Kubyutsa Jumelage zadohotse; - Gutsura umubano hagati y'Uturere n'Imijyi by'u Rwanda n'ibyo mu bihugu

by'inshuti; - Gushishikariza abaturage "Jumelage" icyo aricyo no gufata neza ibikorwa

babonye kubera uwo mubano; - Gushakisha icyateza imbere umubano; - Gukurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'inkunga n'imishinga byabonetse mu

rwego rwa Jumelage; 7.3.2. Ubuyobozi bw'Akarere n'Umujyi - Gushishikariza abaturage by'umwihariko umubano ushingiye kuri "Jumelage"

n'uruhare rwabo; - Gushyiraho Komite za "jumelage" no kuzisobanurira inshingano zazo; - Kubyutsa "Jumelage" zadohotse; - Gutsura umubano hagati y'Uturere tw'u Rwanda; - Guhuza imiryango n'ibigo bifite "Jumelage" biri mu Karere/Umujyi ngo

bungurane ibitekerezo ku cyateza "Jumelage" imbere;

153

- Gukorana neza n'inzego zinyuranye zishinzwe ishyirwa mu bikorwa bya "Jumelage";

- Guteganyiriza ibikorwa bya "jumelage" mu ngengo y'imari y'Iturere n'Imijyi ; - Gukurikirana imicungire y'ibikorwa bya "Jumelage" ; - Gushishikarira kugeza amakuru ku nshuti zabo ;

- Gushakisha "Jumelage" nshya. 7.3.3. Ku rwego rw'Intara n'Umujyi wa Kigali - Gukurikiranira hafi umubano n'ibikorwa bya "Jumelage" mu Turere n'Imijyi; - Kubyutsa Jumelage zadohotse; - Guhuza abafite "Jumelage" kugira ngo bungurane ibitekerezo; - Gukorana neza n'inzego zinyuranye zishinzwe ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya

"Jumelage" ; - Kushishikarira kugeza amakuru ku nshuti zabo ; - Gushakisha "Jumelage" nshya. 7.3.4. Ku rwego rw'igihugu - Kunoza umubano n'ibihugu bifitanye Jumelage n'u Rwanda; - Gufasha inzego z'ubuyobozi gushaka Jumelage nshya; - Kworohereza abafite "Jumelage" uburyo butaziguye bwo gushyikirana no

gusurana no guterana inkunga; - Gukorana neza n'abahagarariye ibihugu byabo mu Rwanda mu rwego rwa

Jumelage; - Gutegura amategeko, amateka n'amabwiriza agena imikorere ya "Jumelage" ; - Gukangurira inzego z'ibanze kujya zimenyesha inshuti zazo uko imibereho

y'abaturage igenda itera imbere ; - Kugirana amasezerano yihariye n'ibihugu bifitanye Jumelage n'u Rwanda; - Gusonera impano n'ibikoresho bihawe abanyarwanda cyangwa byoherejwe

mu mahanga mu rwego rwa Jumelage, kuko ari ibintu abaturage baba bahaye abandi ;

- Kwongera ubushobozi bwa "service" ishinzwe "Jumelage" muri MINALOC; 7.3.5. Ku rwego rw'Ambasade z' u Rwanda mu mahanga - Kumenyekanisha neza u Rwanda no gushishikariza abaturage b'ibihugu

by'inshuti guteza imbere Jumelage n'abanyarwanda; - Gukurikirana neza uko Jumelage n'u Rwanda iteye no kugira abanyarwanda

inama; - Kwifashisha abanyarwanda n'inshuti z'u Rwanda mu gushaka izindi Jumelage.

154

UMWANZURO Nk'uko bigaragara; izi politiki, gahunda n'ingamba zose zishyizwe mu bikorwa neza, zageza igihugu ku majyambere arambye. Abaturage nibo bagomba gufata iya mbere mu kwitekerereza ibikorwa bigamije iterambere ryabo; bagahabwa uruhare mu igenamigambi ry'amajyambere, mu gushyira mu bikorwa imishinga y'amajyambere n'imibereho myiza, mu kuyikurikirana no gucunga ibikorwa byayo neza, bityo bikarushaho kuramba. Ariko na none, ibyo byose abaturage ntibabyishoboza badatewe inkunga ziza zunganira ubushobozi bwabo. Ni muri urwo rwego rero hemejwe politiki yo kwegereza abaturage ubushobozi, hashyirwaho n'Ibigega bitsura amajyambere y'Uturere n'Imijyi. Hari n'inkunga zishobora guturuka mu mubano wihariye Uturere cyangwa Imijyi bishobora kugirana n'utundi turere two mu mahanga. Birumvikana ko ibyo byose bitagerwaho mu gihe gito; bagomba gufata umwanya muremure kuko icya ngombwa ari ukubanza guhindura imyumvire y'abantu kugirango imikorere mishyashya bayigire iyabo. Niyo mpamvu abayobozi b'inzego z'ibanze ndetse n'abaturage bagomba guhora basobanurirwa za politiki, gahunda n'ingamba bigamije iterambere ryabo

155

IKIGANIRO CYA KANE

UBURYO IKIGANIRO KIZATANGWA INTEGO R USANGE

Gufasha abayobozi b'inzego z'ibanze kurwanya akarengane no guhosha amakimbira mu baturage INTAMBWE YA MBERE Gusobanukirwa n'akarengane icyo ari cyo

Intego yihariye Gusobanukirwa n'igihe bavuga ko hari akarengane mu bantu n'ingaruka z'akarengane

Uko iyo ntego yagerwaho - Kugaragaza ingero z'ibyo abantu bafitiye uburenganzira - Kubaza uko bigenda iyo ubwo burenganzira bemererwa n 'amategeko

batabubona - Kwigira hamwe inkurikizi ziturutse ku kutabona uburenganzira umuntu

ahabwa n 'itegeko INTAMBWE YA 2 Gusobanukirwa n'ibishobora gukurura akarengane mu rwego rwo kukirinda.

Intego yihariye Gusobanukirwa n'inkomoko z'akarengane n'ingaruka zako. Uko iyo ntego yagerwaho

- Kubaza ingero zifatika zishobora kugaragaza inkomoko y'akarengane n'ingaruka zazo

- Kugaragaza ibibazo biriho bishobora kuzana akarengane n 'ingamba zafashwe mu rwego rwo kwirinda ingaruka zabyo

INTAMBWE YA 3

Gusobanukirwa n'uburyo bwo kurwanya akarengane

156

Intego yihariye Gusobanukirwa n'ingamba zo kurwanya akarengane n'uruhare rw'abayobozi b'inzego z'ibanze mu kurwanya akarengane

Uko iyo ntego yagerwaho - Kungurana ibitekerezo ku mpamvu akarengane mu bantu kataracika , kakaba

gakomeza kugaragaza ndetse no muri ibi bihe byo kwimakaza ubuyobozi bwiza

- Kubaha ingamba zafatwa mu rwego rwo kurwanya akarengane - Kubaha uko izo ngamba zashyirwa mu bikorwa - Kungurana ibitekerezo ku buryo abayobozi b 'inzego z'ibanze bakwitwara

kugira ngo babashe kurwanya akarengane

INTAMBWE YA 4

Gusobanukirwa n'icyo ari cyo amakimbirane Intego yihariye Gusobanukirwa n'ubwoko bw'amakimbirane n'inkomoko yayo. Uko iyo ntego yagerwaho - Kubaza ubwoko bw'amakimbirane bukunze kuboneka mu baturage bayobora - Gusobanura ubwoko bunyuranye bw'amakimbirane INTAMBWE YA 5 Gusobanukirwa n'ibitera amakimbirane Intego yihariye Gusobanukirwa n'ibibazo binyuranye bishobora gukurura amakimbirane Uko iyo ntego yagerwaho - Kubaza ibikunze gutera amakimbirane aboneka mu baturage bayobora. - Kwigira hamwe uburyo bwo gukumira ibitera amakimbirane - Kwigira hamwe uburyo bwo guhosha amakimbirane. INTAMBWE YA 6 Gusobanukirwa n'uburyo bwo gukemura amakimbirane Intego yihariye

157

Kwigira hamwe inzira ukemura amakimbirane ashobora kunyuramo Uko iyo ntego yagerwaho - Kubaza uburyo basanzwe bakoresha mu rwego rwo gukemura amakimbirane

hatangwa ingero zifatika; - Kungurana ibitekerezo ku buryo bwatanzwe; - Kugaragaza no gusobanura uburyo bwemewe bwo gukemura amakimbirane.

INTAMBWE 7 Gusobanukirwa n'uruhare rw'ukemura amakimbirane mu kuyahosha cyangwa mu kuyakuraho.

Intego yihariye

Gusobanukirwa n'imyitwarire iranga ukemura amakimbirane, inshingano ze, uburyo ayobora igikorwa cyo gukemura amakimbirane, amategeko n'amabwiriza agenderaho kugira ngo agere ku ntego

Uko iyo ntego yagerwaho - Gusaba gutanga ibitekerezo ku myitwarire y'ukemura amakimbirane no

kuyigaragaza (urugero gukoresha inzira y'ikinamico) - Gusaba gutanga ibitekerezo ku nshingano ze (uruhare rwe n'aho

rugarukira) - Kugaragaza inzira anyuramo akemura amakimbirane kuva mu ntangiriro

kugeza arangije - Kugaragaza amabwiriza ngenderwaho n 'amategeko ntarengwa agomba

gukurikizwa n'ukemura amakimbirane , - Gushyira mu bikorwa ayo mategeko n'amabwiriza no Kugaragaza ko

yumvikanye hakoreshejwe inzira y'ikinamico hifashishijwe bimwe mu bibazo bikunze gukoreshwa ku bihe binyuranye byo gukemura amakimbirane.

158

IKIGANIRO CYA KANE KURWANYA AKARENGANE NO GUKEMURA AMAKIMBIRANE MU

BATURAGE INTANGIRIRO: Politiki yo kwegereza abaturage ubuyobozi n'ubushobozi igamije gukemura ibibazo byugarije abaturage bikomoka ahanini ku buyobozi bubi abaturage batagiragamo ijambo/uruhare mu bijyanye n'iterambere ryabo n'imibereho myiza muri rusange. N'ubwo tumaze hafi imyaka itatu tugendera kuri uwo murongo, haracyagaragara ibibazo byinshi biterwa n'akarengane n'amakimbirane mu baturage; ndetse n'abayobozi bamwe bakabigiramo uruhare aho kubikemura no kubirwanya. Ibi bigaragarira cyane mu bibazo by'amasambu, mu gufasha abatishoboye, mu bibazo by'ubutabera n'ibindi. Mu nshingano z'ibanze abayobozi bafite, harimo kurwanya akarengane no gukemura amakimbirane akomoka ku bibazo bivuzwe haruguru. Ni ngombwa rero ko Abayobozi basobanukirwa neza n'ibi bikurikira: - Akarengane n'amakimbirane icyo ari cyo; - Inkomoko n'ingaruka by'akarengane n'amakimbirane; - Uburyo bwo kurwanya icyatuma habaho akarengane n'amakimbirane mu

baturage; - Uruhare rw'Umuyobozi mu kurwanya akarengane n'amakimbirane.

INTEGO RUSANGE

Gufasha abayobozi b' inzego z' ibanze kurwanya, gukemura no guhosha akarengane n'amakimbirane mu baturage. INTEGO ZIHARIYE. - Gusobanurira Abayobozi b'inzego z'ibanze icyo akarengane n'amakimbirane

ari cyo; - Inkomoko n'ingaruka y'akarengane n'amakimbirane. - Uburyo bwo kurwanya icyatuma habaho akarengane n'amakimbirane mu

baturage. - Uruhare rw'umuyobozi mu kurwanya akarengane n' amakimbirane.

IGICE CYA MBERE AKARENGANE NI IKI - Akarengane kagarargara igihe umuntu avutswa uburenganzira yemerewe

n'amategeko.

159

1.1. Inkomoko z'akarengane: 1.1.1. Akarengane gakomoka ku itsembabwoko n'itsembatsemba Imwe mu nkomoko y'akarengane mu baturage igaragara mu bibazo bikomoka ku marorerwa yabaye muri iki gihugu, akaba ari na byo bifite umwanya wa mbere kandi bikazakomeza kugira uwo mwanya igihe cyose bizaba bitarabonerwa umuti mu kuri no mu butabera. - Bamwe mu bakoze amarorerwa mu mwaka wa 1994 barakidegembya, ibyo

bigatuma abahohotewe barushaho gushenguka umutima no guhora bibaza byinshi.

- Abangije iby'abandi, bamwe ntibashaka kwishyura ku neza, abandi nta bushobozi bafite bwo kwishyura ibyo basahuye n'ibyo bangije. Hari kandi n'abafunzwe barengana biturutse ku nzangano cyangwa irari ryo gushaka kwigarurira imitungo yabo.

- Hari n'abafungurwa ku buryo budasobanutse, abiciwe bakumva ko barenganywa n'Inkiko.

1.1.2. Akarengane gakomoka ku mitungo. Nyuma y' itahuka ry' impunzi za kera, ndetse n' izo muri 1994, ibibazo by'imitungo byafashe intera iremereye: zimwe mu mpunzi za kera zifuza gusubizwa ibyahoze ari imitungo yazo; ibi bigakomera iyo mitungo iri mu maboko y'abandi bantu cyangwa irimo ibikorwa by'amajyambere byagirira abaturage n'Igihugu akamaro. Ibibazo by'imirima n'amasambu byari bisanzwe mu gihugu ariko uko abaturage bagenda biyongera, ni nako bigenda birushaho gukaza umurego. - Abaturage bamwe barengera iby'abaturanyi babo cyangwa bakabahuguza

imirima, amatungo n'ibindi. - Abandi usanga bagurisha imitungo kuburyo butemewe n'amategeko,

bigakurura imanza z'urudaca mu basangiye umuryango. 1.1.3. Amahugu no kwambura: - Kubera ubukene n'inda nini, ibibazo by'amahugu byariyongereye. - Umuturage aguriza undi amafaranga, yajya kumwishyuza akamwigarika. - Umuntu aragiza undi inka, akayigira iye. - Abandi ntibishyura ubukode bw'amazu. Mbese umugani warakwiriye ngo umugabo ni urya utwe akarya n'utw'abandi. 1.1.4. Ibibazo bikururwa no gushaka abagore benshi - Hari abagabo bashaka abagore batemewe n'amategeko bamara

kubahararukwa bakabirukana ntihagire n' icyo babagenera, abana babyaye rimwe na rimwe bakirukananwa na banyina . N'iyo kandi basigaye, bavutswa uburenganzira bwabo.

160

Hari abagabo bata ingo zabo bagashaka abandi bagore, cyangwa bakinjira abapfakazi, aribyo bamwe bahinduye "GUSANA". Abagore bakuru bakunze kurega abagabo babo basahura ingo bashyira inshoreke zabo, ndetse kenshi hakavuka intambara hagati yabo. - Hari n'abagabo banga abagore babo bakabangana n'abana, bakanga

kubarihira amashuri, kubavuza cyangwa kubakorera ibindi bya ngombwa umubyeyi agomba umwana.

1.2. Ingaruka z'akarengane:

Akarengane kagira Ingaruka nyinshi mu bijyanye na politiki, Umutungo, amajyambere,

n' imibereho myiza y' abaturage. 1.2.1. Ingaruka mu bijyanye na politiki: Iyo bamwe mu bayobozi batitabira kurenganura abaturage, akarengane abaturage bahura nako bakitirira inzego za Leta, bityo bigatuma bumva nabi umurongo wa politiki Leta igenderaho, n'iyo uwo murongo waba ari mwiza. Ibi bigateza umutekano muke mu baturage, bakanatakaza icyizere bagombye kugirira ubuyobozi. Urugero: guhunga igihugu, ibihuha, kutitabira Inama, kutitabira amarondo, gusebya Leta. 1.2.2. Ingaruka ku majyambere Iyo akarengane kiganje mu baturage, bidindiza ibikorwa by'amajyambere. Ibi bigaragarira mu nzego zitandukanye: - Uburezi ; - Ubuzima ; - Ubuhinzi n'ubworozi ; - Ubutabera. 1.2.3. Ingaruka ku mibereho myiza y'abaturage: Iyo ibikorwa by'amajyambere byahungabanye, cyangwa byadindiye bitewe n'akarengane mu baturage, icyo gihe habaho imibereho mibi mu baturage, bikagaragarira mu bukene bukabije, ubujiji, indwara z'urudaca ; ubujura no guhuguza iby'abandi. Iyo ibibazo by'abaturage bitabonerwa umuti, nta mahoro baba bafite kandi ariyo nkingi y'ibikorwa byose. Iyo abaturage bahora basiragira mu nzego z'ubuyobozi ndetse n'iz'ubucamanza, ntibagira igihe gihagije cyo gukora kandi ntibashobora kugirira icyizere abayobozi babo. Ibyo bituma batitabira ibikorwa rusange by'amajyambere.

161

Kudakemura ibibazo by'abaturage cyangwa kubakandamiza ni bimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi bikurura ubukene mu ngo no mu miryango, kandi bikadindiza amajyambere mu gihugu cyose. Na none akarengane mu baturage kabangamira Ubumwe n' Ubwiyunge. 1.3. Uburyo bwo kurwanya akarengane Kugira ngo akarengane karwanywe mu baturage, hari uburyo bugomba gukurikizwa kandi hakabaho uruhare rwa buri wese cyane cyane abayobozi mu gushyira mu bikorwa icyatuma akarengane gacika hakabaho ubwumvikane nùbumwe mu baturage. 1.3.1. Ingamba zo kurwanya akarengane: 1.3.1.1. Gushyiraho amategeko ku buryo ntawe urenganyijwe kandi akubahirizwa na bose nta kuvangura (kureshya imbere y'amategeko). - Gukorera mu mucyo no gufatanya mu bikorwa rusange, n'ibindi bikorwa

bigamije amajyambere . - Kumenya no kumenyekanisha uburenganzira bwa muntu no kumenya ko

uburenganzira bw'umuntu burangirira aho ubw' undi butangirira. - Kurwanya ubujiji mu baturage no mu bayobozi. - Kumenyakanisha amategeko. - Kutazarira igihe abayobozi bafashe ingamba zo gukemura ibibazo biterwa

n'akarengane. 1.3.1.2. Uruhare rw'abayobozi mu kurwanya akarengane: Inzego z'ubutegetsi zashyizweho kandi zegerezwa abaturage kugira ngo mbere na mbere zirwanye akarengane mu baturage, hanyuma zibayobore mu majyambere: Ubuyobozi bukwiye kumenya ibibazo by'abaturage kandi bukabafasha kubishakira umuti. Inzego zose uko zisumbana zifite inshingano zuzuzanya kandi zihererekanya. Muri izo nshingano, iz'ibanze ni izerekeye gukemura ibibazo by'abaturage. Abayobozi kandi ntibashobora gukemura ibibazo by'abo bayobora igihe batabegera ngo bamenye ibibazo bafite babigire ibyabo. Ibibazo byinshi abaturage bakunze kugira, bishobora gukemurirwa mu Kagari, ku Murenge cyangwa mu Karere, ariko akenshi ntibikorwa kubera uruhare abayobozi bamwe na bamwe baba bafite muri ako karengane. Zimwe mu mpamvu zituma ibibazo by'abaturage bitabonerwa umuti ni izi zikurikira: a) Abayobozi bamwe bashyira imbere inyungu zabo bwite aho kwita ku kazi bashinzwe. b) Hari abayobozi bakoresha icyenewabo cyangwa ikimenyane n'ubucuti,

bakirengagiza cyangwa bagatinda gufatira ibyemezo abantu barenganya abaturage.

c) Abayobozi bashaka kurushya cyangwa "kumvisha" abo batavuga rumwe.

162

d) Abayobozi barya ruswa. e) Abayobozi bashaka kwikundwakaza cyangwa batita ku bintu. f) Ubushobozi buke bw'abayobozi. Bamwe mu bayobozi usanga ari bo barenganya abaturage bashaka kubambura cyangwa kubahuguza. Abandi bivanga ni makimbirane ya bene wabo bityo ntibashobore gushakisha imiti y'ayo makimbirane. Akenshi abayobozi bakingira ikibaba bene wabo kandi bari mu makosa. Hari abashaka “Kumvisha" abo badasangiye ibitekerezo, abandi barya ruswa kugira ngo babogame. Hari abayobozi bakoresha igitugu, hakaba n'abandi banga gukemura ibibazo by'abo bayobora babisunikira inzego zisumbuye kugira ngo batiteranya. Ibyo byose bituma abaturage barushaho kugira amakimbirane. Kugira ngo umuyobozi akemure neza ibibazo by'abaturage ni ngombwa ko asobanukirwa uburyo bwo gukemura amakimbirane no kurwanya akarengane. Kuba umuyobozi si igikorwa cyoroshye, kubera ko inshingano aba afite zikomeye . Ntibikwiye ko umuyobozi yivanga mu makimbirane y'abo ayobora. Kugira ngo umuyobozi yuzuze neza inshingano ze, agomba kurangwa n'ibi bikurikira: - Gufatanya n'abo ayobora kugena inzira ihamye ikwiye gukurikizwa mu

miyoborere ye; - Gukurikirana no guhuza ibikorwa by'abo ayobora; - Gufatanya n'abo ayobora kurwanya akarengane n'amakimbirane; bityo

akirinda icyo ari cyo cyose cyahungabanya umutekano w'abaturage. - Gufatanya n'abo ayobora hagafatwa ibyemezo bitagize uwo birenganya; - Gusobanukirwa n'umurongo wa politiki igihugu kigenderaho n'ibibazo

byugarije abo ayobora; - Kwicisha bugufi yubaha buri wese kandi akagirwa inama; - Kudakoresha ikuzo cyangwa ishimwe mu mirimo ashinzwe; - Gushishikarira gukora adateze ko ibintu bimukorerwa; - Kuba intangarugero mu myifatire, mu byo avuga no mu byo akora; - Kugira ubushobozi bwo gukora, guha abandi akazi no kubagenera uburyo bwo

kugakora. 1.3.1. Intwaro umuyobozi yakwifashisha mu gukemura ibibazo by'abaturage - Kugira ubushobozi buhagije no kureba kure ; - Kumenya ibibazo byihutirwa no kubifatira ingamba zihamye; - Gushyiraho intego n'ingamba byumvikana kandi bigakurikizwa nta

guhuzagurika; - Kumenya uwo mutumvikana, uwo mutavuga rumwe mukagerageza

kumushyira mu nzira iboneye kandi yumvikanyweho; - Gushyira ahagaragara umuntu wese wageragejwe akananirana kandi

biboneka ko akurura amacakubiri mu baturage. Umuyobozi wese akwiye gukurikiranira hafi ikintu cyose cyahungabanya imibereho myiza n'iterambere by'abo ayobora. Akwiye kwirinda buri gihe icyakurura

163

amakimbirane ndetse n' akarengane mu bantu ayobora, kuko ahanini bidindiza iterambere ryabo n'igihugu muri rusange. Gukemura amakimbirane bisaba kubanza kumva neza amakimbirane icyo ari cyo, inkomoko, ibiyatera n'amabwiriza ngenderwaho.

IGICE CYA KABIRI: AMAKIMBIRANE Amakimbirane ni ibintu bishyamiranya cyangwa bikagonganisha abantu babiri cyangwa se benshi bikomotse ku mpamvu zinyuranye. Amakimbirane ashobora guturuka ku bibazo, amashyari, inzangano n'ibindi. Amakimbirane kandi ashobora kuba hagati ya banyirayo cyangwa hagati y'abafitanye amasano yo hafi cyangwa ya kure na banyirayo cyangwa mu mutima wùmuntu. 2.1. Hari ubwoko bune bw'amakimbirane: Hari ubwoko bune bw' amakimbirane:

- Hari amakimbirane asasiweho :Ni amakimbirane abaho hari n' ibindi bibazo abayafitanye baba bafitanye mbere.

- Hari namakimbirane afite imizi : Ni amakimbirane aba amaze igihe kirekire ;

- Amakimbirane asanzwe. - Amakimbirane umuntu agira mu mutima .

2.2. Ibitera amakimbirane Amakimbirane ashobora guterwa n'ibi bikurikira - Imiyoborere mibi ; - Imyumvire mibi cyangwa itandukanye ya Politiki; - Amacakubiri ; - Ubutizerana ; - Akarengane - Ubukene ; - Ubunebwe ; - Ubujiji ; - Imiturire mibi ; - Inda nini na ruswa ; - Ihohoterwa rya bamwe ; - Abapfakazi benshi n'abana batiga ; - Amakimbirane mu buyobozi ; - Ibindi. 2.3. Uburyo bwo gukemura amakimbirane Mu gukemura amakimbirane hakoreshwa uburyo bukurikira - Kunga ; - Gukoresha amategeko ;

164

- Gukoresha ingufu 2.3.1. Amategeko Kunga ni igikorwa cyo guhuza abafitanye ibibazo, ukabafasha kubikemura binyuze mu nzira z'imishyikirano. 2.3.2. Amategeko Ukemura amakimbirane akoresha amategeko ariho, mu kumvikanisha abashyamiranye. Iyo kumvikanisha abahanganye binaniranye, habaho kwitabaza ubutabera. 2.4. Uruhare rw'ukemura amakimbirane Ukemura amakimbirane aba ari umuntu utabogama, kandi akirinda guca imanza. Ukemura amakimbirane bimusaba umurava n'ubwitange bwinshi kuko ari umurimo utoroshye, cyane cyane iyo babizanyemo umujinya, ubwoba, ubushyamirane no kumva ko barengana. Inshingano y'ukemura amakimbirane ni ukuyobora igengamikorere, akanagoboka abashyamiranye abagira inama, akemera kubafasha. Ukemura amakimbirane atega amatwi neza ; ibyo bishobora gutuma amakimbirane asasiyeho, cyangwa n'afite imizi ajya ahagaragara. Gutega amatwi neza k'ucyemura amakimbirane bituma abashyamiranye na bo batega amatwi, buri wese akumva neza ikibabaje undi. Ukemura amakimbirane agomba kwirinda guhubuka no gutoteza cyangwa kugira uruhande abogamiramo. Ukemura amakimbirane ni we utanga gahunda y'igengamikorere, bityo agatanga urugero rwerekana uburyo abashyamiranye basangira ijambo. Abereka inzira zose bakoresha kugira ngo boroherane kandi babe bakumva inama abagira. Ukemura amakimbirane yirinda kugwa mu mutego w'abashyamiranye mu gihe bamusabye kwerekana uwakosheje n'uwakosherejwe. Abagira inama ashingiye kubyo bamubwiye, akabona gufata umwanzuro. Ukemura amakimbirane abafasha kugaragaza neza ikibazo bafitanye, cyamara kugaragara, akabafasha kugishakira umuti ubwabo. 2.5. Amabwiriza ngenderwaho y'ushinzwe gukemura amakimbinare no kurwanya akarengane Amabwiriza ngenderwaho y'ingenzi y'ukemura amakimbirane ni aya akurikira: - Kutabogama ; - Ubutabera ; - Kugira ibanga ; - Kuba umuyobozi mwiza ; - Kumva no gutega amatwi ; - Ubumenyi n'ubushishozi. 2.5.1. Uko yakira abo akemurira amakimbirane

165

Mu gihe ukemura amakimbirane atangiye umurimo we, agomba gukora ibikorwa bikurikira: - Aha ikaze abashyamiranye kandi akabafasha mu buryo bushoboka ngo

bamwisanzureho ntacyo bishisha kandi na bo bakavuga ibitekerezo bibari ku mutima ;

- Ukemura amakimbirane yizeza abashyamiranye ko ibyo bavugira aho byose ari ibanga kandi biri no mu nshingano ze ;

- Ukemura amakimbirane abaza abafitanye ibibazo uko bifuza ko yabahamagara (Bwana, Madamu, Madamazera, cyangwa amazina yabo basanganywe) ;

- Abafasha gusobanukirwa n' ingengamikorere ; - Abafasha kugera ku myanzuro bishyiriyeho bombi kandi biyemeje ; - Abafasha gushyigikira ibyemezo bizaramba ; - Kutabategeka uburyo bakora, kubatsindagira uburyo bumvikanaho cyangwa

ngo ubibashimangiremo ; - Guha buri wese umwanya, wo kuvuga ntawe umuciye mu ijambo. - Abasomera amategeko bagomba kubahiriza . 2.5.2. Amategeko Ukemura amakimbirane agomba kubahiriza - Kwirinda guca undi mu ijambo, buri muntu akagira umwanya wo kuvuga

kimwe n'uwo kumva ; - Kwirinda ibitutsi cyangwa andi magambo asesereza ; - Kwirinda iterabwoba ari mu magambo cyangwa mu myifatire ; - Kutivumbura; - Kubamenyesha ko niba batubahirije amategeko, imishyikirano ihagarara.. 2.5.3. Inshingano z'ukemura amakimbirane Inshingano z'ukemura amakimbirane ni izi zikurikira: - Gufasha abafite amakimbirane kugaragaza ibitekerezo ku bibazo bafitanye ; - Kubumvisha ko batagomba kuguma muri ibyo bibazo ; - Kugaragaza ibyakorwa ngo hagaruke umubano mwiza ; - Gufasha abafitanye ibibazo kumva ko ari bo bagomba kubyikemurira ; - Gutuma intego yo guhuza abafitanye ibibazo igerwaho ; - Gushimangira ibyo bumvikanaho n'ibyo bemeranywaho ; - Gushyigikira imishyikirano myiza ikomoka muri uko kubahuza ; - Gushyigikira ibikorwa byose byaba bifite icyo bigamije cyabahuza ; - Gufasha abashyamiranye guhuza ibitekerezo no kubishyira mu bikorwa - Kumenya ko nta muti kabuhariwe uvura byose ; - Kutagira aho abogamira no guharanira kwizerwa; - Gufata abafitanye amakimbirane kimwe, akabaha icyubahiro cyabo; - Kwemera ibitekerezo bya buri muntu mu bo akemurira ibibazo. Ibi bifasha

kuzana umwuka mwiza ntihagire uwumva afite impungenge. - Kudasubiza inyuma ibitekerezo cya buri muntu no kwirinda guca imanza. - Kugaragaza ubutwari no kuba maso ; - Kubafasha kwishakira ubwabo umuti w'ibibazo byabo ; - Kumenya gucunga igihe neza

166

Igihe ni ikintu gikomeye cyane mu bikorwa bya buri munsi. Iyo ukemura amakimbirane ashyizeho igihe ntarengwa kandi akacyubahiriza, akazi ke kagenda neza mu mucyo, nta kajagari, maze umwanya washira bitarangiye, igikorwa kigasubikwa nta mwikomo. 2.5.4. Imyitwarire y'ukemura amakimbirane Iyo abafitanye amakimbirane bakomeje kugaragaza ko badashaka kumvikana, ukemura amakimbirane agerageza kubagarura mu buryo, akabibutsa uruhare rwabo mu gukemura amakimbirane bafitanye, akabasaba gukomeza kuvugana badaterana amagambo. Iyo bemeye kugaruka mu nzira nziza, atangirira ku byo bari bamaze kumvikanaho, agakomeza kubagira inama, yirinda gufata umwanzuro no kwivanga mu byo bapfa. Amakimbirane ntaba hagati y'abantu babiri gusa, ashobora no kuba hagati y'abantu benshi. Urugero: Hagati y'inzego z'ubuyobozi nk'Inama Njyanama na Komite Nyobozi. Icyo gihe nabwo hakoresheshwa inzira zavuzwe haruguru. 2.6. Ibibazo byifashishwa mu gihe cyo gukemura amakimbirane Ibibazo bitegurwa ri'ukemura amakimbirane bigomba gutegurwa neza, bigomba kuba byumvikana neza kandi bidacisha hirya no hino. Ibyo bibazo ntawe bigomba guheza cyangwa gusesereza. Mu kubaza Ibibazo, ukemura amakimbirane agomba kubikorana ubushishozi, ku buryo bitongerera ubukana ayo makimbirane, ahubwo bikabafasha kugaragaza Ibibazo byabo no kubishakira umuti. Mbere yo kwinjira mu bibazo nyakuri, ukemura amakimbirane, agomba kubanza kubaha umwanya wo gushyikirana no kumenyerana. Bimwe mu bibazo byakoreshwa mu gihe cyo gukemura amakimbirane

Mu ntangiriro yo gukemura amakimbirane: - Hari icyo Watubwira ku byabaye ? - Watubwira uko byagenze ? - Iyo ubitekerejeho, wumva umerewe ute ?

Mu gihe igikorwa cyo gukemura amakimbirane kigeze hagati

- Watubwira ibindi kuri ibyo ? - Ushaka kuvuga iki iyo ugize uti - - - - ? - Wasobanura kurushaho ku byerekeye - - - - ? - Watanga izindi ngero ku - - - - - ? - Habaye iki ikigihe........? - Bitandukaniye he.......... ? - Mbere byari bimeze bite...........? - Iki kibazo kigeze kiboneka mbere............... ?

167

- Ushobora kunyumvisha neza uko byagenze............... ? - Ni iki wifuza ko cyahinduka.............. ? Mu mubonano hagati cyangwa mu irangiza - Hari ikindi wifuzaga kutubwira ......? - Hari ukundi wari kubigenza..... ? - Hari igisubizo watwungura ku kibazo cya... ? - Noneho wakwemera...... ? - Hari ubundi buryo byagerwaho...... ?

Kwakira ibitekerezo Ukemura amakimbirane agomba kugira igihe cyo kwakira ibitekerezo no gutega amatwi. Yandika buri gitekerezo ukwacyo kandi akajya abasomera ibyo yanditse kugira ngo hatagira uvuga ko yamuhimbiye.

UMWANZURO Akarengane n'amakimbirane bikunze kugaragara cyane mu baturage, ndetse n'abayobozi ubwabo. Ibi bikurura umwuka mubi ndeste bikaba byateza umutekano muke, bityo bikadindiza ibikarwa by'amajyambere, kuko abaturage batakaza umwanya wabo wose basiragira mu buyobozi no mu nkiko: Ingaruka ni ubukene, amacakubiri, kwicana, ubujura, kwangiza ibikorwa rusange by'amajyambere n'ibindi. Ni ngombwa rero ko umuyobozi wese yajya yita ku bibazo by'abaturage ayobora, akagerageza kubishakira umuti ukwiye, kandi mu gihe gikwiye. Nta kibazo na kimwe akwiye gusuzugura ngo ntacyo gitwaye kubera ko ibibazo byose bikurura amacakubiri mu baturage kandi bikangisha abaturage Leta.

168

IKIGANIRO CYA GATANU

UBURYO IKIGANIRO KIZATANGWA INTEGO RUSANGE - Kongerera Abayobozi batorewe Inzego z'Ibanze ku rwego rw'Akagari

n'urw'Umurenge ubumenyi ku burenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu, bwabafasha kurushaho gusobanukirwa n'inshingano z'ubuyobozi mu kurinda, guteza imbere no kubungabunga uburenganzira bw 'ikiremwamuntu;

- Gufasha Abayobozi batorewe Inzego z'Ibanze ku rwego rw’Akagari n'urw

Umurenge kuba inkingi n'imiyoboro yo gukangurira, gusobanura no gutangiza ibikorwa mu baturage bibafasha kurushaho kumenya no kubungabunga uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu muri rusange n'uburenganzira bw'umwana by'umwihariko;

INTAMBWE YA MBERE Gusobanukirwa n'icyo ari cyo uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu

Inzego yibariye Gusobanukirwa n'impamvu hagomba kubaho uburenganzira bugenewe ikiremwamuntu

Uko iyo ntego yagerwaho - Kugaragaza agaciro ka « muntu »ugereranyije n'ibindi biremwa - Kugaragaza uburyo abantu bareshya mu gaciro no mu burenganzira - Kugaragaza impamvu abantu bagomba kugira ubwisanzure, imibereho

myiza n'ubusabane

INTAMBWE YA 2 Gusobanukirwa n'ibyiciro by'uburenganzira bw'Ikiremwamuntu

Intego yihariye Gusobanukirwa n 'ibyo umuntu afiteho uburenganzira

Uko iyo ntego yagerwaho - Kubaza abahugurwa ibyo bazi bafiteho uburenganzira - Kuzuza lisiti y'ibyiciro by'uburenganzira bw 'ikiremwamuntu

169

INTAMBWE YA 3 Gusobanukirwa n 'inshingano zijyana n'uburenganzira bw 'ikiremwamuntu

Intego yihariye

Gusobanukirwa n'ibyo umuntu ku giti cye cyangwa Leta basabwa mu rwego rwo kubahiriza uburenganzira bw'Ikiremwamuntu

Uko iyo ntego yagerwaho - Kubaza abahugurwa aho uburenganzira bw'umuntu ku giti cye bugarukira; - Kubagaragariza ibyo umuntu ku giti cye asabwa mu rwego rwo kubahiriza

uburenganzira bwe; - Kubagaragariza ibyo Leta isabwa mu rwego rwo kubahiriza uburenganzira

bw'ikiremwamuntu.

INTAMBWE YA 4 Gusobanukirwa n'ibyangombwa by'ibanze mu myoborere y'igihugu kugira ngo uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu bwubahirizwe Intego yihariye Gusobanukirwa n'ibishobora kubangamira iyubahirizwa ry'uburenganzira bw'Ikirenwamuntu mu gihugu icyo aricyo cyose

Uko iyo ntego yagerwaho - Kubaza abari mu mahugurwa iby'ibanze bigomba kubaho mu buryo

bw'imiyoborere y'igihugu kugira ngo iyubahirizwa ry'ikiremwamuntu rishoboke

- Kongeramo ingingo zitavuzwe - Kubasaba kugaragaza uruhare rwabo mu gushimangira iby'ibanze

bisabwa kugira ngo iyubahirizwa ry'ikiremwamuntu rigerweho mu buryo bworoshye

INTAMBWE YA 5 Gusobanukirwa n'isano iri hagati y'iyubahirizwa ry'ikiremwamuntu, imiyoborere myiza n'iterambere

Intego yihariye Gusobanukirwa n'imyitwarire y'umuyobozi mwiza ishingiye ku iyubahirizwa ry'ikiremwamuntu

Uko iyo ntego yagerwaho - Kubaza abari mu mahugurwa ingingo shingiro z'imiyoborere myiza - Kubabaza ibishobora kubangamira imiyoborere myiza ishingiye ku

iyubahirizwa ry'ikiremwamuntu

170

- Kubabaza ibyerekana ko imiyoborere ishingiye ku iyubahirizwa ry'ikiremwamuntu iganisha ku iterambere

- Kubafasha gufata gahunda n'imyanzuro y'uko bakwiye kwitwara mu buyobozi mu rwego rwo kubahiriza uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu kugira ngo bageze abaturage ku iterambere

INTAMBWE YA 6 Gusobanukirwa n'uburenganzira bw'umwana nka kimwe mu byiciro by'ikiremwamuntu gikwiye kwitabwaho by'umwihariko Intego yihariye Gusobanukirwa n 'amategeko arengera umwana, inshingano ze n 'uburyo byubahirizwa

Uko iyo ntego yagerwaho - Kubaza abari mu mahugurwa ibikwiye gukorerwa umwana mu rwego rwo

kubahiriza uburenganzira bwe - Kubabaza ibisabwa umwana nk'umuntu ufite uburenganzira ariko ufite

n'inshingano agomba kubahiriza - Kungurana ibitekerezo ku buryo uburenganzira bw'umwana bwubahirizwa

haba ku rwego rw'igihugu cyangwa mu nzego z'ibanze - Kungurana ibitekerezo ku bibazo byugarije umwana mu mibereho ye

n'uburyo byakemuka - Kubasaba kugaragaza uruhare rwabo nk'abayobozi n 'ababyeyi mu rwego

rwo gushakira umuti ibibazo byugarije umwana mu mibereho ye - Kubafasha gufata gahunda n'imyanzuro y'ibyakorwa ku ruhande rwabo

nk'abayobozi n'ababyeyi begereye cyane imiryango abana barererwamo

171

IKIGANIRO CYA GATANU

UBURENGANZIRA BW'IKIREMWAMUNTU MU MIYOBORERE MYIZA INTANGIRIRO Abayobozi batorewe Inzego z'Ibanze ku rwego rw'Akagari n'urw'Umurenge, kubera uruhare bafite mu miyoborere y'igihugu, ni na bo bari bakwiye gufata iya mbere mu guharanira guteza imbere no kubungabunga uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu, cyane cyane ko ari bo begereye abaturage, kandi byaragaragaye ko mu mateka y'u Rwanda ubwo burenganzira bwahungabanyijwe cyane. Ingingo ya munani ya gahunda za Guverinoma y'Ubumwe bw'Abanyarwanda yagiyeho ku wa 19/07/1994 ishimangira Ubuyobozi bushingiye kuri Demokarasi ndetse no kubwegereza abaturage. Guverinoma y'Ubumwe kandi yashyize mu bikorwa ibikubiye mu Masezerano y'Amahoro ya Arusha hajyaho Komisiyo y'Igihugu Ishinzwe Uburenganzira bw'Ikiremwamuntu yashyizweho n'Itegeko N° 04/99 ryo ku wa 12/03/1999 ryasohotse mu igazeti ya Leta N° 6 yo ku wa 15/03/1999. Uretse Komisiyo y'Igihugu Ishinzwe Uburenganzira bw'Ikiremwamuntu hari n'izindi nzego zifatanya na yo kubahiriza ubwo burenganzira twavuga iz'Ubutabera, Polisi y'Igihugu, Gahunda y'Igihugu igamije kurengera umwana, Inzego z'Iperereza, Komisiyo y'Amatora, Komisiyo y'Ubumwe n'ubwiyunge, Inzego z'Ubuyobozi izo arizo zose. Iki kiganiro kigamije ibi bikurikira. - Kongerera Abayobozi batorewe Inzego z'Ibanze ku rwego rw'Akagari

n'urw'Umurenge ubumenyi ku burenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu, bwabafasha kurushaho gusobanukirwa n'inshingano z'ubuyobozi mu kurinda, guteza imbere no kubungabunga uburenganzira bw' ikiremwamuntu;

- Gufasha Abayobozi batorewe Inzego z'Ibanze ku rwego rw'Akagari n'urw'Umurenge kuba inkingi n'imiyoboro yo gukangurira, gusobanura no gutangiza ibikorwa mu baturage bibafasha kurushaho kumenya no kubungabunga uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu n'uburenganzira bw'umwana by'umwihariko;

By'umwihariko kiribanda ku ngingo z'ingenzi zikurikira, zikubiyemo ibyangombwa abayobozi b'inzego z'Ibanze bagomba gusobanukirwa: - Ishingiro, amahame remezo n'ibyiciro by'uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu; - Inzego zishinzwe kurinda no guteza imbere uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu

n'uruhare ubuyobozi bw'ibanze bwazigiramo; - Ibibazo bituma uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu butubahirizwa ku

bisabwa kugira ngo uburenganzira bw' ikiremwamuntu bugerweho mu Rwanda, ku Murenge no ku Kagari by'umwihariko n'ingamba zafatwa kugira ngo ibyo bikemuke;

- Uruhare rw'uburenganzira bw' ikiremwamuntu muri rusange n'ubw'umwana by'umwihariko mu miyoborere myiza n'uko bwakubahirizwa;

- Ibibazo byagaragajwe mu iyubahirizwa ry'uburenganzira bw'umwana, kugira ngo bacengerwe n'amategeko amurengera, ku buryo umwana arushaho

172

kugira imibereho myiza, akanashobora guteza imbere no guteza imbere igihugu cyamubyaye.

- Uburyo Abayobozi batorewe Inzego z'Ibanze ku rwego rw'Akagari n'urw'Umurenge bafatanya n'abandi kugira ngo barusheho kwitangira uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu mu miyoborere myiza n'iterambere, bashingiye ku mirimo inyuranye bakorera abaturage.

Iki kiganiro kigizwe n'ibice 3 1. Uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu; 2. Uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu mu miyoborere myiza; 3. Uburenganzira bw'umwana mu miyoborere myiza;

IGICE CYA MBERE: UBURENGANZIRA BW'IKIREMWAMUNTU

1.1. Igisobanuro cy'uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu

Uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu ni urusobe mu bwuzuzanye rw'uburenganzira n'ubwigenge byemerewe buri muntu wese bigamije kumuhesha agaciro, kumufasha kubana n'abandi mu busabane, kugira imibereho myiza, no kumurinda kuvogerwa. Uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu buranditse kandi bwashyizwe mu bitabo by'amategeko, yaba ayo mu rwego rw'igihugu, cyangwa amategeko mpuzamahanga. Bwemerwa kandi bukarengerwa n'ibihugu bigendera ku mategeko, ni ukuvuga ibihugu bigengwa n'amategeko buri wese agomba kubahiriza,

173

yaba umuturage usanzwe, yaba umuyobozi w'urwego urwo ari rwo rwose, yabirengaho akabihanirwa. 1.2. Ishingiro n'amahame remezo y'uburenganzira bw' ikiremwamuntu Imyumvire y'uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu ishingiye ku mahame remezo akurikira: 1.2.1. Agaciro ntagereranywa ka muntu Agaciro ka muntu ni icyubahiro kigomba guhabwa buri muntu nk'ikiremwamuntu. Umuntu muri kamere ye avukana ubwigenge n'icyubahiro ntagereranywa akomora kuri iyo kamere. Ako gaciro ni ntagereranywa kubera ko nta kandi kiremwa tuzi gisumba umuntu. Umuntu ubuze ako gaciro aba abuze ikintu cy' ingenzi mu mibereho ye. Urugero: Kuba uri umuyobozi ugakubita umuntu inshyi mu ruhame witwaje ko uri

umuyobozi. Gukubita umuntu ukekwaho icyaha kugira ngo acyemere. Ni yo mpamvu amategeko ahana y'u Rwanda ahana uwo ari we wese wiha gutuka, gukubita cyangwa gutesha umuntu agaciro.

1.2.2. Kureshya kw'abantu mu gaciro no mu burenganzira Abantu bose iyo bava bakagera bavuka bigenga kandi bareshya mu gaciro no mu cyubahiro. Gufata rero abantu bose kimwe imbere y'amategeko ni yo ntango y'ibanze y'uburenganzira bw' ikiremwamuntu. Ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose, ryaba irishingiye ku bwoko, ibara ry'uruhu, igitsina, ururimi, idini, imibereho, ubukungu n'ibindi rinyuranyije n'iryo hame ryo kureshya kw'abantu mu gaciro no mu burenganzira. Ni na yo mpamvu amasezerano yose n'amahame mpuzamahanga yerekeye uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu, abuza ko habaho umuyobozi bukorera ivangura igice kimwe cy'abaturage. Icyo tugomba kumva ariko ni uko kureshya bidashaka kuvuga gusa ko mu mibereho y'abantu, bumwe bashobora kugira ubushobozi gusumbya abandi. "Ukureshya" ntibisobanura ko abantu bagomba kugira ubukire bumwe cyangwa ubwenge bumwe. Ariko rero, mu ivuka no mu mibereho yabo, itegeko rigomba guteganyiriza abantu amahirwe angana.

Ni yo mpamvu nka bumwe mu burenganzira (uburenganzira bwo kwiga, ku murimo, ku burezi, kuvurwa, ku bwiteganyirize, ...) bwemerewe abantu n'Amasezerano

174

Mpuzamahanga buramutse butariho abantu bamwe babaho ari injiji, abarwayi, abashomeri n'abatindi mu gihe abandi baba bajijutse, bavurwa neza, bakora kandi barateye imbere.

Urugero: Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga ategeka ibihugu byayashyizeho umukono kureka abana bakiga ku buntu amashuri abanza kandi kuyiga bikaba itegeko kuri buri wese, naho amashuri yisumbuye n'amakuru abantu bagashobora kuyigamo nta busumbane.

1.2.3. Ukwishyira ukizana (ubwisanzure cyangwa ubwigenge)

Ukwishyira ukizana ni ngombwa kandi bikenewe na buri muntu kugira ngo atere imbere. Nta gaciro ka muntu nta n'ukureshya byashoboka mu gihe nta bwisanzure umuntu afite. Nta bwisanzure buhari, iterambere ry'abantu ryaba rituzuye. Mu mateka y'Isi, abantu bagiye bemera guhara amagara yabo kugira ngo babashe kubona ubwigenge bw'ibihugu byabo n'ubwabo. Kwisanzura bishaka kuvuga ko umuntu yishyira akizana muri byose, ariko bigakorwa mu nzira zemewe n'amategeko n'amabwiriza yose ya ngombwa, hagamijwe kubungabunga umutekano rusange no kubahiriza uburenganzira bw' abandi. 1.2.4. Guharanira buri gihe kugira imibereho myiza Ingingo ya 25 y'Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ryerekeye uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu ivuga ko umuntu wese afite uburenganzira bwo kubona ibyangombwa nkenerwa kugira ngo we n'umuryango we bagire ubuzima n' imibereho byiza, nko kubona ibibatunga, icyo bambara, icumbi, gushobora kwivuza n' ibindi bikorwa biteza imbere imibereho myiza y'abaturage.

175

Itegeko Shingiro rya Repubulika y'u Rwanda riteganya ko abaturage bose bagomba kubona ibyangobwa bihagije no kubaho neza. Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yerekeye uburenganzira mu by'ubukungu, imibereho myiza n'umuco, nayo ashimangira iryo hame, mu ngingo yayo ya 11 aho agira ati: "Ibihugu byasinye aya masezerano byubahiriza uburenganzira bwa buri muntu bwo kugira imibereho myiza ihagije kuri buri wese n'umuryango we, no kugira imirire, imyambarire n'aho atuye bihagije, ndetse n'ubwo kuzamura imibereho ye. Ibihugu byemeye aya masezerano bifata ibyemezo byihariye kugira ngo ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'ubwo burenganzira bigenewe mu bufatanye mpuzamahanga bwemewe nta gahato." 1.2.5. Ubusabane Abantu bose bakwiye kugenzerezanya kivandimwe, mu bwubahane; bagomba gufashanya kuko "nta ngizi yigize" kandi "inkingi imwe ikaba itubaka inzu ". Abantu bamwe bamenyereye kubona abandi nk'ibibazo aho kumva no gusobanukirwa ko nabo ari abantu nk'abandi. 1.2. Isoko y'uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu 1.3.1. Mu rwego rw'amategeko Uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu tubusanga akenshi mu mategeko ari na yo soko nkuru - Hari Amatangazo n'Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga Ibihugu biba byaremeye

bikanayashyiraho umukono;

Ingero - Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ryerekeye Uburenganzira bw'Ikiremwamuntu ryo ku

wa 10 Ukuboza 1948: u Rwanda rwarishyizeho umukono ku wa 18 Nzeli 1962, bityo riba ryinjijwe mu Mategeko y'u Rwanda;

- Amasezerano y'Afurika yerekeye uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu n'ubw'abaturage; u Rwanda rwayemeye ku wa 17 Gicurasi 1973, ku wa 11 Ugushyingo 1981 ruyinjiza mu mategeko rugenderaho;

- Amasezerano yerekeye uburenganzira bw'umwana; u Rwanda rwayemeye kimwe n'ibindi bihugu ku wa 20 Ugushyingo 1989, rutangira kuyakurikiza tariki ya 02 Nzeli 1990.

- Hari kandi amategeko igihugu cyishyiriraho arengera uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu

Ingero

- Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y'u Rwanda ryo ku wa 10 Kamena 1991, mu ngingo zaryo guhera ku ya 12 kugeza ku ya 33;

- Itegeko rigenga imicungire y'umutungo w'abashyingiranywe, impano n'izungura;

- Itegeko rirengera uburenganzira bw'umwana n'uburyo bwo kumurinda ihohoterwa.

176

1.3.2. Ingingo ndemagaciro zigize umuco (les valeurs culturelles) - Hari ingingo z'umuco nyarwanda zishimangira uburenganzira bwa muntu: • Amagara araseseka ntayorwa; • Nta mwana uvuka inyuma y' inda; • Nta mugabo umwe; • Umutwe umwe wifasha gusara ntiwifasha gutekereza; • Inyamaswa ihungiye iwawe ntuyitanga; - Hari na none ingingo z'umuco zinyuranyije n'uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu • Ingoma idahora iba ari igicuma; • Umutindi umuvura ijisho akarigukanurira; • Umugabo ni urya ibye akongeraho n'iby'abandi. • Umuco wo gusumbanya abantu, nk'abagore ntibagire uruhare mu gucunga

umutungo w'urugo cyangwa mu nzego zifata ibyemezo. 1.4. Ibiranga uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu - Uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu ntibutangwa, ntibugurwa, ntibugabanwa,

ntibuhakirwa, nta n'ubwo ari umurage w'ababyeyi cyangwa w'umuntu uwo ari we wese; uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu bugirwa na buri wese kandi tubuhabwa nyine na kamere muntu tuvukana. Les droits humains sont inherents a chaque individu).

- Uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu ni bumwe ku bantu bose hatarebwe ubwoko

bwabo, igitsina, idini, ururimi bavuga, ibara ry'uruhu, umutungo bafite, ubwenegihugu, icyiciro cy'abaturage bavukamo, ibitekerezo byabo, byaba ibya politiki cyangwa ibindi. Abantu bose iyo bava bakagera bavuka bigenga kandi bareshya mu cyubahiro n' imbere y' amategeko. (Les droits humains sont universels ).

- Nta mpamvu n'imwe igomba gutuma hagira uwamburwa uburenganzira

bw'ikiremwamuntu. Abantu bafite uburenganzira, kabone n'ubwo amategeko y'ibihugu byabo yaba atabibemerera cyangwa yaba abuhungabanya. ( Les droits humains sont inalienables ).

- Kugira ngo abantu bose babeho mu cyubahiro, bagomba kugira

uburenganzira bukurikira: kwishyira ukizana, kugira umutekano no kugira imibereho myiza. Nta na bumwe muri ubwo burenganzira bugomba gushyirwa iruhande. Uburenganzira bw' ikiremwamuntu ntibugabanywa, ntibusubizwa inyuma. (Les droits humains sont indivisibles).

1.5 Ibyiciro by'uburenganzira bw' ikiremwa-muntu 1.5.1. Uburenganzira mu by'imbonezamubano na politiki • Ni uburenganzira buhesha buri wese ukwishyira ukizana, bukaba ari ubu bukurikira:

177

- Uburenganzira bwo kugira ukwishyira ukizana n'ubwigenge bumwe ku bantu bose nta vangura rishingiye ku bwoko, ibara ry'uruhu, idini, ururimi, igitsina, ibitekerezo, ubwenegihugu n'ibindi;

- Uburenganzira bwo kubaho; - Uburenganzira bwo kubahwa no guhabwa agaciro ka muntu : nta muntu

ugomba kwicwa urubozo cyangwa guhanishwa ibihano birimo ubugome bukabije, bidakwiye ikiremwamuntu, cyangwa se bitesha umuntu agaciro; nta muntu ugomba gufatwa ku ngufu; nta muntu ugomba kugeragerezwaho ubushakashatsi mu rwego rw'ubuvuzi cyangwa se ubundi buhanga atabyiyemereye ubwe; nta muntu ugomba kugirwa umucakara cyangwa umuja, kandi ubucuruzi bw'abacakara burabujijwe; nta muntu ugomba gukoreshwa imirimo y' agahato;

- Uburenganzira bwo kugira umutekano; - Uburenganzira bwo kugira ubuzima gatozi; - Uburenganzira bwo kugira ubwenegihugu; - Uburenganzira bwo kugira umutungo; - Uburenganzira bwo kutavogerwa: imibereho bwite y'umuntu, iy'umuryango we,

urugo rwe, ubutumwa yohererezanya n'abandi ntibivogerwa, icyubahiro n'agaciro ke mu maso y'abandi bigomba kubahirizwa. Amategeko agomba kumurinda kuvogerwa no kwandagazwa;

- Uburenganzira bwo kureshya imbere y'amategeko n'ubwo kurengerwa n'itegeko kimwe;

- Uburenganzira bwo kugenda nta nkomyi no gutura aho ushaka mu gihugu; • Uburenganzira ku butabera - Kudafatwa, kudafungwa no kudacirwa hanze y'igihugu bitubahirije amategeko;

kuregera inkiko igihe wumva uburenganzira bwawe bwahungabanye; - Uburenganzira bwawe buhungabanye, gucirwa urubanza rutabera igihe ufite

icyo uregwa kandi ugafatwa nk'umwere igihe cyose urukiko rutaraguhamya icyaha;

- Uburenganzira bwo gushyingirwa no kugira umuryango; nta muntu ugomba guhatirwa gushyingirwa n'uwo adashaka n'igihe atabishakiye;

- Uburenganzira bwo kugira ibitekerezo no kubitangaza, ubwo kugira umutimanama no guhitamo idini yishakiye, ndetse no kuyihindura (bitabangamiye umutekano w'Igihugu )

- Uburenganzira bwo kujya mu mashyirahamwe, ndetse no mu mashyirahamwe ya Politiki;

- Uburenganzira bwo gukora inama mu gihe zitanyuranyije n'amategeko; - Uburenganzira bwo gutora no gutorwa bishingiye ku mategeko agenga itora

yateganyijwe. 1.5.2. Uburenganzira mu by'ubukungu, imibereho myiza n'umuco • Uburenganzira bwo kwigenera imibereho, kugira uruhare mu micungire

y'iby'igihugu cye no kwiteza imbere mu bukungu, mu mbereho myiza n'umuco; • Uburenganzira bwo gutora; • Uburenganzira ku murimo

178

- Uburenganzira bungana ku bantu bose bwo gukora imirimo ya Leta no kujya mu mirimo y'ubutegetsi bw'igihugu;

- Uburenganzira bwo kwihitiramo umurimo ushaka; - Uburenganzira bwo guhabwa umushahara ungana ku bantu bakora umurimo

umwe no kurindwa akarengane ku murimo ako ari ko kose; - Uburenganzira bwo kujya mu ngaga zirengera inyungu z'abakozi; - Uburenganzira ku bwiteganyirize bw'abakozi; - Uburenganzira bwo kuruhuka no kwidagadura; • Uburenganzira ku buzima bwiza: - Uburenganzira bwo kugira ubuzima buzira umuze no kudateshwa umutwe; - Uburenganzira bwo kubona ibyangombwa kugira ngo umuntu n'umuryango we

bashobore kugira ubuzima buzira umuze n' imibereho myiza; - Uburenganzira bwo kurindwa no kurengerwa k'umuryango; - Uburenganzira bwo kurindwa no kurengerwa by'umwihariko ku babyeyi

n'abana; - Uburenganzira bwo kuvuzwa, cyane cyane ku batishoboye; - Uburenganzira bwo kugobokwa igihe cyose bikenewe. • Uburenganzira ku burezi - Abana bose bagomba kwiga amashuri abanza; - Abantu bagomba guhabwa ubushobozi bwo kwiga amashuri yisumbuye

n'amakuru nta vangura rishingiye ku cyo ari cyo cyose uretse ubushobozi bw'ibihugu byabo n'ubushobozi bwabo bwo kwiga;

- Ababyeyi ni bo bafite uburenganzira bwo guhitiramo abana babo uburere bubakwiye.

• Uburenganzira ku mutungo : ntawe ushobora kwamburwa umutungo we ku maherere;

• Uburenganzira bwo kugira icumbi • Uburenganzira bwo kwishyira hamwe n'abandi n'ubwo kudahatirwa kujya mu

ishyirahamwe iri n'iri; • Uburenganzira bwo kugira uruhare mu bikorwa ndangamuco n'ubwo

kurengerwa ku bikorwa by'ubuvanganzo cyangwa by'ubugeni. 1.5.3. Uburenganzira mu by'ubufatanye Ubwo burenganzira ni uburi hagati y'ibihugu bikize n'ibikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere. Usanga bushaka guhuza uburenganzira bw'umuntu n'ubw'ubukungu ndetse n'imibereho rusange ubwo burenganzira bugomba kubahirizwamo. Muri ubwo burenganzira, dusangamo uburenganzira ku majyambere mu by'ubukungu, imibereho n'umuco no kunezezwa ku buryo bungana mu mutungo rusange, uburenganzira ku mahoro no ku mutekano, uburenganzira ku kuba ahantu heza (droit a l'environnement) n'ibindi. Nk'uko bigaragara, gushyira uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu mu byiciro ntibibuza ko uburenganzira ubu n'ubu twabusanga mu byiciro byinshi.

179

Urugero : Uburenganzira ku mutungo buri mu byiciro byose, ndetse ahanini ni ko bimeze kuko uburenganzira bumwe bufite inkomoko yabwo ku burenganzira bw'icyiciro kibubanziriza.

Urugero : Uburenganzira ku buzima buzira umuze, ku murimo, ku burezi, bufite

inkomoko ku burenganzira bwo kubaho,kuko kubaho binasaba kubaho neza.

1.5.4. Ibindi byiciro by'uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu Uburenganzira bwarondowe ni uburenganzira bugirwa n'abantu ku giti cyabo (les droits individuels). Hari na none - Uburenganzira buhuriweho n'umuryango munini w'abantu:

muri bwo twavuga uburenganzira bwo kwigenga, ubwo kwicungira ubukungu n'umutungo kamere, ubwo gutera imbere mu bukungu, imibereho myiza n'umuco, ubwo kugira amahoro n'umutekano n'ibindi;

- Uburenganzira bw'umwihariko ku byiciro bimwe na bimwe by'abantu, nk'abagore, abana, abamugaye, abarwayi ba SIDA n'abandi;

- Uburenganzira bw'abasigaye inyuma: muri bwo twavuga uburenganzira bwo kuvuga ururimi rwabo no gushyira mu bikorwa ndetse no kwigisha idini ryabo n'uburenganzira bwo kugira ibikorwa ndangamuco bahuriyeho;

- Uburenganzira buhuriweho n'abaturage bose batuye isi muri bwo twavuga uburenganzira bwo kubaho mu mahoro, bwo kurindwa ivangura n'ikandamizwa iryo ari ryo ryose, ubwo kurindwa itsembabwoko , ubwo kugira amajyambere n'ubwo kugira ngo ibyiza by'isi bisaranganywe kimwe n' abayituye.

1.5.5. Uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu mu bihe bidasanzwe Duhereye ku nshingano za buri muntu ku bandi no ku gihugu, twabona ko hari ibihe bidasanzwe bishobora gutuma hafatwa ibyemezo byo kugabanya cyangwa kuzitira bumwe mu burenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu, bitewe n'uko hashakwa umutekano cyangwa inyungu za benshi.

Ingero - Uburenganzira bwo gutembera aho ushaka n'igihe ushakiye, ubwo

kwishyira hamwe no gukora inama, ubwo kuva mu gihugu bushobora guhagarikwa mu bihe by' umutekano muke;

- burenganzira bwo gutangaza ibitekerezo byawe bushobora guhagarikirwa umuntu wese cyangwa ishyirahamwe ry'abantu bamamaza amacakubiri.

- Nyamara ariko hariho uburenganzira umuntu adashobora kwamburwa n'ubwo haba ari mu bihe bidasanzwe

- Uburenganzira bwo kubaho; - burenganzira bwo kuticwa urubozo, kudahanishwa ibihano bya kinyamaswa,

birimo ubugome bukabije cyangwa bitesha umuntu agaciro; - Uburenganzira bwo kudashyirwa ku ngoyi cyangwa mu bucakara; 1.6. Inshingano zijyana n'uburenganzira bw' ikiremwamuntu

180

1.6.1. Inshingano z'umuntu ku giti cye - Uburenganzira bwa muntu bugira aho bugarukira. Uburenganzira

n'ubwigenge bya buri muntu bikoreshwa ku buryo bitavogera ubwa mugenzi we, umutekano rusange, umuco mwiza n'inyungu rusange. Umuntu kandi agira ibyo ashinzwe mu bo babana, kuko uwo mubano we n'abandi ari na wo akesha kujya mbere. Umuntu wese rero afite Inshingano mu muryango, mu gihugu, muri Leta no mu makoraniro y'abantu yemewe n'amategeko, kimwe no mu bantu batuye isi bose.

Zimwe mu nshingano umuntu afite ni izi zikurikira: - Kubaha no gufata kimwe abandi bantu nta vangura iryo ari ryo ryose,

bakabana neza mu buryo buteza imbere, burinda kandi bushyigikira ubwubahane n'ubworoherane mu bantu bose;

- Kubungabunga amajyambere aboneye y'umuryango no guharanira ko ushyira hamwe kandi ukubahwa; kubaha igihe cyose ababyeyi be kandi akabaha ibibatunga, akanabagoboka mu gihe bibaye ngombwa;

- Gukoresha ubushobozi n'ubwenge bwe bwose kugira ngo igihugu cye gitere imbere;

- Kutabangamira umutekano w'igihugu cye cyangwa icyo atuyemo; - Kubungabunga no guteza imbere ubufatanye hagati y'abaturage, cyane cyane

iyo hari ikibubangamiye; - Guharanira no kubungabunga ubusugire n'ubwigenge bw'igihugu no gutanga

inkunga mu kukirwanaho muri rusange hakurikijwe inzira ziteganywa n'amategeko;

- Gukorana ubushobozi n'ubuhanga bye byose, no kwishyura imisoro iteganywa n'amategeko kugira ngo inyungu rusange z'igihugu zisugire;

- Guharanira, mu mibanire ye n'abandi, ko ibyiza by'umuco we bishyigikirwa mu bworoherane, imishyikirano n'imibonano no kugira uruhare mu guteza imbere ubusugire bw'imico myiza n'umubano mu bantu.

1.6.2. Inshingano za Leta Uburenganzira bwa muntu bugomba kubahirizwa kugira ngo asugire asagambe, arusheho guteza imbere, kandi anarusheho kuba umuntu. Kubera izo mpamvu, Leta ifite inshingano nkuru yo kubahiriza no kubahirisha uburenganzira bwa buri muturage mu bayigize. Iyo nshingano ni yo ihesha Leta uburenganzira bwo kugira ibyo isaba abaturage, ndetse n'ubwo gushyiraho amategeko ahana abatubahiriza ibisabwa. Muri make: "Uburenganzira bw'umuturage ni zo nshingano za Leta". "Uburenganzira bwa Leta ni zo nshingano z'umuturage ".

181

1.7. Ibyangombwa kugira ngo uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu bwubahirizwe

1.7.1. Ubumwe bw'abenegihugu Ubumwe bw'igihugu bugomba gushingira ku buringanire bw'abaturage imbere y'amategeko, ku gufatwa kimwe kuri bose kandi muri byose, kabone no mu byerekeye ubukungu, no kubahiriza uburenganzira bw'ibanze uko biteganyijwe. Ubumwe bw'igihugu busaba kwanga ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose n'icyitwa ikandamiza cyose, nk'iryaba rishingiye ku bwoko, ku karere, ku gitsina cyangwa ku idini. 1.7.2. Igihugu kigendera ku mategeko Kuvuga Igihugu kigendera ku mategeko bisobanura ko nta muntu, kabone n'iyo yaba ari umuyobozi, ushobora gusumba amategeko, kandi ko amategeko yubahiriza uburenganzira bw'ibanze bw' abaturage. Igihugu kigendera ku mategeko ntigiharanira gusa gushyiraho amategeko, ahubwo kigena uburyo bukoreshwa mu gushyiraho no kubungabunga imitegekere ishingiye kuri demokarasi, kikarangwa n'ubutabera bushingiye ku kwemera no gushimangira agaciro gahanitse ka muntu. 1.7.3. Kubahiriza ubwigenge shingiro Ubwigenge shingiro buvugwa hano burimo ubwisanzure mu kugaragaza ibitekerezo, mu gushinga ingaga no kwibumbira mu mashyirahamwe, ari aya politiki, ari agamije imibereho myiza y'abaturage, ari n'ayerekeye ubukungu. 1.7.4. Demokarasi ishingiye ku baturage, abaturage bakayigiramo uruhare

Irangwa n'amahame akurikira - Ubutegetsi butangwa n'abaturage binyujijwe mu matora adafifitse; - Guverinoma ishingiye ku byemewe n'abaturage muri ayo matora. Urugero: amatora ya kamarampaka ni yo yemeza ibikubiye mu Itegeko-

Nshinga. Ubutegetsi bushingiye ku mbaraga z'abaturage: - Amashyirahamwe; - Amasendika; - Amashyaka menshi.

Igihugu kigendera ku matwara ya demokarasi gishingira ku bitekerezo binyuranye, bikaba ari ikimenyetso cy'ubwigenge bwa buri muntu

182

n' iyubahirizwa ry' ibitekerezo bye ku byerekeye imiyoborere y'igihugu cye. 1.7.5. Gutandukanya inzego z'ubutegetsi Igitugu ntigishobora kwirindwa mu gihe urwego rumwe rw'ubutegetsi cyangwa bamwe mu bategetsi bikubiyeho ubwoko butatu bw'imirimo Leta ishinzwe: Gushyiraho amategeko, kuyubahiriza no guca imanza. Iyo ubutegetsi bugiye mu maboko y'umuntu umwe, nta kugenzura imikorere ye bikozwe n'urundi rwego rw'ubutegetsi bibyara ingoma y'igitugu. Gutandukanya inzego z'ubutegetsi biba byashyiriweho kugira ngo buri rwego rugenzure urundi, hagamijwe kurinda abaturage ubutegetsi bw'igitugu. 1.7.6. Kugira gikurikirana KugIra ngo uburenganzira bwa muntu bwubahirizwe, abayobozi bagomba kumenyekanisha no kwisobanura ku byo bashinzwe n'abaturage, hakoreshejwe uburyo buteganywa n'amategeko, nko kwisobanura mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko (controle gouvernemental par le Parlement), ibiganiro mu buryo bw'itangazamakuru n'ibindi. Ibyo byose iyo byuzuye, ni bwo bavuga ko hariho imiyoborere myiza. 1.8. Inzego zishinzwe iyubahirizwa ry' uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu 1.8.1. Inzego za Leta - Inzego zishinzwe umutekano: Polisi y'Igihugu n'inzego zishinzwe iperereza; - Inzego zishinzwe ubutabera: Inkiko, ubugenzacyaha n'ubushinjacyaha;

- Inzego z'ubuyobozi zose, guhera ku nzego z'ibanze kugeza ku nzego nkuru nka

Guverinoma, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko n'izindi;

- Komisiyo y'Igihugu Ishinzwe Uburenganzira bw' Ikiremwamuntu; 1.8.2. Inzego zigenga - Imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta iharanira uburenganzira bw' ikiremwamuntu; - Abaturage bose bagomba kumenya Inzego zishinzwe kurengera

uburenganzira bwabo, kuko uburenganzira buraharanirwa: - Umuntu ku giti cye ashobora kwiha cyangwa kwibuza uburenganzira bwe :

umuntu wahohotewe ntaregere inzego zibishinzwe, aba yibujije uburenganzira bwe kandi abizi, kandi uwamuhohoteye nta kimubuza kuzongera kubikora igihe cyose azabishakira kuko atigeze ahanwa;

183

- Umuntu ashobora guhabwa cyangwa kubuzwa uburenganzira n'abandi: iyo umuturage asagariye undi, yamukubita, yamwoneshereza, cyangwa akanamutuka, abandi baturage bakamufasha kurenganurwa, bamugira inama z'aho yarega, cyangwa bakabikemurira muri gacaca, baba bamushubije uburenganzira bwe.

184

IGICE CYA KABIRI : UBURENGANZIRA BW' IKIREMWAMUNTU MU MIYOBORERE MYIZA N'ITERAMBERE

2.1. Igisobanuro cy'imiyoborere iboneye Imiyoborere myiza ni ubushobozi bwemewe bw'inzego za Leta bwo gutanga ibyo zitegerejweho ku baturage cyangwa ku babahagarariye, ku buryo bushobotse (efficace), ku buryo bunyuze mu mucyo, nta kubogama, bwo kuba banabibazwa nk'ababishinzwe (responsable), hakurikijwe amikoro ahari. Iyo miyoborere ireba ubuzima bw'igihugu mu by'ubukungu, politiki n'imibereho myiza y'abaturage. Isesengura ryakozwe mu bihugu binyuranye ryerekenye ko za Leta zikora neza zirangwa n'ibi bikurikira: - Kuba hariho inzego za Leta zifite ubushobozi bwo kugumisha igihugu mu mahoro,

kubahiriza amategeko, umudendezo rusange, n'ibindi; - Kuba hariho inzego zishinzwe kurinda ubwisanzure bwa buri muntu n'ukureshya

k'uburenganzira hagati y'abantu; - Kuba hariho uburyo bukora (systeme pratique) butuma abaturage birengera mu

gihe hari imikoreshereze y'ubutegetsi mu buryo bw'igitugu (uburyo ibyemezo bifatwa, gukurikirana uko imari ya Leta ikoreshwa, uburyo itangazamakuru ryisanzura, imikorere y'imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta ihabwa uruhare mu buzima bw'igihugu, n'ibindi).

2.2. Uruhare rw'abayobozi n'abayoborwa mu miyoborere myiza 2.2.1. Icyo imiyoborere myiza ishingiraho ? Muri rusange imiyoborere myiza irangwa n'ibi bikurikira: - Guha abaturage uruhare mu gufata ibyemezo by'ingenzi bifite ingaruka nini ku

mibereho yabo, kubishyira mu bikorwa, kubikurikirana no kubisuzuma (Responsabilites);

- Guha abaturage agaciro gakomeye mu kugena no gukurikirana gahunda z'ibikorwa by'iterambere zibagenewe no kubigiramo uruhare rugaragara (Planification participative):

- Abaturage bagomba kwishyiriraho ubuyobozi binyuze mu mucyo kandi bubahiriza amahame ya demokarasi na yo arangwa n'ibi bikurikira

- Kugendera ku kubahiriza amategeko kuri buri wese mu buryo bumwe; - Kubaha no kwihanganira urunyurane rw'ibitekerezo by'abantu b'ingeri zose

(Diversité d'opinions); - Kubahiriza intego za muntu mu bya politiki no mu by'ubukungu, mu kuba

bagira uruhare mu migendekere iboneye y'umuryango mugari w'abantu (Society);

- Guha abayobozi inshingano, abaturage bakagira ubushobozi bwo kubukuraho igihe bukora nabi, bakareshya imbere y'amategeko;

- Gukorera mu mucyo, kumenyekanisha no kwisobanura ku byo ushinzwe gukora, bukaba kandi ari ubuyobozi buri wese yibonamo;

- Kugena no kubahiriza ibyo ugomba gukora, kutabogama no kwita ku nyungu za buri wese;

185

- Kugendera ku mategeko no kubahiriza uburenganzira bw' ikiremwamuntu; - Kwirinda gusesagura umutungo ushinzwe gucunga, kongera ubushobozi no

kwemerwa kw'abayobozi; - Gushyira imbere ibikorwa bifitiye abaturage akamaro no karangwa

n'ubwigenge mu bwuzuzanye hagati y'inzego z'ubuyobozi; - Kwita ku kudahungabana k'uburenganzira bwa nyamuke, bityo bakagira

imbaraga zibarinda gukandamizwa n'imiyoborere yiganjemo abafite ibibatandukanya na bo.

2.2.2. Bimwe mu bibangamira Imiyoborere myiza Imiyoborere myiza ntigomba kubangamira abaturage ku burenganzira bwabo mu byerekeye Imbonezamubano na Politiki - Guhungabanya ubuzima bw'abantu, gufata cyangwa gufunga abaturage mu

buryo bunyuranyije n'amategeko; - Kubuza umuntu gucirwa urubanza rutabera; - Kuvogera ubuzima bwite bw'abantu n'imiryango yabo; - Kubuza abantu kujya mu nama zemewe n'amategeko cyangwa

amashyirahamwe; - Kuhuza abantu gutora cyangwa gutorwa mu nzego zinyuranye z'ubuyobozi.

Ubwo burenganzira bushobora guhagarikwa n'itegeko, kubera ibihe bidasanzwe cyangwa nyirubwite atabyemerewe, kubera amakosa akomeye yakoze.

Imiyoborere myiza ntigomba kubangamira uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu mu byerekeye ubukungu, imibereho myiza n'umuco. Umuntu agomba kwitabwaho na Leta, ikishingira ubuzima bwe, imushakira ubwishingizi n'ubwiteganyirize kandi ikamuha uburere akwiye, ndetse ikanamuvuza igihe arwaye. Icyakora ubu burenganzira bugenda bwubahirizwa buhoro, hakurikijwe amikoro n'ubushobozi bwa buri gihugu. Ntibibuza rero abaturage bose guharanira uburenganzira bwabo. 2.3. Ibiranga Imiyoborere myiza n'iterambere Imiyoborere myiza n'Iterambere birangwa n'ubuyobozi bushingiye ku gufata ibyemezo bihamye birushaho guhindura imyifatire y'abanyagihugu, hubahirizwa uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu kandi hakurikijwe amahame n'imiterere y'isaranganya bukungu ku isi. Iby'ingenzi twavuga ni: - Gushyiraho inzego z'ubuyobozi zemewe kandi zishyigikiwe n'abaturage; - Ubwigenge busesuye mu nzego zose z'ubutegetsi: Nyubahirizategeko,

Nshingamategeko n'ubw' Ubucamanza. - Ubutegetsi bugendera kuri Demokarasi kandi bushingiye ku mashyaka

menshi; - Gushyiraho abahuza bakemwa ibibazo by'abahohotera uburenganzira

bw'abakozi. Ibi byatangiye bwa mbere mu gihugu cya Suwedi no mu Rwanda byari bikwiye kuhagera ;

186

- Kwemera amategeko no kuyashyira mu bikorwa, kimwe n'ibyemezo byose bishyizwe ahagaragara n'inzego zinyuranye z'ubuyobozi;

- Ubwisanzwe mu ishoramari n'iterambere mwi rusange; - Kubahiriza uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu bishingiye kuri demokarasi

idaheza, ni ukuvuga irinda uburenganzira bwa nyamuke n'abatishoboye; - Ubwisanzwe bw'itangazamakuru n'iyubahirizwa ry'ibitekerezo binyuranye; - Uruhare rukomeye rw'abikorera ku giti cyabo mu bikorwa by'iterambere

binywanye: inganda, ibikorwa-remezo by'amajyambere, uburezi, ubuvuzi, itumanaho n'ikoranabuhanga rigezweho, ubwikorezi n'ibindi;

- Kurwanya ubukene hakoreshejwe ikwirakwizwa ry'imishinga yongera umusaruro udakomoka ku buhinzi mu turere twose tw'igihugu, kuvugurura ubuhinzi n'imiterere yabwo bigahuzwa n'ibihe tugezemo, ku buryo bituma abaturage barushaho kongera umusaruro no kubaho neza;

- Gushyira bwi gihe ahagaragara imibare inyuranye yerekana imiterere y'ubuzima bw'igihugu mu nzego zose kandi igaragaza ingorane n'ibibazo bikwiye kwitabwaho kurusha ibindi, kugira ngo amajyambere n'iterambere birusheho kwiyongera no kwitabwaho mu gihugu hose;

• Komisiyo z'igihugu n'ibigo bya Leta byigenga bishobora gukora, gukwikirana

no gushyira mu bikorwa nta nkomyi ibyemezo n'imyanzuro byagezeho. Aha twavuga

- Komisiyo y'Igihugu ishinzwe Uburenganzira bw' Ikiremwamuntu; - Komisiyo y'Igihugu y'Ubumwe n'Ubwiyunge; - Komisiyo y'Igihugu y'Amatora; - Ofisi y'Igihugu ishinzwe Imisoro; - Komisiyo ishinzwe gutegura Itegeko Nshinga n'ivugururwa ry'andi

mategeko; - Komisiyo y'Igihugu ishinzwe Kuvugurwa Amategeko; - Ikigo cy'Igihugu gishinzwe gutanga Amasoko; - Komisiyo y'Igihugu ishinzwe Kurwanya Ubukene; - Komisiyo y'Igihugu ishinzwe Kurwanya Ruswa n'izindi. - Imiyoborere myiza irangwa n'ubufatanye mu majyambere hagati y'ibihugu

byose bituye isi, no mu guteza imbere ubwenganzira bw' ikiremwamuntu hashyirwa imbere imibereho myiza ku bantu b'ingeri zose. Imiyoborere myiza n'Iterambere biruzuzanya. Imiyoborere myiza igira uruhare ku iterambere n'iterambere rikagira uruhare ku miyoborere myiza. Iyo byose bigezweho, uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu burubahirizwa.

2.4. Isano iri hagati y'uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu, Imiyoborere myiza

n'iterambere Ntawakwirengagiza ko ibitekerezo, imikorere n'ibikorwa by'iterambere byose byuzuzanya n'ibijyanye n'uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu n'ubwo ubona bitandukanye. Imibereho myiza ishingira ku ruhare rwa buri wese yaba ku baturage cyangwa ku bayobozi. Uburenganzira n'inshingano za buri wese bigomba kubahana no kuzuzanya mu bikorwa byabo bya bwi munsi. Ibikorwa umuntu agomba gukora bigomba kubahiriza uburenganzira bw'abandi n'umuryango mugari w'abantu arimo.

187

Iterambere rya muntu rigerwaho hariho Inzego n'ubwayo buha amahirwe angana buri wese gukora ibimuteza imbere mu bwisanzure no gukorerwa n'ababishinzwe ibyo yemerewe kandi bishingiye ku byo akenera. Imiyoborere Myiza ntiyashoboka mu gihe umuntu adafite amikoro y'ifatizo atuma abaho akanubahwa, akanagobokwa, akarindwa kwamburwa umutungo we. Iyo hari ihohoterwa ridahanwa cyangwa umutekano muke bica intege ishoramari kandi ari ryo rituma abaturage babona akazi, bongera umusaruro mu nzego zose. Nta bikorwa by'iterambere bisugira hari ubwoba no kutizera bipfukirana ibitekerezo byiza n'imigambi ya muntu. Ubutegetsi bwiza bufasha buri wese kugera ku cyo ashoboye, kumurenganura, akishimira gukorera umuryango muto n'umugari akabiteza imbere. Inzego z'ubuyobozi ziharanira ibi bikurikira: - Ubuzima buzira umuze ku baturage bose cyane cyane ubw'abana n'ababyeyi

batwite; - Abana bose bageze mu gihe cyo kujya mu ishuri bagomba kwiga nta vangura

iryo ari ryo ryose, guhabwa ibikoresho bihagije n'aho kwigira hatunganye; - Abaturage bose bagira uburenganzira bwo kwivuza no kuvuzwa ku

batishoboye; - Kugira aho uba hatunganye kandi hadatesha ikiremwamuntu agaciro no

kugerageza kuhashakira abatishoboye n'indushyi ndetse n'uburyo bwo kubaho butunganye;

- Ibikorwa by'amajyambere si umwihariko w'abantu bamwe ahubwo ni iby'abaturage bose kuko bahabwa uburyo n'ubushobozi bwo kubigeraho;

- Kurwanya ubukene ni intego ya mbere n'inshingano z'ubuyobozi bwiza no kubungabunga uburenganzira bwa muntu. Ubukene ni imwe mu nzitizi zikomeye zihungabanya kandi zigahutaza uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu, ikaba kandi inzitizi y'iterambere mu nzego zose kimwe n'imiyoborere myiza. Niyo mpamvu ubuyobozi bugomba buri gihe gushakisha ibikorwa n'imishinga yarushaho kugabanya ubukene mu baturage kugira ngo barusheho kugira imibereho myiza no kugira ubuzima buzira umuze.

- Guha urubuga abari n'abategarugori mu nzego zifata ibyemezo bakagira

kandi uruhare rugaragara mu bikorwa by'amajyambere, bagashyirwa no mu nzego zose z'ubuyobozi kugira ngo barusheho kongera umusaruro no guhagurukira iterambere;

- Kwegereza abaturage ibikorwa-remezo: amashuri, amashanyarazi, ibitaro,

amazi n'ibindi byegerejwe abaturage, bigabanya urugendo bajya cyangwa bavayo bityo bigateza imbere abaturage kandi bakarushaho kumererwa neza.

- Kurinda, guteza imbere no kubungabunga uburenganzira bw' ikiremwamuntu. - Kurwanya icyorezo cya SIDA kuko nta wavuga ko imiyoborere myiza cyangwa

uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu byagezweho kandi abaturage batsembwa n'icyorezo cya SIDA. Iyo nzego igomba kuba imwe mu nshingano z'ubuyobozi bw'igihugu kigendera ku mategeko kugira ngo kirengere uburenganzira bwa buri wese bwo kubaho no kugira ubuzima buzira umuze. Hari abo cyica kubera ko batakimenye, batakigishijwe cyangwa batagisobanukiwe kandi ibyo

188

ari inshingano z'ubuyobozi, ingaruka zacyo zibangamira imiyoborere, n'iterambere kuko abahanga n'abantu bashoboye gukora no gutanga ibitekerezo bizima kibahitana;

- Gufasha abatishoboye iyo bigaragara ko imiryango imwe n'imwe idashoboye

kurangiza inshingano zayo mu byerekeye uburere cyangwa kuvuza abana. Igihugu kigomba kugira uruhare rugaragara mu gushakisha ibisubizo biboneye kugira ngo abo bantu na bo bashobore na none kubaho nk'ikiremwamuntu mu cyubahiro, mu burenganzira no mu busabane.

- Kwirinda no kurwanya cyane: amacakubiri, ruswa, amatiku, kurema

udutsiko tugamije gusenya, gusesereza abandi, gukorera ikuzo, gukoresha igitugu, kugira irari iryo ari ryo ryose ritubaka, gukunda ubuzima bworoshye ari cyo cyonyine ugamije, kwiyemera muri byose, kwigerezaho ugahubukira ikintu utazi aho kikuroha cyangwa cyageza abaturage uyobora, kutagira gahunda ugenderaho, kuba ntibindeba, kudahana amakosa ku wo ariwe wese wayakoze;

- Kugeza amakuru ajyanye n'iterambere ndetse n'ibindi bikorwa byiza byose

bisakazwa mu baturage no mu gihugu hose kugira ngo uturere twose tuzamukire rimwe nta gasigaye inyuma kandi igihugu kigomba guteganya inkunga yagenerwa uturere dukennye kurusha utundi ngo tudasigara inyuma.

- Kwigisha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho mu rwego rwo kongera umusaruro no

kwegereza inkunga uturere dukennye kurusha utundi. Ubutegetsi bw'igitugu bwikora mu nda, bukiyambura amaboko buheza bamwe, burangwa no kunyereza ibya rubanda, itindahara n'ubukene ku baturage benshi kuko buba budashishikajwe no gukurikirana inyungu z'abaturage. Abenegihugu ntibemererwa kuvugurura cyangwa guhindura ubuyobozi, ababurimo benshi bategeka nta kubahiriza amategeko bagambiriye inyungu zabo bwite. Ubuyobozi buboneye ni icyicaro cy'amajyambere asangiwe kandi ni ingabo ikingira uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu.

Kurinda uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu ni uguteganyiriza umuco w'ubuyobozi bwiza ku bato, ni ugushoza inzira y'ubwisanzure no kongera imibereho ya muntu kuko uburenganzira bwose ari magirirane kandi harimo n'ubwo gutera imbere. Iyo hari imibereho myiza n'umutekano ku bantu bose ni nk'umutemeri ushoje ubuyobozi bwiza no kubahiriza uburenganzira n'ubwisanzure bw'abaturage. Iyo uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu butera imbere ni rumwe mu ngero fatizo zipima ikigero cy'iterambere n'imiyoborere myiza mu gihugu.

Muri make nta miyoborere ihamye mu bya politiki no mu by'ubukungu ishingiye ku ruhare rwa bose no ku gusangira ibyiza by'igihugu nta terambere rirambye. Bityo akarengane

189

gakabije kabyara imyiryane izitira bikomeye ibikorwa by'iterambere.

IGICE CYA GATATU : UBURENGANZIRA BW'UMWANA MU MIYOBORERE MYIZA Nyuma y'isomo ku burenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu birumvikana ko umwana na we ari ikiremwamuntu kandi gikwiye kwitabwaho. Hari kandi ibindi byiciro by'abantu bifite uburenganzira bw'umwihariko, aha twavuga nk'ubw'abagore, abana, abamugaye, abageze mu zabukuru, abarwayi ba SIDA n'abandi. Ku by'umwihariko mu Rwanda hari ibibazo byinshi bihohotera umwana, bityo rero byabaye ngombwa ko twibanda muri iki kiganiro ku burenganzira bw'umwana. Abayobozi batorewe Inzego z'Ibanze ku rwego rw'Akagari n'Umurenge bakwiye kugira uruhare rugaragara mu guteza imbere no kubungabunga ubwo burenganzira kugira ngo harusheho kubahiriza ubuyobozi bw'igihugu kigendera ku mategeko. 3.1. Amategeko arengera umwana Ari ku rwego Mpuzamahanga, ku rwego rw'Afurika no mu Rwanda hari Amategeko menshi arengera umwana, ayingenzi ni aya: - Amasezerano mpuzamahanga yerekeye uburenganzira bw'umwana; - Amategeko nyafurika yerekeye uburenganzira n'imibereho myiza

y'umwana; - Itegeko ryerekeye uburenganzira bw'umwana n'uburyo bwo kumurinda

ihohoterwa. 3.1.1. Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yerekeye uburenganzira

bw'umwana 3.1.1.1. Umwana ni nde ? Aya masezerano asobanura umwana ku buryo bukurikira: "Umwana ni ikiremwamuntu cyose kitarageza ku myaka 18 y'amavuko, keretse iyo amategeko akurikizwa mu gihugu ateganya ko imyaka y'ubukure igerwaho mbere y'icyo gihe". (Ingingo ya 1.) 3.1.1.2. Icyo ateganya ku burenganzira bw'Umwana Uburenganzira bw'umwana bukubiye mu byiciro bine bishingiye ku mahame abiri y'ibanze: - Kutavangura (ingingo ya 2); - Inyungu z'umwana ( ingingo ya 3). Ibyo byiciro bine ni ibi: - Uburenganzira bushingiye ku buzima bw'umwana; - Uburenganzira bushingiye ku burere ahabwa; - Uburenganzira bwo kurengerwa ari mu bibazo;

191

- Uburenganzira bwo kugira uruhare mu byemezo bimureba. 3.1.1.3. Inyungu z'umwana Ni ukuvuga ko ibikorerwa umwana, ahabwa mu birebana n'ubuzima bwe, uburere n'imikurire ye, kumurengera cyangwa kumuha uruhare, byose bigomba gukorwa ku nyungu z'umwana kandi nta kuvangura abana bishingiye ku kintu Icyo ari cyo cyose idini, igitsina, inkomoko, akarere n'ibindi. Ingingo ya 3 y'aya masezerano ivuga ko: "Mu byemezo byose bireba umwana, ari ibifashwe n'inzego za Leta cyangwa iz'abikorera ku giti cyabo mu rwego rw'imibereho y'abaturage, inkiko, abayobozi n'abashingamategeko, bigomba gushyira imbere inyungu z'umwana." 3.1.1.4 Ukutavangura Iri hame rivugwa mu ngingo ya 2. Uburenganzira buhabwa umwana wese nta gushingira ku ibara ry'uruhu, ku gitsina , ku rurimi, ku idini, ku bitekerezo bya politiki cyangwa ibindi byerekeye umwana cyangwa ababyeyi be, abamuhagarariye mu mategeko n'ibindi. Ibi bisaba ko iryo hame ryinjizwa mu mategeko y'ibihugu, hakabaho n'ingamba zifatwa cyane cyane izishingiye ku migenzo n'ibikorwa bivangura bishingiye ku muco. Mu gihugu cyacu dushobora kubona ingero z'ivangura ry'igitsina rishingiye ku muco. 3.1.1.5. Kubaho no gukura neza Ubu burenganzira bugaragara mu ngingo nyinshi z'aya masezerano: iya 6, 24, 37, 38... Kubahiriza ubwo burenganzira bisaba ibihugu gushyira ho uburyo bwose bwo kugabanya umubare w'abana bapfa bakiri bato no kongera icyizere cyo kubaho, cyane cyane barwanya kurya nabi n'indwara z'ibyorezo. Ibyo bisaba gukoresha amazi meza n'ibindi. Ni muri izi ngingo kandi havugwa ko nta mwana uhabwa igihano cy'urupfu atarageza ku myaka 18, ko agomba no kurindwa bidasanzwe mu gihe cy'imvururu n'imirwano. 3.1.1.6. Kurengerwa mu bibazo Abana bari mu bibazo bagomba kwitabwaho by'umwihariko. Abo ni nk'abana bamugaye, abana b'impfubyi, abana mu gihe cy'intambara, abana b'impunzi, n'abandi. Mu gihugu cyacu, tuzi ko abo bana ari benshi, cyane cyane kuva mu gihe cy'itsembabwoko n'itsembatsemba.

192

3.1.2. Amategeko Nyafurika yerekeye Uburenganzira n'Imibereho myiza y'umwana

Aya mategeko asubira mu ngingo twavuze haruguru zerekeye uburenganzira bw'umwana, ariko akagira akarusho kubera ko yo atinda ku nshingano z'umwana. Ibyo tubisanga mu ngingo ya 31 y'aya mategeko. Muri make inshingano z'umwana ni izi zikurikira: - Kwubaha ababyeyi no kubafasha; - Guharanira ubwumvikane n'ubufatanye mu muryango we; - Kwubaha abamuruta bose n'abandi bana; - Gukunda no gufasha igihugu cye, Afurika ndetse n'Isi yose, akoresheje

ubushobozi bwe n'ubwenge bwe; - Guteza imbere umuco mwiza w'ubufatanye n'ubworoherane, mu gihugu cye

no muri Afurfka. 3.1.3. Itegeko ryerekeye uburenganzira bw'umwana n'uburyo bwo kumurinda ihohoterwa Itegeko n° 27/2001 ryo kuwa 28/04/2001, ryerekeye uburenganzira bw'umwana n'uburyo bwo kumurinda ihohoterwa ryasohotse mu Igazeti ya Leta yo kuwa 01/12/2001.

Rikubiye mu ngingo 53, mu mitwe itatu y'ingenzi:

1. Uburenganzira bw'Umwana; 2. Inshingano z'umwana; 3. Ibyaha binyuranye bikorerwa umwana n'ibihano bijyanye n'ibyo byaha. Iri tegeko aho ritandukaniye n'ayandi yavuzwe haruguru ni uko rigaragaza ibyaha binyuranye bikorerwa abana n'ibihano biteganyirizwa ababikora. Ibyaha bivugwa muri iri tegeko, bikanateganyirizwa ibihano ni ibi bikurikira: - Kuvutsa umwana ubuzima; - Gusambanya umwana no kumukoresha ibiterasoni; - Gushora umwana mu busambanyi no mu bumaraya; - Gushakira inyungu ku mwana; - Gutererana no guta umwana; - Gushyingira umwana imburagihe 3.2. Bimwe mu bibangamiye iyubahirizwa ry'uburenganzira bw'abana mu

gihugu cyacu Dukurikije ibice by'ingenzi byagiye bigaragara mu burenganzira bw'umwana, hari byinshi bitubahirizwa, ugasanga umwana yaharenganiye. Bunwe muri ibyo bibazo n'ibi bikurikira 3.2.1. Ibibazo bibangamira inyungu z'umwana

193

Abanyarwanda benshi ntibakunze guteganyiriza umwana ibyo bikarangwa na zimwe mu ngero zikurikira: - Kudashyira umwana mu ishuri kugira ngo afashe abanyeshuri uturimo two

mu rugo; - Kutamugaburira indyo yuzuye igahabwa abakuru; - Kumushyingira imburagihe cyangwa atabishaka; - Kumukoresha utamuhemba; - Kutamuha ijambo ngo avuge ikimubangamiye cyangwa icyamuteza imbere. 3.2.2. Ibibazo by'ivangura Kurenga kuri ubu burenganzira, mu gihugu cyacu biboneka cyane cyane ku byerekeye ibitsina, kandi ugasanga ari nk'ikintu cyashinze imizi kubera umuco. N'ubwo amashuri yakira abana bose, usanga ababyeyi bamwe bagitsimbaraye ku muco wo kuvuga ko umwana w'umukobwa atagenewe amashuri nk'ay'umuhungu. N'ubwo mu mashuri abanza umubare ungana ku bahungu n'abakobwa, ugenda ugabanuka uko amashuri yigira hejuru. Ibyerekeye izungura byo ni ikindi kibazo, n'umukobwa ubwe ntarabyumva kandi amategeko amuha ubwo burenganzira yarashyizweho (urugero Itegeko rigena umutungo w'abashakanye, impano n'izungura). 3.2.3. Ibibazo by'ubuzima Mu gihugu cyacu, twakwishimira ko hari gahunda zimwe zimaze gutera imbere nko gukingiza indwara zikunze gufata abana, ariko ntitwiyibagize ko hakiriho ababyeyi bake batabyitabira. Abana bapfa bakiri bato baracyari benshi mu Rwanda (130 ku bana igihumbi bavuka). Itegeko twavuze haruguru na ryo ritanga ibihano bikomeye ku muntu uhohotera umwana, nko gukuramo inda cyangwa kumuta amaze kumubyara, kumutererana n'ibindi.... 3.2.4. Ibibazo by'uburezi Mu Rwanda, turacyafite abana benshi batiga cyangwa abava mu mashuri bakajya mu muhanda. Impamvu zibitera nizo dukwiye gusesengura tukazirwanya, bityo bikagabanya "mayibobo" zimaze gukwira igihugu cyose. 3.2.5. Ibibazo by'umwihariko Abana bagomba kumenyekana no kugobokwa bari mu byiciro byinshi: - Ni abana bamugaye, imfubyi zibana, cyangwa ziba mu bigo, n'iziba mu

miryango. - Abana b'inzererezi - Abana bakora imirimo ibavuna; - Abahohoterwa.

194

3.3. Uburyo ibibazo bibangamiye abana byakwitabwaho Leta ikwiye gushyira ho gahunda igaragara yo kurengera abana ku nzego zose z'ubuyobozi : Ku rwego rw'Intara, ku rwego rw'Akarere, ku rwego rw'Umurenge, ku rwego rw'Akagari, kandi abantu bose bakabigiramo uruhare. Ushinzwe ubuzima n'imibereho myiza y'abaturage, ushinzwe Urubyiruko n'abandi barebwa n'ibyo bibazo bakwiye kwibanda ku bibazo birusha ibindi uburemere bakurikije agace batuyemo. - Ari uguhugura abaturage; - Ari ugushaka imishinga yabagirira akamaro; - Ari ugushyiraho ibigega bifasha abana batishoboye, ...

UMWANZURO

Nk'uko twabigaragaje muri iki kiganiro, Imiyoborere Myiza n'Iterambere ni isoko n'inkingi yo kubungabunga no kurengera uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu. Iterambere nyakuri ni iriharanira imibereho myiza y'abaturage hagamijwe buri gihe guharanira ubusugire bw'uburenganzira bwa muntu. Iyo imiyoborere igenda neza, abayoborwa bagira uruhare rugaragara mu bikorwa byose by'amajyambere. Ibyo bigira ingaruka nziza mu kubungabunga no guhararanira uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu. Guharanira uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu ni uguharanira iterambere kuko byombi byuzuzanya. Niyo mpamvu abayobozi batorewe kuyobora Inzego z'Ibanze n'abayobozi bose b'inzego zinyuranye z'igihugu, bakwiye kandi bagomba guharanira iteka no mu bihe byose imibereho myiza y'abaturage, iterambere ryabo, uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu no kububungabunga. Buri munyarwanda kandi afite inshingano zo kurengera uburenganzira bw'umwana, abayobozi; ababyeyi n'abana ubwabo. Niyo mpamvu abayobozi b'inzego z'ibanze bafite inshingano zihariye zo kubikangurira ababyeyi n'abana mu Tugari, mu Mirenge no mu Turere bashinzwe, bafatanyije n'imiryango itagengwa na Leta ikorera mu karere batuyemo. Abayobozi b'Inzego z'Ibanze nabo bagomba kugenzura niba amategeko anyuranye yubahirizwa. Izi nyigisho kandi zikwiye gutangwa mu mashuri, zigashyirwa muri gahunda y'ibyigishwa. Hakwiriye kubaho kuri buri rwego rw'ubuyobozi komite ishinzwe by'umwihariko ibibazo by'abana, ku buryo kubikemura byajya byihutishwa. Abana nibo u Rwanda rw'ejo n'amizero y'Igihugu mu bihe bizaza, bakwiye kurushaho kurengerwa no kwitabwaho n'inzego zose zibishinzwe.

Documents

Ibiganiro bigenewe abatorewe kuyobora inzego z'imirenge n ......MINALOC, Imiyoborere ibereye u Rwanda, Ugushyingo 1999 6. MINALOC, La bonne gouvernance et la Democratie, 7. MINALOC,