IB2 Tourism 1.ppt

8/11/2019 IB2 Tourism 1.ppt

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Tourism

is the short-term circularmigration of people to places

outside their normal place ofwork or residence for the

purpose of leisure or for work.


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Travel and Tourism (T&T)- the worlds largest industry

Share of world: % of Total(2000)

GDP 11.0

Employment 8.0

Exports 7.9

Capital Investment 9.4

A powerful engine for generating jobs and wealth


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but tourism wealth is not evenlydistributed


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Travel and Tourism (T&T)- the worlds largest industry

Share of world: % of Total(2000)

GDP 11.0

Employment 8.0

Exports 7.9

Capital Investment 9.4

A powerful engine for generating jobs and wealth


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International Tourist Arrivals 2000

27.6

129.0111.9

403.3

6.420.6

Africa Am ericas EAP Europe Midd le

East

South Asia

Millions


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Share of World Total International TouristArrivals 2000

Sl ice 7

0%

Am eric as

18%

EAP

16%

Europe

58%

M idd le East

3%

Afr i ca

4%

South As ia

1%

Source: World Tourism Organization (WTO)


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Average Receipts Per Arrival 2000

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

World A frica A mericas EA P Europe Middle Eas t Sou th A sia


US

$


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Share of World Total International TouristReceipts 2000

Sl ice 7

0%

Am eric as

29%

EAP

17%

Europe

49%

M id dle East

2%

Afr i ca

2%

South As ia

1%



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International Tourist Arrivals

1999 1607 8.2% 2482

2000 1787 11.2% 2641

YearNew

ZealandGrowth

RateIndia

GrowthRate

5.2%

6.4%


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International Tourist Receipts

1999 2083 20.7% 3009

2000 2068 -0.7% 3296

YearNew

ZealandGrowth

RateIndia

GrowthRate

2.1%

9.6%

US$ MLN

Th i d f i


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The period of mass tourism(1950 to the present)

MEDCs LEDCs


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World Travel & Tourism- The Future


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MEDCs

The top destinations are France,Spain, the United States and Italy.

The loss of tourism income to LEDCshave made MEDCs actively promotedomestic tourism to their residents.


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Phenomenal Explosion of Domestic Tourism

Year Domestic

1990 63,817,285

1998 168,196,000

1999 176,082,442

2000 210,082,442


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Average Length of Stay in the Country

Country

India

Canada

BrazilFrance

Hong Kong/China

Japan

Malaysia

Singapore(1997)

Spain

Thailand

Days

31.2

5.22

13.007.31

3.38

8.80

5.50

2.60

12.9

8.4


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The World Tourism Organisation(WTO) estimated there were nearly900 million international touristarrivals in 2007 from 846 million in2006, an increase of about 6 per cent.

This represents nearly 52 million morearrivals than in 2006 and they are expected

to reach 1.6 billion by 2020.

The international tourism receipts totalledUS $ 733 billion in 2006.

i i d i


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Most visited countries

The World Tourism Organization reports the following ten countries as the mostvisited in 2007 by number of international travelers. When compared to 2006, Ukraineentered the top ten list, surpassing Russia, Austria and Mexico. Most of the topvisited countries continue to be on the European continent.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Tourism_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Tourism_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Tourism_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Tourism_Organization


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International tourism receipts

TheWor ld Tour ism Organization repor ts the fo l lowing 10 countr ies as

the top ten tour ism earners for the year 2007. It is n ot iceable that mo st

of them are on the European con t inent, bu t the United States con t inues

to b e the top earner.


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International tourism topspenders

The World Tourism Organization reports the following 10 countries as the top ten biggest spenders oninternational tourism for the year 2007. For the fifth year in a row, German tourists continue as the top spenders.A study by Dresdner Bank study[9] forecasts that for 2008 Germans and Europeans in general will continue to bethe top spenders because of the strength of the Euro against the United States dollar, with strong demand for the

US in favor of other destinations.


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Most visited attractions

It is noticeable that 4 out of the top 5 are in the NorthAmerica continent.


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Most visited cities


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Travel

Before: luxury for the privileged few.

Now: for the masses

LEDCs with well developed tourism


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LEDCs with well-developed tourismindustries:

Brazil China

Egypt

India Indonesia

Malaysia

Mexico Morocco

Thailand

Tunisia


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The rapid growth since 1950 is due to:

increased mobility


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greater affluence


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advertising


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greater media coverage


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mass tourism by TNCs

improvements in facilities and


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improvements in facilities andinfrastructure


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reduction in cost of travel


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There have been a few setbacks in tourism,such as the September 11 attacks andterrorist threats to tourist destinations such as

Bali and European cities. On December 26,2004 a tsunami, caused by the 2004 IndianOcean earthquake hit Asian countriesbordering the Indian Ocean, and also the

Maldives. Thousands of lives were lost, andmany tourists died. This has stopped orseverely hampered tourism to the area.

Tourism can be classified according to


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Tourism can be classified according tothe purpose of the travel


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and the way in which it is organised

group tours (like packaged tours)

individual travel

T i d ti ti b l ifi d


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Tourism destinations can be classifiedin many ways


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TOURISM IN LEDCs

Before 1970s: explorers, traders,colonisers, missionaries, scientistsand administrators.

After 1970s: transport improvements+ LEDC governments wanted to raise

income from tourism.


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+

A smoke-less industry.

A more reliable earner.

An opportunity to raise money to

preserve national culture, wildlifeand unique natural features.


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It creates problems if the LEDCs havediverted their attention away from foodproduction and farming.

Dependence on MEDCs. Leakage back to TNC headquarters.

Few benefits to local people.

Wealthy golden ghettos. Further aggravated if substantial

government investment is made ingolden ghettos.


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The size of tourism as a globalindustry doubles every 15 years.


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There has been an upmarket trend in the tourism over the


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plast few decades, especially in Europe where internationaltravel for short breaks is common.

Tourists have higher levels of disposable income andgreater leisure time and they are also better-educatedand have more sophisticated tastes.

There is now a demand for a better quality products,which has resulted in a fragmenting of the mass marketfor beach vacations; people want more specialised

versions, such as Club 18-30, quieter resorts, family-oriented holidays, or niche market-targeted destinationhotels.


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The developments in technology and transportinfrastructure, such as jumbo jets and low-costairlines, and more accessible airports have made

many types of tourism more affordable. There havealso been changes in lifestyle, such as retiree-agepeople who sustain year round tourism. This isfacilitated by internet sales of tourism products.

Some sites have now started to offer dynamicpackaging, in which an inclusive price is quoted fora tailor-made package requested by the customerupon impulse.


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Domestic tourism (people going onholiday in their own country) isgenerally thought to be 4-5 times

greater than international arrivals.

Documents

IB2 Tourism 1.ppt