I TEMPI DEL PASSATO (2) - Assets - Cambridge …assets.cambridge.org/97805216/97972/excerpt/...Guarda le immagini e completa ogni frase con un verbo nel riquadro. 1 PRACTICE Affermativa

36

3UNIT I TEMPI DEL PASSATO (2)

3.1 Il present perfect simple3.2 Il present perfect simple con just, already, still, yet, ever,

never3.3 Have gone e have been3.4 Il present perfect simple vs il past simple3.5 Il present perfect continuous3.6 Il present perfect simple/continuous con for e since

Forma base Past simple Participio passato

work worked worked lavorato

arrive arrived arrived arrivato


have had had avuto

make made made fatto

buy bought bought comprato

Il termine present perfect indica la caratteristica principale di questo tempo: mettere in relazioneun’azione passata con il presente. Il momento preciso in cui l’azione è avvenuta non è rilevante,quindi non viene specificato. Il present perfect simple corrisponde al passato prossimo italiano.

Il present perfect simple si forma con l’ausiliare have/has e il participio passato del verbo.

Nei verbi regolari, il participio passato è uguale al past simple: si forma quindi aggiungendo ilsuffisso -ed alla forma base del verbo.

3.1 IL PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE


break broke broken rotto

be was/were been stato

go went gone andato

Nei verbi irregolari, il participio passato corrisponde alla 3ª voce del paradigma. Può avere lastessa forma del past simple:

oppure può avere una forma completamente differente:

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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-69797-2 - All in One Grammar for Italian Students with Audio CDsHashemi and ThomasExcerpt2More information

http://www.cambridge.org/9780521697972

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37

È importante notare che, mentre in italiano alcuni verbi, come i verbi di moto e il verbo essere,hanno l’ausiliare essere, in inglese il present perfect simple ha sempre e solo l’ausiliare have.

Peter has gone to the cinema. Peter è andato al cinema.(Non Peter is gone)The train hasn’t arrived. Il treno non è arrivato.(Non The train isn’t arrived.)

Tom è stato via per una settimana. Al suo ritorno viene aggiornato su quello che è successodurante la sua assenza. Guarda le immagini e completa ogni frase con un verbo nel riquadro.

1

PRACTICE

Affermativa Negativa Interrogativa

I have (’ve) arrived I have not (haven’t) arrived Have I arrived …?

you have (’ve) arrived you have not (haven’t) arrived Have you arrived …?

he/she/it has (’s) arrived he/she/it has not (hasn’t) arrived Has he/she/it arrived …?

we have (’ve) arrived we have not (haven’t) arrived Have we arrived …?

you have (’ve) arrived you have not (haven’t) arrived Have you arrived …?

they have (’ve) arrived they have not (haven’t) arrived Have they arrived …?

has left have broken has had has stolen have received

Look! John has bought a new car! The dog has eaten the birthday cake!

1 Tom, the neighbours’ children

...................... a window.

2 Your girlfriend ...................... you.

3 Someone ...................... your car.

4 Your sister ...................... a baby.

5 You ...................... 300 emails.

have broken

UNIT 3 I TEMPI DEL PASSATO (2)






42


A differenza dell’italiano, in cui si usa quasi sempre il passato prossimo per parlare di azioni conclusenel passato, in inglese il present perfect e il past simple sono usati in modo diverso.

3.4 IL PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE vs IL PAST SIMPLE

Si usa il present perfect, non il past simple:

per eventi accaduti nel passato, quando nonè importante il momento preciso, ma ilrisultato nel presente.

They have moved to another town. Si sono trasferiti in un’altra città. The bus has arrived. È arrivato l’autobus.

con espressioni che indicano un periodo di

tempo non terminato.

The builders have started working on thekitchen this week. I muratori hanno cominciato a lavorare allacucina questa settimana.(= la settimana non è finita)

I’ve spent this morning writing an essay. (= it’s still morning)

Ho passato la mattina a scrivere unarelazione. (= è ancora mattina)

quando si riporta un fatto nuovo.

I’ve found your glasses.Ho trovato i tuoi occhiali.

I’ve read The Lord of the Rings.Ho letto Il Signore degli Anelli.

per azioni iniziate nel passato e checontinuano nel presente, spesso con for esince. (Vedi 3.6)

I’ve worked there for two months.Lavoro là da due mesi.

Si usa il past simple, non il present perfect:

per eventi accaduti in un momento preciso

del passato.

They moved in July.Si sono trasferiti a luglio.

The bus arrived at 6. L’autobus è arrivato alle 6.

con espressioni che indicano un periodo di

tempo terminato.

I started my essay last week.

Ho iniziato la mia relazione la settimanascorsa. (= la settimana scorsa ècompletamente finita)

I spent this morning writing an essay. (= it’s now afternoon, so this morning is inthe past)Ho passato la mattina a scrivere unarelazione. (= adesso è pomeriggio)

I lost my new camera in London.Ho perso la macchina fotografica nuova aLondra. (= il riferimento di luogo situal’azione in un periodo finito)

quando si danno o si chiedono ulteriori

dettagli sul fatto in questione.

Great! Where did you find them?Fantastico! Dove li hai trovati?Did you like it?Ti è piaciuto?

per azioni iniziate e terminate nel passato,spesso con for.

She worked at the cinema for ten months. (= but she doesn’t work there now)Ha lavorato al cinema per dieci mesi. (= ma adesso non ci lavora più)






45


Il tuo amico James è appena tornato da una vacanza. Scrivi un dialogo tra voi due seguendo leindicazioni date. Fai attenzione all’uso dei tempi: present perfect o past simple.

5

You

Saluta.

Di’ che non l’hai visto recentemente.

Chiedi dove è stato.

Chiedi se si è divertito.

Chiedi che cosa ha fatto.

Chiedi se è stato a San Francisco.

Chiedi se ha fatto molte fotografie.

James

Risponde al saluto.

Risponde che è appena tornato da unavacanza.

Risponde che è stato in California.

Risponde che è stata una vacanzafantastica.

Risponde che ha fatto windsurf e ha presoil sole sulle spiagge di Carmel.

Risponde di sì: ha attraversato il GoldenGate Bridge e ha visitato il carcere diAlcatraz.

Risponde di sì e ti invita a casa sua avederle.

Affermativa Interrogativa

I have (’ve) been driving Have I been driving …?

you have (’ve) been driving Have you been driving ...?

he/she/it has (’s) been driving Has he/she/it been driving ...?

we have (’ve) been driving Have we been driving …?

you have (’ve) been driving Have you been driving …?

they have (’ve) been driving Have they been driving …?

Come tutti i tempi inglesi, anche il present perfect ha due forme: simple e continuous.

Il present perfect continuous si forma con have/has been e la forma -ing del verbo.

3.5 IL PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Si usa di norma il present perfect continuous per parlare di azioni che sono cominciate nel passato econtinuano fino al presente.

I have been studying all morning. I need a break. È tutta la mattina che studio. Ho bisogno di una pausa.

+ I have been driving all night.

– He hasn’t been working hard.

? How long has she been dancing?






49


James divide l’appartamento con sua sorella Annie. James sta dando una festa per il suocompleanno. Guarda le immagini e cerca di indovinare che cosa è successo.

1

ALL IN ONE REVISION

Adesso ascolterai delle conversazioni durante la festa.

How does Garry know Annie? What happens at the end?

Ascolta di nuovo e completa le frasi seguenti.

1 I .................... all the balloons up yet. 6 I .................. Annie last week at the cinema.

2 I still .................... my hair. 7 She .................... there since April.

3 I .................... it this morning. 8 I ............ in the cinema for you on Saturday.

4 .................... you two already .................. ? 9 But I .................... just .................... her!

5 I .................... there for two months. 10 She .................... an hour ago.

Rileggi le tue risposte nell’esercizio 3 e rispondi a queste domande.

1 Which sentences are about an action or event in the past which is finished? Which tense is used?

2 Which sentences contain the words yet, still, already and just? Which tense is used?

3 Which sentences contain the words for and since? Which tense is used?

Leggi attentamente ogni coppia di frasi. Scrivi S se il significato è lo stesso e D se è differente.

1 Have you ever ridden a motorbike? / Have you ridden a motorbike recently? .............

2 She’s worked here since the summer. / She didn’t work here after the summer. .............

3 I’ve been to London twice this year. / I’ve just come back from London. .............

5

4

3

2

D

1.7

1.8






4 This is the most expensive holiday I’ve ever had. /

I’ve never had such an expensive holiday before. .............

5 We’ve already seen this film. / We’ve seen this film before. .............

6 This is the second time I’ve visited Crete. / I’ve been to Crete once before. .............

Leggi il diagramma e completa il paragrafo su Joyce con la forma appropriata dei verbi traparentesi: past simple, present perfect simple o present perfect continuous. Inserisci anche lepreposizioni giuste: for, since, in, from … to, ago. Poi, per analogia, completa i paragrafi suEmma e Sam.

6

50


Joyce, Emma and Sam all work at Charing Cross Hospital in London.

Joyce is a nurse. She (1) ......................... (live) in London (2) .................. 1999 when she (3) .................. (come) to England from Ghana. She (4) ......................... (had) a job at CharingCross Hospital (5) .................. 2002. She (6) ......................... (get) married in 2005 and her son was born two years (7) ......................... .

Emma’s a surgeon. She (8) ......................... (study) Medicine at Bristol University (9) .................. five years (10) .........................1999 ......................... 2004. She (11) ......................... (get) her degree in 2004 and she (12) ......................... (work) atCharing Cross (13) .................. then. She loves her work but she (14) ......................... (not have)a day off (15) .................. six months!

Sam (16) ......................... (do) a degree in Art and design. When he (17) .........................(leave) university he decided to become an art therapist. He (18) ......................... (start) histraining course (19) ......................... September 2007. He (20) ......................... (do) workexperience at Charing Cross (21) .................. two months and has been working there full-time(22) ......................... then.

j

Joyce

98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 now

live in London

train to be a nurse

work at CC

X get married

has been living since

Abbina gli inizi delle frasi con le loro logiche conclusioni.

1 He’s talked to her on the phone ..... a for years.

2 This summer the pool was only open ..... b on my way home from work yesterday.

3 The whole team felt exhausted ..... c since nine o’clock this morning.

4 The rent of my flat has gone up ..... d when the match finished.

7






Per ogni coppia di frasi, completa la seconda in modo che il significato non cambi. Usa la

parola data senza modificarla. Usa tra due e cinque parole compresa la parola data.

1 We’d expected to have better weather. as

The weather wasn’t ....................................................................................................... expected.

2 My husband’s more stubborn than I am. less

I’m .......................................................................................................................... my husband.

3 Their new flat isn’t as near the centre. from

Their new flat is .......................................................................................................... the centre.

4 The composition wasn’t as difficult as the other exercises. the

The composition was ........................................................................................... other exercises.

5 Tom and Nick are both good-looking. as

Tom is ................................................................................................................................ Nick.

6 I don’t have as much free time as you. than

I have ................................................................................................................................... you.

7 The ozone layer is getting thinner every year. as

The ozone layer isn’t ............................................................................................................. was.

8 I’ve got two younger brothers. than

I’m ................................................................................................................................ brothers.

Per le domande 1-12, leggi attentamente il brano seguente e scegli l’opzione corretta (A, B, C o D).

PUBLIC SCHOOLS

British public schools are some of the (1) ......... and selective schools in Europe. They are usuallyboarding schools, which means that pupils spend (2) ......... of their time at school and only go homefor holidays and weekends. Pupils at boarding schools therefore see (3) ......... of their families thanpupils attending day schools. Public schools tend to be (4) ......... than state schools. For exampleboys at Eton (one of the (5) ......... public schools in the country) have to wear a uniform which hasremained (6) ......... unchanged since the 19th century. This consists of a tailcoat, with silver buttonsfor (7) ......... boys, and a white tie. Discipline is strict. Until it was finally banned in the nineties,corporal punishment was (8) ......... in public schools than in state schools.

You might think that this type of school is becoming (9) ......... popular but, although the class systemisn’t (10)......... it used to be, many people believe you are still (11) ......... to be offered a place atOxford and Cambridge and a job in the (12) ......... companies, if you went to a public school.

1 A best B less costly C more famous D most expensive2 A most B more C the worst D fewer3 A less than B less C little D more than4 A more traditional B moderner C as popular D so cheap5 A more well-known B most famous C narrowest D less crowded

8

7

184

UNIT 10 GLI AGGETTIVI

as good as we’d

FCE

D

FCE






194

UNIT 11 GLI AVVERBI

Metti gli avverbi sulla destra nella posizione corretta in ogni riga.2

Inserisci gli avverbi tra parentesi nella posizione più comune.

1 Yesterday I did my homework (very quickly, on the school bus).

.........................................................................................................................................

2 As soon as they were alone, she kissed him (passionately, on the lips).

.........................................................................................................................................

3 After my fourteenth birthday I started to spend more time (suddenly, in front of the mirror).

.........................................................................................................................................

4 Basketball was invented in 1911 (originally, in America).

.........................................................................................................................................

5 Mr Golddigger opened a new bank account (secretly, in Switzerland).

.........................................................................................................................................

6 The band is on its third tour (currently, in Scandinavia).

.........................................................................................................................................

7 Rugby is an aggressive game played with an oval ball (highly, on a grass pitch).

.........................................................................................................................................

3

Hi Giacomo

Did you have a good weekend?

1 I stay at home but

2 I went to a theme park.

I wanted to go on the big wheel but

3 other people had the same idea so I

4 had to wait but it was a great ride.

5 I went on the water slide.

6 I had lunch and I spent all day in the park.

7 I’ll forget it!

8 I had a wonderful day.

See you soon.

Rory

usually at the weekend

near London on Saturday

as well

in the queue patiently very

also

in a café at midday

never

there really

usually at the weekend

Yesterday I did my homework very quickly on the school bus.






247

UNIT 14 I VERBI MODALI (2)

Completa queste conversazioni con need to o needn’t.

1 A I’m going walking in the mountains.

B You ........................ take some suncream because the sun’s very strong.

A Yes, you’re right, but at least I ........................ carry my raincoat.

2 A Can I get ready for the party at your flat? I ........................ have a shower after work.

B Of course and you ........................ bring a hair-dryer because you can use mine.

3 A I’m going to town now. B Why? A I ........................ buy a birthday present. B Have you got

some cash? A No, I ........................ take cash because I’ve got my credit card. B What about the

bus fare? A I’ve got a bus pass so I ........................ pay.

Leggi questa conversazione tra due amici che parlano di vacanze al campeggio. Riempi glispazi con la forma corretta di need.

Rena: I’m going to that campsite by the beach next week. When you went,

(1) ........................ (you) to take a sleeping bag?

Dominic: Of course. It was very cold. And we (2) ........................ to take plenty of food too as there

were no restaurants.

Rena: So (3) ........................ (you) to make a fire to cook your food on?

Dominic: No, because we took a small cooker with us. We had one small frying pan so we cooked

everything in that. We (4) ........................ (not) to use any saucepans.

Rena: Maybe I could borrow that frying pan and cooker.

Dominic: Sure.

Leggi questo articolo su una pop star.

The diary columnPopstar Lee Divine travelled from London to New York yesterday by plane.

Lee had visited his hairdresser before he went to the airport and wore his

latest designer clothes, as he likes to look his best in photos. Press

photographers usually follow him wherever he goes but the weather was

very bad yesterday and, to Lee’s obvious disappointment, there were no

photographers at the airport. Because he is famous, he didn’t stand in the

queue and his bodyguard carried his luggage for him. Although most

people have to walk from the car park, Lee has a driver who drove him

right to the door. Even this did not seem to make him happy. Lee got angry

with his driver on the way because he said she wasn’t driving fast enough.

Of course, they arrived at the airport in plenty of time.

3

2

1

PRACTICE

need to

did you need






429

inglese ^ italiano italiano ^ inglese

actually ^ realmente, in effettiaddiction ^ dipendenza, assuefazione(to) annoy ^ infastidire, seccare brave ^ coraggiosocamera ^ macchina fotograficacanteen ^ mensa

code ^ codicecollege ^ università, istituto superiorecomprehensive ^ esauriente, completo confidence ^ fiducia, sicurezza di séconvenient ^ comodocorpse ^ cadavere cucumber ^ cetriolodelusion ^ illusionedisposable ^ usa e getta

(to) educate ^ istruire, fornire un’istruzioneeducated ^ colto, istruitoeventually ^ alla fineextravagant ^ spendaccione, con le mani bucatefabric ^ tessutofactory ^ fabbricafirm ^ dittafurniture ^ mobili, arredamentolibrary ^ biblioteca

morbid ^ morbosomagazine ^ rivistanervous ^ agitato, inquieto, tesonovel ^ romanzopalette ^ gamma di coloriparent ^ genitorephrase ^ espressione, modo di direpretend ^ fingere(to) realise ^ rendersi conto

romance ^ storia d’amorerude ^ scortesesensible ^ ragionevole, di buon senso, prudente sympathy ^ comprensione, solidarietà,

condoglianzesympathetic ^ partecipe, solidale, comprensivo

attualmente ^ at present, at the moment, nowaddizione ^ adding (up), sumannoiare ^ (to) borebravo a … ^ good at …camera ^ roomcantina ^ cellar (= cantina di casa),

^ wine shop (= negozio di vino)coda ^ tailcollegio ^ boarding schoolcomprensivo ^ understandingconfidenza ^ intimacy, familiarityconveniente ^ cheap, good valuecorpo ^ bodycocomero ^ watermelondelusione ^ disappointmentdisponibile ^ available (= di prodotto),

^ free, open-minded (= di persona)educare, allevare ^ (to) bring upeducato ^ polite, well-behavedeventualmente ^ in case, if necessarystravagante ^ odd, bizarrefabbrica ^ factoryfattoria ^ farmfirma ^ signaturefornitura ^ supplieslibreria ^ bookshop, bookseller’s (= negozio)

^ bookcase, bookshelves (= mobile)morbido ^ softmagazzino ^ warehouse, storehousenervoso ^ irritablenovella ^ short storypaletta ^ spadeparente ^ relative, relationfrase ^ sentencepretendere ^ (to) demand, (to) expectrealizzare ^(to) fulfil (= un sogno, aspettative)

(to) carry out (= un esperimento)romanzo ^ novelrude ^ roughsensibile ^ sensitivesimpatia ^ like, be fond of

simpatico ^ nice

1 APPENDICEFALSE FRIENDS

I false friends sono parole di due lingue diverse che si somigliano mahanno un significato completamente differente. Qui sotto troverai unalista dei false friends di uso più comune in italiano e in inglese.






433

back

back out (of)tirarsi indietro, ritirarsiYou can’t back out now, you’ve given your word.Non puoi tirarti indietro ora, hai dato la tua parola.

back upappoggiare, sostenereMy family backed me up throughout the court case.*La mia famiglia mi ha appoggiato durante tutto il processo.

blow blow upesplodere, saltare in ariaThe bridge was blown up by the army.Il ponte fu fatto saltare dal nemico.

be

be intoessere interessato aSheila is really into movies.Sheila è veramente appassionata di cinema.

be offpartire, andare viaI must be off.Devo andare.

be up tostare combinando, avere in mente What are the children up to?Che cosa stanno combinando i bambini?

break

break down

guastarsi, rompersi (di macchine e simili);His car broke down and he had to push it off the road.L’auto si ruppe e lui dovette spingerla al lato della strada.

crollare, avere una crisi (di persone) When she heard the bad news, she broke down and cried.Quando le fu data la notizia, crollò e scoppiò a piangere.

break inpenetrare, fare irruzioneThe burglars broke in through the kitchen window. *I ladri sono entrati attraverso la finestra della cucina.

break off

interrompersi, smettere;She broke off in the middle of a sentence.*Si interruppe nel bel mezzo della frase.

interrompere, porre fine aThey have broken off their engagement.*Hanno rotto il fidanzamento.

break outscoppiare (di guerre)War broke out in 1914.*La guerra scoppiò nel 1914.

break uplasciarsi (di coppie)Jenny and George have broken up.*Jenny e George si sono lasciati.

3 APPENDICEPHRASAL VERBS E LORO SIGNIFICATI PRINCIPALI

Qui sotto sono elencati i phrasal verbs di uso più comune. Molti phrasal verbs hanno più di un significato. Per una lista completa, e per tutti i significati di ogni phrasal verb, ènecessario consultare un buon dizionario. Puoi anche fare consultazionionline all’indirizzo http://dictionary.cambridge.org






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Traccia Registrazione Traccia Registrazione

1 ........................................ Title information2 ............................................................... 1a3 ............................................................... 1b4 ............................................................... 2a5 ............................................................... 2b6 ............................................................... 2c7 ............................................................... 3a8 ............................................................... 3b9 ............................................................... 4a

10............................................................... 4b11............................................................... 5a12............................................................... 5b13............................................................... 6a14............................................................... 6b15............................................................... 7a16............................................................... 7b17............................................................... 7c18............................................................... 7d19............................................................... 8a20............................................................... 8b21............................................................... 9a22............................................................... 9b23............................................................... 9c24 ............................................................. 10a25 ............................................................. 10b26 ............................................................. 10c27 ............................................................. 10d28 ............................................................. 11a29 ............................................................. 11b30 ............................................................. 11c31 ............................................................. 11d32 ............................................................. 11e

1 ........................................ Title information2.............................................................. 12a3.............................................................. 12b4.............................................................. 12c5.............................................................. 12d6.............................................................. 13a7.............................................................. 13b8.............................................................. 14a9.............................................................. 14b

10 ............................................................. 14c11 ............................................................. 15a12 ............................................................. 15b13 ............................................................. 16a14 ............................................................. 16b15 ............................................................. 17a16 ............................................................. 17b17 ............................................................. 18a18 ............................................................. 18b19 ............................................................. 19a20 ............................................................. 19b21 ............................................................. 20a22 ............................................................. 20b23 ............................................................. 20c24 ............................................................. 21a25 ............................................................. 21b26 ............................................................. 22a27 ............................................................. 22b28 ............................................................. 23a29 ............................................................. 23b

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