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Interaction of Vitamin B12 and Ancestral Genetic Background with Adiposity in ChildrenWilnerys Colberg HernndezMentors: Jos R. Fernndez PhD & David Allison PhDGood afternoon, my name is Wilnerys Colberg HernandezIve been working on a research project titled interaction of vitamin b12 and ancestral genetic background with adiposity in childrenThis research was performed with the help of my mentors: Dr. Jose Fernandez & Dr. David Allison 1Obesity

(Zhao, J. et.al, 2011)Lets start by defining obesity.

Obesity is the excess of fat accumulated in the body to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health.Why is this a concern?The prevalence of obesity is increasing over time, this is alarming since obesity is proven to be associated with many comorbidies such as:Heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, even some cancer.This condition shortens an individuals life spam.In this study children is our main focus since 70% obese children become obese adults

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Obesity prevalence in children This graph represents how the prevalence of obesity In children in both group ages and how it has increased over time.

We observe an increase in both age ranges3Etiology of obesitySay hi to Gordy!

http://theblueprintforlife.com/forum/topics/the-vicious-cycle-of-childhood-obesityIt is important to identify the factors that makeup the etiology of obesity.To understand about how some factors affect an individual I would like to present to you my friend Luis.Luis was a healthy child, but his has a family history of obesity. Luis should be carefulSince he may also become to have diabetes. As time has gone by the influence behavior factors such physical inactivity and also environmental factors like the high calorie foods, together over time eventually became a mildly obese child. But Luis got lazy and lazier inhibiting as much movements possible becoming a moderately obese child. By this time exercise is uncomfortable and painful, and kids make fun of his body composition, by that time he became a severely obese child, and today he is a obese adult with diabetes high blood pressure with high medical bills!!!4Obesity is a complex diseaseIndividuals respond differently What do we know of the etiology of obesity?Through the years there has been controversy The contribution of environmental and behavioral might sound simpleBehavioralEnvironmentalObesityGeneticNature VS Nurture(Kimm, S. et. al, 2003)

Obesity is not simple, its a complex disease where every individual responds differently to the environment. Before scientist have been researching if obesity was related to either nature or nurture

But now we understand that obesity is the interplay of behavioral, environmental and genetic factor.5Complex enough?

The etiology is still not completely understood but,Scientific research are beginning to explore these factorsEfforts focusing these factors and its affect on adiposity

I took interest understanding how these factors interact to influence adiposity

ObesityGeneticBehavioralEnvironmental(McAllister, E. et.al, 2009)Taking into account that obesity is more as an interaction of these aforementioned factors:The etiology is still not clear though, scientists are beginning to explore these interactions focusing in gene & environment effects on adiposity

6Scientists have made great advances identifying several genes that might be implicated and have found association between race/ethnicity Lets start byObesityGenetic

Discusing about the factors that may influence obesity we will start talking abt the genetic influence.

Among all boys, and among all girls7Genetic variationAncestral Genetic Background (ADM):ADM describes the genomic variation between populations. Examination of DNA variationsbased on genetic markersEuropean, African, AmerindianGenetic Background affects how our bodies capture, store, and release energy from food.

How do we capture individuals consumption of food?

ObesityGenetic(Darvasi, A. et.al, 2005)We have seen the differences in obesity among different race/ethnicities, and as we have mentioned previously in the presentation, genetics may play a significant role in obesity. In order to capture the genetic component that may underlie race/ethnicity, we chose to look at the ancestral genetic background

Since we have introduced the genetic influence now lets go into the environmental factor,8Today there is an emerging trend to understand how nutrients affect body composition.Personalized nutrition advice Which nutrient(s) should we target? Nutritional ComponentsObesityEnvironmental(Abete, I. et.al, 2011)Behavioral9

Nutrient -> Vitamins -> B12

10Vitamin B12B12 is touted as an energy enhancer, metabolism booster & fat burner

Is this true?

Relationship between vitamin B12 and excess body fat is unclear. Found in animal based foods and fortified food.Essential for growth, development, producing blood cells, nervous system function.Regulation of protein and enzymes in metabolism.

ObesityEnvironmental(Baltaci, D. et.al, 2012)Behavioral11ObjectiveTo evaluate if the interaction of dietary Vitamin B12 consumption and ADM influences levels of body fat among children from a multi-ethnic sample.

ObesityGeneticEnvironmentalBehavioral12Methodology13Methods14Statistical AnalysesLog Total FatCovariatesB12 IntakeAfrican AdmixtureB12 * Afr. Adm.Covariates:Total Calories, Height, Age, Sex, TannerModel #1Analyses were performed using SAS software version 9.3 Multiple regression modelTo estimate the relationships among variables in interest15Multiple Regression ModelsResting Energy ExpenditureCovariatesB12 IntakeAfrican AdmixtureB12 * Afr. Adm.Covariates:Total Calories, Weight, Age, Sex, TannerModel #2Model #3BMICovariatesB12African AdmixtureB12 * Afr. Adm.Covariates:Total Calories, Age, Sex, Tanner16Total LeanCovariatesB12African AdmixtureB12 * Afr. Adm.Covariates:Total Calories, Age, Sex, TannerModel #5Model #4Log Total FatCovariates**Other B -vitaminsAfrican AdmixtureB vitamins * Afr. Adm.Covariates:Total Calories, Height, Age, Sex, Tanner**B-vitamins:Thiamin, Niacin, B6, Riboflavin, Folate & pantothenic acidMultiple Regression Models17Results: model #1Table 1. Baseline Descriptive Statistics* Standard Deviation **Percentage of total sample (n=319) Table 3. Percent of Variability ExplainedModelR-squared% variability explainedCovariates + Afr. Adm.0.3131____Covariates + Afr. Adm. + B120.3199.68%Covariates + Afr. Adm. + B12 + Interaction

0.34032.72%VariablesParameter estimateP-valueAfrican Admixture-0.0530.7184B120.0640.0008B12 & Afr. Adm.-0.0820.0036Table 2. Parameter Estimates for Interaction and Simple Effect Terms 18Fig 1. 3D representation of the interaction of B12 with African Admixture on Body FatResults: model #1African ADM19Results: model #1Fig 2. 2D representation of the interaction of B12 with African Admixture on Log Body FatAfr. ADM 20Results:Results: model #5None of the other B-vitamins had any significant associationsModel Dependent VariablesIndependent VariablesParameter Estimate P-Value2Resting EnergyAfr. ADM.-90.490.0808B12-9.940.1412interaction12.720.19873BMIAfr. ADM.0.290.7312B120.250.0238interaction-0.310.05914Lean MassAfr. ADM.293.87.07578B12-50.170.6851interaction176.120.333321Discussion/Conclusion This study demonstrates that the differences in body fat observed in children may be explained in part by the interaction of dietary micronutrients with individuals ADM.

Fig. 2 2D representation of the interaction of B12 intake & Afr. Adm with Log body fat22Also, the mechanism by which the interaction of B12 and Afr. Adm. does not seem to be related to resting energy expenditure since no significant association was found in the regression model.

Further study is needed to understand how individuals ancestral background and nutrient consumption may contribute to adiposity levels.

This study may help our understanding of the etiology of obesity, hopefully for the development of nutritional intervention strategies.

Discussion/Conclusion 23Acknowledgments NSF (EPSCoR : 1158862)SSGUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamUniversidad MetropolitanaDr. Jos FernndezDr. Hemant Tiwari Michelle Brown Bohan PhDKenneth P. Kell M.EngKeith E. Pearson

24Any questions???

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