I I Regional Environmental I Assessment (REA) I - World …documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/966651468294106918/pdf/E14430... · I Regional Environmental I Assessment (REA) I I I

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I Mindanao Rural Development Program -

I Adaptable Program Loan 2 (MRDP-APL 2)

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I Regional EnvironmentalI Assessment (REA)IIIIIIIIIII

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TABLE OF CONTENTS1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................ 1

1.1 Nature of the Study ........................................................ 11.2 Importance and Significance of the Study ........................................................ 1I 1.3 Objectives ........................................................ 1

2.0 APPROACH AND METHODS ........................................................ 32.1 The Approach: Regional Environmental Assessment Framework ............................ 3I 2.2 Tools and Methods ........................................................ 5

2.2.1 Desk Review ........................................................ 52.2.2 Environmental Assessment of MRDP APLI and APL2 Sub-Projects: ReviewI of APL 1 Sub-Project Designs ..................................................... 52.2.3 Site Visits / Field Inspections ..................................................... 62.2.4 Focused Group Discussions (FGD) ..................................................... 6I 2.2.5 Workshop ..................................................... 6

3.0 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ................................ 83.1 Policies and Laws ..................................................... 8I 3.2 Regional and Localized Laws or Policies Impinging on EnvironmentalManagement .................................................. 10

3.2.1 Mindanao Economic Development Council (MEDCo) .................................. 10I 3.2.2 Autonomous Region for Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) ................................... 123.3 RA 7160: Local Government Code .................................................. 133.4 EA Performance for Mindanao Provinces .................................................. 13I 4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE ................................................. 164.1 Socio-Economic Characteristics .................................................. 164.2 Land .................................................. 19

4.2.1 Relief and Topography .194.2.2 Land Slope .194.2.3 Soils Geology .224.2.4 Soil Texture .224.2.5 Soil Erosion .264.2.6 Land Cover and Use .264.2.7 Land Classification .334.2.8 Forest Cover ................................ 35

4.3 Water ................................. 38I 4.3.1 Water Supply ................................ 384.3.2 Water Quality in Mindanao ................................ 394.3.3 Surface Water and Groundwater ................................ 41I 4.3.4 Bays and Beaches ................................ 41

4.4 Air and Climate ................................ 444.4.1 Ambient air temperature .444.4.2 Relative Humidity .444.4.3 Classification of Climate ., 494.4.4 Rainfall .524.4.5 Air Quality .52

4.5 Rivers and Watersheds ................... 524.6 Protected Areas ................... 56

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4.7 Overall Assessment and Analysis ...................................... 595.0 MRD PROGRAM DESCRIPTION .. .................................... 61

5.1 Adaptable Program Loan 1 ...................................... 615.2 Components ...................................... 61I 5.3 - Conceptual framework-for-MRDP APL2 ...................................... 62

5.3.1 Objectives: overall and for MRDP APL2 ...................................... 625.3.2 Components ...................................... 62

* 6.0 IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...................................... 646.1 Environmental Impact Assessment of APL- I Sub-Proj ects .................................... 64

6.1.1 Infrastructures ................................................................. 64I 6.1.2 CFAD Sub-projects ................................................................. 656.1.3 CMBC ................................................................. 65

6.2 Environmental Assessment of APL-2 Sub-Projects . ................................................... 656.2.1 Environm entally Critical Areas .................................................................. 66

7.0 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ................................................. 677.1 Future Environmental Conditions without MRDP .................................................. 67I 7.2 Future Environmental Conditions with MRDP ....................................................... 67

8.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN .......................................................... 688.1 Mitigating Measures/Environmental Safeguards .688.2 Environmental Policies .688.3 Environmental Guidelines .698.4 Intra-team Assessment of Year 1 Sub-projects .868.5 E nvironmental Monitoring .868.6 Institutional Arrangements for Environmental Management and Assessment . 88

8.6.1 Brief Backgrounder on Project Institutional Arrangements ............................ 88I 8.6.2 Institutional Arrangements for Environmental Assessment and Safeguards .. 898.7 Capacity Building and Institutional Strengthening ................................................. 93

8.7.1 Training Needs ................................................................ 96I 8.7.2 Drafting and Publication of Provincial Environmental Code for StrategicProvinces in Mindanao .968.7.3 Support for the Mindanao Multi-Sectoral Watershed Development Committee

I 978.8 Implementation Schedule ................. 97

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

An environmental assessment of MRDP APL 2 was conducted from October to December, 2005 todetermine the potential environmental impacts of the program in Mindanao. The assessment wasI carried out simultaneously with the preparation of the Feasibility Study of the program. Since APL 2subprojects have not yet been designed and specific location not identified, the method of assessmentused is the Regional Environmental Assessment (REA), a method developed by the World Bank forI the environmental assessment of policies, programs, and plans. REA allows for a comprehensiveassessment of environmental issues and impacts and how impacts may cumulatively affect theecology and human living conditions within given area or region.

It is, with confidence, concluded that the implementation of APL 2 types of subprojects will not causesignificant environmental impacts. The scale of planned subprojects on infrastructures andcommunity livelihood, including those under the category of alternative income generating activities,are relatively small, and largely are rehabilitation/enhancement of existing ones.

To limit the occurrence of intervening factors during implementation, environmental safeguards in theI form of environmental policies and guidelines are put in place. Results of the REA reveal thatagricultural activities such as farming of hilly lands use of pesticides, burning of rice straws in thefield, indiscriminate discharge of effluents from food processing plant, piggery subprojects may causeI undesirable environmental effects. While these activities are associated with small scale subprojects,which by themselves alone will have negligible adverse environmental impact, their cumulativeimpact may become significant. Therefore, it is necessary that certain safeguards are in place tominimize, if not avoid, cumulative impact. The principle followed in formulating these policies is theprinciple of balancing the objectives of environmental conservation and those of poverty reduction. Itis realized that too many policies may reduce the farmers into inaction as their exercise of theiroptions become limited. A total of 29 policy statements are set forth, all of which revolve aroundrationalized land and resource utilization -- with due consideration to topography and land uses, landuse being anthropogenic in nature.

| By way of summing up the 29 policy statements, MRDP-APL 2 categorically will not financesubprojects that run contrarv to the following:

| (i) For tree plantations, 1 - ha block of indigenous species may be planted alternately with fast-growing exotic species or fast growing indigenous species within buffer zones of protectedareas. Buffer zones are multi-use areas where these plantations could be harvested. Setback ofthis is that exchange of genetic materials through pollen transport from exotics could affectindigenous species within the protected area. As such, in dealing with exotic species, theseshould be as far as possible from PAs

(ii) Fuelwood production and charcoal making are acceptable only when tree plantations areestablished as sources.

(iii) Contour farming is recommended for sloping lands rather than plowing perpendicular to thecontour.I (iv) Agroforestry farms should be in multi-storey designs to increase habitat niches of wildlife andincrease biodiversity of the farm. Rainforestation strategy is encouraged in agroforestry areaswherein most of the tree species are indigenous rather than exotic species.I (v) Establishing biological corridors between patches of forested areas (forest ecosystems) wouldensure movement of wildlife and exchange of genetic materials because of the corridorsproviding protection, shelter and conditions for reproduction in a secure habitat.

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(vi) Critical habitats of indicator species should be preserved or protected, thus no subprojectshould be located within these areas.

(vii) Mangroves serve as nursery to marine organisms such as fish and crustaceans. Therefore, theseshould be conserved and not be subject to unsustainable utilization.

(viii) Subprojects that entail draining of waste products/materials into river systems or increasesiltation without due mitigating measures will not be qualified for financing.

(ix) Any subproject that results in the draining of Liguasan Marsh will not be financed, consideringthat it is a globally significant wetland habitat of endemic and indigenous species.

Close environmental monitoring of compliance to guidelines and impacts of subprojects will also beimplemented. Capacity building and institutional strengthening are recommended for those staff andI * . ..........institutions that will be responsible for the implementation of environmental safeguards, projectscreening, and environmental monitoring and assessment.

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U 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Nature of the Study

Poverty remains high and the major concern of the Philippine Government. According to theNational Statistical Coordination Board, 47% of rural population lives below the poverty line ofPhP 11,412 per capita per year in 1997. Regional variations in income poverty are severe, withMindanao (particularly in the Autonomous Region for Muslim Mindanao, ARMM), Bicol,

| Visayas and Cordillera Autonomous Region (CAR) the leading regions.

Under the Medium-Term Development Plan of President Arroyo, agriculture, together withtourism and infrastructure development sectors are considered as potential generators ofemployment. In agriculture alone, two million hectares of lands are made available fordevelopment in order to create jobs for two million people, i.e. one new job becomes available forevery hectare of land developed.

The Mindanao Rural Development Program (MRDP) was conceived and conceptualized toalleviate poverty of the rural communities and indigenous peoples of Mindanao through increaseI income and food security, and at the same time strengthening the capacity of RFUs and LGUs onplanning and financial management. It is designed to be implemented in four phases. Each phase,drawing lessons from the earlier ones, would last for 4 to 5 years. The first phase (APL 1) wasimplemented in 2001 and ended in December, 2004. The second phase (APL 2) is now beingprepared.

I 1.2 Importance and Significance of the Study

As it is basically an agricultural program, most investments in MRDP goes to activities whichdirectly bring human activities to bear on nature with expectation of high return.. Efforts to pushthis process in other programs and projects in the past have entailed benefits, but at a certain cost- the environmental cost. Degraded environment, depleted renewable resources, disrupted socialI life, and marginalization of powerless sector of society are some of the unwelcome consequencesof development. Under the MIRDP, efforts have been made to integrate at the planning stage ofthe project cycle elements of environmental management in order to avoid or minimize theseadverse environmental impacts. In MRDP 1, environmental assessment was conducted after thesubprojects have been identified and designed, and presumably mitigating measures were orderedby the DENR to be put in place for the significant impacts that may have been predicted inexchange for the ECC. So far, no significant environmental impacts have been reported duringthe implementation stage. Environmental assessment as a form of environmental management hasevolved over the years that it is now used as a planning tool. In MRDP 2, the coverage will nowI iinclude not only the lowland and coastal areas, but the upland as well. Environmental assessmentwill be applied at the stage when subprojects in these areas are still at the conceptual stage.Realizing the continuity of upland, lowland, and coastal ecosystems, environmental managementwill integrate these three distinct ecological zones.

1.3 Objectives

I The overall objective of environmental assessment is to contribute in achieving povertyalleviation in a sustainable way. That is, to enhance the MRD Program by helping prevent,minimize, or compensate for any adverse environmental and social impacts that the program maycause. Environmental assessment will play a major role in the sustainability of the Program.

Specifically, the study aims to:

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l* Conduct an environmental impact assessment of the Mindanao Rural Development

Program;* Review and assess the policy, legal and administrative framework of environmental

* assessment system in the Philippines;* Review the design of components and subprojects of MRDP;* Formulation of environmental guidelines of subprojects based on environmental

assessment of MRDP 1;* Test of the applicability of regional environmental assessment method to development

program;* Formulation of environmental safeguards against adverse impacts of the program.

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l2.0 APPROACH AND METHODS

2.1 The Approach: Regional Environmental AssessmentFramework

This study has adopted a holistic approach to environment. Fig. 2.1 shows a multidimensionalenvironment inter-phasing with the environmental policies and laws of the state, as well as theMRDP and its components. This interaction will effect changes in the environment, and thesechanges will be managed thru environmental management.

The idea of systematically examining the possible consequences of the implementation ofprojects, policies and programs in order to prevent, minimize, mitigate or compensate for anyadverse impact has been put into practice in "environmental impact assessment (EIA) by Munn(1979). The origins of environmental assessment (EA) of development plans lie in the limitationsof environmental impact assessment on a project by project basis. Environmental impactassessment of projects has been criticized on the grounds that because it is a response to a specificdevelopment proposal, it may not address some wider or more fundamental considerations such asalternative solutions or strategic locational issues. Neither can it fully appraise the cumulativeimpact of a number of proposals, especially when they are individually too small to warrant anenvironmental assessment. Environmental assessment of development plans can help to addressthese matters by assessing alternative strategies or land uses and by considering the overallenvironmental effects of implementing a plan.

Since its inception, the concept and practice of EIA have broadened and gone beyond its functionas a regulatory measure carried out by simple listing of potential environmental impactsaccompanied by suggested mitigating measures. EIA or simply EA (W3B Report, 2003) hasevolved into an instrument for planning. It is a dynamic concept linked closely to economics,social systems analysis, and the project cycle. The use of EA as a planning tool for sustainabledevelopment has made it an integral part of the project cycle, beginning with identification, andthen proceeding to pre-feasibility and feasibility studies, final design and implementation, andterminating in final project review and follow up. Environmental indicators identified early in theprocess are monitored as a routine project activity, and mechanisms put in place so thatinformation on environmental quality can feed into ongoing project decision-making.

The use of EA for specific project is common among developing countries. In the present study,we will retain the term EIA for the EA of specific projects. However, under differentcircumstances when projects have not yet been identified in a program for a given geographicalarea, the methods of EIA may not be applicable. The WB suggests the use of RegionalEnvironmental Assessment (REA), the main purpose of which is "to improve decisions bybringing environmental opportunities and constraints into development planning at the regionallevel." REA is used during the early stages of development planning, before decisions aboutspecific projects have been made and with the purpose of influencing such decisions. REA allowsa comprehensive assessment of environmental issues within a region and can be used to establishenvironmentally sound development policy. The context in which REA is appropriate is similar tothe present situation in which the APL 2 plan is still being prepared. As of this moment, decisionson what provinces and municipalities to be covered, the specific subprojects to be introduced, andthe mode of cost sharing have not yet been made. In light of these, it is appropriate to apply themethod of Regional Environmental Assessment.

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- - -- - - - - - - -- - --- - --

POLICIES, LAWS, DAOs,EOs, ORDINANCES,

PRONOUNCEMENTS

* UMN Rl / MUNI| ENVIRONMENTAL• RI ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ [~lMANAGEMENT* CFAD / EA* RDPAP / Mitigation* NR Dev. * Monitoring

//l2015 l* CapacitybuildingInstitution

AGENCIES |, BIO-PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT strengthening* NGAs 2010 * Environmental* NGOs safeguards* POs SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

Fig. 2.1 A holistic perspective of a multidimensional environment

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The framework of REA involves the following elements: scoping; policy, legal and administrativeframework; baseline conditions; program description; impact assessment; analysis of alternatives;environmental management plan. Scoping defines issues and concerns within a spatial boundarycalled a "region" where development planning is taking place. A region is any subnational area that acountry calls a region for purposes of planning. Such areas are usually demarcated alongadministrative boundaries and may be composed of one or more municipalities or provinces. Themain elements of a REA as employed in this undertaking are as follows:

* (i) The policy, legal and administrative element takes into account national policies, legal, andinstitutional framework likely to influence environmental management in the region.

(ii) The baseline conditions describe and assess the biophysical and socioeconomic conditions inI the region.(iii) Program description describes the development program concept, objectives, and

components.I (iv) Impact assessment identifies the potential impacts of the planned interventions on thebiophysical and socioeconomic environment. And more significantly moves forward byidentifying cumulative impacts.I (v) Analysis of alternatives takes into consideration other feasible approaches, locations, designs,and the "no action" option.

(vi) Environmental management plan describes mitigating measures, monitoring plan, and| institutional arrangement.

The assessment in this report covers the environmental conditions within the region or province aswell as the natural resources therein, the environmental impacts of socio-economic interventions

* being proposed under APL 2 and the post assessment of APL 1 subprojects. Also included in theassessment work are the environmental and natural resource management capacities and trainingneeds of RFUs, LGUs, and BFAR.

2.2 Tools and Methods

| 2.2.1 Desk Review

Secondary data were obtained from the review of existing documents, reports, plans and other writtenpronouncements. Other documents and reports such as Laws, EOs, DAOs, and Proclamations,Decrees, Provincial and Municipal Development Plans, Environmental Codes and others were alsoreviewed. Materials which have been reviewed are listed in the Bibliography. Maps were likewiseavailed of and analyzed in terms of spatial distribution of challenges posed on the environment.

2.2.2 Environmental Assessment of MRDP APL1 and APL2Sub-Projects: Review of APL 1 Sub-Project Designs

A post EA of subprojects in APL 1 was carried out by applying the method of EIA, since thesubprojects were specific in design and location. Only those subprojects inspected during the sitevisits were included in the assessment. The objectives of the assessment were to (1) verify the "nosignificant environmental impact" predictions as reported in the Project Completion Report (June2005) and in the APL I Terminal Evaluation Report, and (2) to generate lessons learned for assessingI APL 2 subprojects. Using an approach by analogy, the environmental impacts of APL 2 types ofsubprojects were evaluated through REA by comparison: the types of subprojects proposed for APL 2

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were assumed to be of the same types as those implemented in APL 1, but expanded coverage. This isI a standard procedure in EA.

2.2.3 Site Visits / Field Inspections

Primary data needs were obtained from interviews and focus group discussions conducted during thesite visits across 5 Regions and 8 Provinces of Mindanao. The route followed through in this site visitis shown with green line in Fig. 2.2. Of these 8 provinces, 3 are new ones, and 5 were in the APL 1.

2.2.4 Focused Group Discussions (FGD)

Three levels of focus group discussions were conducted: regional, provincial, and municipal togenerate the necessary data on the general environmental conditions of the provinces and project sitesbefore and after infrastructure and CFAD sub-projects were implemented for APL 1. The capacityand training needs of RFUs and LGUs on environmental screening, environmental impactassessment and monitoring, environmental management, especially on integrated pest managementwere likewise assessed during the focus group discussions.

2.2.5 Workshop

* A 2-day MRDP Assessment and Preparation Workshop held at Felis Beach Resort on Nov. 22-23,2005. A small working group was created to address concerns on "Environment and NaturalI Resource Management." Information sharing transpired especially with participants citing successfulcases of sustainable resource management as well as insights on the failure of select uplanddevelopment programs in Mindanao. Details of the workshop are included in the Annex.

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3.0 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

This section assessed the adequacy of laws, policies and administrative framework for environmentalmanagement in the Philippines.

The policy, legal and administrative framework of the Philippine EIS System consists of a series ofpresidential decrees, laws and principles issued since 1977 to date. This framework has become thebasis of environmental administration in the Philippines.

Since environmental impact assessment is as strong as the laws that support it, these policies and lawsare summarized here and commented as to their effectiveness. Other policies and laws which relate tothe management of natural resources are summarized in the report of Pollisco-Botengan (2005) andthey are attached here as Annex.

3.1 Policies and Laws

The Philippine EIA System takes its roots in the provisions of the Philippine Constitution underArticle 11 Section 16 and Article 12 Section 23 which respectively state:

"The State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a "balanced andhealthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature;"

and

"The state shall encourage non-governmental, community-based, or sectoralorganizations that promote the welfare of the nation. "

The Philippine Constitution, considered as the highest law of the land, requires the establishment of asystematic EIA System to ensure that the Filipino people will enjoy a "balanced and healthy ecology"in the midst of intensive economic development.

In 1964, Republic Act 3931 was enacted; creating the National Water and Air Pollution ControlCommission primarily due to the then observed industrial growth observed in the 1950s and early1960s. A national policy was set to maintain standards for water and atmospheric air. In 1977,Presidential Decree No. 984 revised RA 3931 and elaborated on Air Quality Policy by including thecontrol of land pollution and all other kinds of pollution and environmental disturbances like noiseand odor. The National Water and Air Pollution Control Commission was converted into theNational Pollution Control Commission.

Presidential Decree (PD) 1151 in 1977 provided the Statutory Framework of the Environmental Codein the Philippines, which basically legislated the preparation of EIA for all projects that will affectenvironmental quality.

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This was followed by PD 1586 in 1978. This law establishes the EIS System in the Plhilippines, itsprocedures, defines the parameters for EIS, establishes penalty structure for non-compliance, createsEIA Review Committee, establishes procedures for public hearings related to an EIS, and providesfor exemption. P.D. 1586 became the basis for all EIAs conducted since 1982. It was not untilI afterl982 that its implementation guidelines came about in the form of Proclamation 2146. Sincethen, PD 1586 has undergone several revisions making it more effective. Letter of Instruction 1179in the same year authorized the former National Environmental Protection Council (NEPC) to issueEnvironmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) and exemptions. Any clarification regardingProclamation 2146 is found in Office Circular No. 3, Series of 1983 of the EMB which providestechnical definitions and scope of what constitutes the Environmentally Critical Projects and Areas.Under the regime of President Corazon Aquino, EO 192 in 1987 was drafted that established thecentral and regional structure of the DENR, including EMB abolishing NEPC and transferred thepowers and functions of NEPC to EMB. A major change was implementing legislative structures thatwere relevant to ETA. More importantly, it included the redesigning of the regulatory agency withdecentralized functions.

DAO 21 decentralized DENR functions to LGUs setting in place the need for multi-sectoralmonitoring teams (MMTs) and environmental guarantee funds (EGFs). Coupled with thisdevelopment was the enactment of RA 7160, known as the Local Government Code andImplementing Rules and Regulations. It called for the transfer of certain environmental managementand functions to LGUs and providing, though optional, positions for Environmental and NaturalResources Officers (ENROs) in provinces, cities, and municipalities.In support of these structural and functional changes, DAO 30 was set to provide guidelines for thetransfer and implementation of DENR functions. Lists of issuances of ECCs for adjudication of casesinvolving complaints against projects and businesses under the Kalakalan 20 (as defined by RA 6810)were assumed by the LGUs.

By 1993, DAO 70 provided for the Programmatic Compliance of EIS. This called for establishingthe EIS procedures for industrial development projects to consider potential overall impact ofexisting, planned, and future industrial establishments within a specific geographic area.

DAO 96-37 superceded DAO 21 series of 1992, which further streamlined the EIS system andstrengthened the processes for its effective implementation. It emphasized the following tenets, "it isthe basic policy of the DENR to attain and maintain a rational and orderly balance between socio-economic growth and environmental protection through the sustainable use, development,management, renewal and conservation of the country's natural resources, including the protectionand enhancement of the quality of the environment, not onily for the present generation but for thefuture generation as well."

Presidential Administrative Order No. 42 (2002) rationalizes the implementation of theI Environmental Impact Statement System, giving authority, in addition to the Secretary of theDepartment of Environment and Natural Resources, to the Director and Regional Directors of theEnvironmental Management Bureau to grant or deny the issuance of the Environmental Compliance3 Certificates.

DENR Administrative Order No. 30, Series of 2003, Implementing Rules and Regulations for thePhilippine Environmental Impact Statement system builds on DAO 96-37, making it explicit asregards the classification of projects/undertakings under the EIS system:

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Category A. Environmentally critical projects (ECP) with significant potential to cause negativeI environmental impacts.

Category B. Projects that are not categorized as ECPs, but may cause negative environmentalI impacts because they are located in environmentally critical areas.

Category C. Projects intended to directly enhance environmental quality or address existingenvironmental problems not falling under Category A and B.

Category D. Projects unlikely to cause environmental impacts.

The classification of projects into four categories is important for project screening. Although projectscreening is the primary function of the EMB-DENR, initial screening of subproject proposals canalready by carried out at the MLGU level. All applications for ECC/CNC shall be through theRegional Office of the EMB-DENR.

3 3.2 Regional and Localized Laws or Policies Impinging onEnvironmental Management

Regional policies exist as regards environmental management as in the case of the Lanao del NorteIntegrated Area Development Plan as well as that in Bukidnon. To date, the Mindanao EconomicDevelopment Council coordinates all integrated provincial and regional plans.

1 3.2.1 Mindanao Economic Development Council (MEDCo)

The Mindanao Economic Development Council or MEDCo was created on 19 March 1992 by virtueof Executive Order No. 512, signed by then President Corazon C. Aquino, to promote and coordinatethe active participation of all sectors to effect the socio-economic development of Mindanao througha holistic and integrated approach. Local government units frontline MEDCo while it addresses theneed to promote and strengthen interregional linkages. It is envisioned to ensure the integratedviability of programs and projects in Mindanao. Executive Order No. 244 mandates MEDCo to act asthe official and permanent Philippine Coordinating Office (PCO) for Brunei Darussalam Indonesiathe Philippines - East ASEAN Growth Area (BIMP-EAGA).

To achieve accelerated and globally competitive socio-economic development for Mindanao, the3 following specific objectives were developed:

* Strengthen and expand mechanisms to ensure timely and efficient implementation of physicaland digital infrastructure projects and delivery of basic social services in Mindanao;Work for global competitiveness of agri-fishery and tourism sectors in Mindanao;

* Promote Mindanao as a viable investment, trade and tourism destination;* Promote social cohesion, political stability, and good governance;

* . Ensure peace and security by linking peace issues with development initiatives;Pursue and advocate policy agenda for Mindanao;

* Ensure utilization of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) for efficientdelivery of updated and relevant data/information on Mindanao and BIMvP-EAGA;Generate, prioritize and mobilize funds for Mindanao programs and projects;.Convey Mindanao's development needs to decision-makers and funding

| institutions/countries.

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Program components were identified with lead agencies spearheading sectoral initiatives inI Mindanao, to wit;

Agency Clusters Program Components*

DSWD (lead) 2. Rehabilitation and Development of Conflict-Affected AreasThe component involves current initiatives, programs and projects that addresses relief and

* rehabilitation needs of affected families in the conflict-affected and potential conflict areasin Mindanao

I DepEd (lead) 4. Education DevelopmentThe component aims to improve the quality and increase access to education in the conflict-affected areas that includes for the rehabilitation / construction of school buildings.

I DTI (lead) 5. Livelihood Support and SME DevelopmentThis component shall pursue the following sub-components/ Livelihood Support - Target beneficiaries are mass-based groups that are loosely

organized. Assistance may come in the form of provision of production inputs, provisionI of financial assistance as well as capacity building, training and community organizing toimprove the target beneficiaries' living conditions.

This sub-component also contributes to the relief and rehabilitation efforts in the targetareas.V SME Development - This sub-component is particularly concemed on providing the

micro, small and medium enterprises with the needed business development services thatmay come in the form of marketing assistance, training and advisory services, access toI market informaton, technology and altemative fund sources, as well as the provision of apolicy environment conducive to the growth of businesses. Focus on this sub-componentwill be on business development services that are geared towards the processing orvalue-adding commodities.

DLR (lead) 6. Land Tenure DevelopmentThe component on Land Tenure Improvement was formulated to address claims on land andI resolve existing conflict in land claims. This component particularly includes land tenureimprovement programs of the concerned agencies that will identify land ownership andfacilitate the generation of land titles. This shall also include the establishment of One-Stop

l _________ Action Center for Titling Assistance for Muslim Minorities.

DA (lead) 7. Agri-Aqua DevelopmentThis component was formulated along with the effort to transform Mindanao as thecountry's agri-fishery export zone and the Halal-based food production and processing zone.Pertinent assistance comes in the form of Production Support Services , IrrigationDevelopment, Credit Facilitation, Other Infrastructure and Post-Harvest Facilities, MarketDevelopment Services, and Farm to market roads among others.

DTI-ARMM 8. Operationalization of the Regional Economic Zone Authority (REZA)(lead) This sets the regulatory and legal framework for investments in the region. This component

was particularly fromulated to support the implementation of "The ARMM SpecialI Economic Zone Act of 2003," which created the Regional Economic Zone Authority tooversee the establishment and operations of special economic zones, industral estates, andexport processing zones in the ARMM. The implementation of Polloc, Parang, Maguindanaoas an ecozone, as desiganted by the Philippine Special Economic Zone Act of 1995 (RA7916) is also covered under the component.

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DPWH (lead) 9. Infrastructure Development for Inter-ConnectivityThis component involves the following:v/ Land Transport Development which includes roads and bridgesV Improvement of Water Transport System which includes the development of ports andI equipping the ports with RORO ramp facilities/ Improvement of Air Transport System/ Enhancement of Telecommunications ServicesV Power Sector Projects* ICT Physical infrastructure

* Only those pertinent to MRDP-2 initiatives are listed.

I Brunei-Indonesia-Malaysia-Philippines East Asian Growth Area

The Brunei-Indonesia-Malaysia-Philippines East Asian Growth Area (BIMP-EAGA) started inthe 1980s envisioned to accelerate economic development in identified areas, such as;

(i) Development of trade and investment(ii) Development of human resources(iii) Effective use of natural resources(iv) Regional securityI (v) Social welfare(vi) Poverty alleviation; and(vii) Environmental sustainability.

BIMP-EAGA promotes full participation of member-countries so they can avail of benefits througheconomic complementarities and sharing of resources and markets.

The four (4) clusters exist and these are as follows:

(i) Cluster on Transport and Infrastructure Development consisting of the WG on Air Linkages,Sea Linkages, Telecommunications/ICT, and Construction and Construction Materials withBrunei Darussalam as Lead Country.

(ii) Cluster on Natural Resources composed of the WGs on Agro-Industry, Fisheries* Cooperation, Forestry and Environment, and Energy with Indonesia as Lead Country.

(iii) Cluster on Joint Tourism Development with Malaysia as Lead Country.(iv) Cluster on SME Development/Capital Formation and Financial Services, and, CIQSI initiatives with the Philippines as Lead Country.

All these initiatives reveal a strong need to complement MRDP-2 efforts with existingI regional development pathways.

3.2.2 Autonomous Region for Muslim Mindanao (ARMM)

Section 15 of the 1987 Constitution stipulates "that there shall be created autonomous regions inMuslim Mindanao and in the Cordilleras consisting of provinces, cities, municipalities, andgeographical areas sharing common and distinctive historical and cultural heritage, economic andsocial structures, and other relevant characteristics within the framework of this Constitution and thenational sovereignty as well as territorial integrity of the Republic of the Philippines."


I The ARMM is a mirror image of the workings of national government, provided with the same lineagencies similarly headed by a Secretary, i.e., DENR-ARMM Secretary. Such a jumpstart forMuslim governance received support from the World Bank through the Mindanao: ARMM SocialFund for Peace and Development. Its developmental objective is "to reduce poverty and promoteenduring peace in ARMM and other conflict-affected areas, and thereby play a catalytic role insupporting GOP peace and development strategy in Mindanao." More specifically, it aims at greatefforts to a) revitalize and improve access to and delivery of quality basic social and economicinfrastructure and services; b) generate employment; c) improve access to sustainable micro-enterprises development and community-based livelihood activities, and facilitate marketdevelopment and linkages driven by the local government units (LGUs) and the private sector, andreduce constraints to the small scale activities of key target groups; and d) strengthen institutionalcapacities and develop roles and mechanism of key stakeholders to ensure sustainable peace anddevelopment.

The development of a Framework and Operational Guidance of Environmental Safeguards soon afterfollowed. A listing of possible intermediaries tasked to conduct environmental assessment, preparethe appropriate environmental clearance application including supporting documents, provideI additional information as may be requested by the EM-ARMM, and if required perform monitoringwork was prepared.

3.3 RA 7160: Local Government CodeUnder the Local Government Code, it is declared the policy of the State that the territorial andpolitical subdivisions of the State shall enjoy genuine and meaningful local autonomy to enable themI to attain their fullest development as self-reliant communities and make them more effective partnersin the attainment of national goals. Toward this end, the State is to provide for a more responsive andaccountable local government structure instituted through a system of decentralization whereby localgovernment units shall be given more powers, authority, responsibilities, and resources. The processof decentralization shall proceed from the national government to the local government units. Underthis law, local government units are endeavored to be self-reliant and to continue exercising thepowers and discharging the duties and functions currently vested upon them, amongst which is theDuty of National Government Agencies in the Maintenance of Ecological Balance.

3.4 EA Performance for Mindanao Provinces

Table 1 below reveals that the total number of projects issued with ECCs/CNCs reached 27, 537 as ofDecember 2005. Of this total, Mindanao provinces had the least issued compared to Luzon andI Visayas (ARMM data not available for this series). The difference though is not greatly significantbetween Visayas and Mindanao (56% Luzon, 24% Visayas, and 20% for Mindanao). WithinMindanao, the biggest volume of issuances comes from Region 10, followed by Regions 11 and 13.

In 2004, the EMB/DENR-WB funded project entitled "Strengthening the Environmental PerformanceMonitoring & Evaluation System of the Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System" issuedI main findings on the gaps and weaknesses of the PEIS M&E System. Below are thegaps/weaknesses:

Environmental Aspect

1. PEISS M&E function limited to compliance monitoring, with limited impact monitorinlg, noimpact evaluation, no project/systems performance audit;


ll

Table 1. Summary of Projects Issued (CNC/EIS/Non-ECP)

Region / Date of Update Total Projects Percent RankRegion I- 12/31/2005 1,997 7.25 6I Region II- 12/31/2005 934 3.39 14Region III- 12/31/2005 2,278 8.27 4Region IV-A- 12/31/2005 3,786 13.75 1I Region IV-B- 12/31/2005 1,082 3.93 12Region V- 12/31/2005 1,459 5.30 9Region VI- 12/31/2005 2,800 10.17I Region Vll- 12/31/2005 2,113 7.67 5Region VIII- 12/31/2005 1,648 5.98 7Region IX- 1 231.2005 770 2.80 l6Region X- 12/31/2005 1,630 5.92 8Region X1- 12/31,2005 1,362 4.95 10Region XlI- 12,31.2005 847 3.08 1iRegion Xll- 12231.2005 1,008 3.66 13 !NCR- 12/31/2005 2,701 9.81 3CAR- 12/31/2005 1,122 4.07 11Total 27,537 100.00

Source: EMB-DENR website

2. Lacks systematic M&E selection criteria that promote environmental performance, e.g.I Selection ofprojects to monitor driven mainly by public pressure or project proximity;3. Lack of integration of M&E requirements in pre-ECC/pre-decision stage of a project;4. Poor Environmental Monitoring Plans (EMoPs) submitted by proponents/consultants arising

from lack of technical guidelines and support tools such as forms and manuals;5. Incomplete electronic data base of historical ELA information,6. Lack of electronic decision support system utilizing learnings in project-level reviews to

facilitate/improve decisions, policies and plans;7. Lack of generic and sectoral ECC templates for rationalized and standardized approach in

issuing ECCs.

* Institutional Aspect

8. PEISS' integrative and coordinative functions are not optimally operationalized by DENR,which lacks an integrated M&E goal and an integrated M&E policy statement within EMBand at the department level - e.g. M&E done independently by sector with mandate (e.gEIAMD, EQD, MGB, FMB, PAMB, etc) without adequate inter-office networking, integratedM&E implementation is rarely practiced at the EMB/DENR Central Office;

9. EIAMD on its own has inadequate structure and manpower to implement the PEISSfunctions(e.g. 12 vs. 23 equivalent required technical staff in EIAMD CO, and 6 vs. 29 equivalentI technical staff in EIAMD Region 3 to accomplish 2002 targets);

10. Weak M&E networking/linkaging within and outside DENR -e.g Within DENR - lacksharing of responsibilities, services, budget allocation and other resourcesfor iniple7nentingPEISS functions, particularly on M&E; Outside DENR- no review of 18 MOAs with otherI DENR Bureaus, GAs, LGUs, Econ Zone Administrators, Government Financial Institutions,Environmental Organizations, etc...;


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11. Lack of definite timelines, procedures, authorities, liabilities in adjudication, penalties and

sanctions;12. Conflicting triple role of EMB as police, prosecutor and judge in adjudication of PEISS

admin cases;13. Poor legal support and protection to EMB staff and public complainants against harassment.

Multi-stakeholder Participation

14. Non-standardized proofs of social acceptability;15. Lack guidelines on stakeholder identification, MMT administration, operations & fund

management,* 16. Lack of mechanism/protocols to operationalize independence of community members in1

decision-making and emergency actions;17. No performance audit of MMTs;I 18. Poor technical competence of MMT members;19. Lack mechanisms for public disclosure;20. Poor leadership and consistency in the participation and performance of DENRI representative.

EMB/MMT Capability

21. MMT "poor" in sampling and analysis but 'fair to very good" in compliance monitoringreporting, EMF management, environmental valuation, and networking with DENR andother entities;

22. ROs need improvement in field investigation skills (equipment calibration and operation,data processing and interpretation, etc.) and laboratory capability;

23. CO & ROs M&E staff overloaded and lack logistical support.

Financial Aspect

24. Limited EMB M&E budget;25. Unreliable, unsustainable and inadequate non-budgetary sources (ERF, ERSF, EGF, EMF),26. Nominal EGF amount vs. project potential liabilities;27. EMF replenishment by proponents slow and inadequate;28. Slowfund release byfund manager;29. Transition into regular EIA division and line bureau hampered by huge government budget

| deficit.

Despite the gaps or weaknesses, the above data suggests that Mindanao is very much engaged inenvironmental assessment, with systems in place along with the necessary local technical expertise.I Even ARMM, a system is in place for environmental assessment. Performance though, remains to beassessed at this point.

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4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE

Mindanao (Fig. 4.1) is the second largest island in the Philippines with a total land area of about 10,143, 217.73 ha-estimated from a NAMRIA-DENR municipal base map in the DA-BAR database.The island is subdivided into six regions with 25 provinces divided into more than 400 municipalitieswith differing environmental and socio-economic characteristics.

4.1 Socio-Economic Characteristics

The socio-economic conditions and assessment in this report are not comprehensive, since a thoroughsocial assessment of the provinces to be included in MRDP 2 will be conducted later this year. Thetreatment here is very general and is done within the context of environmental assessment.

The general picture of the socioeconomic conditions in rural Mindanao presented here is based onthe data taken from various sources such as the Social Assessment Reports on the five provincesunder MRDP 1, namely, Agusan del Sur, Compostela Valley, Maguindanao, Sultan Kudarat, andNorth Cotabato, and from the regional and provincial development plans of some provinces.Additional information were taken from the report of Pollisco-Botengan (2005) on conflict affectedcommunities (CAC) in Mindanao, the report on poverty by the National Statistical CoordinationBoard (NSCB), and the Final Report by Lasmarias, et al. ( 2004) on mapping population-biodiversityconnections in the Philippines.

The total land area of Mindanao covers more than 30% of the entire country and is inhabited by about20 million people concentrated in Region 11 (5 million people) and in Region 9 (3 million people).On the average, the economy of Mindanao grew by 3.3% per year between 1992 and 2004, with apeak growth of 7.8% in 1996. The island contributes 31% of the national agricultural output. Grossvalue added (GVA) for agriculture and fishery is the highest at 9-12% in more than a quarter ofRegion 11, 4-8% in about one-fifth of Region 9 and only 0-3% in about one-fifth of Region 13.Provincewise, substantial portions of Davao del Sur, Davao Oriental, and Sultan Kudarat have GVAof between 9% and 12%. In terms of service sector, almost the whole Regions 10 and 11 eachaccounted for a GVA between 4-8%. Other economic development opportunities include thepromotion of economic corridors and economic growth triangle.

Poverty, inadequate food and clothing, low income, environmental degradation, and poor healthcondition are reported across the five agro-ecological zones: mountainous, rolling, lowland,marshland and coastal areas. The above-cited reports suggest these problems may have been broughtabout by landlessness, low farm technology inputs such as water and fertilizer, poor plant varietiesused, and lack of farm-to-market roads.

Poverty is pervasive in Mindanao. Table 2 shows the incidence of poverty is highest in Region 12 andARMM ranging from 53.2 to 62.8%. Some provinces are experiencing decreasing trend in povertyincidence, others increasing like Agusan del Sur, Maguindanao, Sultan Kudarat, Davao del Nortewhere Compostela Valley was carved out in 1998.


l

- - -- - - -- - -- - --- - --Ill 12* t22 t24 f

Mindanao... + + + +

100 0 100 200 Kilometers

+ +

4~4

AL~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

+ +

II 12j VA 1 124 I2l

Figure 4.1. Map of Mindanao Island showing its regions and provinces.Data source: DENR: DA-BAR database. Undated.

MRDP-APL2 Draft Feasibility' Study Report Revision 1, Environment, p. 17

ll

Table 2Percentage of families who are below poverty

Threshold income and food threshold level in MindanaoRegion/Province Percentage families below poverty Percentage families below food

threshold income threshold level1997 2000 1997 2000

Region 9 37.6 45.7 18.4 26.3Basilan 18.4 21.2 2.4 5Zamboanga Norte 45.7 49.5 27.6 33.5Zamboanga Sur 36.1 47.6 15.6 25.7Region 10 47 42.2 23.7 21.1Bukidnon 47.2 37 21.7 18Camiguin 30.2 53.1 12.5 20.8Misamis Occidental 48.3 50.1 27 27.4Misamis Oriental 46.7 43.2 24.4 21Region 11 36.9 39.6 20.9 20Davao Del Norte 31.7 46.5 17.8 2.6Davao del Sur 29.7 22.4 13.7 11.2Davao Oriental 52 34.7 35.1 20.3South Cotabato 43.1 53.7 25.7 20.6Sarangani 47.1 52.2 28.1 34.1Region 12 50.5 53.9 30.2 28.8I Lanao del Norte 50.6 55.7 32.6 35.2North Cotabato 54.8 46.3 34.6 24.3Sultan Kudarat 42.4 65.2 18.4 28I ARMM 53.2 62.8 23.9 31.7Lanao Del Sur 59.2 61.1 22.9 19.6Maguindanao 47.5 61.5 20.8 37.9I Sulu 69.9 65.8 38.7 39.1Tawi-tawi 31.3 64.6 9 22Caraga 48.3 49.8 30.9 28Agusan del Norte 46.2 50.9 29.8 30.3Agusan del Sur 48.6 53.7 30.9 31Surigao del Norte 47.7 46.4 27.9 23.3Surigao del Sur 50.6 46.2 35 25.7

Data Source: Philippine Provincial Poverty Statistics. NSCB. 2000.

The poverty table indicates Tawi-Tawi province with relatively high incidence of poverty in terms ofthreshold income, but only few families are below threshold food level. Basilan has lower povertyincidence with respect to income and food intake level. Sultan Kudarat and Sulu have the highestincidence of income poverty, and the trend is increasing. Lasmarias, et al. (2004) reported thatI poverty incidence in the Philippines increases with increasing size of the family.

In the surveyed five provinces, women are haunted by low income and lack of food. The lack ofI potable water or the difficulty of accessing health services contributes to the diseases in the family.Due to landlessness and illiteracy, women's capacity to meet basic necessities of food, clothing,shelter, and education is severely affected. The months of December to June are periods of increasingvulnerability of many women and their families to the vicissitudes of nature and weaken their


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capacity to survive. Heavy rains during these periods, particularly on the eastern side of Mindanao,may bring about landslides, floods and other calamities. In times of difficulties, women generateincome through means of peddling, offering services such as laundry and housemaids. Children arecompelled to work in order to help the family. Food is rationed.

In fact, it was reported that socio-economic pressures are extremely high in about 34% and very highin 64% of Mindanao area. The remaining 2% of the area is under moderate socio-economicpressures. About 15% and 5% of Agusan del Sur and Davao del Norte, respectively, are under veryhigh to extremely high socio-economic pressures. Specifically, these extremely high socio-economic-pressure locations (15%) are found in open-canopy forest areas surrounding Mt. Kaluayan. Areas(9%) of very high socio-economic pressures are located in cultivation areas in grassland or brushlandaround Mt. Hilong-hilong.

4.2 Land

4.2.1 Relief and Topography

Mindanao Island consists of mountainous regions; the island is bounded on the east by the DiwataMountains running in a north-south orientation (Figure 4.2). In the central part, the twin ranges ofCordillera Mountains run parallel to Mt. Diwata. The central Cordillera range extends from northerncoast then connects with Mt. Apo, and runs to the southem coast. On the western side, the high peaksare contributed by the extensive range of Mt. Kalatungan. On the far western side of Mindanao isPalawan and on the southwestern side are small islands of the Zulu archipelago. Many studies hadshown that as barriers, mountains can cause airstreams to be lifted upstream, to flow over, to goaround, or both to go around and flow over the mountains. Together with the effects of thesurrounding bodies, the mountains influence much the dynamics of local weather in the differentregions in the island.

More than half of the Mindanao land area, or 5.3 million ha (Mha) are nestled between elevation 0 ftand 1000 ft, 34% or 3.4 Mha are between elevation 1000 ft and 3000 ft, 12% or 1.2 Mha between3000 ft and 7000 ft and 0.2% or 0.02 Mha between 7000 ft and 11 000ft above sea level (Figure 4.2).

According to this classification, the first group is generally described as lowland areas, which arelargely accounted by Agusan del Sur (11%), Zamboanga del Sur (10%), Zamboanga del Norte (7%),Maguindanao (6%), and Surigao Sur (6%). Highland areas (located at elevation >3000 ft) areaccounted for by Bukidnon (70%), Compostela Valley (13%), Lanao Sur (26%) and Sarangani(14%). There are appropriate land uses corresponding to this hypsographic categorization; howeveragriculture seems to be practiced irrespective of this elevation stratification.

4.2.2 Land Slope

Expectedly, land surface slope will greatly vary according to hypsography. Figure 4.3 indicates thatland surface gradient in Mindanao ranges from flat (0-3%) to steep slopes (>50%). About 28% oflands is nearly flat to undulating (0-8% slope), 19% undulating to rolling (8-18% slope), 21% rollingto moderately steep (18-30% slope), and the remaining 30% steep to very steep (30 - >50% slope).On the average, 51% of land has slope >18% and 47% has slope <18%, which are cultivable. Morethan 60% of the land area of Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, and Sarangani are rolling tovery steep with a slope >18%.


I

- -- 1tIIS -_121 1M _-_ 10-24-

HypsographyLI 0 - 1,000 ft

.10 ~ 1,000 -+3,000 ft + + + + + + 6 103.000 - 7,000 ft , .7,000- 11,000 ft

s + + + + + + CaII-_, w9

MISAMIS OCC IDE

. I +2 + ZAMBOAhG B7 + + + + + 7

5+ '2 + + +

+ + +TW~1 ++ + +6


11S 119 ~~~1;D 12t 122 123 124 125 126

Figure 4.2. Relief and topographical conditions of Mindanao.Data source: DENR: DA-BAR database. Undated

MRDP-APL2 Dr aft Feasibiliry Stidi' Report Revision 1, Environment, p. 20

m m m m m m m m m - m m m m - m - m -

Slope, %_0-3

M3-88-18

[II] 18-30 4 4LIII 30-50)

50 and above SURIGAO DEL NORTE

CAMIGUIA

'_ ~~SURIG.*

MISAMIS OCCIDENTAL

LAM OOANOA DE

LAM I A LS

TAWIT~~~~: . 100 0 100 200 Kilometers

Figure 4.3. Prevailing land slope in Mindanao.Data source: NA MR IA, BSWM:- DA-BAR database. Undated

MRDP-APL2 Draft Feasibilitv Stuidy Report Revision 1, Enivironment, p. 21

l

By law, lands with surface slope >18% are classified as uplands; as such they should not beintensively cultivated for crop production. However, we observed that crop production is ongoingeven on this kind of land when we went around for a field tour of Mindanao. Land management inthese seemingly fragile areas needs more attention.

It is recommended that lands with slope >50% be assisted to develop into protection forests, 30-50%slope into production forests, and 18-30% slope into agro-forestry based cropping systems. Not onlywill this scheme allow appropriate vegetation to grow but also reduce widespread erosionencroaching as far as coastal areas. The challenge is design a soil-water-crop scheme that will alsoprovide sources of livelihood to dwellers in these areas so that environmental healing can proceed atacceptable rate.

4.2.3 Soils Geology

There are a number of soil properties to be considered and evaluated relating to agriculture, naturalresource management and environmental assessment. The important geological materials in theisland consist of Pliocene-Quaternary, Pliocene-Pleistocene, Recent, and Upper Miocene-Pliocenewhich respectively underlie 24%, 17%, 14%, and 10% of Mindanao land surface (Figure 4.4).

Pliocene and Pre-Jurassic geological fonnations are found solely in the provinces of Zamboanga delNorte and Zamboanga del Sur. Out of these geological resources, different types of soils developedand were formed under the influence of climate described elsewhere in this report. Generally, ten soil

orders are identified in Mindanao (Figure 4.5), however only two major soil orders are important,these are:

a) Tropudults with tropudalfs, tropepts and oxisols andb) Mountain soils respectively covering 44% and 30% of Mindanao.

Minor soil orders include tropudalfs with tropepts and entropepts with dystropepts, each ordercovering 9% of the island. These soil orders have unique properties that relate to land use and landcover of the region. It is noteworthy that the entire province of Tawi-tawi and >95% of Sulu fallsunder category (a) as cited above.

4.2.4 Soil Texture

Another soil characteristic that describes the percentage distribution of clay, sand and silt is soiltexture. It is important to agriculture and other activities that depend on soil. The major soil texturesof land in Mindanao are clay, clay loam, loam, and sandy clay loam (Figure 4.6). These soil texturesare generally favorable to agriculture.

Soil texture for about 35% of the total area, representing mountainous Mindanao has to bedifferentiated yet. In addition data are unavailable for about 17% of the total land area of Mindanao.Potential soil constraints, especially to agriculture, include hydrosols, deep bog, rough broken land,rubble land, and gravelly soils.


II

m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m - m m m

GeoloavFigure 4.4. Parent soil materials in Mindanao regions.Data source: BSWM, DA-BAR database. Undated

CRETACEOUS-PALEOGENEZ NEOGENEi OUGOCENE-MIOCENE

3 OLIGOCENE-MIOCENE CGNEOUS ROCKS)EZOLGOCENE-MIOCENE (SEDIMENTARY & METAMORPHIC P')C KS.-

_ PALEOCENEE PALEOCENE(?)-EOCENE (IGNEOUS ROCKS)

PALEOCENE-EOCENE (SEDIMENTARY & METAMORPHIC ROCKS)m PLIOCENE-PLEISTOCENE

L PLIOCENE-QUATERNARYB PRE-JURASSIC(?)f UPPER MIOCENE-PLIOCENELi UPPER MIOCENE-PLIOCENE (IGNEOUS ROCKS)

3 UPPER MIOCENE-PLIOCENE (SEDIMENTARY & ROCKS)EJRECENT

= UNDIFFERENTIATED3 UNDIFFERENTIATED (IGNEOUS ROCKS)L UNDIFFERENTIATED (SEDIMENTARY & METAMORPHIC ROCKS)

LiLAKEWATW BODY

Li Unknown

100 0 100 200 km

MRDP-APL2 Di-aft Feasibilityt Stuidy Repor-t Revision I, Environment, p. 23

General soilsis Z ) , 12ACRORTHO) WfTROPUDULFS

J ENTROPEPTS WJDYSTROPEPTS3 EUTRANDEPTS WIEUTROPEPTS

=MOUNTAIN SOILS WIENTISOLS, INCEPTISOLS, ULTISOLS AND ALFISOLS WITHERMIC HYPERTHERMIC AND ISOHYPERTHERMIC TEMP REGIMESg PELLUSTERTS WlUDALFS, UDORTHENTS AND TROPEPTSE TROPAQUEPTS WIENTROPEPTSg3 TROPAQUEPTS WIHYDRAQUENTSH: TRO PO P SA4ME NTS WST ROPO RTHENfS + + _103 TROPUDALFS WSTROPEPTS

D TROPUDULTS WSTROPUDALFS TROPEPTS & OXISOLSj Sutuan_Lake

73 Lake M ainitE Lake_Sebu

3 Lake-Wood

LJ Lanao_Lake

+ + -8

6- ~~+ + tV + + + -

N

4- + + + + + _

100 0 100 200 km118 J1D 12 124

Figure 4.5. Soil orders found in Mindanao regions.Data source: BSWM, DA-BAR database. Undated

MRDP-APL2 Draft Feasibility .Study Report Revision 1, Environment, p. 24

200000 300000 4o300 saxoo uExo 7a000 ao so00o 1c2X0

mIndlo umshp 2001200= - I)dXov_tm.shp + + + + + + + + Izoxo_Clay

Sfty claySandy clay

I I Clay loomII Sity clay loam 0

1100W0 aSandydayloam + + + + + 3-+110-aoOrav ly clay loam + + ,

. I Siltyloom ,C DELG Gravelly sit loamG Gravelly loam

_Fine sandy loam CALU-L- . .

1C00 _W S:rKt+Joam + + t + AG U + +DEL

IJFine sand

Deep brogammoK _ 2°sm + t + +W

Rough broW en laro Z/IUEOANA Di L <\ < . ;t,Rough m oulat,rou s landRough stony landRubble lands L -

i Sab,ng;n ..

&KODOD HCom+bX + ± + eOUTIUndiHorent,ated T +o

No data Ar

71YJcO + + - I + + + + 7003

60oo ++ + ++ + + + + + c0TA"F:r P-TX100 0 100 200 Kilometers

33020 35= 40)00 WO3;x Woo 7 a002 w8Do 9WDCO 1a2oo0

Figure 4.6. Soil texture distribution and soil constraints in Mindanao.Data source: BSWM, DA-BAR database. Undated

MRDP-APL2 Draft Feasibilitv Stiudy Report Revision 1, Environment, p 25

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4.2.5 Soil Erosion

Fig. 4.7 shows the erosion map. Soil erosion is one of the serious environmental problems inMindanao. In Compostela Valley, Lanao del Sur, and Sarangani, soil losses run as high 80, 70, and 69per cent, respectively, of total land area. Moderate to severe soil erosion occurs in at least 50% ofland area of additional 13 provinces, such as Agusan del Sur, Basilan, Zamboanga del Sur andZamboanga del Norte, etc. (Figure 4.7). The loop reconnaissance survey of Mindanao conducted bythe preparation team corroborated this information.

To a large extent, the degree of land slope directly influences the rates of soil erosion. Philippinestudies show that soil erosion rates increase dramatically with increase in slope. Erosion studies inMindanao reported soil losses 4-6 times greater on >44% slopes than on 20% slopes. In Bansalan,Davao del Sur erosion losses averaged about 194 tons/ha on control plots of 18% slope over six yearsof observation studies at MBRLC. Including the interactive effects of thin vegetation, rainfall andintensive upland agriculture, therefore explained why moderate to severe erosion occur in more thanhalf of Mindanao land area (Figure 4.7). Rates of soil erosion therefore are alarming on more thanhalf of the total land area of Mindanao.

Shifting cultivation or kaingin is practiced by farmers on large tracts of land (32% Mindanao's totalarea), one-fifth of which are expectedly experiencing moderate to severe erosion. Soil sedimentsfrom these areas reached as far as coastal areas and destroy coastal ecosystems. Either the shiftingcultivators be constrained to use soil-water-crop cultivation systems that minimize erosion or they bere-located to other areas where livelihood opportunities exist to allow these thinly vegetatedecosystems to recover and stabilize soil conditions.

4.2.6 Land Cover and Use

Of the type of land cover and use shown in Figure 4.8, three are significant in the landscapes ofMindanao. These are cultivated area mixed with brushland/grassland (Ec), open canopy with maturetrees covering <50% of the forest (Fdo), cropland mixed with coconut plantation (Imc), and closedcanopy with mature trees covering >50% of the forest (Fdc). Ec, Fdo, Imc, and Fdc coverscorrespondingly 31%, 18%, 17%, and 10% of the total land area of Mindanao regions. In a similarfashion, Ec enfolds more than 40% of the land area of the provinces of Agusan del Norte, Surigao delSur and Zamboanga del Norte.

Within each province, more than half of Sarangani's land area consists of cultivation in brushland orgrassland areas; which pose sedimentation problems in the lowland if appropriate soil and waterconservation agriculture is not practiced. During the focus group discussion held at the provincialcapitol, this type of agriculture is intensively practiced by informal settlers as a consequence ofunabated migration into the uplands.

Unexpectedly, all closed canopy forest areas are under very high to extreme economic pressures. Thistype of ecosystem accounts for more than 35% of the total land area of Lanao del Sur and 21% of thatof Agusan del Sur in 1987. In a similar fashion, open canopy forests also experience very high toextreme socio-economic pressures. These are found extensively in Agusan del Sur--covering 46% ofits total land area, Agusan del Norte-31%, and Surigao del Sur-34%. About 20% of the total landarea of each of the following provinces: Compostela Valley, Davao del Norte, Davao Oriental, SultanKudarat, and Zamboanga del Norte are covered with open canopy forests. Cropland mixed withcoconut plantations account for more than 50% of the total land area of Misamis Occidental and


- - - ---- m- -- - -- - - -- -

Soil erosion3li No Apparent Erosion3j Slight Erosion3III Moderate Erosion

Severe Erosion3II Unclassified Erosion

3 Lake 1S.U R IG AO [E L FJ CF T E

MISMIS OCCIDENTAL

ZAMBOANC.A DE

LAM E A L SL L

, 8~AS1LIM "

TAWI44TL'Kt 100 0 100 200 Kilometers

Figure 4.7. Extent of erosion problems in Mindanao regions and provinces.Data source: BSWM, DA-BAR database. Undated.


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sir,_~~~~~~M P-P' Draf esblttd Repr Reisio ; Enionet p2

1 SII_

Sheet wash and rulling are the main forms of erosion in the uplands. (courtesy of UDP)

Fi2. 4.7A

I

I V

60% slopes used for maize production. Cross-slope barriers are ineffective.(courtesy of UDP)

| ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Fin. 4.7B

I MRDP-APL2 Draft Feasibility Study Report Revision]1, Environment, p. 28

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II

Fiiz. 4.7C

,- . - . .t u. ._-uL

I '

,I Sst'h

I ' o ~~~'ba4t Iz ''SX }-io ~ ~ -

Erosion of fragile uplands from clearing very steep slopes to grow corn.(courtesy of UDP)

I ;

r , $~~~~

Fig. 4.7D -

I --. J

Contour ploughin is not effective above 12% slopes.| ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(courtesy of UDP)

I MRDP-APL2 Draft Feasibility Study Report Revision 1, Environment, p. 29

- - -- --- - -- --- - - --- - m

Land cover and use[II] Arable land, crops mainly cereals and sugarEIm: Closed canopy, mature trees covering > 50 percent~ Mossy forestLIIg Open canopy, mature trees covering < 50 percent JI[3z Coconut plantatonsg Crop land mixed with coconut plantationg Crop land mixed with other plantation SL'RIi ' .0 ['EL 14ORPTE

lii] Cultivated Area mixed with brushland/grassland3Zil Grassland, grass covering > 70 percent N

Other plantations[II Mangrove vegetation RI t A= hRshponds derived from mangrove= Marshy area and swamp

[I]Coral ReefLJLake ZAMBOANGA DELI'

Quarry'L]Riverbeds AS

F7,1 Siltabton pattern in lake[I] Buift-up, Area[I] Unclassified

A . BAS i L r

SUI. '- -

TAWI-TA WI

100 0 100 200 KilometersFigure 4.8. Vegetation cover and land use in Mindanao regions.Data source: NAMRIA, DENR; DA-BAR database. Undated


-- m L- asacat- m m - - m m m m m m m - mLan clas'sTicatMo'n = = = = = = =m< Alienable/Disposable

CivAl Reservation[j Communal Forest

Forest Reserve *1

m Unclassified Public Forest[I] National Park WJR12..) DEL NJOPTE

LII Reforestation Project C,F4ml I-II 4-.

LII LakeLI] UnclassifiedLII No Data

MiscellaneousZAMBOANGA DEL NORTT -

ZAMBCArN SU

r J -I, T H COT T 4-

t '' . ILTAN 4UDA

tks

TAWI-T44A,

100 0 100 200 1:'rreters

Figure 4.9. Land classification in Mindanao regions.Data source: DENR, DA-BAR database. Undated

MRDP-APL2 Draft Feasibility Study Report Revision I, Environment, p. 31

l

Basilan and about 35% of that of Camiguin. Several other provinces have about 20% of their landarea devoted to a cultivation mix of crops and coconut. Even in coconut-based cropping systems, soil-water-crop schemes are needed to prevent erosion. Cocoir-net or mat that are made out of coconuthusks should be tried to reduce soil erosion from these cropping systems. Minor land cover and useI account for less than 1% of total land area of provinces where they specifically take place. Overall,vegetation is thin in most areas of Mindanao.

Basilan and about 35% of that of Camiguin. Several other provinces have about 20% of their landarea devoted to a cultivation mix of crops and coconut. Even in coconut-based cropping systems, soil-water-crop schemes are needed to prevent erosion. Cocoir-net or mat that are made out of coconut* husks should be tried to reduce soil erosion from these cropping systems. Minor land cover and useaccount for less than 1% of total land area of provinces where they specifically take place. Overall,vegetation is thin in most areas of Mindanao.

I A cautious and deep look into these existing farming systems should be undertaken to devise newsoil-water-crop production technologies that will prevent erosion and thus maintain a healthy soilecosystems for high production. Reportedly, many soil-water conservation technologies that haveI been being tested in Mindanao do not produce favorable results across all land slope categories. It ishigh time to develop new technologies to replace the old techniques and save thin soils.

4.2.7 Land Classification

Land classification scheme reveals that two major land classes are substantial in Mindanao, viz.;

(i) Alienable and disposable (AD) lands and(ii) Forest reserve (FR) (Figure 4.9).

I

IIIIlII MRDP-APL2 Draft Feasibility Study Report Revision 1, Environment, p. 33

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I

II

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

II

I

I

IIII

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

III On the average, AD lands cover 39% of Mindanao regions while FR swathes around 50% of the area.

Minor land classes include unclassified public forest (UPF) and national park (NP), each respectivelycovering >3% and <1% of total land area. At the provincial level, 84% of Camiguin's land territory isI considered AD and 66% of Misamis Occidental's. Forest reserves occupy >65% of the landterritories of Davao del Norte,'Agusan del Suf-af'd Suirigao del Sur. Similarly, UPF accounts for 78%and 50% of provincial land area of Sulu and Tawi-tawi, respectively. From a number of focus groupI discussions, this land classification has not been enforced. As a result, land degradation occurs.

4.2.8 Forest Cover

The forest cover of Mindanao shown in Figure 4.10 was taken in 1987. For some provinces, anupdate data on forest cover is provided by the Land Cover Mapping Project-LRD, RSRDAD, 1992-2000 (NAMRIA). This is shown in Table 3. Separately, the cover consists of primary, secondary,mossy, and mangrove forests which take up 33%, 61%, 1%, and 1.4% of total Mindanao regions.Large swaths of forests are found in Agusan del Sur and Norte.

* Over all Mindanao, a ratio 1 ha of forest to every 3.5 ha of land is estimated for the entire regions.This is a high ratio considering that the national average ratio is about 1: 14. However this high ratio,large tracts are reportedly denuded.

Table 3Latest forests cover data in selected provinces as reported by the

Land Cover Mapping Project LRD, RSRDAD 1992-2000 (NAMRIA)PROVINCES FOREST COVER

Agusan del Sur 43.22Lanao del Norte 39.26Lanao del Sur 52.37Maguindanao 29.51Misamis Occidental 23.25Surigao del Sur 39.93Zamboanga del Norte 31.62Zamboanga del Sur 21.56

I

I

| ~~~~~~~~~~~~MRDP-APL2 Draft Feasibility Study Report Revision 1, Environment, p. 35

- - -- m - - - - - -- - -- m - m m 118 119 123 121 122 123 124 125 12S

o -+Forests + + + + + + + 103 Mangrove Forest

Mossy ForestEli Pine Forest SURIGAO DEL NORT_ Primary Forest CA;e

s t Secon4,aryForest t CAM±IG 9 2

MISAMIS OCC IDE + + + + ZAMBOAOV-

8

+ ~~~ ~~~~~~NOR; hTA TN 7 + + + ++ t

T~~~~~~~~~~~~~. Ba ¢ ¢sx *18c~.

1++ + + \+ + -

100 0 100 200 K.i',-ters

Figure 4.10. Forest cover in Mindanao, 1987. 122 123 124 125 i3Data source: DENR, PBCP database. Undated

MRDP-APL2 Draft Feasibility Study Report Revision 1, Environment, p. 3 7

Il

4.3 Water

4.3.1 Water Supply

I Water supply systems are very much lacking in Mindanao. To an extent, communities rely on surfacewater for domestic uses. Artesian wells constructed by communities serve as communal source ofwater though water collection/harvesting is still common practice. Communities living near theU ,Liguasan Marsh have difficulty in acquiring clean and safe water within their area. In LiguasanMarsh, studies (ACH Liguasan Marsh Vulnerability Survey, 2004. European CommissionHumanitarian Aid Office) conducted show that 91% of all water points for domestic use testedI positive for bacterial contamination and 94% of sampled water containers regularly used by residentslikewise tested positive for bacterial contamination. During rainy season, wells become flooded thusresidents directly access water from the marsh.

Table 4 indicates that water resources in Mindanao in terms of total availability are greatest in RegionX, followed by Region XII, according to the Philippine Environment Monitor (2003). There is no

| data on ARMM.

Table 4* Water Resource Potential by Region

Region Groundwater Potential Surface Water Total Waterl Region (in MCM) Potential (in MCM) Resources Potential

Region IX 1,082 12,100 13,182Region X 2,116 29,000 31,116Region XI 2,375 11,300 13,675Region XII 1,758 18,700 20,458

Source: Philippine Environment Monitor, 2003

Of the major river basins, total water resource potential is greatest in Region XII, followed by RegionI X (Agusan). As regards water availability per capita, Region X (Agusan) ranks 1st, followed by yetagain Region X (Cagayan de Oro) and 3rd is Region XII (Table 5).

Table 5Total Water Resources Potential of Major River Basins in Mindanao

Major River Basin Total Water Resource Water Availability per CapitaMajor River Basin Potential (in MCM) (cu.m./person)

Region X - Cagayan de Oro 3,672 9,321Region X - Agusan 15,984 13,732Region XI - Davao 1,449 2,368Region XI - Tagum - Libuganon 2,504 3,449Region XII - Mindanao 24,854 7,027Philippine Environment Monitor, 2003

I MRDP-APL2 Draft Feasibility Study Report Revision 1, Environment, p. 38

4.3.2 Water Quality in Mindanao

According to the Philippine Environment Monitor (2003) the major pollutants monitored for waterpollution (Figure 4.11) are: Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Dissolved Oxygen (DO);Suspended Solids (SS); Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): Coliforms; Nitrates; Phosphates; heavy metals(includes Mercury and Chromium); and toxic pesticides.

BOD Pollution

Based on data gathered by the EMB-DENR, Davao del Sur is the only province in Mindanao withunsatisfactory levels of BOD Pollution. Among areas in Mindanao with marginal levels of BODpollution include General Santos City, parts of Sultan Kudarat, Misamis Oriental and Agusan delNorte.

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

Compared to Luzon and Visayas, Mindanao has the least number of areas with unsatisfactory levelsof Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). Areas in Mindanao with unsatisfactory levels of TDS includeMisamis Oriental and Zamboanga Sibugay.

Heavy Metals

Heavy metals from industrial sources and mining sources contribute to water pollution. Among theareas in Mindanao polluted with heavy metals only parts of Region XIII (CARAGA) have beennoted.

Salt Water Intrusion

Salt water intrusion in aquifers is also a major concern aside from other types of pollutants. Amongthe critical areas which include Metro Manila, parts of Luzon, Cebu, Iloilo, and Dagupan, onlyZamboanga was cited as being in conflict affected areas.

Wastewater Production

The volume of wastewater produced by Region is shown in Table 6. In terrns of domestic wastewaterI production, Region XI is highest followed by Regions 9 and 10, last is Region XII. As regardsindustrial wastewater production, Region XI is s't with Region IX 2 ad, Region X at 3rd and Region 2last. However, with reference to agricultural wastewater production, Region 0 is highest, followed byI Region XI, 9, and 12 respectively.

Table 6Volume of Wastewater produced per Region

Voume of Wastewater in Region

Region Domestic 2000 rIndustrial 1998 f Agricultural 1999

In '000 cubic meter per yearRegion IX 88,734 24 3,058Region X 87,085 15 5,568Region XI 160,025 47 4,888Region XII 74,964 4 2,346

Philippine Environment Monitor, 2003

I| ~~~~~~~~~~~~MRDP-AIPL2 Draft Feasibility Study Report Revision 1, Environment, p. 39

l

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4.3.3 Surface Water and Groundwater

With ample rainfall throughout the year, water resources in Mindanao are plentiful. A drainagenetwork, consisting of rivers and intermittent streams, convey runoff from the catchment areas(Figure 4.12). As sources of freshwater, a total of about 42 thousand kilometers of rivers andintermittent streams can be identified in the island in addition to many lakes of differing sizes. Mostintermittent streams (93%) are located in Region 12, lakes (61%) in ARMM and (16%) in CARAGA,and rivers (26%) in Region 11 and about 10% equally each in the remaining regions.

In a similar vein, potential for use of groundwater as freshwater source varies among regions andprovinces (Figure 4.13). Extensive and highly productive aquifers (I-A, I-B) are found in 14% of thetotal land area, while local and productive aquifers (I-C) are found in another 41% of the area.Potential for shallow groundwater development is high in the provinces of Tawi-tawi, Sarangani,Misamis Oriental, Agusan del Sur and Norte, and South Cotabato.

On the contrary, it will be very difficult to develop groundwater as a source of freshwater inI Camiguin as the whole province is situated on aquifers with limited withdrawable groundwater.Compostela Valley and Sulu will encounter problems with groundwater development because about athird of the provinces are located on top of poor water-bearing aquifers. These provinces should becareful to monitor groundwater level if and when they decide to tap groundwater as a source of waterfor irrigation, household consumption, or industry; they may encounter severe land subsidence. Forcoastal areas, excessive pumping of groundwater can result to saltwater intrusion.

In terms of surface water hydrology, rivers are still promising sources of freshwater for irrigation ofagricultural crops and source of water in household supply system, but water quality degradation hasalso been reported in a number of rivers that pass along high-input commercial agricultural farms orhighly populated urban centers.

4.3.4 Bays and Beaches

There are 57 bathing beaches/bays that rank high in the EMB-DENR for regular water qualitymonitoring (Amador, J. 2004). Classified as SB waters, these are characterized to be (i) areasregularly used by the public for bathing, swimming, skin diving, etc., (ii) spawning areas for Chanoschanos or "bangus" and similar species, and (iii) falling within the following criteria:

3 (i) Total Coliform (TC) = 1000 MPN/lOOml(ii) Fecal Coliform (FC) = 200 MPN/l00ml(iii) Dissolved Oxygen (DO) = >5 mg/L

From 1996-2003, the DENR was able to monitor select water bodies. The range of dissolved oxygenfor select bays and beaches of Mindanao is provided in Table 7. Dissolved oxygen is one of the

| indicators whether the waters are high in oxygen to sustain aquatic life forms.

l

| MRDP-APL2 Draft Feasibility Study Report Revision 1, Environment, p. 41

m -m m m m -m m m - m m

River and road networks,,/ Roads_mindanao.shp

Rivers_mindanao.shp SURIGAOELNORTE

CAMIGUIAI

ZAMBOANGA DEL

TAWI- AVW

100 0 100 200 W<l,-Irrieters

Figure 4.12. River and road networks in Mindanao regions.Data source: NAMRIA, DA-BA R database. Undated

MRDP-APL2 Draft Feasibiliti Studyl Report Revision 1, Environment, p. -2

m m m m m m m m m m m - m m m m -

Groundwater potentialI-A 4

_ I-B I-C f

Lii Il-B ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:J~~IPIC-ACI E.EL r,jrIR-TE- Ill-AB

Lakez No Data R

ZAMBOANGA DEL NORTE -

ZAMBOANA SMB

sa~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~[J:F,T 12--5-TH- tBASIL ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~I

d' ' BASAW L t -**}} ', * ¢ --4 ~~__JILTAH l IID| EAR J ll

TAWI-Ti^^-

Figure 4.13. Groundwater potential of Mindanao regions. 100 0 100 200 P iI,:,rr,-hrsData source: DENR, DA-BAR database. Undated.


I

Table 7I Ranges of DO Concentration of Bays/Coastal Waters in Mindanao (1996-2003).Region Water Body Range (DO)

9 Vista del Mar 4.9-8.8Golf Course 3.6-8.0Cawacawa 2.1-8.5Sabang Bay 4.5-8.03

10 Duka Beach 6.5-8.4_ Raagas Beach 5.5-8.0

Roan Beach 6.3-7.7l 11 Sarangani Bay 5.2-5.4

Panguil Bay 3.3-10.15Pujada Bay 3.2-6.8

Malaglag Bay 5.7-7.0U ________~Iligan Bay 5.9-9.3Kopiat Bay 6.0-7.03 CARAGA Butuan Bay 6.5-7.0

It will be noted that at some extreme values were observed for Regions 9 and 11, well below theI allowable for SB waters --- 5 mg/L within the 7-year period. It appears though that these areas aresuited for alternative livelihood options as regards aquaculture.

3 4.4 Air and Climate

4.4.1 Ambient air temperature

Ambient air temperature is an important climate variable that affects not only agricultural cropproduction but also other industrial activities. On the average, the lowest ambient air temperature isabout 23 deg C while the highest is about 29 deg C. Temperature differences among regions orprovinces in Mindanao are driven by differences in elevation; temperature regime increases by 1degC as regions radially move away from Malaybalay, Bukidnon (Figure 4.14). Throughout the yearambient air temperature is the highest in southern and western Mindanao.

4.4.2 Relative Humidity

I Relative humidity is a weather variable that indicates the amount of moisture in the air and it issignificant to agriculture because it influences the occurrence of pest and diseases. High pest anddisease infestations are observed in areas of high relative humidity, insinuating that CFAD projectsU planned to be introduced into surroundings with high relative humidity should be advised to use IPMor other locally environmental friendly pest and disease control methods with low toxicity results.

3 Figure 4.15 shows the spatial distribution of long-term average relative humidity in Mindanao.Expectedly, regions like CARAGA, in the eastern part of Mindanao have very high monthly averagerelative humidity attenuating gradually in the central regions, such as Regions 12 and 10. The lowest3 monthly average relative humidity is observed in the southern, western and northern regions andprovinces of the island. Based on this presentation, agricultural projects to be introduced in theeastern portion should have considered adequate considerations for pest and disease control.


l

118 119 12[ 121 122 123 124 125 t2B

11 + + + + + + + 11


SURIGAO EEL NORTE10 + + + + + + + t + 10

CAMC'AIMIUIAverage temperature (C) L

Annual average - SLIcAO[1R -R--EZII 23.9- 24.7

9 - 24.7 - -25.5 + + + ,ELISAN DEL s +±25.5 -26.3

ZAMBOANGA DEL NV -. -IJs R.BI

27.1 - 27.9 7AMBOAN iLL t

8 + + + + -'+ +NORTH C CT.4BATC)

g ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~L:

8~~~~~~~~~~~~AA. EAfIL_ -7 + + + + + + +BA tS * E5A :.a ± 7

rr e

S + + i^.+ + + + + +6TA 0 4 T

I- sYFigure 4.14. Monthly average temperature distribution in Mindanao regions.Data source: PA GASA. 30 year normals

lie 11,19 120 121 122 12 124 1. e 1s.Yvl<LIr-11rLZ urair reclsronlllrv 3tray Aeporr Kevwsion i, r-nvironmenr, p. 4.)

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IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUU

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m - m m 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 1:i

+ + + + + + +1100 0 100 200 Kilometers

10 + + + + + + + + 10

Annual monthly average SURIGAO DEL NORTERelative humidity (%)

9 - 79.0Q4 - 80.163+ + + + +CAMIGUIP _80.163 - 81.326 5I)PICAQ DEL SLI

z 81.326- 82.48882.488- 83.65 A D:IEL suF

8 JM 83.6,x- 84.813 + A O GAL OT

ZAMBC'A G

* 7

* * ." 't . ' -Uts~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ f RIErgAL r {~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Y~Q'PELYA '

-4-+ + I'. ± 1- -e ±F9^+ t t t I

Figure 4.15. Average relative humidity distribution over Mindanao regions.T AWV I - 5 Data source: PA GASA. 30-year normals

5 .5+ +t + . T tt118 119 t20 121 122 123 124 125 tS


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4.4.3 Classification of Climate

Agro-ecological Zones

To facilitate agricultural planning and decision-making, production zones or more specifically agro-ecological zones have been demarcated on the basis of simple climate variables. At the global scale,the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations defined agro-ecological zonesbased on rainfall and length of growing periods as shown in Figure 4.16.

Based on the FAO classification, agricultural environment in Mindanao has been broadly classifiedinto cool tropics (14%), warm humid tropics (5 1%) and warm sub-humid tropics (35%).

Corona's climatic classification

A slight improvement over the FAO classification is the Corona classification of the Philippineclimate into four major types based on seasonal rainfall distribution (Figure 4.17). Each climate typeis briefly described in Table 8.

Table 8I Philippines' Corona climate classification system.Type Description

| Type I Two pronounced seasons, dry from Nov to Apr; wet during the rest ofType 1 the year

Type 2 No dry season with a very pronounced rainfall from Nov to JanType 3 Season not very pronounced, dry from Nov to Apr and wet during theI Type ~ rest of the yearType 4 Rainfall more or less evenly distributed throughout the year

Climate in Mindanao essentially falls under climate types 2 to 4, with small area percentage goingunder climate type 1 in Region 12; in other words there are no distinct wet and dry seasons in theisland. This indicates that surface wind system that affect rainfall pattem over Mindanao regions maybe different from that influencing rainfall distribution in Luzon and the Visayas. The wholeI provinces of Agusan del Norte, Camiguin, Misamis Occidental, Surigao del Norte and Surigao delSur enjoy adequate rainfall throughout the year, more importantly the entire provinces of Davao delNorte, Davao del Sur, Sarangani and Tawi-tawi enjoy evenly distributed rainfall throughout the year.I The whole provinces of Basilan and >85% of Lanao del Sur and Maguindanao experience dry seasonfrom November to April, but is well-watered during the rest of the year.

Despite the broad nature of the these climate classification systems, planners and decision makers inall LGU levels in the country use this classification as a decision framework for most, if not all,planning activities including agricultural, environmental, and natural resource management.Apparently these activities require more detailed information than is currently contained in theCorona classification.


l

- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~10 12 2 2

m m m - - m m m m m m - m m m m - -

0 + FAO Agroecological zones + + ±10Cool TropicsWarm Humid Tropics

G Warm Subhumid Tropics

+ + .<

8 + + + ' I

100 0 100 200 KilometersFigure 4.16. FAO agro-ecological zones in Mindanao. ' - 'Data source: FAO, DA-BAR database. Undated.

lie 1120 12 124 13;

m m - m m m - m - -- - -- - - - -- -118 12tl 122 124

General climate10 + _ stType + + + 10

2nd TypeLII 3rd Type SURIGAO DEL NORTE I[1] 4th Type A[I] Unknown\

{ ~ ~~~~~~SURIA

+ ~~~~~~~~+ ZAMBOANGA Ei4 R

ZAMBCAr -L.

8 + + ZABGAS

6 + + +

;- LaC

TAW1- T Y*Q


Figure 4.17. Corona climatic classification, Philippines. 14 2' 'Data source: PAGASA 30-year normals

MRDP-APL2 Draft Feasibility Study Report Revision ], Environment, p. 51

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4.4.4 RainfallThe combined effects of the prevailing topography and surface wind systems control the spatial andseasonal rainfall patterns in Mindanao. The wind systems blow at different directions and bringdifferent levels of moisture into Mindanao at different times of the year delineating the kind ofrainfall regime depicted in Figure 4.18. Yearly rainfall pattern, delineated by 30-year averageobservations, indicate that regions in the eastern seaboard of Mindanao receive >3000 mm of rainscompared to those in the southern and western regions that collect 1000-2000 mm of rains. Regionslocated in the center and a larger portion of those in the north obtain about 2,500 mm of rainfallannually. At the planning level, the total yearly rainfall denotes abundant water resources to meetdifferent demands for water in Mindanao.

However, information on seasonal and geographical rainfall distribution is more useful to agriculturalplanners and decision makers, which is revealed by analysis of long term monthly or weekly rainfallobservations. Spatial distribution of monthly rainfall (Figure 4.19) mimics the geographicaldistribution of long term yearly rainfall, with provinces in the eastern seaboard receiving >200 mm ofrainfall and those on the southern locations obtaining about 100 mm of rains monthly. Flooding ishighly probable in areas receiving about 200 mm of rains in two or more consecutive months, moreso in provinces and municipalities surrounded by topographically high areas. Buluan Lake in NorthCotabato and Agusan marsh in Agusan del Norte and Agusan del Sur are observed to experiencemore frequent flooding than any other places in Mindanao. Average monthly rainfall amounts aresufficient to meet the monthly water requirements by most crops even in the dryer portion of theisland, such as Davao del Sur and Norte, and certain parts of Zamboanga del Norte and Sur.

4.4.5 Air Quality

Local air quality data and information are not readily available, however during focus groupdiscussions, it could be inferred that the quality of ambient air in most places in Mindanao isgenerally good-within acceptable health limits--except in urban areas, where there is highconcentration air pollutants from transportation.

4.5 Rivers and Watersheds

One hundred two rivers of varying lengths and watersheds had been identified in Mindanao (Figure4.20). Based on percentile statistics of the watershed areas, they can be classified as small (area<18,000 ha), medium (area between 8,001-40,000 ha), and large (area >40,000 ha). The smallestwatershed of 1,650 ha belongs to Aloran River, while the largest of 950,000 ha belongs to AgusanRiver in. The watershed of some rivers, specifically Allah River, Cabadbaran, and Agusan River areprotected because they reportedly give ecological services to other important ecosystems in the area.Others are in a critical state of degradation because of soil erosion, erratic streamflow, diminishinggroundwater, loss of biodiversity, microclimatic deterioration, and low agricultural productivity.

From the focus group discussions, a number of these rivers have been encountering problems withwater quality degradation and depletion as a consequence of activities in the watersheds, particularlyon sloping portions of the watershed. A case in point is the heavy siltation of Buayan River, whichsupplies water to major agricultural fields in Alabel, Sarangani. The sediments reduce irrigationsupplies and correspondingly lower irrigation service area of the irrigation system particularly in thedry season.


I

- -- -- -- -- mmmmmmnn -- -- 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126

Annual rain, mm,0 I _ 1000-2000 + + + + + + 10

32000-3000 4000-5000 SURIGAO DEL NORT cp -,

s + + + + + t & 3

MISAMIS OCCIDE DEILEJR

8 + + + + ZAMBOAt4 4IJDDr-A-

ZAMB( A L E E

7 + A + + + t + 7

+ + + + + S

TA Wr Ap.. 4% 4 * ^

+ ± ,)-' + + + + + 6

4 100 0 100 200 •ilc- ru-eters

Figure 4.18. Spatial distribution of annual total rainfall. 22123 124 2 126Data source: PAGASA. 30-year normals.

MRDP-APL2 Draft Feasibility Stutdv Report Revision 1, Environment, p. 53

- - ------ - ---- - - m m - - -

lie 11S i20 121 122 12 124 15 12S

1 + + + + + + + +

100 0 100 200 Kilometers r

10 + + + + + + SURIr'4 ) :DEL IHORTE+ 10

Annual monthly average,Rainfallr x [8on124 S'JF1CEC l-['ELSUR i

9 ij |j1244 - 168.8+ +A,-7USAN DEL b+UR

Liii 168.8- 213.2213.2- 257.5 ZAMBOANGA DEL NJORTE BUh'ION _

257.5 - 301 9 ZAMBOANGA DEL SIJR8 i 301+9- 346.3+ + + . t + + ± '

NORTH C OTABAT Ci

DAVAn DjEL-~SVR

7 + + + + BASl.-Il + + + +[,\'AO ORIENTAL

._.1,[1.1C -. P SNr.ANI

+ ± + + + + 1 + + +

TAWI-TL L I

Figure 4.19. Average monthly rainfall distribution in Mindanao regions.Data source: PA GASA. 30-year normals.

m m m - m m m m m m m m m m m m - m - m

118 1) 12 124 1

100 0 100 200 Kilometers10 + + + + 10

+ ~~~ ~~+ ± +7 +?Lw

L 4, .-',','_,_) C

4v

S . s , , + ± - . 2 +

Figure 4.20 Existing watersheds of rivers in Mindanao regions.C -. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~Data source: DENR, DA4-BAR data base. Undated.

118 12' 122 124 126

A'RDP-APL2 Di-aft Feasibility Stuidy ReportI Revision I, Environment, p. 55

l

In spite of the foregoing, there are integrated watershed development plans for some of the riverwatersheds in the area. For example, the Calminda River Watershed has been proposed for a 10-yearintegrated development covering several towns, specifically Alabel, Sarangani.

| Members of the focus group discussion generally agree that the siltation problem in the lowland is aconsequence of vegetation loss and intensive agricultural activities in the high parts of the watershed,which drains runoff to the Buayon River. It is difficult to determine whether the flows in these riversI have changed over time because discharge measurements are not taken in most rivers.

4.6 Protected Areas

About 55 sites with a combined area of about lMha are declared protected areas in Mindanao (Figure4.21). The size of the protected areas range from a small extent of 25 ha-Sarangani Bay to a largearea of 100,000 ha--Allah Valley. Generally, the protected sites consist of mountains, rivers, bays,small islands. Moreover, some of these protected areas sources of diverse biological resources,habitat of the Philippine eagle, panoramic mountains with rich and interesting wildlife, medicinal hotsprings, virgin dipterocarp and high elevation mossy forests, waterfalls, lakes, and historical scenic* seascape. To a certain degree, the variation, number and extent of protected areas indicate the state orthe degree of environmental degradation in Mindanao regions. In the first place, why should thegovernment declare such a number of diverse ecological systems as protected if everything goes wellwith the health of Mindanao environment.

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Ar #..... of tre>tf1Protected I\rez3s

p3:>4ft>td pw>.<

2 qprtutw owtau ww ia*.ir.? 5 00 000

'*InC|t 'I'' r.,n-ir.-..n..,snoC * o2s302 pz'tuetd .r.arr3ct rr_. ,nd-- J'* --~-~ ..... ~*4 Xa~dI9ottei tecn-Jo4 cr.kiclo ~~rrer I r,IwS-.std trsrrtjlr-nd

I e j nL",eWl .rne.ars pwInrltsewr

1 OCOO

m --A'to

r ,:~~~ - - -6

Figure 4.21. Protected areas in Mindanao regions. Data source: DENR, DA-BAR database.


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Table 9Watershed forest reserves in Mindanao by province

(Taken from Pollisco-Botengan, 2005)NAME OF WATERSHED LOCATION AREA (Ha.)I Region IX _ ._ _ 11,456

Zamboanga del Sur 10,668Buug Watershed Forest Reserve Buug 108Pasonanca Watershed Zamboanga City 10,560

Zamboanga del Norte 788Ambogoc Watershed Forest Reserve Dapitan City 176Siocon Watershed Forest Reserve Siocon 612

Region X 114,970Bukidnon 61,500

Muleta-Manupali Watershed Forest Reserve Lantapan, Pangantukan 61,500Misamis Oriental 208

Malisbilisan Falls Watershed Forest Reserve Talisayan 72Cagayan, Calamba,

Mahoganao Watershed Forest Reserve Bonifacio, Jimenes 136Misamis Occidental 53,262Mt. Malindag National Park and Watershed Oroqueta, Osamis City,

* Reservation Calamba, Bonifacio,Jimenes

Region XI 111,337Davao 1,125Mati Watershed Forest Reserve Mati 1,125Malagos Watershed Reservation Guinga 2353 Davao del Norte 6,725Andap Watershed Forest Reserve New Bataan 6,725South Cotabato 103,487Allah River Watershed Isulan, Banga, Surallah, 92,450

KiambaKoronadal Watershed Forest Reserve Kidapawan, North 1,137

CotabatoI Sebu Watershed Forest reserve Banga and Kiamba 9,900Region XII 169,272North Cotabato 169,272I Kabulnan River Watershed Forest Reserve Esperanza, Isulan,

Bagumbayan, NinoyAquino, Kalamansig,Palembang, Ampatuan, 116,452Lake Sebu

Libungan River Watershed Reserve Libungan and Alamada 52,820

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Table 9Watershed forest reserves in Midanao by province

(taken from Pollisco- otengan, 2005) (Cont'd)NAME OF WATERSHED LOCATION AREA (Ha.)I Caraga 38,241

Agusan del Norte 20,391Cabadbaran Watershed Forest Reserve Cabadbaran and Santiago 16,026Taguib River Watershed Forest Reserve Butuan City, RTR, and______________________________________________ C abadbaran 4,367Agusan del Sur 16,855Andanan River Watershed Forest Reserve Sibagat and Bayugan 15,097Alfred Spring Watershed Forest Reserve Bunawan 100Mt. Magdiwata Watershed Forest reserve San Francisco 1,658Surigao del Norte 967Surigao Watershed Forest Reserve Sison, Malinao, San Francisco 967

Surigao del Sur 27Adlay Watershed Forest Reserve Carrascal 27ARMM 182,354Lanao del Sur 180,460Lake Lanao Watershed Reservation Marawi City, Lanao del Sur 180,460Maguindanao 1,894South Upi Watershed Forest Reserve South Upi 1,894Source: PA WB-DENR, 1997

4.7 Overall Assessment and Analysis

Climatic conditions, particularly rainfall and temperature, and the fact that there is no typhoon,creates an excellent conditions for the year-round crop production in Mindanao. So, are the soilresources favorable for intensive agriculture; farmers could not go any other way except for increasedcrop production and ultimately, increased income from agriculture. However, three majorenvironmental problems are dominating the Mindanao landscape: Forest denudation, soil erosion, andpoverty. Poverty pervades the rural areas. It appears that it takes more than an excellent biophysical-physical condition to realize high productivity. There is no single explanation to the pervasiveness ofpoverty, however it is defined. It has its roots in the structure and culture of society. According to thesocial assessors, most farmers who are in the mountainous areas and rolling hills where serious ratesof erosion occur are poor and landless migrants from the lowlands. They occupy and farm publiclands regardless of slopes, and types of crops planted, usually corn and cassava. According to theUDP data cited earlier, lands of 15% slopes planted with cassava losses 221 tons soil/ha/yr. and manyfarmers on the uplands of Southern Mindanao plant cassava on slopes greater than 60%! No wonder,many parts of Southern Mindanao are mapped in the area with very serious soil erosion andsedimentation (Fig. 4.7).

Although poverty may be associated with many factors, an attempt was made to link it toenvironmental degradation, e.g. soil erosion, deforestation (Fig. 4.22).


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_ | ~~AFFLUENCE;

I~~ ~~ CULTURE || xessive consumption l l

| ~~~~~~~ACCESS TO EVRONMENTAL v ehologyRESOURCES DEGRADATION

I|Inappropriate rsos

r |~~~ POVZERTYlI

Fig. 4.22. Relationship between poverty and environmental degradation

Figure 4.22 reflects the fact that access to resources, especially land, water, better plant varieties,knowledge, technologies could lead to better life, whereas if one is deprived of these it could lead topoverty. Many, if not all, of those farmers who are deprived of good arable lands in the lowlands by

* virtue of the government's development policies, which it has pursued since the commonwealth days,of promoting cash crop production like pineapple, banana, oil palm, abaca, coconut, etc., to augmentits foreign exchange position, are migrating to the uplands. In response to the policy, good arable flatI lands have been appropriated by large transnational companies for industrial crops, while poorfarmers appropriated hilly lands which are prone to erosion. Eroded soils becomes nutrient poor. Thepoorer the soil, the more areas will have to be cultivated for production just to meet the food needs ofthe household. Thus, the expansion of kaingin, On the other hand, excessive consumption by theaffluent class could lead also to environmental degradation, i.e. resource depletion. The picturesuggests that poverty reduction could slow down environmental degradation.

* The relationship between soil erosion and poverty highlights the nature of soil erosion: that it is not apurely physical phenomenon contrary to the presupposition of some soil and water conservationexperts. When a class of people such as farmers complains that they cannot get irrigation waterI because their reservoir is destroyed by sediments, or coastal fishers complain that their corals andmangroves are destroyed by siltation, soil erosion becomes a social phenomenon. When municipalcouncil pass policies regulating or restricting the use of uplands, soil erosion becomes a politicalI phenomenon. This report suggests that the problem of soil erosion in Mindanao and elsewhere in thePhilippines should be revisited and approached in a holistic manner.


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1 5.0 MRD PROGRAM DESCRIPTION

5.1 Adaptable Program Loan I

The Mindanao Rural Development Program aims to reduce poverty of rural poor and indigenouscommunities within the 24 provinces in Mindanao through improvement of their incomes and foodsecurity. This would be achieved from the implementation of better targeted agricultural andfisheries-related rural development and biological diversity conservation programs, and improvedLGU institutional management and financial systems (WB Project Appraisal Document, page 2).

| MRDP was designed to be implemented in four Phases or Adaptable Program Loans. Each APL wasto last three to four years, and the geographic coverage and implementation details of each successiveAPL would be adjusted based on accumulated experience and lessons learned in previous phase.I Thus, the program was expected to continue until mid-2013, with a total cost of $550 M, including$290 M as a World Bank loan and a further $14 M as a grant from the Global Environment Facilityfor selected program components. The national government, LGUs and beneficiaries were expected3 to cover the remaining costs, with the Department of Agriculture as the responsible agency.

According to the Project Appraisal Document the project development objectives for APLI were the3 following:

(i) To strengthen institutional, financial and community-based planning and managementsystems for supporting rural development within the targeted agricultural and fishing

* communities, in five provinces, covering at least 30 municipalities;(ii) To improve LGU capability for agricultural development planning, implementation and

M&E, in partnership with national government agencies (DA), and local technicalinstitutions;

(iii) To responding to community priorities for key rural infrastructure;(iv) To conserve and restore globally important coastal habitats and related marine biodiversity in

Mindanao by mainstreaming biodiversity and marine ecosystem conservation in communitydevelopment and in the coastal fisheries sector.

| 5.2 Components

To achieve such objectives, MRDP was implemented in October 2000 up to December 2004 in fiveprovinces with four components, namely:

(i) Rural infrastructure

* This includes farm-to-market roads, communal irrigation schemes and rural water supply schemes,supported by capacity building in infrastructure management.

I (ii) Rural Development Planning for Agricultural Productivity (RDPAP)

This component was designed to strengthen the ability of the communities and LGUs for identifying,I planning, implementing and monitoring their project activities.

MRDP-APL2 Draft Feasibility Study Report Revision 1, Environmnent, p. 61

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(iii) Community Fund for Agricultural Development (CFAD)

This was designed to finance small-scale investments that were initiated by local communities, andthereby to strengthen the ability of communities to identify, design and implement their own sub-projects, in collaboration with their local government units.

(iv) Coastal / Marine Biodiversity Conservation (CMBC)

This component focused on strengthening the ability of local communities to establish and managemarine sanctuaries and to develop related policies and plans. The five provinces covered by APL 1include:1) Agusan Del Sur; 2) Compostela Valley; 3) North Cotabato; 4) Maguindanao; and, 5)Sultan Kudarat.

Drawing from the lessons learned in APL 1, APL 2 is designed based on the conceptual frameworkprovided by the Department of Agriculture.

5.3 Conceptual framework for MRDP APL2

5.3.1 Objectives: overall and for MRDP APL2

The overall development objectives of the MRDP program remain unchanged. MRDP under Phase 2will build on the achievements and lessons learnt from Phase 1 while extending the coverage area toinclude most of the island of Mindanao. Based on APLI achievements and lessons, APL2 will furthercontribute to program objectives through: (a) institutionalizing and decentralizing services delivery toenhance productivity, transparency, accountability and participatory development process, (b)improving access to viable livelihood opportunities for targeted communities and (c) developingsound natural resources management practices.

MRDP-APL2 will contribute directly to the goals for agribusiness included in the updated Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan (MTPDP). The Plan is intended to expand the agricultureproduction base by two million hectares; to create two million jobs; to raise production anddistribution efficiency standards up to norms in the Asia region in order to make food plentiful; and topromote equitable distribution of production and productivity gains through competitively pricedwage goods.

5.3.2 Components

APL2 will include five components, compared with four in APLI, as follows.

Component 1: Institutional strengthening and capacity building for decentralized services

The main objective of strengthening the concerned national, regional and local institutions concernedis to enable DA to complete the devolution of its activities while maintaining delivery standards. Thiscomponent includes three sub-components:

(i) DA institutional capacity building focused mainly on the RFUs' role within a devolvedservice delivery system and based on the 'learning by doing' approach that was well provenduring APL1.


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(ii) Improving LGU resource management and service delivery systems, so that they can takeover responsibility for service delivery systems with no loss of quality standards.

(iii) Enhancement of governance systems and mechanisms, within both the DA and the LGUs inthe fields of information systems; financial management and audit; and procurement.

Component 2: Rural infrastructure

APL2 will continue the rural infrastructure activities initiated during APLI, within the framework ofthe program's capacity building activities and focusing on well-selected farm-to-market roads,bridges and other small-scale infrastructure that will help raise farming and fisheries production.

Component 3: Community sub-projects

APL2 will continue to support small-scale project identified by local communities within theframework of the normal planning process at the barangay, municipal and provincial levels, followingthe principles of the CFAD and RDPAP components of APL 1.

Component 4: Environment and Natural Resources Management

The NRM component of APL2 is expected to follow the same basic principles and practices as thoseestablished within the CMBC component of APLI, but including terrestrial eco-systems. As far aspossible the NRM component will be 'mainstreamed' with other APL2 components and activities asan integrated part of the program as a whole.

Component 5: Program coordination and support

3 APL2 will continue the basic principle of APLI that organic staff of the concerned national and localagencies should be responsible for implementing all aspects of the program. Nevertheless procedureswill have to be adapted to the special financial management and procurement requirements of MRDP.In particular, careful thought will have to be given to designing and implementing an effective

* monitoring and evaluation system and the capability of both DA and LGU staff will have to beconsiderably strengthened in this respect.

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MRDP-APL2 Draft Feasibility Study Report Revision]1, Environment, p. 63

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3 6.0 IMPACT ASSESSMENT

6.1 Environmental Impact Assessment of APL-1 Sub-Projects

6.1.1 Infrastructures

The results of post-project environmental assessment of some APLI subprojects are shown in Table10. This type of intervention consisted mainly of rehabilitation of farm-to-market roads, commnunalirrigation systems, and small-scale water supply. Their environmental impacts were not significantacross the regional environmental variability of the five provinces where they were implemented.These regional variations may be due to differences in agro-ecology, soil order, and other physicalphenomena. Many of these rehabilitated roads are traversing flat lands. In some cases in which theI roads are in sloping lands, contractors were advised by the provincial engineers supervising theconstruction to adopt cut-and-load method, i.e. excavated soils due to excavation of ditches andgrading of road surfaces were immediately loaded into the waiting dump trucks and not allowed toU stay long for the surface run-off to carry them downstream. It was a very efficient method that workswell in small-scale construction.

| Table 10Post-project environmental assessment of some APL-1 subprojects

PLACE SUBPROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS*

1) Poblacion-Concepcion road, 1.7 kin, on Negligible, not significantBgy. Sta. Josefa, flat lands with irrigated rice crop aroundI Agusan Sur 2) Backyard vegetable production Not significant, organic farming as safe-guard

against pesticides3) Banana-based farming system Not significant

Bgy. Rosario, 1) Proposed farm-to-market road, 3 km on Not significant.Agusan Sur slightly sloping lands of the IPsBgy. Banlag, I) Farm-to-market road, 7.2 km with 2 Not significant. Adopted cut-and-load methodMonkayo, bridges on lands with moderate slope of safeguard during construction; sedimentCompostela Valley trap laid on canal.Sultan Kudarat 1) Farm-to-market road, 5 km, on flat lands Not significant

with irrigated rice crop around1) Farm-to-market road with drainage canal Moderate, mitigated by cut-and-load method

* North Cotabato on agricultural land with moderate slope of safeguard.2) Farm-to-market road in forest land with Serious, but mitigated by cut-and-load methodsteep slope of construction and presence of sediment trapI Sharif Aguak, 1) Farm-to-market road on rolling hills Not significant

Maguindanao 2) Banana plantation Not significant. No agrochemicals used.I________________ ____________________________Adopted organic farming as safeguard.

* * Only environmental impacts evaluated as "Significant" are provided with mitigating measures

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In the rehabilitation of communal irrigation systems, the construction activities includes dredging ofweirs and intake canals, repairing main and lateral canals. Environmental impact of these activities isnegligible.

I 6.1.2 CFAD Sub-projects

CFAD subprojects are livelihood projects most of which are of backyard scale. Farmers were taughtorganic farming and tried to avoid the use of pesticides, unless it was absolutely necessary. This is theprinciple of integrated pest management. In a number of home gardens we visited, farmers were theones picking up insects on their crops. These cultural practices are not expected to cause significantadverse environmental impacts.

6.1.3 CMBC

The environmental impact of CMBC is mostly positive. Exercising their newly found power toprotect the coastal and marine resources upon which their life depends, the coastal communities inBongo Island and Calamansig were able to protect their fish sanctuaries against illegal fishing. Inthese communities, the concept of CBRM has slowly evolved into a community management ofresources (CMR). This is an important development in the science of natural resource management.

| Under the Philippine EIS System (DENR AO No. 2003-30) these three types of projects could verywell fall under category D in which the project proponent is required only to secure a Certificate ofNon-Coverage (CNC). The proponent, however, may still be required to provide additionalsafeguards as it may deem necessary.

6.2 Environmental Assessment of APL-2 Sub-Projects

Assuming that the types of subprojects to be proposed for APL 2 will be similar to those which havebeen implemented in five provinces in APL 1, which generally no adverse environmental impactsI were observed, it could be argued that APL 2 subprojects will unlikely cause adverseenvironmental impacts. Based on the results of impact assessment of representative APL Isubprojects, one may conclude that the types of subprojects carried out in APL 1 would fall underCategory D projects, "projects unlikely to cause adverse environmental impacts" (DENR AO 30).Category D projects do not fall under the EIS system. The EMB-DENR issues a Certificate of Non-Coverage (CNC) for this category. However, EMB-DENR may still require such projects orundertakings to provide additional environmental safeguards as it may deem necessary. Thisrequirement is already taken care of with the formulation of environmental safeguards for all types ofsubprojects to be proposed in APL 2 in Section 8. In addition, environmental guidelines are alsoprovided in Section 8 for future subprojects.

With the expansion of APL 2 to include upland areas for agricultural development, the situation maychange. With their high elevation and greater slopes, upland areas are prone to erosion. They areI fragile ecosystems. Many upland areas have been declared by law as environmentally critical areas,and as such Category D projects may require more environmental safeguards should there be suchsubprojects to be proposed in the future. With safeguard policies and guidelines in place, the uplandenvironment is well protected.


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For the guidance of those who will implement the APL 2, the list of environmentally critical areas asdeclared under Presidential Proclamation 2148 (1981) is given below. These areas must be delineatedin the land use and development plan of LGUs.

I 6.2.1-Environmentally Critical Areas_

(i) All areas declared by law as national parks, watershed reserves (refer to Table 4), wildlifepreserves and sanctuaries;

(ii) Areas classified as prime agricultural lands;(iii) Areas frequently visited and/or hard-hit by natural calamities (geologic hazards, floods,

typhoons, volcanic activities, etc.(iv) Areas of unique historic, archeologically or scientific interest;(v) Areas set aside as aesthetic potential as tourist spot;(vi) Areas which are traditionally occupied by cultural minorities or tribes;

* (vii) Areas which constitute a habitat for any endangered or threatened species of indigenousPhilippine wildlife flora and fauna;

(viii) Areas with critical slopes (slopes of 40% or greater);(ix) Water bodies characterized by one or any combination of the following conditions;

V Tapped for domestic purposes;v/ Within the controlled and/or protected areas declared by appropriate authorities;

f (/ Areas which support wildlife and fishery activities;(x) Mangrove areas characterized by one or any combination of the following conditions:

/ With primary pristine and dense young growth;Adjoining mouth of a major river systems;

v' Near or adjacent to traditional productive fry or fishing grounds;

* (xi) Areas which act as natural buffers against natural erosion, strong winds and storm floods.(xii) Corral reefs characterized by one or any combination of the following conditions:

I V With 50% and above coralline cover;/ Spawning and nursery grounds of fish;/ Acts as natural breakwater to coastline.

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| 7.0 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

7.1 Future Environmental Conditions without MRDP

Without MNRDP, the state of environment will continue to change towards further degradation. Withinappropriate farming technology, soils will continue to erode even at a much higher volume yearlybecause more areas will be brought to production as upland population continue to rise. As soilerosion accelerates so is the sedimentation/siltation rate in coastal areas. Forest denudation willcontinue to take place as demand for more lands increase. Upland areas in Mindanao, especially inhigh biodiversity area, will continue to be under tremendous pressure.

With very little livelihood options, people in rural areas and IP communities will continue to liveunder poverty. In many provinces, where poverty trend is increasing, situation will worsen, and soI with the environmental degradation since the two are interrelated. Peace and order will alsodeteriorate. The state of local governance will be the same over a long period of time. The waydevolved functions in agriculture to LGUs will be handled will be business as usual. The poordelivery of technical services to farmers will remain poor. The dependency of LGUs to nationalgovernment for budgetary support will remain as usual, as their capacity to raise revenue remains tobe very limited. And so, in general, the objectives of the laws on Local Government Code and AFMA

| will remain a dream rather than reality.

7.2 Future Environmental Conditions with MRDP

With MRDP in place, there will be hope. Many changes for the better can be expected. The infusionof 3.4 billion pesos in 4 years into the rural economy of Mindanao will trigger directly enormousactivities in agriculture, and indirectly in related industries upstream and downstream.

The environment will benefit from this investment. Firstly, through MRDP, local capacity for eco-governance will improve. LGUs will acquire knowledge and skills through "learning by experience."I This means the delivery of technical services in agriculture to the rural areas, including IPcommunities will improve, which could translate into increase productivity, food security andincome. With increase in income, the purchasing power of farmers will increase. This will trigger

f demand for more industrial goods, which will invite new industrial investment to come in Mindanao,and increase revenue as more people will pay income tax. With increase in revenue, more money canbe available to support reforestation, environmental protection, and solid waste managementprograms. Secondly, the environmental policies and safeguard formulation of MRDP can easily beimplemented and enforced as they could be exchanged for subproject funding. The policies for theimproved use of the land on the watershed can readily be enforced to those who want to avail of thefunds to support communal irrigation systems, and other alternative income generating activities. InI other words, activittes on the upland can now be regulated. At present nobody seems to be in-charged.Thirdly, with the capacity for planning developed, LGUs can now craft a better land use plan anddevelopment plan with greater community participation and interdependence. Because of LGU'sI capacity to govern is strengthened, the Local Govenmment Code and AFMA laws will now be moremeaningful to them, and the kind of rural development that will evolve with MRDP will besustainable.


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ll| 8.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

8.1 Mitigating Measures/Environmental Safeguards

In APL 1, most of subproject activities took place in the lowland and coastal zones. Small scalesubproject activities such as rehabilitation of existing FTM roads, communal irrigation constructionof small potable water projects, coastal resource protection and livelihood production, such as bananaproduction, backyard vegetable production, livestock dispersal were carried out with negligible andtemporary environmental impacts across regional environmental variability, but significant beneficialeffects. In APL 2, the same types of subprojects are being planned for investment, but the area ofcoverage will expand to include upland areas. While these subprojects are not covered by existingEIA/IEE system, environmental safeguards have to be in place as safety nets.

There are three types of safeguards that are envisioned to protect the environment from thecumulative adverse effects of MIRDP, however small per sub-project. The first type of safeguards isthe conduct of IEE for projects, depending on their scale, which are not environmentally critical, butare located in environmentally critical areas, and not covered by CNC. The environmentally criticalareas as proclaimed by law are listed in Sub-section 6.2.1. The second type refers to the policieswhich were formulated as the result of Regional Environmental Assessment (REA). These policies,which require approval and implementation by the Local Govemment, provide guidelines on the

* proper use of the uplands, lowlands, and coastal areas. They appear in Section 8.2. The third type ofenvironmental safeguards relate to the guidelines formulated for each type of subprojects coveringtheir design, site location and implementation. These guidelines appear in Table 3. Commitment tothese environmental safeguards should be a part of the approval process of proposed subprojects.

I_an integrated provincial development plan - a plan which revives the concept of area developmentthat was popular in 1980s, but later gave way to economic zoning. Although the checklist of policieswas derived from the environmental conditions of Lanao del Norte, the method of deriving them wasbased on a general framework of Watershed and Ecosystem Management.

8.2 Environmental Policies

Results of the regional environmental assessment point to the fact that many agricultural activitiessuch as farming of hilly lands, use of pesticides, burning of rice straws in the field, indiscriminatedischarge of effluents from food processing plant, piggery subprojects may cause undesirableenvironmental effects. While these activities are associated with small scale subprojects, which bythemselves alone will have negligible adverse environmental impact, their cumulative impact mayI become significant. Therefore, it is necessary that certain safeguards are in place to minimize, if notavoid, cumulative impact. The principle followed in formulating these policies is the principle ofbalancing the objectives of environmental conservation and those of poverty reduction. It is realizedI that too many policies may reduce the farmers into inaction as their exercise of their options becomelimited. The environmental safeguards are the following:

(i) Production and protection zones are primarily for the production of food stuffs (rice, corn,beans, vegetables, fish etc.).

(ii) Generally alluvial flatlands (0-5% slopes) shall be fully developed into irrigated ricepaddies.


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(iii) Gently to moderately sloping grasslands (5-18% slope) may be put to intensive agriculturalproduction that requires seasonal and periodic cultivation using sloping agricultural landtechnologies (SALT).

(iv) Grassland areas with slope gradients of 18-30% shall be utilized for establishment of orchardsI and industrial tree pLant,aiQn_.(v) Grassland/open lands with slope gradients of 30-50% or more shall be developed

immediately into intensive agro-forestry farm or full blown forestry lands to avoid landslide.(vi) All stream banks starting from 100 m asl up to the highest tributary shall maintain a 50-meter

and 20-m vegetative reparian buffer for riverbanks and creek/streambank protection,respectively.

(vii) Urban and rural settlements shall be limited to 18% slope or less.I (viii) Areas utilized for aquaculture/fishpond shall maintain a 50-meter mangrove buffer betweenthe fishpond and open sea for coastal protection.

(ix) Existing mangrove forests shall no longer be subjected to alternative land use conversion butI shall be maintained in support of fishery production and coastal protection programs.(x) All sustainable agricultural lands (i.e. irrigated rice paddies and alluvial corn fields) shall be

declared NPAAD areas and shall not be converted anymore to other type of land use unlesscertified vital and necessary for the development and progress of the area.

(xi) Erosion prone open areas or grasslands shall be developed into industrial tree plantations.(xii) Flood prone areas shall be rehabilitated through dredging of natural floodways (creeks/rivers)

and construction of revetments and dikes.(xiii) Establishment of pasture areas shall include planting of shade trees on 20-meter wide strips

on both sides of creeks/rivers.(xiv) Mudflats on coastal areas shall be planted to mangrove species.I (xv) Open areas with slopes of 50% and over shall be reforested with watershed tree species (e.g.

mahogany, ipil-ipil, narra, mangium and other deciduous trees).(xvi) Remaining forests shall be protected at all times from all kinds of forest destruction and

hunting of wildlife therein shall be prohibited.(.Vii) Pertinent provisions of The Sustainable Forest Managemnent Act of 2002 shall be enforced for

the environmental protection.(xviii) All environmentally critical projects (ECPs) and projects in environmentally critical areas

(PECAs) shall be subjected to environmental impact assessment and covered byenvironmental compliance certificate. (List of environmentally critical projects is in the

| ~~~~~Attachment)I (xix) Improvement of road projects, communal irrigation systems, putting up of potable watersystem shall follow the environmental guidelines set fort in this plan.

| 8.3 Environmental Guidelines

Environmental guidelines for each type of subprojects, which are set forth in Table 11, providemitigating measures that are meant to strengthen environmental safeguards. They should beconsidered in the design, site selection and implementation of subprojects. It shall be made a part ofthe approval process to require the subproject proponents to agree and comply with these guidelines.

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MRDP-A4PL2 Draft Feasibility Study Report Revision 1, Environment, p. 69

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Table 11I Environmental guidelines for proposed subprojects (1/17)List of Potential Subprojects / Guideline

Project Stage1. Farm to Market Road Rehabilitation

Design Adoption of cut-and-load methodProvide the following for control and disposal of water;v Provide proper side and cross drainage to prevent future overflow andI soil erosion.v Protection measures for newly cut slopes and embankments.V Provide sediment traps on side canals during constructionPut in place erosion control measuresV Provide drainage control facilities as soon as possible; finishing at the

same time of constructionv* Roadside channels, cross drains, and drainage structure inlets andU outlets shall be designed. If protection is needed, riprap or other

similar strategies/materials shall be used.Watercourses and water quality shall be protected during and afterconstruction by erosion-control facilities and maintenance. Filter strips,I water and sediment control basins, and other conservation practices shallbe used and maintained as needed.Follow natural contours when possible by avoiding deep cuts of soilI surfaces and steep slopesConsider safety entry on public roads

Site selection / No encroachment in protected areasV/ No construction in critical slopesI Implementation Trees, stumps, roots, brush, weeds, and other objectionable material shallbe removed from the work areaGrading, sub-grade preparation, and compaction shall be done as needed.Measures must be in place to limit the generation of particulate matterduring constructionConsiderations for erosion control:vl Effects on downstream flows or aquifers that would affect other water

uses or users.Effects on the volume and timing of downstream flow to prohibitundesirable environmental, social, or economic effects.

V Short-term and construction-related effects of this practice on thequality of on-site downstream water courses.

V Overall effects on erosion and the movement of sediment, pathogens,and soluble and sediment-attached substances that would be carriedI by runoff from construction activities.

V Effects on wetlands and water-related wildlife habitats that would beassociated with the practice.

Inspect culverts, roadside ditches, water bars and outlets after each majorI runoff event and restore flow capacity as needed.Minimize the damage to vegetative buffers adjacent to the road when it isnecessary to chemically treat the road surface to maintain erosionprotection.

_ Fill low areas in travel treads and regrade, as needed, to maintain roadcross section.Inspect roads with water-bars periodically to insure proper cross section isavailable and outlets are stable.


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Table 11Environmental guidelines for proposed subprojects (2/17)

List of Potential Subprojects / GuidelineProject Stage

Conservation practices that limit particulate matter emissions should beincorporated into long-term maintenance plans.There shall be no cutting of big trees located within the right-of-way withoutprior coordination with CENR office concern.

* 2. Communal Irrigation SystemDesign Irrigation storage reservoirs shall be designed to satisfy irrigation

requirements in the design area, unless limited by reservoir sitecharacteristics, available watershed yield, or limitations imposed by waterrights.Additional capacity shall be provided as needed for sediment storage. Waterreleases shall be those increments of the water demand hydrograph that

* ~~~~~~~~~~~~~exceed the available direct flows ftom other sources.The maximum slope in the direction of irrigation if rainfall erosion is not asignificant problem shall be as follows:/ Furrows - 3 percent,

* V Corrugations - 8 percent,V Borders for nonsod-forming crops, such as alfalfa or grain - 2 percent,V Borders for erosion-resistant grass or grass legume crops or for nonsod-

| ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~fonming crops on sites where water application by the border methodwill not be required until after good crop stands have been established -4 percent.

Diversion weir should be provided with fish ladder to enable migratoryfishes to move freely upstream-downstream direction unhampered.Provision of silt ejector and silt trap in the reservoirTrapezoidal canals if land is available. If land is limited, concretizeI rectangular canals.

Site selection / The amount of water required to meet variations in water demand within theLocation of water growing season must be determined to calculate storage requirements. All

source and weir demand hydrographs shall be computed from the consumptive use-timeI relationship. Demand hydrographs shall be adjusted to reflect anticipatedirrigation efficiency, conveyance losses, and any other consumptive uses,such as leaching or frost control.Source of water meets quality standard for irrigation i.e. minimum siltcontent and absence of water borne diseases (schistosomiasis, malaria, etc.)Intake point or diversion be outside protected area or critical watershedDamage/disturbance to ecologically significant flora and fauna be minimalI Implementation The maintenance on leveled fields includes the periodic removal or gradingof mounds and/or depressions. Land grading may periodically be needed torestore the design gradientAvoidance of creek/river drying up downstream

* No quarrying within 1 km distance downstream from the weirControl of agrochemicals use in service areaPrevent pesticides from going into rivers/creeks

_* Control of agrochemicals use in service areaCareful management of pesticides through integrated pest management(IPM) programs.Protection of canals from livestocks.

* Avoidance of stagnant water in the creek/stream to deny mosquitoes ofbreeding place


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An Operation and Maintenance plan shall be prepared for use by thelandowner or operator. The plan shall provide specific instructions foroperating and maintaining facilities to ensure they function properly. Theplan shall include the following provisions:/ Periodic cleaning and re-grading of collection facilities to maintain

proper flow lines and functionality.V Periodic checks and removal of debris from trash racks and from inlet

and outlet structures to assure proper operation.I V Periodic removal of sediment to maintain design capacity andefficiency.

v' Routine maintenance of all mechanical components in accordance withI the manufacturer's recommendations.v/ Periodic inspection and maintenance of embankments and earth

spillways to control erosion and undesirable vegetation.V Periodic water quality analysis as necessary to evaluate nutrients,

pesticides, and pathogens.V Clean or backflush filters when needed.v Flush lateral lines regularly.* Check applicator discharge often; replaces applicators as necessary.W Check operating pressures often; a pressure drop (or rise) may indicate

problems.V Check pressure gauges to ensure proper operation; repair/replace

5 ~~~~~~~~~~~~damaged gauges.V Inject chemicals as required to prevent precipitate buildup and algae

growth.V Check chemical injection equipment regularly to ensure it is operating

/ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~properly.V Check and assure proper operation of backflow protection devices.Biological means of stabilizing disturbed slopes/banks of river/creek andprimary canals (e.g. vengineering)Maintain forest cover at all times in the watershed.Watershed co-management as joint undertakings of LGU and DENRIf watershed utilization for production cannot be avoided, farmers shallI adopt soil conservation measures as described in SALT or STOP methods ofcrop farming.Monitoring of water quality, operation & maintenance plan, regional water

| ~~~~~~~~~~~~~use plans.Provision of corridors of habitats for movement of animals.

3. Potable Water Supply (Sprin development, deep well)Design Spring protection:I v Springs protected from contamination by construction of spring

catchments box and other protective measuresV Spring box must contain both overflow pipe and cleaning pipeFor deep wells, pumping stations be away from housesV No latrine within 30 metersV No latrine above ground the dug wellsV/ No stagnant water within 2 metersI /V Must have adequate fencing around wells to prevent animals from

enteringV Cement floor for well should not be less than 2 meters in diameter


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s ~~~~~~~~~~~~~For dug wells:V Constructed or deepened on dry season to ensure year round water

supply to prevent users from obtaining contaminated sources/ Shaft and pipes must be linedI Site selection/ Minimal distance from human settlements, solid waste dumpsite, and

Location of water agricultural areasource Water quality certified by DOH

Minimal disturbance of ecosystem if natural spring is tapped fordevelopmentAdequate protection from livestockWater flow from headwater to primary storage site unaffected by humanactivitiesWater discharge adequate for all seasons

Implementation Community participation to resolve conflict in water use and overexploitation of aquifersUse of PVC pipes for distributionMaintenance after every stormV Unless there is automatic way of diverting flush of water from storage

tank, disconnect inflow pipe from the tankReconnect the pipe 15-20 minutes after the rain begins to fall

Weekly maintenancefl / Check water level in storage tank using a stick, kept clean and used forany purposeWhen water level falls faster than normal there may be a leak. Checktank for wet areas and repair.I Monthly maintenance - Clear roof or other collection surface, pipes and

gutters of bird droppings, leaves and other wastesYearly maintenancev/ Repair leaks -replaster inside of tanksI v Check and repair roof and other collection surfaces, gutters and pipes/ Drain tanks and clean out any sediment from the bottomV Disinfect tank with chorine solutionV Chlorine residuals maintained at:

* All points of piped supply - 0.5 mg/l* At stand posts and wells - 1.0 mg/l* In tanker trucks, at filling - 2.0 mg/iI * In areas with low cholera outbreak - 0.2 to 0.5 mg/I at all supply

pointsMonitoring: Bacteriological and physical/chemical and analysisV| Open Wells - monthlyV/ Covered dug wells with hand pumps - 2x per annumv Springs and piped supplies - 2x per annum3 V Rainwater collection systems - once a year

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lMRDP-APL2 Draft Feasibility Study Report Revision 1, Environment, p. 73

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List of Potential Subprojects Guideline/ Project Stage

| ~~~~4. Poultry..Design Basic considerations:

v' Storage capacity to contain at least 180 days/ Safety concerns

0 Permanent fence at least 1.5 meters high for liquid storage withoutfixed covers

* Tank covers close to the ground level, 0.6 meter above ground* Locking devices for covers installed* Signage -all access points marked with suitable safety signs

' Labor efficienciesv/ Moisture contents of manuresI / Location of storage in relation to neighbors (>500 m), streams, wells, and

groundwater (<2 m)/ Type of storage facilities - lined when located in porous and permeable

soilsV Method of collection practicedV Potential nutrient losses - reference to greenhouse gases/ Application methods - impacts on soil, water, and airI vt Odor generationAdherence to LGU guidelines/permits on specifications relative to this type ofproject.Poultry house be elevated.

* Use of indigenous materials, e.g. bamboo for flooringSite selection For compact poultry projects, poultry house be constructed away from

residential areas, at the North-West, South-East direction of residential areasto avoid odor.Minimum separation distance:Storage type Distance to

Water course/wetlands Domestic waterI On-farm storage facility 100 100Field storage 100 100Composting facilities 100 100Other siting considerations:/ Avoid sites with permeable solis or fractured bedrockV Maintain recommended property setbacks from water courses, wells, and

neighborsV Provide adequate lot slopes on outside lots for surface drainagev Allow for potential expansion/ Wind protection enhances performance

Implementation V Ensure upslope runoff is diverted away from the feedlotZ Implementation Construction wastes to be disposed properly

Manure waste to be collected regularly, dried and utilized as organic fertilizer.

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MRDP-APL2 Draft Feasibility Study Report Revision I, Environment, p. 74

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Best Practices:' Outside storage - collect and transfer manure from barn to storage

dailyv/ Ensure that sufficient bedding is added to absorb liquidsI /v Maintain water systems to prevent leakage/ Use pressure water systems to clean buildingsV Clean and disinfect buildings between successive groups of livestock/ Keep dusts levels lowI / Maintain low air flow through buildingsV Locate exhaust outlets for maximum air dilution; take advantage of

prevailing windsv Maintain recommended animal densitiesV Reduce occasional manure agitationV Reduce movement of odorous air from storage areas to neighboring

| ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~areasI 5. PiggeryDesign Basic considerations:

V Storage capacity to contain at least 180 daysV Safety concerns

* Permanent fence at least 1.5 meters high for liquid storagewithout fixed covers

* Tank covers close to the ground level, 0.6 meter above ground* Locking devices for covers installed

v/ Labor efficiencies/ Moisture contents of manuresV Location of storage in relation to neighbors (>500 m), streams, wells,

and groundwater (<2 m)V Type of storage facilities - lined when located in porous and

permeable soilsMethod of collection practicedPotential nutrient losses - reference to greenhouse gases

/ Application methods - impacts on soil, water, and airPiggery house flooring concrete; pig pen walls made of horizontallyI spaced iron bars to ensure proper ventilationConstruction waste materials to be properly disposed ofSecure sanitary permit from Municipal Health Office

Site selection For compact piggery subprojects, pig pens to be located away fromresidential areas to minimize noise pollution.For compact swine projects, houses be constructed away from residentialareas, at the North-West, South-East direction of residential areas to avoidodor. Minimum separation distance:Storage type Distance to

Water course/wetlands Domestic waterOn-farm storage facility 100 100Field storage 100 100

l____________________________ Composting facilities 100 100


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Other siting considerations:V Avoid sites with permeable soils or fractured bedrock/ Maintain recommended property setbacks from water courses, wells,

and neighborsV Provide adequate lot slopes on outside lots for surface drainageV Allow for potential expansionV/ Wind protection enhances performanceV Ensure upslope runoff is diverted away from the feedlotI Adequate water supply

Implementation Waste residue in the septic tank to be regularly collected, dried and used asorganic fertilizer.I Provision of water for regular cleaning of pig pens sweeping wastes to theseptic tank.No direct discharging of wastes into grounds, canals or waterways.Runoff control for odors:I V Diversion canals or dikes constructed to direct surface water runoff

away from the sitev' Grass filter strips where appropriate employed

Provide well-bedded dry resting areasAvoid continuous wetting of manure by preventing watering facilitiesfrom overflowing

V Time cleaning process in relation to seasonal weather conditionsConsider use of biogas for waste utilization to reduce energy consumption.If PO can afford, construct Biogas Digester to avoid pollution of groundwater and produce methane gas for cooking.

6. Production of organic fertilizers such as compost and vermicompost.Design Facilities shall be designed such that compost piles, windrows, residues

and processed material will not come in contact with surface storm run-off.Provisions shall be made such that leachates are re-circulated back intocompost piles or windrows as much as possible.Combined engineering and vegetation (trees/vetiver) measures to decreasepossibilities of soil disturbance, removal or loss of topsoil, and soil erosionfrom earthmoving activities as well as siltation.

Site selection The Facility shall not be sited in areas subject to frequent flooding, unlessengineering controls are provided in the design to prevent inundation ofI the facility.Situated at least 500 meters minimum from residential areasAdequate water supplyv Water is used for the watering and washing of livestock, the washingI of trucks, washing of carcasses and by-products, and for cleaning and

sterilizing equipment and process areas.v Rates of water consumption can vary considerably depending on theI scale of the plant, the age and type of processing, the level of

automation, and cleaning practices. Typical figures for fresh waterconsumption are 2-15 m3 per ton of live carcass weight.


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List of Potential Subprojects/ GuidelineProject StageI Implementation Schedule hauling of construction materials to avoid traffic

w ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Monitor for possible lechate c ofitaminiatio6n of surface and groundwaterresources

* ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Provisions for vector, odor, litter and dust control shall be includedI Residues shall be managed as solid waste and shall be disposed of as such.Temperatures of compost piles, curing piles and processed composts shallbe maintained in safe levels to prevent spontaneous combustion.Aerobic conditions shall be maintained to prevent creation of dangerousgases such as methane.

7. Food processing (i.e. dried mango processing, mango juice, mango puree, mango puree, banana chips,wine, flour and vinegar, fruit candy processing, vegetables, coffee, flsh drying, and meat such as smokedham, tocino, embutido, etc.)

Design Basic considerations for air and odor emissions and energy consumption.Layout reflects economy of movement and spaceInclusion of waste treatment plan

High effluent discharges with high BODV High water consumptionNoise considerationsProper drainage

Site selection Adequate water supplyv Water is used for the watering and washing of livestock, the washing

of trucks, washing of carcasses and by-products, and for cleaning andI sterilizing equipment and process areas.V Rates of water consumption can vary considerably depending on the

scale of the plant, the age and type of processing, the level ofI automation, and cleaning practices. Typical figures for fresh waterconsumption are 2-15 m3 per ton of live carcass weight.

Observe proper zoning/locational clearanceAvoid flood prone/low-lying areasSiting minimum of 500 m from residential areas

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Environmental Table 11Environmenltal guidelines for proposed subprojects (9/17)


Implementation HACCP plan should be in placev undertaking dry cleaning of trucks prior to washing with water;V using automatically operated scalding chambers rather than scalding

tanks for the de-hairing of pigs;| / ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~using transport systems that avoid or minimize the use of water;

v. using dry dumping techniques for the processing of cattle paunchesand pig stomachs that avoid or minimize the use of water, instead ofwet dumping techniques;I / reusing relatively clean wastewaters from cooling systems, vacuumpumps etc. for washing livestock if possible;

/ reusing final rinse waters from paunch and casings washing for othernon-critical cleaning steps in the casings department;

_ reusing wastewaters from the slaughter floor, carcass washing, visceratables and hand-wash basins for the washing of inedible products ifpossible;

* V reusing cooling water from the singeing process for other applicationin the pig de-hairing area;

/ reusing the final rinse from cleaning operations for the initial rinse onthe following day;

w using dry cleaning techniques to pre-clean process areas and floorsbefore washing with water;

* using high pressure rather than high volume for cleaning surfaces;I V . using automatic control systems to operate

Strategiesv maximizing the segregation of blood by designing suitable blood

* collection facilities and allowing sufficient time for bleeding, typicallyseven minutes;

V sweeping up solid materials for use as by-products, instead of washingthem down the drain;. fitting drains with screens and/or traps toprevent solid materials from entering the effluent system;

v. using offal transport systems that avoid or minimize the use of water;V using water sprays with a pressure of less than 10 bar for carcassI washing to avoid removing fat from the surface;V using dry cleaning techniques to pre-clean process areas and floors

before washing with water;v/ Segregating high-strength effluent streams, such as rendering effluent

and wastewaters from paunch washing, and treating them separately.

No accumulation of debris and other waste matter________________________________ Observe proper hygiene and sanitation practices

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g ~~~~~~~~~~~~MRDP-APL2 Draft Feasibility Study Report Revision 1, Environment, p. 78

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Key energy saving strategies:V implementing switch-off programs and installing sensors to tum-off or

power-down lights and equipment when not in use;v improving insulation on heating or cooling systems and pipe work

| ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~etc.;insulating and covering scald tanks to prevent heat loss;

V recovering waste heat from effluent streams, vents, exhausts andcompressors;I V recovering evaporative energy in the rendering process usingmultieffect evaporators;

V maintaining a leak-free compressed air system;/ favoring more efficient equipment;V improving maintenance to maximize energy efficiency of equipment;V maintaining optimal combustion efficiencies on boilers;V/ eliminating steam leaks;I 8. Farm machinery service center and construction, repair and maintenance service for fishing facility

such as bancas (i.e. motorized and non-motorized) and fish driers.Design Layout reflects economy of movement and space

Inclusion of waste treatment disposal plan especially for petro-oil productsAllocate space for packing house activitiesNoise

Site selection Open space, far from residential areasAvoid flood prone/low-lying areasAll weather road available connecting center to service areas500 m minimum from residential areas

Implementation Install transformer to prevent voltage fluctuation in areaUse of PPEsProper training on safety precautions among employeesEnergy conservationI V implementing switch-off programs and installing sensors to tum-off or

power-down lights and equipment when not in use;V improving insulation on heating or cooling systems and pipe work

| ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~etc.;V insulating and covering scald tanks to prevent heat loss;v recovering waste heat from effluent streams, vents, exhausts and

compressors;V/ recovering evaporative energy in the rendering process using

multifactor evaporators;v maintaining a leak-free compressed air system;v favoring more efficient equipment;I V improving maintenance to maximize energy efficiency of equipment;V maintaining optimal combustion efficiencies on boilers;V eliminating steam leaks


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List of Potential Subprojects / Guidelineg ~~~~~~Project Stage

* ~~~~9. Rice/corn mill, Threshing (ricc and corn)1 Design Incorporate air cleaning system (collection of dust and other suspendedsolid)Layout reflects economy of movement and space

* Site selection Accessible to clients/producers/consumersObserve zoning and secure locational clearance

Implementation Promote and practice proper disposal; discourage rice hull burning10. Cold storage Observe hygiene in work place10. Cold storage

Design Installation of air pollution control device (APCD)Provision of an effective (at least 3-chamber) septic tank to treat effluentI dischargeProvision of adequate wastewater treatment plant to enable compliance ofeffluent to DENR water quality standardsUse of non CFCs refrigerants; fugitive losses of refrigerantsAllocate space for packing house activities

Site selection Avoid flood-prone / low-lying areasAvoid congested/populated/busy areasAccessibility to refrigerated vans (large trucks)Adequate water supply

Implementation Proper housekeeping and maintenance of waste treatment premisesProper disposal of wasteRegular monitoring of water quality of effluentInstall physical barriers to protect refrigeration equipment from impactareas where forklifts are used

*____________________________ Provide energy conservation principles and practices

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I~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~RPAL rf esblt td eotRvso ,Evrnet .8

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Environmental Table 11Environmental guidelines for proposed subprojects (12/17)

List of Potential Subprojects /GuidelineProject Stage G

_* 11. Agroforest and forest plantat ionsDesign Agroforestry:

/ Conforms to the Indigenous Knowledge Systems particularly of IPs incases where there are IPs

v Sequential planting of tree crops and short-rotation cropsv Provision of soil and water conservation through establishment of

vegetative strips along contour lines and/ or hedgerowsV Alley cropping in sloping or erodible areasI V Choice of Agroforestry system either agro-silvi-pastoral or aqua-agro-

silvi-pastoralV Choice of species for hedgerows (multi-purpose plant species), shrubsI and fast-growing tree species, and agricultural cropsV Sufficient supply of waterReforestation:V Provision of protection measures against forest fires (fire lines, fireI breaks, look-out towers) and attack of pest and diseasesV Planting along contour lines specially on erodible and sloping areasv* Strategic location of bunk houses, permanent nurseries and satellite

nurseries. Should consider accessibility and adequate water supply.v Availability of water supplyv Multiple tree species to minimize infestationv/ Planting of species by blocks for easy identificationI v Roads and trail system for accessibility especially during transport of

seedlings from nursery to the planting siteAgroforestry design conforms to Indigenous Knowledge Systemsparticularly of IPsConsistency with proposed tree crop diversityUse of combined engineering, vegetative and organic/indigenous/localmaterials for erosion control measures

Site selection Agroforestry:V Presence of nurse trees to provide shade and act as cover cropsV Availability of water supplyv Good soil condition to match specific tree crops and agricultural crops

to be plantedAccessibility (roads and trails)

Reforestation:v Site suitability assessment to include soil and water condition/ Site-species matching to determine suitable species to be plantedV Presence of nurse trees as cover crop and for shade purposesRefer to land use planI Conduct site characterization prior to design and establishmentAvailability and accessibility of high potential and disease-free plantingmaterials

* _______________ Adequate and reliable water supply (ground and surface water)

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Implementation Agroforestry:V*Survey, mapping and planning (SMP)V Laying -out of contour lines/hedgerows in sloping areas using A-frameV Planting of multiple tree crops and agricultural cropsV Compartmentalization or cut-and-carry for livestock feedingv Use of organic fertilizersReforestation:/ Survey, mapping and planning (SMP)

* V Establishment of bunk houses, permanent nursery and satellitenurseries and should be located strategically

v/ Regular monitoring and patrolling activitiesI V Planting of indigenous and fast growing species to enhance speciesdiversity

V Conduct of silvicultural operations/treatments such as thinning,salvaging, and clearing of vines to improve the timber stand quality ofI the forest plantation

V Establishment of roads and trails for seedling transport and haulingV Assisted natural regeneration activities to augment planting stocksV Hardening-off of seedlings prior to field planting (Hardening-off

means to expose the plantable seedlings to field / plantation conditions)Limit or regulate field activities to minimize disturbance of critical wildlifespecies and their habitatsUse of bench method of soil erosion control to stabilize the slope.Riprapping of cut areas.Stabilization of the slope through revegetation or establishment of plant

________________________________ species on open areas.12. Planting materials supply/nursery for fruit trees

Design Well ventilated* ~~~~~~~~~~~~~Well-structured nursery for synchronized movement of people (potting* ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~area, sterilization area, etc.)- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~Use of appropriate and local materials to provide shade

Consider greenhouse designs for gerrnination purposesSite selection AccessibilityI Consideration on light requirements (should be located on areas with less

exposure to drastic temperature)Availability of good planting medium

_* Accessibility to sources of good planting materialsImplementation Regular maintenance; watering etc.

Soil media sterilizationUse of organic fertilizersPractice appropriate disease control and prevention measures

IIMRDP-APL2 Draft Feasibility Study Report Revision 1, Environment, p. 82

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Table 11Environmental guidelines for proposed subprojects (14/17)I List of Potential Subprojects G Guideline

Project Stage13. Mushroom Production (Cult ral management may very according to variety)

Design V Mushroom house design: Combination of Indigenous materials withG.I. roofing to provide heat for spawn production. Approximate floorarea: 5 meters by 5 meters;

v* Approximate roof height: 2.5 metersv Hard-packed soil flooring or concrete flooring

The mushroom house should be designed in such a way that a constanttemperature can be maintained

v/ If producing own spawns, ensure design of sterile laboratory, isolated* from production areas

Site Selection Depending on variety, should be located within compatible conditions andin open areaAdequate water supplyAccessible to transport of materials and produceAccessible to material inputs: wood waste, rice hull, banana stalk, others

Implementation Spawn production using inoculants must be in sterile area* PPEs to be used to avoid eye/skin contact with worker

If using autoclave of any type, ensure safe distance from residential andstorage areasUse sustainable fuel sourceUse sustainable material inputs for mediumRegularly clean work area

14. Backyard Tilapia Raising Reuse m edium as organic fertilizerI 14. Backyard Tilapia RaisingDesign v Pond treatment for concrete ponds should be conducted to remove

toxic effect of cementThe base of the trapezoidal dike is 2 meters and a height of 1.5 metersto 2 meters

v Provision of water inlet, water outlet and an over flow pipeV Fill pond with water at an initial depth of 5 to 10 cm after applyingI organic fertilizer for a week to allow growing of algae which will serve

as natural feed for the fishV The desired water level for tilapia pond is I to 1.5 meters

Site Selection V Select a site with clay soil for better water holding and continuous- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~water supply

V Open space, free from floods, and has enough sunlightImplementation V Maintain natural fishpond by adding more fertilizer using organicI matter, i.e., chicken droppings

V Plant kangkong and gabi at one portion of the pond for shadingpurposes and growing media for natural fish pond

V Check dike regularly to prevent seepages and leakages and maintainthe pond free from weedsCheck gates regularly to prevent entry of other fish species and avoidloss of stocksPlant trees within the sources of water to maintain the flow and protectthe river beds from toxic waste water and pesticides and avoiddumping of garbage

* V Plant trees and grass near the dike to prevent erosion


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Table 11~~~~~~~~~Environmental guidelines for proposed subprojects (15/17)

List of Potential Subprojects Guideline15 Blue Project Stage I

* ~~~~15. Blue Crab harvesting- Design Use of indigenous materials in containing area as well as use for traps

Site selection Potential aTeas for blue crab harvesting is sandy-mud flats and tidal areasalong the coasts with water depth of about 2-3 meters during high tide oraround 3-5 meters distance from the shorelineEnsure location in SB waters

Implementation Consider sustainable practices, i.e., Juveniles have to be set freeUse of indigenous and sustainably derived materials for bait, traps, andother maintenance gadgets.

16. Talaba cultureDesign V Use of indigenous and sustainably derived materials

1 If using string method, make a knot at every after one shell and hangthe strings at least 0.5 to 2 feet from the bottom to avoid siltation andbottom predation

V Provide sea lane between plots for easy monitoring and harvestingI Site Selection / Select a site with inland sea far from estuaries where flood occurs,/ Brackish to marine water,* Salinity is 20-35 ppt, medium depth of water is 3-5 meters during low

* tide,_ No red tide history,v/ SB waters

Implementation v/ Monitor the farm regularlyI V Repair and replace damaged structure immediatelyV Remove all debris brought about by floods, including the sponges

______________________________ growing on the surface of the talaba| ~~~17. Eucheuma farming

Design / Use local/indigenous materials in a sustainable manner.V Clear the site of undesirable species such as sea urchin, starfish and

foreign materials destructive to eucheumaI Site Selection V Pollution-free waters, far from rivers, streams, creeks or any freshwatersource

V Should be protected from large waves and strong winds but possessesgood exchange of waterPotential sites for farming are areas with natural eucheuma beds

Implementation V Prepare planting materials in shaded areav' Keep plants clean by weeding or removing other plants and debns/ Replace lost, dead and unhealthy plants

I V Avoid entry of blast fishing and trawls in farms

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List of Potential Subprojects / GuidelineProject Stage G

* 18. Aguasilviculture for marginal fishersDesign / Clean selected area with organic debris

v Establish the mangrove plantation using the appropriate spacing andspeciesI / Use 60% of the area for mangrove tree plantation and 40% foraquaculture

V Establish buffer zone of 100 meters mangrove vegetation from the seato the main peripheral dike and 20 meters along the riverbanks forprotection

/ Install bamboo traps at the mouth of the floodgate to avoid fish andcrustaceans to escape during harvestingI V Construct dikes (with top width of not less than 3 meters and height of2.4 meters) to control water

/ Build the dikes in trapezoidal position to give margin againstovertopping at high tide, flood and wave actions

* Construct canal system (1-2% of the total pond area)v/ Ensure that the canal starts from the gate and traverses the central

portion of the pond.Site Selection V Open areas for rehabilitation purposes

Areas covered by fishpond lease agreement (FLA) but not developed orabandoned

/ Area subject to daily with tidal flooding and freshwater inflowV Water should be clean and free from inorganic and organic pollutionV The ideal area should have distinct rainfall pattems, not prone to

typhoons and damaging floodsImplementation -/ Use appropriate site-species selection

*/ Dominant mangrove species in the adjacent area will be used asplanting material for mangrove plantation for sustainability

V Apply lime for newly constructed pond at about 350kg/ha to neutralizeacidityReplace dead plants immediately

V Conduct thinning and pruning regularly/ Remove and bum infested plants to avoid spread of infestationI V Allow tidal flow when sudden rain occurs in summer to provide

aeration and minimize abrupt change in temperature and salinity19. Mangrove plantation and utilization

Design V Subdivide large areas for easier maintenance, management and5 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~harvesting

V Provide space (3-5 meters) in between compartments for movement ofpeople and 10 meters space or bigger for passage of banca

v/ Establish peripheral fence to protect young plantsSite selection / Select sites which are sheltered (like coves) and free from strong winds,

waves and tidal currents and typhoons/ Open area or sparsely vegetated areasI /V Select shallow area which provides longer time for plants to be above

I water resulting to faster growth and high survival of seedlings

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Environmental Table 11*Environmental guidelines for proposed subprojects (17/17)


Implementation / Collection of mature and healthy propagules from local sources/ Plant from April to June when mature propagules are abundant and

weather condition is favorableV Remove debris deposited on plants as this can cause injury and

| ~~~~~~~~~~~~~breakageReplant dead plants with newly collected propagules

/ Maintain the peripheral stakes of plantation,V Conduct appropriate silvicultural treatments regularly

I 8.4 Intra-team Assessment of Year 1 Sub-projects

The year 1 subprojects to be implemented will include those which were proposed in APL 1, but werenot implemented due to lack of time and those which are already in the drawing board such as farm-to-market roads. At the municipal level, the subprojects to be proposed by the POs will be assessed bya Multi-Sectoral Committee (MSC), which includes a MENRO or somebody with environmentalI expertise, with respect to their technical feasibility, economic viability and environmental soundness.While no quantitative weights are being assigned for each criterion, the bottom line in intra-teamassessment is that the proposed subprojects should meet the above criteria. As to their environmentalI soundness, i.e. their environmental impacts are well managed; their design, location andimplementation should be formulated according to the environmental guidelines set forth in thissection.

* Included in the assessment at the MLGU level is the environmental screening of subprojects todetermine their classification according to Presidential AO No. 32. Once their classification is known,an appropriate environmental assessment method will be applied. In most cases, the proposedI subprojects will fall under Category D: projects that are not covered by the EIS System. Forsubprojects classified as Category A and B, the MAO/MENRO shall fill up INFORM 1 and submitthe same to the Regional EMB for ECC issuance.

8.5 Environmental Monitoring

| Environmental monitoring during program implementation provides information about keyenvironmental aspects of the project, particularly the compliance to environmental safeguardmeasures by the project proponent, the environmental impacts of the subproject, and the effectivenessI of the mitigation measures. Such information enables the RFUs, LGUs and the DENR to evaluate thesuccess of mitigation as part of project supervision, and allows corrective action to be taken whenneeded.

Environmental monitoring involves repeated or periodic measurement of environmental variablesduring the implementation of the project to determine environmental changes which may occur as aresult of the project. The parameters to be measured at the project level are those safeguard measures,including the guidelines. The MENRO is the one responsible for spearheading the environmentalmonitoring program.


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Environmental monitoring will be carried out following the Form shown below and in Annex I. Thisform will be filled up by the MENRO and conducted periodically and reported to the MPMIUs,PPMIU, and PSO.

| SAFEGUARDS COMPLIANCE MONITORING

Name of Sub-Project :| Sub-Project Location _

Sub-Project ProponentProject Description/Scope:

Province:Environmental Clearance Issued: CNC: ECC: None:Sub-Project Status: Completed: On-going:

Compliance to Environmental Guidelines:

Environmental Responsible Status of RemarksGuidelines Party Compliance

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8.6 Institutional Arrangements for EnvironmentalManagement and Assessment

8.6.1 Brief Backgrounder on Project InstitutionalArrangements

* National Level

The Department of Agriculture will be the executing agency and as such will provide the overallmanagement and supervision of the Program. The Special Project Coordination and ManagementAssistance Division (SPCMAD) is the DA Central Office-based unit under the Office ofUndersecretary for Operations which, owing to its inherent function of coordinating and providingassistance to special projects of the DA, is hereby proposed to act as the Secretariat to the ProjectManagement Board (PMB). The proposed members will be the Presidents of the League ofprovinces, municipalities and cities; Department Secretary (or representative) from the department ofFinance (DOF), Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), Department of Budgetand Management (DBM), Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR), Department of Trade and Industry(DTI), Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), Department of Interior and LocalGovernment (DILG); representative from the Mindanao Economic Development Council (MEDCO);I President/Representative, Regional Agricultural and Fishery Council (RAFC);President/Representative, Phil. Association of State Colleges and Universities (PASUC); and,representatives from Industry Associations.

Re2ional Level

At the regional level, the existing Regional Project Advisory Board (RPAB) in each region originallycreated to operationalize the Diversified Farm Income and Market Development Program orDFIMDP through DA Memorandum Order No. 2005-064, series of 2005, shall serve as the regional3 counterpart of the PMB. It shall provide policy guidance for the prioritization and screening of sub-projects and approve meritorious sub-projects for allocation of funds by the DA-RFUs.

The RPAB is chaired by the DA Regional Executive Director with the NEDA Regional Directoracting as Co-Chair. For the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), the RPAB shall bechaired by the Secretary, Department of Agriculture. The membership is composed of the Govemorsof the participating provinces in the region, the President of the Provincial League of Mayors, theI Regional Agricultural and Fishery Council (RAFC) Chairman, Bureau of Fisheries and AquaticResources (BFAR), Regional Directors from DENR, DAR, DILG, MEDCO, and representatives fromthe Industry Associations.

A Program Support Office (PSO) will be tasked for all project support activities and functions forefficient implementation. The DA-RFU will create the Regional Program Coordination Office3 (RPCO) using the regular and existing organic staff of the RFU.

Special Concern for ARMM

I The roles and functions for agricultural development had not been devolved to the AutonomousRegion of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). It is thus the ARMM-RFU tasked with providing such3 services through its PAOs in the provinces and MAOs in the municipalities. This RFU is unique in


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that it retains direct authority and supervision over the PAOs and MAOs. The ARMM-RFU will bethe coordinating body for APL2. This means that it will be involved in both planning andimplementing agricultural development programs. Its service delivery will therefore be strengthened.At the same time, it will have the responsibility of strengthening the capabilities of LGUs in the

region.

The ARMM-DENR though is devolved. Hence participation of ARMM-DENR as regards3 environmenttal safeguards and assessment will have to be harnessed. This is also in considerationof the fact that they already have a Framework Plan for Environmental Safeguards through theSZOPAD as introduced and trained by World Bank staff and consultants.

* Local Level

The RPCO will assist the Provincial LGUs (PLGUs) establish the Provincial Program Managementand Implementing Units (PPMRIs) which shall be charged with coordinating the implementation ofthe Program activities implemented by their respective municipalities. The PPMIU may recommendto the provincial government through the Sangguniang Panlalawigan (SP) to allocate a portion of theI provincial funds to help meet the cost sharing requirements of the less than financially capablemunicipal LGUs (MLGUs), willing to take part and join the MIRDP but are unable to raise therequired equity. It is proposed that the PPMIU be composed of the staff from the following offices:3 Provincial Planning and Development Office (PPDO), Provincial Engineering Office (PEO), Officeof the Provincial Agricultural Officer (OPAg), and Provincial Accounting Office (PACCO). TheProvincial Governor has the option to designate the head of the PPMRJ and to assign additional staff

| as the need arises.

Correspondingly, the MLGUs will create the Municipal Program Management and ImplementingUnits (MPMIUs) to implement the sub-projects and provide extension services/technical assistance toI the participating barangays/POs. The municipal governments will be expected to provide most of theLGU share of the costs of sub-projects, and to carry out governance reforms designed to, among otherobjectives, increase their local revenue generation capacity. The MPMIU is proposed to be composedI of staff from the following offices: the Municipal Planning and Development Office (MPDO),Municipal Engineering Office (MEO), Office of the Municipal Agriculturist (OMA), and MunicipalAccounting Office (MACCO). The Municipal Mayor has the option to designate the head of the

| MPMTU and to assign additional staff as the need arises.

At the barangay level, the Barangay LGUs (BLGUs) will prepare their own development plansbased on MRDP-APL2 poverty reduction, social participation and environmental conservationframeworks. They will oversee the activities of the POs within their respective jurisdiction inimplementing sub-projects. The People's Organizations (POs), based on the basic principles of the3 Program, will plan, manage and maintain sub-projects at the community level.

8.6.2 Institutional Arrangements for EnvironmentalAssessment and Safeguards

Environmental functions from the national level will simply be as oversight as regards to compliancewith World Bank and NEDA requirements on environmental safeguards. This section of the reportI would focus more on the regional implementation as it is the arena where complexities of regionalstructures and processes are most evident. It has to be kept in mind that REA is not merely anexercise in predicting impacts and developing mitigating measures, but that over and above, it

MRDP-APL2 Drafi Feasibility Study Report Revision 1, Environment, p. 89

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inputs to the planning and decision making of not only subprojects, but plans, policies andprograms as well.

Table 12 below summarizes the institutional functions/roles of participating entities while Table 13I distinctly defines participation1a oious-REA stageLofthe propgsed subprojects.

| Table 12Roles and Functions of Different Stakeholders: With Implications to REA

Entity Role/FunctionNational Office Oversight to EA and Safeguards

* Regionat Project It shall provide policy guidance for the prioritization and screening of sub-projects andAdvisory Board approve meritorious sub-projects for allocation of funds by the DA-RFUsProgram Support V Provide technical assistance, to enable them to fulfill their functions in MRDP-Office APL2 especially in the areas of rural infrastructure, planning and institutional

strengthening, natural resource management, financial management, procurement,monitoring and evaluation and project coordination and facilitation;Prepare program-wide (Mindanao-wide) MRDP status report, collated from the

* regional reports, for submission to the DA Central Office; andV Undertake periodic reviews and evaluation of the Program and shall, for this

purpose, design and operate a program implementation and project benefit3 monitoring and evaluation system.Regional Program V Lead the preparation of a multi-year MRDP annual plans and investment programsCoordination Office including annual budgets and submit the same to the DA Central Office;

V Provide technical support and assistance to LGUs and POs in the implementation of* the Program;

Process and validate sub-project proposals from the LGUs and provide feedback tothe proponents on the status of project proposals; and

| Monitor and evaluate projects and submit progress reports to DA through the PSO.DENR-ARMM and V To train PLGUs on environmental assessment, enforcement of environmentalDENR Regional safeguards and guidelines.Offices V Ensure that EA guidelines are mainstreamed in all subprojects

Provide technical assistance in the preparation of subproject EAs as well as inprocessing of ECCs should the need arise

Provincial Program v/ Align provincial agricultural development plan with the LGU Executive andManagement and Legislative Agenda and allocate the required budget to support agricultural

a Implementing Units development;TO INCLUDE / Integrate municipal development plans into the provincial and up to the regionalDENR-PENRO development plans;I v Legislate and enforce ordinances of particular interest to MRDP APL 2, especially

on environment and natural resources management;/ Support MRDP through Sanggunian Panlalawigan (SP) resolutions, equity funds and

Memorandum of Agreements (MOAs) for Operation and Maintenance (O & M) ofI infra projects, especially for inter-municipal projects and in support of municipalitieswhich cannot produce all the needed cash equity and 0 & M funds;

v/ Validate the technical feasibility of sub-projects and their consistency with theI provincial development plans;v Provide technical support to the municipal LGUs (MLGUs) by seeking the support

of and establishing linkages with concerned regional agricultural institutions toimprove Program implementation;andI / Monitor and evaluate the projects.

Municipal Program v Legislate and enforce ordinances of particular interest to MRDP APL 2, especiallyManagement and environment and natural resources management;I Implementing Units


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TO INCL UDE / Conduct participatory barangay development planning workshops, ensure that theU DENR-CENRO barangay plans are incorporated into the municipal development plans and thatagricultural projects are included in the municipal annual investment plan, andprovide feedback to the barangays/communities regarding the status of barangayplans submitted;I / Ensure the participation of Indigenous People (IPs), Women and Youth in the sub-projects are of the quality as designed;

/ Support MRDP through Sanggunian Bayan (SB) resolutions, provide equity forinfrastructure projects, prepare/set-up 0 & M plan funds for the sub-projects, enterinto contracts for the implementation of these sub-projects, procure materials andensure such materials are of quality and quantity required;

/ Appraise and validate project proposals and the management capability of theproponent POs, hire or deploy experienced community organizer for the socialpreparation of project beneficiaries/POs, assign a Municipal Facilitator (MF) toprovide technical assistance to the POs, strengthen the POs by providing themtraining compatible with the complexity of their operations and their level ofdevelopment as determined by a training needs assessment, and maintain/update fileson the growth and development of the POs;

v* Create and appoint the members of the Multi-Sectoral Committee who shall monitorthe implementation of sub-projects;

Barangay LGUs / Activate the Barangay Development Council;V Conduct participatory barangay development planning, and incorporate the concems

of IPs, women and youth in the development plans;/ Follow-up status of plans submitted to the MLGUs to ensure that these are included

in the municipal development plan;V/ Initiate the preparation of project proposals that will respond to their needs as spelledI out in the barangay development plan;

People's V Produce the counterpart equity for community sub-projects under MRDP APL 2 andOrganizations manage the implementation of these projects in such a way that the projects become

sustainable;/ Ensure the sustainability of irrigation and water supply projects constructed under

MRDP APL 2 through viable 0 & M by collecting water fees from members and byestablishing an Operations and Maintenance Fund (OMF);

v/ Monitor/record the project benefits (impact of projects) on the lives of its membersof the PO.

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MRDP-APL2 Draft Feasibility Study Report Revision 1, Environment, p. 9]

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Table 13Institutional Arrangements by EA Stage

DENRRegion

MRDP-2/EA Stage RAPB PSO RPCO & PPMIU MPMIU BLGU POsDENR-ARMM

Environmental screening of subprojects and X X X XactivitiesPreparation of EA of covered subprojects and X X X XactivitiesReview of subprojects and activities for X X X Xcompliance/mainstreaming of env guidelines andmeasuresApproval of subprojects and activities in terms of X Xenv safeguard reqtsCompliance monitoring X X X X X X XOperation and maintenance X XPublic Disclosure X X X X X X X X

MRDP-APL2 Draft FeaNibilinu Studv Report Revision 1, Environment, p. 92

lI3 8.7 Capacity Building and Institutional Strengthening

In a sense, the implementation of environmental safeguards and guidelines will cover theactivities/functions in agriculture and forestry which at the national level belong to two separateI agencies, DA and DENR. At the local level, however, these two major functions/sectors do converge.Convergence of agricultural and forestry activities is already taking place in the municipalities whichwere visited. At the MLGU level, in many instances, only the MAO or the MENRO gets appointed.U Either of them performs both functions. In the implementation of MRDP this practice shall bestrengthened and institutionalized. Therefore, the most appropriate institution that should implementand monitor these guidelines and safeguards are the LGUs to be assisted by DA and DENR. A unit,tentatively called environmental management unit (EMU) with a staff to be headed byMAO/MENRO shall be put up in MRDP-covered areas.

There is a need to build the capacity of LGUs to carry out the above functions. On matters related toI natural resource management, the LGUs have greater knowledge and access to local resources. Therole of national agencies such as DENR and DA under the Local Government Code is to continueproviding technical support to LGUs. In some provinces, for example Agusan del Sur, theI environmental unit is strong at the provincial level that it can very well carry out the management offorest ecosystems as most of the staff in the Provincial Environmental Unit are graduates of forestryand agriculture. And yet their activities are limited to solid waste management and theI implementation of anti-pollution laws.

The role of MRDP APL 2 is to facilitate the establishment and strengthening of linkages/network andmechanism of RFUs, DENR-Reg and the LGUs and to ensure the smooth flow of environmentalinformation, materials, and funds through that linkage.

The environmental and social sustainability of MRDP APL 2 supporting multiple, small-scalesubprojects is highly dependent on the capacity of RFUs, LGUs and local communities (POs) to carryout the associated design, planning, approval, implementation work, and monitoring. To ensure thatcapacity, it is important that MRDP APL 2 allocates sufficient resources to training and capacitybuilding.

During the period of consultations with the regional, provincial, municipal, and barangay officials inU the early part of APL 2 preparation, a part of focus group discussions was devoted to assessment ofadequacy of institutions at various levels mentioned above to carry out their environmental and socialresponsibilities. Assessment was carried out informally by throwing questions related to theinstitutional structure and its authorities to address environmental and social issues, number andqualification of staff, their knowledge and experience relevant to carrying out analyses and designingmitigating measures for small-scale subprojects. Because time was very short, no formal trainingneeds assessment (TNA) was conducted for all participants who will have responsibilities forI implementing the environmental management plan of MRDP. The TNA would have distinguisheddifferent training needs among them in terms of raised awareness and appreciation, sensitization to3 the issues, and detailed technical training on environmental assessment.

Nevertheless, the informal assessment showed that the provinces and municipalities covered underAPL 1, have already the structure and staff to address some environmental management issues, but atI different capacity levels. Agusan Del Sur, for example, has a provincial environmental unit with fivestaff who are all graduates of forestry, and whose responsibilities are only confined to solid wastemanagement, since the management of provincial forest resources has not been devolved to the

| province yet. The province of Sarangani and Zamboanga Sibugay have the institutional structure and


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staff for environmental enforcement, but inadequate knowledge to carry out environmental analysis* and designing mitigating measures for small-scale subprojects.

As to the DA-RFUs, there might be a need to upgrade further the level of awareness, sensitization toenvironmental issues and problems, and technical capability. There must be an appreciation of thefact that, with the concern on sustainability, agricultural development goes beyond production andproductivity concerns and explore the realm of harmonizing the twin objectives of food productionand environmental conservation. Environmental management provides a mechanism in which thesustainability of MRDP depends.

Based on the assessment, there is a need to provide training to those who will be responsible for theimplementation of environmental safeguards and monitoring under this component. Table 14indicates the training requirements for various stakeholders.

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Table 14Training re uirements for various groups of stakeholders

Training Requirements for Various Groups REGIONAL PROVINCIAL INFRA CFAD NRM FM M * ERFU EMB P-PENRO D-PENRO

Ecosystem concepts and principles -I day A T A A A A A A AEnvironmental assessment - 5 days A T A A AEnvironmental policies and laws (internaional, national, A A A A A A Aand local )Environmental monitoring and audit A T T A A A APotential localized impacts of subprojects and A T T A A A Asuitable mitigating measuresLegend: A - Awareness and appreciation raising; T - Detailed training


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8.7.1 Training Needs

Training-Workshop 1: Building capacity of RPCOs and LGUs on Environmental Assessment

Goal: To enhance and develop understanding and skills to conduct environmental impact assessment.

3 Objectives: At the end of the training and workshop, each participant should be able to:

a. Determine the scope of environmental problems,b. Identify and evaluate impacts of projects on the environment,c. Conduct base line studies and predict impacts of projects on the environment, andd. Formulate mitigating or enhancing measures to reduce impact or amplify benefits from projects.

| e. Articulate on environmental issues and problems

Participants: 35 persons per training/workshop

I Estimated number of training/workshops: Total = 6

3 Estimated cost: PhP 1,680,000.00

Training 2: Participatory Environmental Assessment at Barangay Level

Goal: To ensure sustainable project implementation and operations.

Obiectives: At the end of the workshop/training the participants should be able to:

a. conduct meaningful dialogue with project proponents and government,b. monitor and evaluate project impacts on the local community.

| c. Appreciate and assess environmental issues and concerns

Participants: 35 persons per training/workshop

* Estimated number of trainings: 10

Estimated costs: PHP 350, 000.

8.7.2 Drafting and Publication of Provincial EnvironmentalCode for Strategic Provinces in Mindanao

To strengthen the ability of LGUs to safeguard from environmental threats their resources in theupland-lowland-coastal system, a set of visions, principles, policies, legal procedures are needed toI guide local leaders and stakeholders in making plans and in their efforts to protect and utilizeenvironment and natural resources. These expressions of environmental values can best be articulatedin an Environmental Code. One advantage of having a provincial environmental code is that this legalinstrument is binding to all present and future leaders of the province. Ideally, each province shouldhave a Provincial Environmental Code, but this is better left to the provincial government and itsconstituents to decide whether they want it or not. Initially, only five strategic provinces will beselected.


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| No. of provinces: 5

Estimated cost per province: PhP 1.5 million

| Total cost for 5 provinces: PhP 7.5 million

8.7.3 Support for the Mindanao Multi-Sectoral Watershed DevelopmentI Committee

The institutions that will be involved to carry on the implementation of APL 2 includes, at least DA-RFUs, PCOs initially, LGUs, DENR, and POs. Other NGAs such as BFAR and DAR will also betapped for specific objectives. For the environment and natural resource management component,some other institutions that should be involved for its successful implementation needs also to be re-enforced. This refers to the various councils and commissions which have been by created by law orPresidential proclamations. Some of them have direct bearing on environment and natural resourcemanagement, but they have not taken off from the start for some reasons. MRDP APL 2 shouldestablish linkages with these councils or commission and find how it can contribute for thestrengthening and capacity building of these institutions.

One of these organizations is the Mindanao Multi-Sectoral Watershed Development Commissionformed recently by the Mindanao Development Council (MEDCO). MRDP shall set aside funds tobeef up the commission's secretariat, support meetings and workshops, and other activities of thecommission.

Objective: To strengthen the capacity of MMWDC to organize various watershedcouncils into functional units

Total Cost: PhP 5.0 rnillion

| Duration: 4 years

8.8 Implementation Schedule

* The schedule for implementing the environmental management plan is shown in Table 15.

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| ~~~~~~~~~~~~MRDP-APL2 Draft Feasibility Study Report Revision 1, Environment, p. 97

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Table 15Implementation Schedule for Environmental Management

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4ACTIVITY Q1Q2 Q3 Q4 Ql Q2 Q3 Q4 Ql Q2 Q3 Q4 Ql Q2 Q3 'Q4

1. EA training for:4 RPCO staff/Region-24 = = = = = = = = == ==_6 EMB Reg. & ARMM

2. EA training for:20 DENR PENROs __

20 Prov. PENROs3. EA training for:

5 DENR PENROs ==_ _ _=_

5 Prov. PENROs _30 MENROs

4. EA training for:40 MENROs

5. EA training for:50 MENROs

6. Drafting and printing of _ _ _ _ _ _environmental code for 5 strategicprovinces7. Support for Mindanao * * _ _ _ mmultisectoral watershed developmentcommittee_ _ ___8. Support for the management _ _ _ _ _ _ _ *committee of 4 ecosystems

9. Agro-ecosystem analysis of 5SAFDZs ______

MRDP-APL2 Draft Feasibilitv Study Report Revision 1, Environment, p. 98

Documents

I I Regional Environmental I Assessment (REA) I - World …documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/966651468294106918/pdf/E14430... · I Regional Environmental I Assessment (REA) I I I