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Lahidrosfera
• WateronEarth• Proper-esofwater(I)• Proper-esofwater(II)• Theimportanceofwaterforlivingthings• Thewatercycle• Usesofwater• Waterpollu-on• Purifica-onofwater• Wastewatertreatment
©OxfordUniversityPressEspaña,S.A. 2
Thehydrosphere
Lahidrosfera
©OxfordUniversityPressEspaña,S.A. 4
ThemassofwaterthatformspartoftheEarth’ssurfaceiscalledthehydrosphere.Thisincludeswaterinallthreestates.
Freshwaterhasaconcentra-onofdissolvedsaltsequalorlessthan0,2gramsofsaltsperlitre.
Freshwatercontainsanaverageof35gramsofsaltsperlitre.
Atmosphericandsurface
water0,4%
Freshwater2,5%
Groundwater30,1%
Permafrost0,8%Glaciars
68,7%
Freshwaterlakes
67,4%
Groundhumidity12,2%
Atmosphere9,5%
Otherwetlands8,5%
Rivers1,6%
Plantsand
animals0,8%
Totalwater100%
Oceans97,5%
TheatmosphereThehydrosphere
Lahidrosfera
©OxfordUniversityPressEspaña,S.A. 6
Waterisamoleculeformedbythecombina-onoftwohydrogenatomsandoneoxygenatom(H2O).
• Pureliquidwaterisacolourless,odourlessandtasteless.
• Atroomtemperature,waterisliquid.However,itcanchangestatewhenitisliquidorsolid.
Thehydrosphere
Lahidrosfera
©OxfordUniversityPressEspaña,S.A. 8
• Thedensityofwaterislowerinasolidstatethanitisinaliquidstate.
• Waterhasaveryhighheatcapacity,whichmeansitisagoodtemperatureregulator.
• Waterisknownastheuniversalsolvent.
• WaterparXcipatesinmanychemicalreacXons.
• Waterdisplaysahighadhesivecapacity.Thischaracteris-cisfundamentalforsomeofitsproper-essuchascapilarity,incompressibilityandsurfacetension.
Glasscapillary
GlassAdhesiveforces
Watermolecules
Pressureexerted
Pressureexerted
Gas
Gas
Liquid
Liquid
Thehydrosphere
Lahidrosfera
©OxfordUniversityPressEspaña,S.A. 10
• Itallowslifeunderice.
• Wateristhemajorcomponentforlivingthings.
• Ittransportsnutrientsforcellsandwastesubstancestoberemovedfromtheorganisms.
• Itdeterminestheclimateofthehabitats.
• Itisemployedbysomelivingthingstoregulatetheirowntemperature.
• Capilarityallowsnutrientstocirculatethroughconduc-vevesselsinplants.
• Thehighadhesivecapacityofwatermoleculesandtheirincompressibilityallowsthemtofunc-onasaskeletonincertainanimals(hydrosta-cskeleton),andmakesplantsturgid(rigid).
Thehydrosphere
Lahidrosfera
©OxfordUniversityPressEspaña,S.A. 12
ThewatercycleisthegroupofprocessesthatallowwatertochangestateandtravelbetweentheatmosphereandtheEarth’ssurfaceinacyclicalmovement.TheenergysourcesthatactasanengineofthiscycleofprocessesaretheSunandtheforceofgravity.
Waterfrommel-ngsnowjoinssurfacewaters.
Waterfromcloudsprecipitatesasrain,hailorsnow.
Inthetroposphere,watervapourcoolsandcondensesforming
clouds.
TheSunheatstheEarth’ssurfaceandevaporatesseawaterandcon-nentalwater.
Surfacewatersformwatersurfacerunoffsthatmovetowardstheseaundertheforceofgravity.
Someofthewaterfromprecipita-oninfiltrates(filters)intotheground,forminggroundwater.
Thehydrosphere
Lahidrosfera
Consequencesofthewatercycle
©OxfordUniversityPressEspaña,S.A. 13
• Thewatercycleandtheatmosphere
-Thepresenceofwaterintheatmosphereisresponsibleforthedifferencesinclimateandprecipita-on.
• Thewatercycleandthegeosphere
-Waterchangesthesurfaceofthecon-nentalcrustbypar-cipa-ngintheshapingofreliefandmodifyinglandscapes.
• Thewatercycleandthebiosphere
-Thebalancethatthewatercyclemaintainsinterrestrialecosystemscanbealteredbyhumanac-on.
Thehydrosphere
Lahidrosfera
©OxfordUniversityPressEspaña,S.A. 15
• Non-consumpXveuse:usedwaterisreturnedtothewatercyclewithoutasignificantaltera-oninitsquality.
• ConsumpXveuse:thewaterweuseisnotreturnedtothewatercycle.
-Industrialuse:itrepresents9%ofthetotalconsump-veuse
inSpain.
-DomesXcuse:itrepresents12%ofthetotaluseinSpain.
-Agriculturaluse:itrepresents79%of
thetotalconsump-veuse.
-RecreaXonalacXviXes
-AcXviXesrelatedtotransport
-Obtainmentofhydroelectric
power
Thehydrosphere
Lahidrosfera
©OxfordUniversityPressEspaña,S.A. 17
WaterpolluXonisthealtera-oninthecomposi-onofwaterthatmakesitinadequateforitsintendeduse.
• SurfacewaterpolluXon
• SeasandoceanspolluXon
-Oilslick-Surfacewaterpollu-onthatdischargesonthem.
- PolluXon from agriculture and livestock farming: the use of herbicides,pes-cidesandfer-lisers.-DomesXcpolluXon:waterpollutedbydomes-cuseiscalledwastewater.-IndustrialpolluXon:pollu-onwithtoxicmetalsorincreasingwatertemperature.
Thehydrosphere
Lahidrosfera
©OxfordUniversityPressEspaña,S.A.19
Drinkingwatertreatmentistheprocessbywhichwateristreatedtomakeitsuitableforhumanconsump-on.
1.Oncewaterisobtained,itpassesthroughgrilles8andfiltersthatremovelargersolidobjects.
2.ThewaterisconductedtosedimentaXontanksforsmallerpar-clestodeposit. 3.FlocculaXonsubstancesareadded
tothewatertojoinitspar-cles.Smallimpuri-esstayatthebo_om.Then,thewaterisfilteredagaintoremoveremainingimpuri-es.
4.Then,thewaterundergoesdisinfecXon,usingultravioletraysorchlorine.Finally,itisstoredintankstobedistributed.
rain
pump
reservoir
pump
filtersedimenta-on
tank
floccula-ontank
mechanicalsepara-ongrille
chlorina-on
watertank
totheconsumer
Thehydrosphere
Lahidrosfera
©OxfordUniversityPressEspaña,S.A. 21
Wastewatertreatmentistheprocessthateliminatestoxicsubstancesandothersubstancesdangeroustotheenvironment.
filter
screeningtank
mud
sedimenta-ontank
air
aera-ontank
biologicalfilters
rotarysprinkler
totheriver
2.InthesedimentaXontanks,thesmallerpar-clesgotothebo_om.Organicma_erandmicroorganismsarealsodeposited,formingsludge.
1.Thefilterandscreeningtankretainthelargermaterialsatthebeginningoftheprocess.
Mudcanbetreatedandthenusedforcompos-ngandfer-lisingpurposes.
3.TheaeraXontankprovidesoxygen,whichisthenusedbyaerobicmicroorganismsinthebiologicalfilters.Thesemicroorganismsdigestorganicma_ercontainedinthewater.
Thehydrosphere