Hydrogen Vehicles

8/3/2019 Hydrogen Vehicles

1/19

green.economical.future

Mayank BatraME - 1508311

NCCE


2/19

Gas prices/Oil Market Oil currently around $80/barrel.

Projections have oil hitting $110/barrel in few years.

Environment

Extraction of fossil fuels cause a lot of pollution.

Burning of fossil fuels contributes a lot towards greenhouse effect.

Need of eco-friendly energy source is the need of the hour.

Moreover supply of fossil fuels is limited. And we are running out of

sources.

Powered by Hydrogen 2


3/19

Uses hydrogen as its onboard fuel for motive power.

Include hydrogen fueled space rockets, as well as automobiles and other

transportation vehicles.

As of now, there are two methods/technologies of using hydrogen as a fuel

in vehicles. These are:

Fuel Cells

Internal Combustion Engines



4/19

Hydrogen does not come as a pre-existing source of energy. First produced and then stored as a carrier, much like a battery.

Hydrogen for vehicle uses needs to be produced using either renewable or

non-renewable energy sources.

The molecular hydrogen needed can be produced by many thermo-

chemical methods like

Coal gasification

Biomass gasification

Thermolysis

Biological hydrogen production

From water by Electrolysis



5/19

Two storage options:

1. Produce the hydrogen on the ground and then store it onboard the

vehicle (the direct hydrogen option)

2. Produce the hydrogen on the vehicle by means of a tiny onboard

hydrogen plant (the onboard fuel processor option)

Hydrogen FCs 2 times as efficient as internal combustion

Internal combustion efficiency 15-25% Hydrogen FCs 50-60%

Estimates that FC Vehicles can achieve equivalent of 80 miles/gallon

gasoline.



6/19

Internal Combustion Hydrogen Engines

Slightly modified form of internal combustion engine

Burns hydrogen, produces pure water exhaust

100% Eco-Friendly

Cheap to produce and maintain

Serious range problems

Low efficiency

Leakage maybe a problem

Still under testing phases



7/19

Above diagram illustrates a Internal Combustion Hydrogen Engine

concept by one of the leading vehicle manufacturer BMW. The

illustration shows an engine similar to the current Internal Combustion

Engines that use Gasoline or Petrol as fuel.


A BMW concept of an Internal

Combustion Engine


8/19Powered by Hydrogen 8

The hydrogen 7 developed by BMW uses hydrogen as a fuel. The car utilizes anInternal combustion engine (discussed in previous slide) that runs on hydrogen.

The car is still in the concept phase and is worked upon. Since the cost of

Manufacturing is still high and we are still looking for a better way to use hydrogen,

Expect some delay before you see this car on road.

Snapshots showing Hydrogen 7


9/19

An old idea whose time has come

Fuel cells invented in 1838 by Swiss scientist Christian Friedrich

Schnbein

Aspects of engines as well as batteries

No pollution emitted

Proton Exchange Membrane FCs ideal for light-duty vehicles, buildings &

much smaller applications

Reliable, old and useful technology. Like an engine, a fuel cell will run as long as fuel (hydrogen) is supplied.

Like a battery, it produces electricity by electrochemical reactions



10/19

Since conversion of the fuel to energy takes place via an electrochemical

process, not combustion, its safe and eco-friendly

It is a clean, quiet and highly efficient process- two to three times moreefficient than fuel burning.

Internal Combustion Engines that run on hydrogen are still undergoing

research phase and we still dont know when the technology will be ready

to be used on a commercial scale.



11/19

It operates similarly to a battery, but it

does not run down nor does it require

recharging

As long as fuel is supplied, a Fuel Cell

will produce both energy and heat


A Fuel Cell consists of twocatalyst coated electrodes

surrounding an electrolyte

One electrode is an anode and

the other is a cathode The process begins when

Hydrogen molecules enter the

anode

The catalyst coating separateshydrogens negatively charged

electrons from the positively

charged protons


12/19Powered by Hydrogen 12

The electrolyte allows the protons to

pass through to the cathode, but not the

electrons

Instead the electrons are directed

through an external circuit which

creates electrical current

While the electrons pass throughthe external circuit, oxygen

molecules pass through the

cathode

There the oxygen and theprotons combine with the

electrons after they have passed

through the external circuit

When the oxygen and theprotons combine with the

electrons it produces water and

heat


13/19


Individual fuel cells can then be placed

in a series to form a fuel cell stack

The stack can be used in a system to

power a vehicle or to provide stationary

power to a building

Fuel cells are similar tobatteries, but designed for

continuous replenishment of

energy via external fuel

Many different types of fuel

cells, most common will likely

be the PEM FC

Hydrogen and oxygen in, watervapor and liquid water out

Typical output is about .8 volts


14/19

This is the leading cell type for

passenger car application

Uses a polymer membrane as the

electrolyte

Operates at a relatively low

temperature, about 175 degrees

Has a high power density, can

vary its output quickly and is

suited for applications wherequick startup is required making

it popular for automobiles

Sensitive to fuel impurities



15/19

In order to produce enough

voltage, cells are grouped into

stacks

A hydrogen fuel cell automobile

would have at least 45 cells in a

stack

Hydrogen is stored and injected

in either liquid or gas form

Many cells, but only output is

still liquid and vapor water



16/19

Most abundant element Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the

Universe, which makes up about 3/4 of all matter

Hydrogen has the highest energy content. Energy content of hydrogen

is the highest per unit of weight of any fuel. Therefore it offers the most

"bang for the buck".

Hydrogen is non-polluting. Along with it's effectiveness as a fuel,

hydrogen is non-polluting. The only byproduct of hydrogen when it burns

is heat and water.

Hydrogen is renewable source of energy. It can be regenerated right

from its combustion by-product.



17/19

Hydrogen is an energy carrier rather than an energy source.While

hydrogen always exists in conjunction with other elements, such as in water, it

must be separated from these elements and is therefore considered an energy

carrier, as opposed to an energy source.

Costly to convert to liquid. Because hydrogen is a gas, it cannot be

compressed into a liquid form without intensive cost and energy input.

Fossil Fuels May be Needed to Produce Hydrogen. By the same token,

other methods to produce hydrogen must use energy to separate the hydrogen

from the oxygen.

The Hydrogen Hazard Stereotype. By its very nature, hydrogen is very

powerful. Who has not heard of the hydrogen bomb?



18/19

We should aggressively pursue hydrogen fuel cell vehicles

There are definite issues, but nothing compared to the economic, political

and environmental issues associated with being wholly dependent on oil.

Large dependency on fossil fuels and rising price of fuel prices is enoughto burn a hole in the countrys pocket.

Countries will need to look beyond the sticker price.



19/19

http://wikipedia.org http://howstuffworks.com

http://fuelcellworks.com

http://planetforlife.com http://fi.edu

http://hydrogencarsnow.com

http://wikipedia.org/http://howstuffworks.com/http://fuelcellworks.com/http://planetforlife.com/http://fi.edu/http://hydrogencarsnow.com/http://hydrogencarsnow.com/http://fi.edu/http://planetforlife.com/http://fuelcellworks.com/http://howstuffworks.com/http://wikipedia.org/

Documents

Hydrogen Vehicles