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HYDROELECTRIC DAMS IN AMAZONIA AS CONTRIBUTORS TO GLOBAL WARMING: THE CONTROVERSY HEATS UP Philip M. Fearnside Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA

HYDROELECTRIC DAMS IN AMAZONIA AS CONTRIBUTORS TO GLOBAL WARMING: THE CONTROVERSY HEATS UP Philip M. Fearnside Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

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Page 1: HYDROELECTRIC DAMS IN AMAZONIA AS CONTRIBUTORS TO GLOBAL WARMING: THE CONTROVERSY HEATS UP Philip M. Fearnside Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

HYDROELECTRIC DAMS IN AMAZONIA AS

CONTRIBUTORS TO GLOBAL WARMING:

THE CONTROVERSY HEATS UP

Philip M. Fearnside

Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA

Page 2: HYDROELECTRIC DAMS IN AMAZONIA AS CONTRIBUTORS TO GLOBAL WARMING: THE CONTROVERSY HEATS UP Philip M. Fearnside Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

“It’s baloney and it’s much overblown ... Methane is produced quite substantially in the rain forest and no one suggests cutting down the rain forest.”Karolyn Wolf, spokesperson for the US National Hydropower Association responding to reports of greenhouse gas emissions from reservoirs, 1995.

Page 3: HYDROELECTRIC DAMS IN AMAZONIA AS CONTRIBUTORS TO GLOBAL WARMING: THE CONTROVERSY HEATS UP Philip M. Fearnside Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

Tucuruí spillway photo

Page 4: HYDROELECTRIC DAMS IN AMAZONIA AS CONTRIBUTORS TO GLOBAL WARMING: THE CONTROVERSY HEATS UP Philip M. Fearnside Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

tuc spillway diagram

Page 5: HYDROELECTRIC DAMS IN AMAZONIA AS CONTRIBUTORS TO GLOBAL WARMING: THE CONTROVERSY HEATS UP Philip M. Fearnside Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

Tuc intake diagram

Page 6: HYDROELECTRIC DAMS IN AMAZONIA AS CONTRIBUTORS TO GLOBAL WARMING: THE CONTROVERSY HEATS UP Philip M. Fearnside Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

Eicchornia

Page 7: HYDROELECTRIC DAMS IN AMAZONIA AS CONTRIBUTORS TO GLOBAL WARMING: THE CONTROVERSY HEATS UP Philip M. Fearnside Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

Ivan Tavares macrophytes

Page 8: HYDROELECTRIC DAMS IN AMAZONIA AS CONTRIBUTORS TO GLOBAL WARMING: THE CONTROVERSY HEATS UP Philip M. Fearnside Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
Page 9: HYDROELECTRIC DAMS IN AMAZONIA AS CONTRIBUTORS TO GLOBAL WARMING: THE CONTROVERSY HEATS UP Philip M. Fearnside Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

Adjusted methane profile

Page 10: HYDROELECTRIC DAMS IN AMAZONIA AS CONTRIBUTORS TO GLOBAL WARMING: THE CONTROVERSY HEATS UP Philip M. Fearnside Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

Methane export from turbines

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Tuc. emiss. by source

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compar with other estimates

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Page 14: HYDROELECTRIC DAMS IN AMAZONIA AS CONTRIBUTORS TO GLOBAL WARMING: THE CONTROVERSY HEATS UP Philip M. Fearnside Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

Human lung

Page 15: HYDROELECTRIC DAMS IN AMAZONIA AS CONTRIBUTORS TO GLOBAL WARMING: THE CONTROVERSY HEATS UP Philip M. Fearnside Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
Page 16: HYDROELECTRIC DAMS IN AMAZONIA AS CONTRIBUTORS TO GLOBAL WARMING: THE CONTROVERSY HEATS UP Philip M. Fearnside Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

islands aereal view

Page 17: HYDROELECTRIC DAMS IN AMAZONIA AS CONTRIBUTORS TO GLOBAL WARMING: THE CONTROVERSY HEATS UP Philip M. Fearnside Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

Aereal view 3

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Page 19: HYDROELECTRIC DAMS IN AMAZONIA AS CONTRIBUTORS TO GLOBAL WARMING: THE CONTROVERSY HEATS UP Philip M. Fearnside Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

Emissão de madeira acima d'água em Balbina

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

Ano

Em

issã

o (

106 t

C e

qu

iv.

CO

2).

Page 20: HYDROELECTRIC DAMS IN AMAZONIA AS CONTRIBUTORS TO GLOBAL WARMING: THE CONTROVERSY HEATS UP Philip M. Fearnside Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

“P. Fearnside ... assume[s], without demonstration, that hydro reservoirs increase dramatically the area of floodplain ecosystems. It is probably true that new floodplain ecosystems are created in the periphery of new reservoirs, but a fair assessment must consider the fact that, prior to impoundment, floodplain ecosystems existed in the area of the reservoirs. These large sources are replaced by deep water in the main portion of the reservoir, dramatically reducing methane emissions. So overall, it is possible that this is a zero-sum issue.” (Gagnon 2002)

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Page 22: HYDROELECTRIC DAMS IN AMAZONIA AS CONTRIBUTORS TO GLOBAL WARMING: THE CONTROVERSY HEATS UP Philip M. Fearnside Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

Hydroelectric dam emissions in Brazilian Amazonia in 1990 (million tons CO2-C equivalent)

Tucurui Balbina Samuel Curuá-Una Total

Percentage of total recurrent emission

Flux source

Recurrent (inventory) emissions

Surface emissions 0.54 0.75 0.08 0.008 1.38 17

Turbine emissions 2.48 0.72 0.24 0.08 3.52 44

Spillway emissions 3.07 0.00 0.04 0.06 3.17 39

Total recurrent emissions 6.09 1.47 0.37 0.14 8.06 100

Page 23: HYDROELECTRIC DAMS IN AMAZONIA AS CONTRIBUTORS TO GLOBAL WARMING: THE CONTROVERSY HEATS UP Philip M. Fearnside Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

Additional components of net impact Tucurui Balbina Samuel

Curuá-Una Total

Forest biomass aerobic decay 2.58 6.43 1.13 0.01 10.15

Pre-dam ecosystem fluxes (a) -0.09 -0.15 -0.02 -0.003 -0.27

Displaced fossil fuels -3.86 -0.34 -0.13 -0.04 -4.38

Net emission 4.71 7.41 1.35 0.11 13.57

Hydro emission as multiple of thermal 2.3 23.5 11.8 3.7 4.2

(a) Pre-dam ecosystem fluxes: CH4 sink in forest soil, N2O source in forest soil, and CH4 source from forest termites.

Page 24: HYDROELECTRIC DAMS IN AMAZONIA AS CONTRIBUTORS TO GLOBAL WARMING: THE CONTROVERSY HEATS UP Philip M. Fearnside Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
Page 25: HYDROELECTRIC DAMS IN AMAZONIA AS CONTRIBUTORS TO GLOBAL WARMING: THE CONTROVERSY HEATS UP Philip M. Fearnside Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

“Nós [o setor de clima do MCT] conversamos com o Prof. Pinguelli [Rosa] e eu pedi ajuda da ELETROBRÁS [sobre o assunto de emissões de gás de efeito estufa de hidrelétricas]; aliás quem coordenou esse trabalho [i.e., a estimativa de emissões de hidrelétricas para o Inventario Nacional] foi a ELETROBRÁS exatamente por causa disso, porque esse assunto estava virando político. Ele tem um impacto muito grande no nível mundial, nós vamos sofrer pressão dos países desenvolvidos por causa desse assunto.

Page 26: HYDROELECTRIC DAMS IN AMAZONIA AS CONTRIBUTORS TO GLOBAL WARMING: THE CONTROVERSY HEATS UP Philip M. Fearnside Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

E esse assunto era pouco conhecido. É maltratado. Ele é maltratado e continua sendo maltratado pelo próprio Philip Fearnside e nós temos que tomar muito cuidado. Esse debate que esta acontecendo agora na imprensa mostra claramente isso, quer dizer, você pega qualquer declaração e leva para um lado para mostrar que o Brasil não é limpo, que o Brasil está se omitindo muito, que o Brasil, implicitamente, no futuro tem que ter compromisso [para reduzir as emissões]. Esse que é o grande debate político e nós estamos nos preparando para isso.” (Brasil, MCT, 2002). http://www.mct.gov.br/clima/brasil/doc/workad.doc

Page 27: HYDROELECTRIC DAMS IN AMAZONIA AS CONTRIBUTORS TO GLOBAL WARMING: THE CONTROVERSY HEATS UP Philip M. Fearnside Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

“It is necessary to avoid ... the lures of the thermo-power and nuclear-power lobbies that are trying to

blame higher emissions on power dams.”

Luiz Pinguelli Rosa, Marco Aurelio dos Santos, Bohdan Matvienko, Ednaldo Oliveira dos Santos &

Elizabeth Sikar (Climatic Change, 2004)

Page 28: HYDROELECTRIC DAMS IN AMAZONIA AS CONTRIBUTORS TO GLOBAL WARMING: THE CONTROVERSY HEATS UP Philip M. Fearnside Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia