HUMN 432XHUMN 432X

Social Issues ProjectSocial Issues Project

Group #4Group #4

NUCLEAR WEAPONSNUCLEAR WEAPONS

Contribution PageContribution Page

MembersMembers– Mark CraigMark Craig– Todd FrenchTodd French– Joe BrunJoe Brun– Ken KiyaiKen Kiyai– Jackie MillerJackie Miller– Mike VasquezMike Vasquez

Table of ContentsTable of Contents

I.I. Statement of PurposeStatement of Purpose

II.II.Contribution PageContribution Page

III. III. HistoryHistory

IV.IV. Identification of Social AspectsIdentification of Social Aspects

V.V. Consequences/Problems/Consequences/Problems/DilemmasDilemmas

VI.VI. Solutions/ResponsibilitiesSolutions/Responsibilities

VII.VII. RecommendationsRecommendations

Statement of PurposeStatement of Purpose

*U.S.-Ultimate Power*U.S.-Ultimate Power

*Strategic Stability*Strategic Stability

*Three Types of Nuclear Weapons*Three Types of Nuclear Weapons

*2500 Nuclear Warheads*2500 Nuclear Warheads

*China*China

*Defense and Deterrence*Defense and Deterrence

HistoryHistory

* The Nuclear age began * The Nuclear age began at the Trinity Test at the Trinity Test Range in Los Alamos, Range in Los Alamos, NM.. 16 July 1945NM.. 16 July 1945

* It exploded with the * It exploded with the force of 18,600 tons of force of 18,600 tons of TNTTNT

* The typical bomber of * The typical bomber of the day only carried 3 the day only carried 3 tons of TNTtons of TNT

How It Works How It Works

* The energy appears as * The energy appears as kinetic energy of the kinetic energy of the fragments, which fragments, which converts to thermal converts to thermal energy as the fragments energy as the fragments collide in matter and collide in matter and slow down. Fission also slow down. Fission also releases two or three releases two or three free neutrons. The free free neutrons. The free neutrons can bombard neutrons can bombard other nuclei, leading to a other nuclei, leading to a series of fissions called a series of fissions called a chain reaction.chain reaction.

Founding Fathers and Founding Fathers and MothersMothers* This technology would not have been * This technology would not have been

possible without the work of many people.possible without the work of many people.

* Pierre and Marie Curie- they discovered * Pierre and Marie Curie- they discovered “radiation”, and discovered the elements “radiation”, and discovered the elements radium and plutonium.radium and plutonium.

* Albert Einstein- His theory special theory * Albert Einstein- His theory special theory of relativity published in 1905 (E=MC2). of relativity published in 1905 (E=MC2). This theory was pivotal to the discoveries This theory was pivotal to the discoveries that would follow.that would follow.

Founding Fathers and Founding Fathers and Mothers Mothers * Earnest Rutherford- His Cavendish * Earnest Rutherford- His Cavendish

laboratory at Cambridge proved Albert laboratory at Cambridge proved Albert Einstein’s theory in 1932.Einstein’s theory in 1932.

* Enrico Fermi- Inadvertently “split” a * Enrico Fermi- Inadvertently “split” a uranium atom by bombarding it with uranium atom by bombarding it with neutrons. He did not fully understand what neutrons. He did not fully understand what he had done. He won the Nobel Prize for he had done. He won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1938.Chemistry in 1938.

* Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman- For * Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman- For “splitting” an atom in 1938. They also won “splitting” an atom in 1938. They also won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry.the Nobel Prize for Chemistry.

How It WorksHow It Works

* Nuclear Weapons work through forcible * Nuclear Weapons work through forcible division of a heavy atomic nucleus into two division of a heavy atomic nucleus into two fragments of roughly equal mass, fragments of roughly equal mass, accompanied by the release of a large accompanied by the release of a large amount of energy, the binding energy of the amount of energy, the binding energy of the subatomic particles. subatomic particles.

* The energy released in the fission of one * The energy released in the fission of one uranium nucleus is about 50 million times uranium nucleus is about 50 million times greater than that released when a carbon greater than that released when a carbon atom combines with oxygen atoms in the atom combines with oxygen atoms in the burning of coal. burning of coal.

The Manhattan ProjectThe Manhattan Project* A project funded by the U.S. government. * A project funded by the U.S. government.

This project operated from a “blank check”. This project operated from a “blank check”. It spent what needed to be spent. Failure It spent what needed to be spent. Failure was not an option.was not an option.

* They collected the best and the brightest * They collected the best and the brightest minds on the subject. This project was minds on the subject. This project was managed by Gen. Groves and Robert managed by Gen. Groves and Robert Oppenheimer. Oppenheimer.

* This project succeeded. It produced two * This project succeeded. It produced two functional bombs (“Fat Man” and “Little functional bombs (“Fat Man” and “Little Boy”), and a test weapon.Boy”), and a test weapon.

The Cold WarThe Cold War* This was not a real war. * This was not a real war.

In part this was due to In part this was due to the truth in a quote the truth in a quote made by Albert made by Albert Einstein, “Einstein, “If World War If World War III is fought with nuclear III is fought with nuclear weapons, World War IV weapons, World War IV will be fought with will be fought with rocks”rocks”. .

* This war was comprised * This war was comprised of a series of small low of a series of small low intensity engagements intensity engagements between the U.S. and between the U.S. and the Soviet Unionthe Soviet Union

The Cold War BreakthroughThe Cold War Breakthrough

* Intense effort was placed on research * Intense effort was placed on research during the Cold War.during the Cold War.

* The research produced a flexible * The research produced a flexible framework that enabled the bomb to be framework that enabled the bomb to be divorced from the method of delivery. divorced from the method of delivery. This made the bomb nothing more than a This made the bomb nothing more than a payload to be delivered.payload to be delivered.

* It enabled a broad spectrum of new * It enabled a broad spectrum of new delivery methods traditional bombers, delivery methods traditional bombers, missiles from submarines, torpedoes from missiles from submarines, torpedoes from any platform, and artillery pieces are all any platform, and artillery pieces are all examples of delivery systemsexamples of delivery systems

The Nuclear FraternityThe Nuclear Fraternity

1. United States1. United States 194519452. USSR (Soviet Union)2. USSR (Soviet Union) 194919493. United Kingdom (Great Britain)3. United Kingdom (Great Britain)

195819584. France4. France 196119615. China5. China 196419646. Israel (suspected)6. Israel (suspected) 196719677. India7. India 198619868. Pakistan8. Pakistan 199819989. North Korea (suspected) 9. North Korea (suspected) 20032003

Other Nuclear Capable Other Nuclear Capable NationsNations

1. Australia1. Australia

2. Germany2. Germany

3. Japan3. Japan

4. Canada4. Canada

5. Netherlands 5. Netherlands

The Trouble SectionThe Trouble Section

Nations Formerly Possessing Nuclear Weapons or Pursuing Nations Formerly Possessing Nuclear Weapons or Pursuing themthem

1. Argentina1. Argentina2. Iran2. Iran3. Brazil3. Brazil4. Iraq4. Iraq5. South Africa5. South Africa6. South Korea6. South Korea7. Sweden7. Sweden8. Switzerland8. Switzerland9. Taiwan9. Taiwan10. Algeria 10. Algeria 11. Libya (current events may remove this nation from this list in the 11. Libya (current events may remove this nation from this list in the

near future)near future)

Identification of Social Identification of Social AspectsAspects

* Political* Political– Nuclear bombs- weapons of war or Nuclear bombs- weapons of war or

peace?peace?

* Religious* Religious– Cult of the bomb?Cult of the bomb?

* Cultural* Cultural– ““nuk’em”nuk’em”

Consequences/Problems/Consequences/Problems/DilemmasDilemmas

* Effects of Nuclear Weapons* Effects of Nuclear Weapons– NUCLEAR WEAPONS CAN PRODUCE NUCLEAR WEAPONS CAN PRODUCE

IMMEDIATE AND DELAYED IMMEDIATE AND DELAYED DESTRUCTIVE EFFECTSDESTRUCTIVE EFFECTS

– THESE EFFECTS CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS:THESE EFFECTS CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS:

A) BLASTA) BLAST

B) THERMAL RADIATIONB) THERMAL RADIATION

C) PROMPT IONIZING C) PROMPT IONIZING

EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR WEAPONSWEAPONS*THESE EFFECTS CAN CAUSE DAMAGE RANGING TIME FRAME *THESE EFFECTS CAN CAUSE DAMAGE RANGING TIME FRAME

VARIES FROM SECONDS TO YEARSVARIES FROM SECONDS TO YEARS

* THE ENERGY RELEASE IN THE 1ST MINUTE IS AS FOLLOWS* THE ENERGY RELEASE IN THE 1ST MINUTE IS AS FOLLOWS* Overview of Immediate Effects* Overview of Immediate Effects* * Low Yield (<100 kt) Low Yield (<100 kt) High Yield (>1 Mt) High Yield (>1 Mt)

Thermal Radiation Thermal Radiation 35% 35% 45%45%Blast Wave Blast Wave 50% 50% 60%60%Ionizing Radiation Ionizing Radiation 5% 5% 5%5%

(80% gamma, 20% neutrons)(80% gamma, 20% neutrons)

ADVERSE EFFECTS- ADVERSE EFFECTS- RADIATIONRADIATION*THE 1ST ADVERSE EFFECT*THE 1ST ADVERSE EFFECT

– EXISTS CLOSE TO THE EXPLOSION (NO EXISTS CLOSE TO THE EXPLOSION (NO SURVIVORS)SURVIVORS)

– 200,000 FATALITIES OF HIROSHIMA AND 200,000 FATALITIES OF HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI WHICH IS ¼ OF THE COMBINED NAGASAKI WHICH IS ¼ OF THE COMBINED POPULATION OF THE TWO CITIESPOPULATION OF THE TWO CITIES

– DAMAGE ON PEOPLE AND BUILDINGS IS DAMAGE ON PEOPLE AND BUILDINGS IS INSTANT INSTANT

– HARM TO THE OZONE LAYERHARM TO THE OZONE LAYER– VERY HIGH TEMPERATURES FROM THE VERY HIGH TEMPERATURES FROM THE

NUCLEAR FIRE NUCLEAR FIRE – BALLS ARE CREATEDBALLS ARE CREATED– CAUSES EXPANSION AND COOLING OF AIRCAUSES EXPANSION AND COOLING OF AIR

ADVERSE EFFECTS- ADVERSE EFFECTS- RADIATIONRADIATION

-LARGE AMOUNT OF NITROGEN OXIDE -LARGE AMOUNT OF NITROGEN OXIDE FROM OXYGEN AND NITROGENFROM OXYGEN AND NITROGEN

-PRODUCES 5,000 TONS OF NITROGEN -PRODUCES 5,000 TONS OF NITROGEN OXIDEOXIDE

-LARGE ATMOSPHERIC EXPLOSIONS -LARGE ATMOSPHERIC EXPLOSIONS COULD SIGNIFICANTLY DESTROY THE COULD SIGNIFICANTLY DESTROY THE OZONE LAYER OZONE LAYER

ADVERSE EFFECTS- THERMAL ADVERSE EFFECTS- THERMAL RADIATIONRADIATION*THERMAL RADIATION AND BLAST ARE *THERMAL RADIATION AND BLAST ARE

CHERACTERISTICS FROM ALL NUCLEAR CHERACTERISTICS FROM ALL NUCLEAR WEAPONS REGADLESS OF TYPE OR WEAPONS REGADLESS OF TYPE OR DESIGNDESIGN

*BLASTS ARE THE 4TH EFFECT OF DAMAGE *BLASTS ARE THE 4TH EFFECT OF DAMAGE AND COMES FROM EXPLOSIVE BLASTSAND COMES FROM EXPLOSIVE BLASTS

*SHOCK WAVES RADIATES OUTWARDS*SHOCK WAVES RADIATES OUTWARDS*CAUSES ARIM WHERE SOME MATERIALS *CAUSES ARIM WHERE SOME MATERIALS

ARE DEPOSITEDARE DEPOSITED*OTHER MATERIALS ARE CARRIED IN THE *OTHER MATERIALS ARE CARRIED IN THE

ATMOSPHERE AND RETURNS TO THE ATMOSPHERE AND RETURNS TO THE EARTH AS RADIOACTIVE.EARTH AS RADIOACTIVE.

ADVERSE EFFECTS- THERMAL ADVERSE EFFECTS- THERMAL RADIATIONRADIATION-35% OF ENERGY FROM NUCLEAR EXPLOSION IS -35% OF ENERGY FROM NUCLEAR EXPLOSION IS

INTENSE AND CAN CAUSE 1ST ,2ND , AND 3RD INTENSE AND CAN CAUSE 1ST ,2ND , AND 3RD DEGREE BURNSDEGREE BURNS

-SPCIALIZED MEDICAL CARE IS NEEDED -SPCIALIZED MEDICAL CARE IS NEEDED IMMEDIATELYIMMEDIATELY

-NOT ENOUGH FACILITIES IN THE WORLD-NOT ENOUGH FACILITIES IN THE WORLD

-USA HAS FACILITIES TO TREAT ONLY 1000 -USA HAS FACILITIES TO TREAT ONLY 1000 -2000 -2000 SEVERE BURNSSEVERE BURNS

-A SINGLE EXPLOSION COULD PRODUCE -A SINGLE EXPLOSION COULD PRODUCE MORE MORE THAN 10,000 SUCH BURNS.THAN 10,000 SUCH BURNS.

ADVERSE EFFECTS- DIRECT RADIATIONADVERSE EFFECTS- DIRECT RADIATION

-OCCURS AT TIME OF EXPLOSION-OCCURS AT TIME OF EXPLOSION

-CAN BE INTENSE BUT LIMITED IN -CAN BE INTENSE BUT LIMITED IN RANGERANGE

-SMALL DOSE OF RADIATION COLD BE -SMALL DOSE OF RADIATION COLD BE LETHAL TO HUMAN HEALTH.LETHAL TO HUMAN HEALTH.

Solutions/ResponsibilitiesSolutions/Responsibilities

* * SolutionsSolutions

* Abolition* Abolition

The act of doing away with or the The act of doing away with or the state of state of

being done away with being done away with

* Non-Proliferation* Non-Proliferation Stopping the increase and/or spread of Stopping the increase and/or spread of

nuclear weapons at rapid rates nuclear weapons at rapid rates

** ResponsibilitiesResponsibilities * Non-Governmental Organizations* Non-Governmental Organizations

**Anti-nuclear organizationsAnti-nuclear organizations PParticipate actively in activities that promote abolitionarticipate actively in activities that promote abolition and non-proliferation and non-proliferation

* Governmental Organizations* Governmental Organizations**Department of EnergyDepartment of Energy*Department of State*Department of State*President of the United States*President of the United States

Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF Treaty) Treaty)

SALT II Treaty SALT II Treaty

* Scientists and Engineers* Scientists and Engineers*Issues of removal, storage, transportation *Issues of removal, storage, transportation

of, and the eventual dismantling, of, and the eventual dismantling, and storage of and storage of nuclear weapons nuclear weapons

RecommendationsRecommendations

Minuteman III ICBM (LGM-30G)

Year Deployed: 1970Dimensions: 18.2 meters length, 1.85 meters diameter

Weight: 34,467 kilogramsPropulsion: Three stage solid-fuel (liquid PBV), hot launch

Throw-weight: 1,150 kilogramsRange: 13,000 kilometers

Land Based weapons

Sea Based WeaponsSea Based Weapons

Year Deployed: 1981Displacement: 16,600 tons surfaced, 18,750 tons divedDimensions: 170.7 meters length, 12.8 meters diameter, 11.1 meters draftPropulsion: Nuclear, S8G reactor, 2 turbines, 1 shaftSpeed: 20+ knots divedMissiles: 24 Trident II D-5 SLBMs (last 10 boats), or 24 Trident I C-4 SLBM (first eight boats)Locations: Bangor, Washington - 8, King's Bay, Georgia - 9Number Deployed: 17 submarines (14 planned)[1]

Air Based Weapons Air Based Weapons

B-2A "Spirit" B-1B "Lancer"B-52H "Stratofortress"

Date Deployed 1993 1985 1955

Prime contractor Northrop Grumman Rockwell Boeing

Cost per aircraft $2.2 billion $200 million $74 million

Number in inventory

21 95 85 (+9 reserve)

Weapons payload 40,000 pounds 72,000 pounds + 70,000 pounds

JDAM payload 16 24 12

Speed high subsonic (est. 600 mph)

900 mph (mach 1.2)

650 mph (mach .86)

Crew 2 4 5

Final Recommendations Final Recommendations

*Abolition is not a real possibility *Abolition is not a real possibility

*Non-proliferation has had limited *Non-proliferation has had limited successsuccess

*All countries need to be responsible *All countries need to be responsible with their nuclear ability with their nuclear ability

*The U.S. nuclear stockpile is still the *The U.S. nuclear stockpile is still the primary deterrent to aggressionprimary deterrent to aggression

The End