HPr 06 Spanish

8/10/2019 HPr 06 Spanish

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6. Spanish

6.0. e Spanish accents that will be dealt with are the neutralIberian and the(central-southern)Americanversions.ere are really very few dierences in neu-tral pronunciation; therefore a diaphonemic transcription is not necessary (where-as for Portuguese and English it is); the American variant simply has two pho-nemes less: /, L/, which become /s, J/.e former two symbols, however, are useddiaphonemically, as they distinguish the two accents.

Requiring informative symbols, to recall this phenomenon more clearly, one

could resort to /,L/, or if inclined to a more international type of transcriptionto /s,J/. On the other hand, again, to help foreigners, it is worth indicating thephonemes /b, d, g/with /b, , g/, in contexts where they are realized as (B, , ).Placing /B, , / (as seen in some text-books and dictionaries with transcriptions)is no good usage at all: because they are not phonemes, and because in the inflec-tion of lemmata things do not remain constant.

Although, even for Spanish, the number of speakers with American accents isdecidedly more consistent than for the Iberian ones, we prefer to consider the lat-ter primary, because it is closer to the written word; therefore it is more advis-able, for teaching purposes too, also for more coherent spelling, which, on the oth-

er hand, is a safer guide to pronunciation.Obviously, even the American accent has many internal variants, which we here

consider to be non-neutral, even if, they are often more widespread than neutralpronunciation, which (as happens in every language) is decidedly minimal.

Generally, these variants are not stigmatized in the way easily localized pronun-ciations are, nor do they have negative connotations, as each nation has its ownnational accent as well as regional variants. A more in-depth study of Spanishpronunciation will give the macro-koins (at least seven for America), to be consid-ered neutral, as well as more specific, regional variants.

On the other hand, the non-neutral characteristics of Spanish are shared by mostHispanic American nations, and in Europe as well, so as to make the non-neutralaccents more alike, even if they remain recognizable. For this reason, regardingSpanish, other accents will not be presented, other than the two neutral ones (asdone, instead for German, which has more distinct accents, above all in Switzer-land and Austria).

However, recordings are being collected for a systematic description of the actu-al Spanish accents. In the meantime, the phonosynthesis of eastern Andalusian can

be seen (in 17.9 ofNPT/HPh).


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6. spanish 231

Vowels

6.1.1.1. Spanish has only five vowel phonemes realized as shown in the first vo-cogram in 6.1 (i ', e a ', o u) /i, e, a, o, u/. For e, o in the neutral Iberian--American accent, in stressed syllables, (, ) are normal, but, in unstressed sylla-

bles, we find (e, o).We therefore have examples such as: ('i)i ('si)a /'si/s ('kRi;i)i (-sis)a /'kRisis/

cr ('mil) /'mil/ mil (eR'nR)i (s-)a /eR'neR/ cerner (pa'pl) /pa'pel/papel ('tjR-r:a) /'tjeRr:a/ tierra ('i)i ('sis)a /'seis/se ('r:to)i ('r:s-)a /'r:esto/ rto ('t;Xa)i(-xa)a /'texa/ teja (de'XaR)i (-x-)a /e'xaR/dejar ('jmpRe)i ('s-)a /'sjempRe/siempre(a'tnto) /a'tento/atento (u't)i (us-)a /us'te/ted ('p)i (-s)a /'pe/pez ('dfi-e)i (-z-)a /'ese/dde ('k;o)i (-so)a /'keso/ o

And: ('p;Co) /'peco/pe>o (kom'pR) /kom'pRe/ compr ('anda) /'anda/anda

(pa'ta;ta) /pa'tata/patata ('gRr:a) /'goRr:a/gorra ('i) /'oi/hoy ('r:;a)i (-sa)a /'r:o-sa/ rosa (';Xa)i (-xa)a /'oxa/hoja (mo'XaR)i (-x-)a /mo'xaR/ mojar (fa'BR) /fa'boR/favor ('l)i ('s-)a /'sol/sol (r:a'n)i (-s-)a /r:a'on/ razn ('glpe) /'golpe/golpe('p;Lo)i (-,o)a /'poLo/poo (La'm)i (,a-)a /La'mo/ am (de'k;Ro) /e'koRo/deco-ro ('tu;Bo) /'tubo/ tuvo (r:u'mR) /r:u'moR/ rumor

6.1.1.2. More sophisticated descriptions, as those by Navarro Toms, are, inactual fact, excessive; indeed, even acoustic data (which, often indicate dierencesnot heard by the human ear {not even natives'}), generally agree that there are on-ly five realizations. In the pre-phonemic time, Navarro Toms represented the

stressed and unstressed vocoids with dierent symbols, including gradations de-pendent on their position in a checked or unchecked syllable, or because of con-textual influences, leading back to only five elements. Normally, however, the hy-per-dierentiated gradations come under the stressed ((i, , a, , u)) and unstressed((i, e, a, o, u)) phones ( 6.1 again).

6.1. Spanish vowels (see text for the second vocogram).

Resorting to special symbols ( 8.12 ofNPT/HPh), which indicate the inter-mediate gradations between our fundamental vocoids, however, we could useful-ly profit from some important indications, not only with reference to the second

vocogram given (for which they would be undoubtedly more useful), but also for(i, u) ((I, u)) and for (a@, a# a) ((a, q )) (as it would be excessive to use (I, U ,A ), and, for those which follow, (e, E o, O)).

For the articulation of e, o, stressed in pronunciation, there is considerable varia-

/o/ (){((o, O))}

/u/ (u){((u))}

/e/ (){((e, E))}

/a/ (a){((a, q ))}

/i/ (i){((I))}

/i/ (i) /u/ (u)

/o/(, , o)

/a/ (a)

/e/(, , e)

/we/ (w,w,w, j, we,w, w, j+, +)


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232 a handbook of pronunciation

tion (for speakers words; the second vocogram of 6.1); indeed, sometimes(E O) ((E, O)) can be found, especially in checked syllables, or in the /ei, oi r:e, r:oex, ox/ sequences; or, (/e) ((e)), (/o) ((o)), above all in unchecked syllables; and

also for /e/ in checked syllables in /m, n d , s/. However, it is not necessary topoint these out, as their regular timbre, in a stressed position, (, ), is normal andsafe, used by real natives (despite the variations). In unstressed syllables, in thesame contexts, instead of ((E, O)), we obviously find (, ).

For the sake of curiosity, and only here, we give some adapted cases which arepertinent to the aforementioned examples: ((R'nER)) /eR'neR/ cerner ((pa'pEl)) /pa-'pel/papel (('tjERr:a)) /'tjeRr:a/ tierra (('Ei))i (('sEis))a /'seis/se (('r:Eto))i (('r:Es-))a /'r:es-to/ rto (('tE;Xa))i (-xa)a /'texa/ teja ((d'XaR))i (-x-)a /e'xaR/dejar (('jempRe))i ('s-)a/'sjempRe/siempre ((a'tento)) /a'tento/atento ((u'te[]))i (us-)a /us'te/ted (('pe))i(-s)a /'pe/pez (('defie))i (-z-)a /'ese/dde (('ke;o))i (-so)a /'keso/o

And: (('pe;Co)) /'peco/pe>o ((kOm'pRe)) /kom'pRe/ compr (('gORr:a)) /'goRr:a/gor-ra (('Oi)) /'oi/hoy (('r:O;a))i (-sa)a /'r:osa/ rosa (('O;Xa))i (-xa)a /'oxa/hoja (m'XaR)i(-x-)a /mo'xaR/ mojar ((fa'BOR)) /fa'boR/favor (('Ol))i ('s-)a /'sol/sol ((r:a'On))i (-s-)a/r:a'on/ razn (('gOlpe)) /'golpe/golpe (('po;Lo))i (-,o)a /'poLo/poo ((La'mo))i (,a-)a/La'mo/ am ((de'ko;Ro)) /e'koRo/decoro ((r:u'mOR)) /r:u'moR/ rumor

Also for /i, a, u/: ((en'tIR)) (en'tiR)i (s-)a /sen'tiR/sentir, ((&aI'naR)) (&ai'naR)i (-s-)a/asig'naR/ignar, (('I;Xo)) ('i;Xo)i (-xo)a /'ixo/hijo, (('mIRr:)) ('miRr:a) /'miRr:a/ mirra,(('r:I;ko)) ('r:i;ko) /'r:iko/ rico; (('ka;N)) ('ka;Na) /'kaNa/ caa, (('ma;Co)) ('ma;Co) /'ma-co/ ma>o, (('ma;,o)) ('ma;,o) /'maJo/ mayo, (('ka;Le)) ('ka;Le)i (-,e)a /'kaLe/ cae, (('bai-le)) ('baile) /'baile/ baile; (('qlto)) ('alto) /'alto/alto, (('mq;X)) ('ma;Xa)i (-xa)a /'maxa/

maja, ((kq'XOn)) (ka'Xn) /ka'xon/ cajn, (('kqu)) ('kaua)i (-sa)a /'kausa/ ca a, ((q-'un)) (a'un) /a'un/an, ((bIl'Bqo)) (bil'Bao) /bil'bao/Bilbao, ((q'O;R)) (a';Ra) /a'oRa/a-hora; (('tuRko)) ('tuRko) /'tuRko/ turco, (('Xunt)) ('Xunta)i ('x-)a /'xunta/junta, (('lu;Xo))('lu;Xo)i (-xo)a /'luxo/ lujo, ((tuR'r:On)) (tuR'r:n) /tuR'r:on/ turrn, ((r:u'mOR)) (r:u'mR)/r:u'moR/ rumor.

6.1.1.3. After /'i, 'u/, /e|, o|/ remain (e, o), even if at times we can find (, )(in neutral pronunciation too): (fe'li;e)i (-ses)a /fe'lies/felic ('r:i;ko) /'r:iko/ ri-co Even in an unstressed syllable, above all next to /x, r:/, we can have the (, )timbres, but, for neutral pronunciation, (e, o) are regular and adequate: (&Xela'ti;-

na)i (&x-)a /xela'tina/gelatina (koR'r:o) /koR'r:eo/ correo.We also indicate a pronunciation which can be heard, above all in words of fre-

quent usage, in not slow speech, the sequence /we/ can be pronounced (w) (real-izing a front-central vocoid); whereas in faster or less controlled speech, the se-quence can be reduced to a single vocoid ( a central rounded ()), through pro-gressive shifts: ('pw;Blo, 'pw;- 'pw;- 'pj;- 'p;-) /'pweblo/pueblo ('nw;Be, 'nw;-'nw;- 'nj;- 'n;-) /'nwebe/ nueve (&ata'lw;o, -w;- -w;- -j;- -;-)i (&as-)a /asta-'lwego/hta luego (kwe'tjn, -w- -w- -j+- -+-)i (-s-)a /kwes'tjon/ cuestin. How-ever, it is not appropriate to actively adopt this particular kind of pronunciation(which is shown in the central part of the second vocogram in 6.1).


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6. spanish 233

Diphthongs

6.1.2.1. e various possible diphthongs are biphonemic, with phonetic reali-zations corresponding to those of monophthongs, joined together (as in Italian):('li) /'lei/ ley (pei'na;o) /pei'nao/peinado ('io) /'oigo/ oigo (&boiko'to) /boi-ko'teo/ boicoteo ('baile) /'baile/ baile ('aula) /'aula/aula (au'a)i (-s)a /au'a/au-daz ('dua) /'eua/deuda (eu'X;njo)i (-x-)a /eu'xenjo/ Eugenio ('bu) /'bou/bou including (di'Ria) /i'Ria/dira (na'Bio)i (-s)a /na'bios/ navos (&konti'nuo)/konti'nuo/ contino

As far as diphthongs are concerned, we must be absolutely resolute because(strange though it may seem, in the third millennium), there are deep-rooted in-correct convictions, dragged through centuries, which are particularly valuedeven by Hispanic phoneticians. A look at how things really are, would ( could)

be easy, by simply considering what is phonetic, exclusively in phonetic terms.Instead, the range of mixtures of omnipresent (and interfering) spelling andgrammatical (not to speak of metrical and diachronic) considerations, still loom,resulting merely in the creation of chaos of a subject which sets itself apart in beingclear and objective.

6.1.2.2. As said, Hispanic literature (not that it is alone unfortunately!) dedi-cates too much eort in complicating what is quite simple. Indeed, instead ofthree very common structures, real diphthongs ((', &, )),hiatuses ((',&)), andheterophonic sequences ((0), such as, (j), (w), and the like), they con-

tinue to consider only two of them: diphthongs (with fusion: syneresis) andhiatuses (with separation: dieresis) but with strained interpretations of medie-val origin, of a graphic-grammatical and graphic-metrical nature.

Indeed (unless one is a magician and can do phonetics based on graphic-gram-matical categories), in phonetic terms, it is absurd to speak about diphthongs inthe case of (j, w) (('bjn) /'bjen/ bien ('gwa;pa) /'gwapa/%apa].

As a matter of fact, only (i, u) (('aiRe) /'aiRe/aire ('kaua)i (-sa)a /'kausa/ca a] are real diphthongs, as any (', &, ) sequences are (('auto) /'auto/au-to (&auto'Bu)i (-s)a /auto'bus/autobs (au'tntiko) /au'tentiko/autntico] and itis just as absurd to speak of hiatuses for ('i, 'u), given that only (i', u') are re-

al hiatuses, as any other (',&) sequence ((pa'i)i (-s)a /pa'is/pas] compared to(pai'a;no)i (-s-)a /pai'sano/paano a real diphthong. One can, therefore, not trustliterature that only uses two categories ( diphthong and hiatus) and, what ismore, who dangerously mix them, so as to include heterophonic sequences indiphthong, and the real diphthong in hiatus

Obviously, (real) triphthongs are sequences of three vocoids ('), with promi-nence on the first element (certainly not (','), nor even ('j, 'w), or(j,w)), which, instead, occur in ('bwi) /'bwei/ buey (&paRa'wai) /paRa'gwai/Para%ay


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Consonants

6.2.0. 6.2 gives the consonant articulations, of the two neutral accents, whichare necessary for satisfactory Spanish pronunciation.

Instead, 1.9-15, give orograms, grouped by manners of articulation of all thecontoids given in the chapters of this volume, even as secondary, occasional or re-gional variants of the 12 languages dealt with.

6.2. Table of Spanish consonants.

Nasals

6.2.1.1. ere are three nasal phonemes, /m, n, N/, with various taxophones for/n/ (m, M, n, ~, N, , , ,) ( 1.9.1-2; () is semi-provelar without full contact; wecould add dental (()),before /t, d /, for which, however, (n) is sucient; below,

we add five more taxophones, (N, M, , M, ), for nasal heterorganic sequences):('ma;no) /'mano/ mano ('ni;No) /'niNo/ nio (um'pRr:o) /um'peRr:o/ un perro (im-'bjRno) /im'bjeRno/ invierno (iM'fjl) /in'fjel/ infiel (&konten'dR) ((-te-)) /konten-'deR/ contender (kon'to) ((-'-))i (-s-) ((-'s-))a /kon'ebto/ concepto (kon';Xo)i(-s;xo) ((-'s-))a /kon'sexo/ consejo ('nr:a) /'onr:a/honra ('a~Co) ((-nC-)) /'anco/an->o ('kNuXe)i (-xe)a /'konJuxe/ cnyuge (uN'uke) /un'Junke/ un yune (&koN-Le'BaR)i (-N-, -NJ-)a /konLe'baR/ conevar (u'w;Bo) /un'webo/ un huevo ('bako)/'banko/ banco ('tgo) /'tengo/ tengo ('fRa,Xa)i (-xa)a /'fRanxa/franjae articulation of /N/ is palatal, as in Italian, but short (not self-geminant, as in

neutral Italian; even if, at times, it can geminate a little (NN), after a stressed Vwhich is then short): ('ba;No 'baNNo) /'baNo/ bao (Italian ('baN:No) /'baNNo/ ba-gno]

As for /nw/, even with the prefixes cons-, ins-, trans-, the most normal and suit-able articulation is with (): (&kotRu'jn)i (-stRu'sj-)a /konstRug'jon/ construc-cin (i'tante)i (-s-)a /ins'tante/ instante (&tRafoR'maR)i (-s-)a /tRansfoR'maR/ trans-

formar obviously forms such as (&iRku'tanja)i (&siRkus'tansja)a /iRkuns'tan-ja/ circunstancia are included in this case.For the first elements of /mn, nm/ sequences, we find some further taxophones,

m (M) n (~) N () (,)ip b t d k gC {} ()

f i()i /J/|(,) xa() (X)isa(z)a ()i(fi)i ()

(B) () j|() w|(j)R|r:l Li()

bilabial

labiodental

dental

alveolar

postalveo-

palatal

palatal

velar

(F)

prevelar

uvular

velarround.

F_

(n)

(l)

+ (N, M, M, , )text


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6. spanish 235

withdouble articulations ((N), alveolarbilabial, in a more precise pronunciationstyle, whereas a performance corresponing to the phonemic structure would soundextremely pedantic, "&), or with coarticulations ((M, ), respectively alveolarized

bilabial and labialized alveolar) or withsemi-articulations ((M, )), in a more spon-taneous and less controlled kind of pronunciation ( 1.9.1-2): ('iNno, 'iMno, 'iMno'imno) /'imno/himno (koN'mi;o, koM-, ko-, ko- kon-) /kon'migo/ conmigo

For /n/, neutral pronunciation gives (n), even if the velar realization, which re-mains non-neutral, is very common, above all in America; for word-final written-m, we can also find (N, M,M,, ) (the labialized taxophones are due to the spell-ing), even if (n) is neutral and considered more traditional (probably because ofthe spelling): (a'jn)i (-sj-)a /ag'jon/accin ('alBun, -uN, -uM, -uM, -u, -u)/'albun/lbum It is important to note that before, a pause, the vibrations of the

vocal folds stop at the same time as the oset of the tip of the tongue from the alve-

olar ridge (therefore, something like (-n, -n

, -nO) is not at all acceptable).

Stops

6.2.2.1. Spanish has three diphonic pairs of stops, (p, b t, d k, g) /p, b t, d k,g/: ('pa;o)i (-so)a /'paso/po ('b;o)i (-so)a /'beso/ bo (um'b;o)i (-so)a /um'be-so/ un bo (tu'to) /tu'teo/ tuteo (do'lR) /o'loR/dolor (&kondo'lR) /kondo'loR/con dolor ('kaldo) /'kaldo/ caldo ('k;Ce) /'koce/ co>e (go'Ri;la) /go'Rila/gorila(&ugo'Ri;la) /ungo'Rila/ un gorila

However, the voiced stops, are realized as such only after a pause, after a nasal,and in the (homorganic) sequence /ld/, as the previous examples demonstrate. Asa matter of fact, in all other contexts, the normal realization is approximant, (B,) /b, d/, or constrictive, () /g/ (unless one speaks slowly, with precision or empha-sis): ('l;Bo) /'lobo/ lobo (e&ta'Bjn)i (es-)a /es'ta 'bjen/ t bien ('bRBo) /'beRbo/verbo ('alBa) /'alba/alba ('p;BRe) /'pobRe/pobre (&ao'lu;to)i (-s-)a /abso'luto/ab-soluto (u'Bli;me)i (s-)a /su'blime/sublime (&uB-le'BaR)i (&s-)a /sub-le'baR/sublevar(in this example, the prefix still sounds as if it is separate), (o'taR) /ob'taR/ optar(both b and v are always /b/ (b, B): Spanish does not have /v/).

More examples: ('t;o) /'too/ todo (peR'R) /peR'eR/perder ('ma;Re) /ma'Re/

madre ('dfie)i (-z-)a /'ese/dde (lofi';o)i (loz';os)a /los'eos/ los dedos(&ami'RaR) /ami'RaR/admirar (a'mfeRa)i (-s-)a /a'mosfeRa/atmsfera (&aXe'ti;-Bo)i (&axe-)a /axe'tibo/adjetivo ('i;o) /'igo/higo (la'Rr:a) /la'geRr:a/ la%erra('a;wa) /'agwa/a%a (el'lpe) /el'golpe/ el golpe ('kaRo) /'kaRgo/ cargo ('i;lo)i('s-)a /'si-glo/siglo ('dino, 'dino) /'ig-no/digno ('tnika, -n-) /'tegnika/ tcnica(for /gn, kn/, (-n-) is also possible), (a'tR) /ag'toR/actor (&dijo'a;Rjo)i (-s-)a/igjo'naRjo/diccionario

Before a front Vand /j/, /k, g, g/ realize as prevelar, by normal assimilation, butit is not necessary to systematically use the special symbols ((, ,)): (ki'taR) /ki-'tar/itar ('kj;Ro) /'kjeRo/iero ('gia) /'gia/%a ('a;ila) /'agila/%ila In a trueintervocalic position, we currently have a semi-constrictive articulation, ((y)) (and((g))): ('a;o) (('a;yo)) /'ago/hago (and ('a;ila) ((-gi-)) /'agila/%ila]


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6.2.2.2. In word-final position, () // is weak ( articulated with less tension,((d)), as well as devoiced, ((D)), unless it is followed by voiced phones): (')i ('s-)a/'se/sed (a'Bla) /a'bla/hablad often it drops in: (u't[])i (us-)a /us'te[]/ted

(ma'Ri[]) /ma'Ri[]/Madrid, and in nouns with // (not monosyllabic nouns):(beR'a[]) /beR'a/ verdad (biR'tu[]) /biR'tu/ virtudFurthermore, in the masculine ending -ado(s) the articulation is just as attenuat-

ed (up to (`), zero, in familiar pronunciation, above all the Iberian one, but notsystematically; generally, in American pronunciation, the drop is considered to benon-neutral): (Le'a[;]o)i (,e'a;o)a /Le'gao/ egado (ol'da[;]o)i (sol'da;os)a/sol'daos/soldados

As seen, before a voiceless C (or before a possible pause), /b, , g/ are devoiced:(o'taR, &aXe'ti;Bo, a'tR) (from the previous section). Due to an excessive influ-ence of writing, above all in the American accent, some articulate /b, , g/ as (p,

b t, d k, g) (with voicing in relation to the spelling), before heterosyllabic C(which, instead, represent a completely normal neutralization): (o'taR, op-),(&uB-le'BaR, -b-)i (&s-)a, (&ami'RaR, &ad-), (a'mfeRa, at-)i (-s-)a, (&aXe'ti;Bo, &ad-)i(-xe-)a ('dino, 'dig-), (a'tR, ak-).

Again, for the same reason, with a further (and more serious) removal from thereal phonic structure, due to improper spelling influence (or because of regionalaccents, from Valencia, (v), and from Paraguay, (V)), especially in American pro-nunciation, some introduce the /v/ phoneme in Spanish, which has not existedfor centuries: (&embi'aR &eMvi'aR) /embi'aR/ enviar

It is evident that the use we make of /b, , g/ is notdiaphonemic, as the two ac-

cents substantially coincide; it is moreover, interphonemic, because it is supposedto show where their realization is not a stop, to help foreigners use it correctly,

without strained deductions (and, often, incorrect and therefore, the source ofendless problems).

Stopstrictives

6.2.3. ere is only one stopstrictive phoneme, voiceless postalveo-palatal, (C)/c/ (which, compared to postalveo-palatal protruded (c) /c/, of English or neutral

Italian does not have labial protrusion: ('l;Ce) /'lece/ le>e (mu'Ca;Co) /mu'caco/mu>a>o (&CaCa'Ca) /caca'ca/>a->a->e regional change from /c/ to () istypically Andalusian and Caribbean.

Phonetically, there is another palatal stopstrictive, (), which is voiced, and real-izes the constrictive phoneme /J/, which only occurs after a pause or after /n, l/:([koN]'Rr:o) /[kon]'JeRr:o/ (con] hierro (&iN'jn)i (-sjn)a /inJeg'jon/ inyec-cin ([eL]'uke) /[el]'Junke/ (el) yune Often, in familiar (and neutral) pronun-ciation, after pauses, we also find (J) (real constrictive) or a semi-stopstrictive, (W),or even a stop-semi-strictive, (): ('JRr:o, 'Juke 'W-, '-); the same can occur, inthe order (,, W, J), after /n, l/: (koN'Rr:o, koN'-, koN'W-, koN'J-), (&iN'jn,&iN-, &iNW-, &iNJ-)i (-sjn)a, (eL'uke, eL'Ju-).


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6. spanish 237

Constrictives

6.2.4.1. ere are five constrictive phonemes; four are voiceless: (f) /f/, (i, sa)//, (i, sa) /s/ and (Xi, xa) /x/; whereas (,) /J/ is voiced (palatal) and, if the truth betold, only semi-constrictives, as it is half-way between an approximant, (j), and thereal constrictive ((J); but rarer in various languages).

(f) /f/ does not pose any problems, even if, often, American and Iberian speak-ers realize it as a bilabial (constrictive, (), or approximant, (F)): ([&uM]fa'BR[&um]a- [&um]Fa-) /[un]fa'boR/ (un) favor

6.2.4.2. e others need further explanations. Indeed, () //i is neutral onlyin the Iberian accent, whereas in the American accent it becomes /s/: (a'pa;to)i(sa-)a /a'pato/zapato ('j;lo)i ('sj-)a /'jelo/ cielo ('di;e)i (-se)a /'ie/dice ('lu)i

('lus)a /'lu/ luz Starting from an American, or international type of transcription,it could be more appropriate to use the diaphoneme /s/: /sa'pato, 'sjelo, 'ise, 'lus/.Before voiced C the articulation becomes voiced: (Xu'aR)i (xuz'aR)a /xu'gaR/juzgar ('lu o'Ra;a)i ('luz)a /'lu o'Raa/ luz dorada naturally before sonants, inthe American accent, (s) is preferred (as for /s/; the following section): ('djmo)i(-smo)a /'jemo/diezmo

6.2.4.3. For /s/ the place of articulation changes, from one accent to another,as /s/ is (apico-)alveolar in Iberian Spanish, ()i, but, (lamino-)dental in AmericanSpanish, (s)a: (e'ta;o)i (es'ta;os)a /es'taos/ tados ('l)i ('s-)a /'sol/sol ('pi;o)i

(-so)a /'piso/po (After a stressed V as well as the normal and more appropriate(';)i (';s)a, one can also have (')i ('ss)a: ('pio)i ('pisso)a.) Before voiceddiphonic heterosyllabic C (/b, d, g/), /s/becomes voiced, (fi)i (z)a: (lofi'BuRr:o)i(loz'BuRr:os)a /los'buRr:os/ los burros ('dfie)i ('dze)a /'ese/dde (difi'uto)i(-z'us-)a /is'gusto/dg to In the /st, s/ sequences, in neutral Iberian pronunci-ation, (, fi) remain, as can be seen in the given examples; only the denti-alveolararticulation (dental with a raised tip, ((s, z))) is possible, while it is necessary in the(still Iberian) pronunciation of the sequence /s/: (es';na) /es'ena/ cena (whichin American pronunciation is (e's;na) /e'sena/, from //es'sena//).

However, before heterosyllabic non-diphonic C (/m, n, N J w l, L/; for /s/ + /r:/,

see the end of this section), the behavior pattern is dierent, even if complementa-ry: in the Iberian accent voicing prevails, (fi, , ); whereas in the American accent

voicelessness prevails, (s, , z) (even if we transcribe only the first realization foreach accent): ('mifimo)i (-s-)a /'mismo/ mmo ('ifila)i (-s-)a /'isla/ la (lofi'w;o)i(-s'w;sos, -'sw-)a /los'wesos/ los huos ('d ',Rr:o)i ('d)a /'os 'JeRr:os/dos hierrose last example shows the normal articulation of the postalveo-palatal kind, ()i()a, before /J/, as also before /L, N/: (la'Lu;Bja)i (la',u;Bjas)a /las'Lubjas/ l uvi(lo'N;No)i (lo-, -os)a /los'NoNos/ los oos.

If the voiced C that follow are tautosyllabic (when they are part of the samesyllable), /s/ remains voiceless, as even before V /s/ (being initial in the phono-

-syllable): ('jta)i ('sjs-)a /'sjesta/sita ('w;lo)i ('s-)a /'swelo/suelo (&loa'mi;o)i(-sa'mi;os)a /losa'migos/ los amigos (&mieR'ma;no)i (-seR'ma;nos)a /miseR'manos/


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mhermanos (In the Catalan pronunciation of Spanish, instead, it is voiced, asin the Catalan language: (&lofia'mi;o, &mifieR'ma;no).)

For /sr:/ (also /sr:/) the most normal articulations are (r:, Rr:, r:, r:, :, R:)(however, we only transcribe (r:), but /sr:/, even if its actual pronunciation with(i, sa) is decidedly excessive, as if spoken by a foreigner {both non-Hispanic andHispanic}): (la'r:w;a)i (-s)a /las'r:weas/ l rued (&ir:a'l) /isr:a'el/Israel

In the phonemic transcription, we use /s/, since, when speaking in a slow or em-phatic manner, for (fii, za), the actual pronunciation can undoubtedly be voicelesseven in Iberian pronunciation.

6.2.4.4. e criterion adopted here, only considers two kinds of neutral pro-nunciation; however, while describing the pronunciations of each single nation,

we will inevitably broaden our criteria so as to adequately include the characteris-

tics of every single country (though, with all the non-neutral variants, whichobviously each area presents). erefore, let us mention a non-neutral variant, for(American, Canary, and Andalusian Spanish) /s/, a very weak laryngeal approxi-mant ((h), voiceless; and (H), voiced before voiced phones), which is generallyfound together with what is traditionally (but incorrectly), defined as aspirate(d)/s/ (which, from a strictly phonetic point of view would mean (sh), as (th)), be-fore a pause, or a C or even before a V It is realized as if it were /h/. For exam-ple: (lah'kwhtah) /las'kwestas/ l cut ('dHe) /'ese/dde ('ihlah, 'iH-) /'is-las/ l (&loha'mi;oh) /losa'migos/ los amigos (in neutral pronunciation: (la'kw-ta)i (las'kwstas)a, ('dfie)i (-z-)a, ('ifila)i ('islas)a, (&loa'mi;o)i (-sa'mi;os)a]

Such pronunciation can even get to transform (h, H) into (`), zero.

6.2.4.5. Again, referring to non-neutral pronunciation, there can also be col-orings of (h) (voiceless), depending on the timbre of the preceding vowel. isoften happens, inArgentinian Spanish (where the phenomenon is normally heard;and, only in more formal conversation, can one avoid it; but, before a pause, it isconsidered very uneducated and, thus, more carefully avoided): ('lita) (palatal)/'lista/ lta ('kwhta) (laryngeal) /'kwesta/ cuta ('pata) (velar) /'pasta/pta('tta) (laryngeal rounded) /'tosta/ tosta ('guWta) (velar rounded) /'gusta/%sta('iHla, 'dHe, 'aHma, 'Hmosis, tuH'jntes) /'isla, 'ese, 'asma, 'osmosis, tus'jen-

tes/ la ddema smos t dient In neutral pronunciation we have: ('lita,'kwta, 'pata, 'tta, 'guta)i (-s-)a and ('ifila, 'dfie, 'afima, 'fimoi, tufi'jnte)i('is-)a

In Argentinian neutral pronunciation, however, only rarely is /s/ fully (s, z), in/s, s/ contexts, but it is rather a dental grooved semi-constrictive, (, d): ('dde,lo'pRr:o) /'ese, los'peRr:os/dde los perros. (e two neutral pronunciationstreated here, have (fi, )i (z, s)a. A less neutral but controlled Argentinian pronun-ciation has () for (, d) 1.9-18.)

Another, even more marked characteristic, which is typical, above all, of partsofAndalusia andAmerica (in particular, in the Caribbean and southern areas), /s/

fuse together into (=): (miz';os miH';oh mi+';oh mi'- mi'- -o)/mis'eos/ mdedos (&tRez'Bailes &tReH'Baileh &tRe='Bai- &tRe'ai- &tRe'Fai-) /'tRes 'bai-


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6. spanish 239

les/ tr bail (laz'B;tas laH'B;tah la'B- la'- la'F- -a) /las'botas/ l bot(loz'a;,os loH'a;,oh lo'a- lo'xa- lo'a- -o) /los'gaJos/ los gaos (tuz'a;tostuH'a;toh tu'a- tu'xa- tu'a- -o) /tus'gatos/ t gatos ((=) and derivatives havean intermediate type of phonation between (h) and (H)). Neutral pronunciationis: (mifi';o, &tRefi'Baile, lafi'B;ta, lofi'a;,o, tufi'a;to)i (-z-, -s)a

Otherwise, before son(or)ants (/m, n l r:/), /s/ can change into (0, =0): ('miz-mo, 'mi-, 'mis- 'miH-, 'mi+- 'mi-, 'mi)-) /'mismo/ mmo ('azno, 'a-, 'as- 'aH-,'a- 'an- 'a-) /'asno/no ('izla 'i-, 'is- 'iH- 'i+- 'i- 'ia-) /'isla/ la (&ir:a'l, &i-5) /is-r:a'el/Israel Neutral pronunciation: ('mifimo, 'afino, 'ifila)i (-s-)a (&ir:a'l)

6.2.4.6. e voiced palatal semi-constrictive, (,) /J/ (already introduced in 6.2.4.1; 6.2.4.3, as well), occurs between vowels, in words or sentences ( in con-texts which are dierent from the strong ones in 6.2.3, but, as said there, it is

also possible in those contexts): ('ba;,a) /'baJa/ vaya (';,e) /'oJe/ oyeFor /J/, there is a pronunciation which could come under the neutral one (froma familiar to an energetic kind), which is very common in both accents: (). Artic-ulatorily it corresponds to (C) /c/, which comes to form a diphonic pair, thus ren-dering the consonant system more natural and coherent. Although it is still notcompletely neutral, it can be used in a kind of international accent, simpler andmore functional (even with (s, ,) /s, J/ for /, L/; therefore indicated by the diapho-nemes /s,J/, 6.0); this pronunciation is justified and supported by the actualuse of many Iberian (including Madrilenian) and American speakers: ('ba;a, ';-e).

According to the criteria adopted in this chapter, the transformation of /J/ to (,) is doubtlessly regional (and typical, for example, of Argentinian pronunciation,whose neutral local pronunciation has, however, () for /J, L/).

Again, in American and Andalusian pronunciations, above all, /J/ can often berealized as an approximant, (j), but such pronunciation barely comes under neu-tral (however small the dierence may be, since (,) is only a semi-constrictive); asystematic use of (j) is regional or foreign.

6.2.4.7. For /x/ too, the place of articulation changes from one accent to anoth-er (even within the neutral accent), as /x/ is, respectively, uvular, (X)i, and velar,

(x)a: (Xa'mn)i (xa-)a /xa'mon/jamn (Xe'miR)i (xe-)a /xe'miR/gemir ('di;Xe)i (-xe)a/'ixe/dijewhen word-final it is weaker, as it becomes an approximant of the sameplace of articulation, or even laryngeal: ('b, -h)i ('b, -h)a /'box/ boj it is cur-rently lost in: (r:e'l[], -[h])i (r:e'l[], -[h])a /r:e'lox/ reloj

In the two accents, there can be some variants for /x/, which are included in neu-tral pronunciation: respectively, a more vigorous articulation (()i, voiceless uvu-lar constrictive trill), or less vigorous, (()a, voiceless velar approximant), which

we refer to here only. On the other hand, its transformation into (h) (laryngeal),which is very common in America and Andalusia, cannot be considered neutral,according to the criteria adopted here.


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Approximants

6.2.5.1. e Spanish approximants are /j, w/: ('j;lo)i ('sj-)a /'jelo/ cielo ('w;-Bo) /'we

bo/huevo (&awe'kaR) /awe'kaR/ahuecar devoiced realizations after voice-

less C are dialectal (or foreign): ('tj;ne 't-) /'tjene/ tiene ('kwa;tRo 'k-) /'kwatRo/cuatro Generally, /j/ only occurs after a tautosyllabic C as in the previous exam-ples, and in ('r:j;o) /'r:jego/ riego. Instead, at the beginning of a syllable, we have/J/ exclusively ( 6.2.4.6, 6.2.4.1, 6.2.3), except in certain areas of America, such as

Argentina, where it is found forhiV-: (';lo, ',-)i ('-, ',- 'j-)a /'Jelo/hielo ('RBa,',-)i ('-, ',- 'j-)a /'JeRba/hierba against ('RBa, ',-)i ('-, ',-)a /'JeRba/yerba (independ-ently of the non-neutral reduction of /J/ to (j), in certain areas).

For /[]bw,[]gw/, in familiar pronunciation, there can be a simplification,through a velarized bilabial approximant, (), for the first case; or a constrictive,

()) (or (), 9.14 of NPT/HPh), or a semi-constrictive, (m), up to the approxi-mant (w) (both velar rounded): (a'Bw;lo, a'm-, a'-, a'w-) /a'bwelo/abuelo (la-'Bwlta, la'm-, la'-, la'w-) /la'bwelta/ la vuelta ('a;wa, 'a;)a, 'a;ma, 'a;wa) /'agwa/a%a (la&wape't;na, la&)a-, la&ma-, la&wa-) /lagwape'tona/ la%apetona

Instead, for /w,w/, in familiar pronunciation, a more vigorous realization ismore frequent (compared to the phonemic transcription): (');Bo, 'm-, '-) /'we-bo/, (&a)e'kaR, &ame-, &ae-) /awe'kaR/. Even in the /nw/ combination ( 6.2.1.1),we can have this more vigorous articulation: (u'w;Bo, u')-, u'm-, u'-) /un-'webo/ un huevo In all these cases, we can hear even syntagmatically divided reali-zations, (w, Bw) (and even, (gw, mbw), for the last case), however it is doubt-

lessly better to avoid them.

6.2.5.2. As well as (j, w) and (B, ) (/j, w/, /b, /), there are three more approxi-mant (taxo)phones, which, in normal, not at all slovenly spontaneous conversa-tion, are the realization of /e, o, a/, in the sequences /0e, 0o, 0a/; therefore wehave, (semi-palatal) /e/ (), (semi-velar rounded) /o/ (j) and (semi-prevelar) /a/ (F):('pR) /pe'oR/ peor ('ta;tRo) /te'atRo/ teatro ('pj;ta) /po'eta/ poeta (&kjau'laR)/koagu'laR/ coa%lar (u'nF;Xa)i (-xa)a /una'oxa/ una hoja ('lF;tRa pa'Ra;a) /la'otRapa'Raa/ la otra parada In slower, or more solemn speech, we doubtlessly have(pe'R, te'a;tRo, po';ta, &koau'laR, &una';Xa, la';tRa pa'Ra;a)i (-xa)a, as the phone-

mic transcription indicates.Furthermore, there are pronunciations which are currently considered to be un-

educated: ('pjR, 'tja;tRo, 'pw;ta, &kwau'laR); there is a dierence, and it is morethan enough to distinguish the three dierent realizations, even if the dierence

between (, j) and (j, w) might seem negligible (not only for foreigners, but alsofor natives who write articles and books, limiting themselves to only two extremepossibilities, also because of the lack of adequate symbols).


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6. spanish 241

Trills

6.2.6.1. Spanish has an alveolar trill /r:/ (r:), with three rapid tappings of the tipof the tongue against the alveolar ridge (so, (r;)would be enough, but experienceprefers (r:)), and a tap /R/ (R), with a single rapid alveolar contact: ('r:a;Ro) /'r:aRo/ ra-ro In interphonemic transcriptions (concerning several languages), it is importantto mark the chron(em)e, because otherwise its nature could be hidden, and Span-ish /r:/ might seem to be a simple trill (with two tappings, as Italian /r/ in stressedsyllables: ('ra:Ro)it /'raro/ raro]e two Spanish types ((R, r:)) join together too, giving, for examples: ('tjRr:a)

/'tjeRr:a/ tierra (Italian ('tEr:Ra) /'tErra/ terra] (laR'r:a;jo) /laR'r:ajo/ la radio (Ital-ian (la'ra:djo)it /la'radjo/ la radio] Furthermore, in Spanish, the two types are dis-tinctive, between V(even if with length dierences, for vowels too): ('ka;Ro) /'kaRo/

caro ('kaRr:o) /'kaRr:o/ carro ('p;Ro) /'peRo/pero ('pRr:o) /'peRr:o/perro (&ene'RaR)i(-s-)a /ene'RaR/ encerar (&eneR'r:aR)i (-s-)a /eneR'r:aR/ encerrarIn our phone(ma)tic analysis, (Rr:) /Rr:/ are heterosyllabic sequences, constitut-

ed by (syllable-final) (R) /R/ or (word-final) (R) /R/ + (r:) /r:/, with one + three (orfour, to give more emphasis) tappings. ey are not simple segments such as /R,r/ (or r r in the Hispanic tradition).

6.2.6.2. We now (systematically) examine the distribution of the two types. A-part from intervocalic context (just seen), with (Rr:) /Rr:/, where the use is phone-mic, we also find (r:) after a pause or after heterosyllabic C (/n, l, s/): (r:a'tn) /r:a-

'ton/ ratn ('nr:a) /'onr:a/honra (un'r:a;mo) /un'r:amo/ un ramo (al&r:ee'R) /al-r:ee'oR/alrededor (el'r:i) /el'r:ei/ el rey (&ir:ae'li;ta) /isr:ae'lita/ raelita (mi'r:;-pa)i (-s)a /mis'r:opas/ m rop

In the other contexts, (R) is normal, even before a pause, where the vibrationsof the vocal folds stop at the same time as the tip of the tongue is removed fromthe alveolar ridge (therefore the following are not at all acceptable (-R, -R, -RO)):('mi;Ra) /'miRa/ mira ('miRlo) /'miRlo/ mirlo ('Ren) /'oRen/ orden ('tRn) /'tRen/tren (a'BRiR) /a'bRiR/ abrir (&ofRe'R)i (-sR)a /ofRe'eR/ ofrecer (peR'R) /peR'eR/perder (&poRfa'BR) /poRfa'boR/por favor ('iR po'Ra;wa) /'iR po'Ragwa/ ir por a%a

In familiar pronunciation, (R) /R/ can be weakened in all cases, substituting it

with (): ('mi;a, 'milo, 'en, 'tn, a'Bi, &ofe')i (-s)a, (pe', &pofa'B,'i po'a;wa). On the contrary, in a more energetic or emphatic pronunciation,/R, R/ can be strengthened into (r): ('mirlo, 'ren, a'BRir, &ofRe'r)i (-sr)a, (per-'r, &porfa'Br, 'ir po'Ra;wa). However, neither of these two phones are indispensa-

ble for genuine pronunciation.

Laterals

6.2.7. ere are two lateral phonemes in neutral Iberian Spanish, (l, L)i /l, L/;

whilst in neutral American Spanish, the second merges with /J/ (l, ,)a /l, L/; more-over, /l/ has taxophones which are appropriately used, (, L) (it is not necessary to


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mark explicitly ((l)), as long as the articulation is dental): ('la;o) /'lao/ lado (ka-'lR) /ka'loR/ calor (kol'aR) /kol'gaR/ colgar ('alto) {((-lto))} /'alto/alto (el'i;ne)i {((el-'-))} (el'si;ne)a {((el's-))} /el'ine/ el cine (ko'Cn) ((-L'C-)) /kol'con/ col>n (eL'N;-

No) /el'NoNo/ el oo (eL'uke, eL'J-) /el'Junke/ el yunke ('kla;e)i (-se)a /'klase/cle ('d;Ble) /'oble/doble (e'la;wa) /e'lagwa/ el a%a (La'maR)i (,a-)a /La'maR/amar ('ba;Le)i (-,e)a /'baLe/ vae (&koNLe'Bando)i (-N-, NJ-)a /konLe'bando/ con-evando Phonetically, before palatals, even the American accent has (L), althoughit does not have the phoneme /L/. In the same context, /J/ is articulated as a realconstrictive, (J), or as a stopstrictive, ().

Before a pause, even for /l/ (as for /n, R/ and for //), the vibrations of the vocalfolds stop at the same time as the tip of the tongue is removed from the alveolarridge (therefore, the following are not at all acceptable (-l, -l, -lO)): ('l)i ('s-)a/'sol/sol (lau'Rl) /lau'Rel/ laurel

Structures

6.3. We treat the characteristics of the combination of words in connectedspeech, and then, above all, sentence-stress (as Spanish writing is quite explicitabout word-stress, though not exactly without doubts and uncertainties, includ-ing possible oscillations).

Taxophonics

6.3.1.1. th regard to consonant assimilations, they have been dealt with inthe sections of the respective parts.e combination of vowels within words, and

between words in sentences, will be dealt with above all here.Within a word, two same vowels tend to be reduced to only one, except in for-

mal, slow or controlled speech: (&alBa'a;ka, al'Ba;ka) /alba'aka/albahaca (aa'aR,-'aR)i (-s-)a /aa'aR/azahar (&akRee';Re, &akRe'-) /akRee'oRes/acreedor (bee'mn-ja, be'-)i (-sja)a /bee'menja/ vehemencia (nii'lita, ni'-) /nii'lista/ nihilta (&alko-'l, al'kl) /alko'ol/alcohol (&koope'RaR, ko&o-, &kope-) /koope'RaR/ cooperar (&oolo-

'Xia, &olo-)i (&so-, -'xia)a /oolo'xia/zoologaHowever, certain words, that otherwise would not be easily recognized, are not

reduced:(kRe'nja)i (-sja)a /kRe'enja/ creencia (mo';o)i (-so)a /mo'oso/ mohoso(lo'R) /lo'oR/ loor other words can be reduced except in an intoneme: (le'R, 'lR)/le'eR/ leer ('le, 'l) /'lee/ lee (kRe', 'kR) /kRe'e/ cre (pae';mo, pa';-, pa';-) /pa-se'emos/peemosth dierent V we have: (ko&au'la;o, &kja-) /koagu'lao/ coa%lado (aR'Xn-

teo, -to)i (-x-)a /aR'xenteo/argnteo (leo'paRo, lo-) /leo'paRo/ leopardo

6.3.1.2. On the contrary, in formal, slow or controlled speech, (j, w, j) canchange into the vocoids (i, e u, o): ('bja;Xe bi'a-)i (-xe)a /'bjaxe/ viaje ('wa;Beu'a-)i ('swa-)a /'swabe/suave ('bju;a bi'u-) /'bjua/ viuda ('r:wi;o r:u'i-) /'r:wio/


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6. spanish 243

ruido (al'da;no &alde'a-) /alde'ano/aldeano (lal'ta leal-) /leal'ta/ lealtad ('li;na-nea) /'linea/ lnea ('tja;La to'a-)i (-,a)a /to'aLa/ toaa (&kjau'laR ko&a- &koa-) /koa-gu'laR/ coa%lar ('r:al r:e'al) /r:e'al/ real

It must be remembered that there is a dierence between normal pronunciation(not slow): ('ta;tRo, &empo'RaR, 'pj;ta, &kjau'laR) {/te'atRo, empeo'RaR, po'eta, koa-gu'laR/ teatro empeorar poeta coa%lar] and uneducated pronunciation: ('tja;tRo,&empjo'RaR, 'pw;ta, &kwau'laR), in addition to slow pronunciation: (te'a;tRo, &empeo-'RaR, po';ta, &koau'laR, ko&a-).

Except in particular cases, for rhythmic reasons (as will soon be seen), the pro-nunciation with unauthorized diphthongs is decidedly uneducated (although itis very widespread, especially in Latin America): (pa'i, 'pai)i (-s)a /pa'is/pas (ma-'i, 'mai)i (-s)a /ma'i/ maz (ba'ul, 'baul) /ba'ul/ bale transformation from/ae, ao/ to /ai, au/ is equally uneducated: ('kaen 'kain) /'kaen/ caen (tRae'Ran

tRai-) /tRae'Ran/ traern (bil'Bao -au -aU) /bil'bao/Bilbao (&baka'lao -au -aU)/baka'lao/ bacalao in cases such as (&e[]tRa&oRi'na;Rjo, e[]&tRaoR-)i (-s-)a /e[k]stRaoR-i'naRjo/ extraordinario we also have the possibility of: (&e[]tRFoR-, e[]&tRFoR-)i(-s-)a.

6.3.1.3. It is not easy to assess the vocalic (/i, u/) or consonantal value (/j, w/)of i u in CiV CuVsequences; /i, u/ are definitely more probable near a stress andat the end of a word: (r:e'fRio)i (-s-)a /r:es'fRio/ rfro (&r:efRi'aR)i (-s-)a /r:esfRi'aR/ r-friarbut: (&eMfRja'mnto) /enfRja'mento/ enfriamento (and also: (r:e'fRja;o)i (-s-)a/r:es'fRjao/ rfriado] (flu'tuo) /fluk'tuo/flucto (&flutu'aR) /fluktu'aR/fluctuar(and also: (&flutu';o)i (-so)a /fluktu'oso/fluctuoso as well assuntuoso virtuoso

which have only (-'tw;o)i (-so)a /-'twoso/) but: (&flutwa'jn)i (-'sj-)a /fluktwa-'jon/fluctuacine infinitives with /i, u/ (which are prevalently short, and their derivatives,

even when there is no longer the simple, original form) are: (re-, mal-)criar fiarrfriar enfriar liar (ex-)piar (-, -)triar%iar (d)viar enviar reenviar puarruar fluctuar concluir excluir incluir ocluir recluir (a-, in-, re-)fluir diluir(re)huir ()muir (re)construir instruir tatuir (re)constituir dtituir instituirrtituir stituir intuir For ui the pronunciation with /'wi/ is frequent, as well.

Other cases of /i, u/ appear for short or compound forms: (&aBi'n) /abi'on/a-

vin (bi';njo) /bi'enjo/ bienio (biu'ni;Boko) /biu'niboko/ biunvoco (tRi';njo) /tRi-'enjo/ trienio (tRi'agulo) /tRi'angulo/ trin%lo (&djei';Co, &dj-)i (-si-)a /jei'o-co/diecio>o (&beinti';Co, &bi-) /beinti'oco/ veintio>o (gi'n) /gi'on/%in (i'a;-to) /i'ato/hiato (pRi'R) /pRi'oR/prior (kRi'ana)i (-sa)a /kRi'ana/ crianza (fi'ana)i(-sa)a /fi'ana/fianza (fi'a;o) /fi'ao/fiado (fi'ambRe) /fi'ambRe/fiambre (pi'a;no)/pi'ano/piano but: (&tRjagu'laR) /tRjangu'laR/ trian%lar (kRja'tu;Ra) /kRja'tuRa/ cria-tura (fja'R) /fja'oR/fiador (koM'fjana)i (-sa)a /kon'fjana/ confianza (fjam-'bR;Ra) /fjam'bReRa/fiambrera (pja'nita)i (-sta)a /pja'nista/pianta Let us note,logically: ('Cja;pa)i (-s)a /'cjapas/iap (with no dropping of /j/ after /c/).

We also have: (u'i;a) /u'ia/huida (ashuir] (di'uRno, 'dju-) /i'uRno, 'ju-/diur-

no (but: (dju'tuRno) /ju'tuRno/diuturno] (Xu'i;jo, 'Xwi-)i (xu'i;sjo, 'xwi-)a /xu'ijo,'xwi-/juicio (but: (Xwi'j;o, 'Xw)i (xwi'sj;so, 'xws)a /xwi'joso, 'xwe/juicio-so juez] (tRi'uMfo) /tRi'unfo/ triunfo (tRiuM'fal, tRju-) /tRiun'fal, tRju-/ triunfal For


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muywe normally have ('mwi) /'mwi/, but also ('mui) /'mui/ is frequent (even if itis often considered as dialectal).

Preferably, words like the following have /'wi/, but pronunciation with /u'i/ iscommon, too: circuito fortuito gratuito suizo cuta ruido ruin ruina arruino

However, in fast speech, forms with /u', i'/ easily become /'w, 'j/: (&detRu'iR,de'tRwiR)i (-s-)a /estRu'iR/dtruir (&kotRu'i;o, ko'tRwi;o)i (-s-)a /konstRu'io/construido (fi'a;mo, 'fja;mo)i (-s)a /fi'amos/fiamos (&atu'aR, a'twaR) /agtu'aR/ac-tuar (&kaRi'a~Co, ka'Rja~Co) /kaRi'anco/ carian>o (&beinti'u;no, bein'tju;no) /bein-ti'uno/ veintiuno

6.3.1.4. Between words clusters of Vare more varied and more numerous, butthe criteria are the same.th identical V reduction is greatly favored: (laaR'r:;lo,lFaR-, laR-) /laaR'r:eglo/ la arreglo (lee[]'pli;ko, le-, le-)i (-s-)a /lee[k]s'pliko/ le expli-

co (&loolBi', &ljo-, &lo-) /loolbi'e/ lo olvid ('agulo o'tuo) /'angulo ob'tuso/n-%lo obt o (&impla'ka;Ble e'k;no, &impla'ka; Ble-) /impla'kable en'kono/ implaca-ble encono (la'pR;a 'a;e u'na~CoR r:e'mano, la'pR; 'a;e)i (-sa, -se, -so)a /la'pResa'ae u'nancoR r:e'manso/ la pra hace un an>o remanso (e'laiRe 'entRa il'Bando, e-'lai 'Ren-)i (sil-)a /e'laiRe 'entRa sil'bando/ el aire entra silbando (&mafi'B2 'kwa;tRo ';-Xo2 ke', &kwa'tR;-)i (&maz-, -xos, -s)a /mas'ben 'kwatRo 'oxos ke'os/ ms ven cua-tro ojos e dos

If the Vare dierent, we have: (loaR'r:;lo, ljaR-) /loaR'r:eglo/ lo arreglo (la&o-eR'B, &lFo-)i (-s-)a /laobseR'be/ la observ (loe[]'pli;ko, lje-)i (-s-)a /loe[k]s'pliko/ loexplico (lae[]'pli;ko, lFe-)i (-s-)a /lae[k]s'pliko/ la explico (loim'pli;ko, ljim-)

/loim'pliko/ lo implico (laim'pli;ko, lFim-) /laim'pliko/ la implico ('t;o a'k;Lo,'t; ja-)i (-,o)a /'too a'keLo/ todo aeo ('tRite o'ka;o, 'tRi to-)i (-is-, -so)a /'tRisteo'kaso/ trte oco (&entReilu'j;ne, &entRi-)i (-sj;nes)a /entReilu'sjones/ entre il io-n ('pu;o auen'taRe, 'pu; jau-)i (-sen'taRse)a /'puo ausen'taRse/pudo aentarse(';Roe iNmoR'tal, ';Rje, i-, i-, '; Rji-) /'eRoe inmoR'tal/hroe inmortal (pa'la;joau'uto, pa'la; jjau-)i (-sjo, -sto)a /pa'lajo au'gusto/palacio au%sto (e'un e&a-no'ta;o, ano-)i (s-, s-)a /se'gun seano'tao/segn se ha notado (de'ambofi 'm;o,'dam-)i (-s)a /e'ambos 'moos/de ambos modos

Obviously, the function of the vocalic elements that come into contact alsocount. In fast speech, a grammeme-final Vseems rather redundant; thus, it can be

dropped, even where its morphological function may seem important (however,there are all the other elements which compensate adequately).us, one could quite easily achieve even zero, even with dierent V\ (la&aBRi-

'R, &lFa-, &laB-) /laabRi'Re/ la abrir (lo';jo, 'lj;-, 'l;-) /lo'ojo/ lo odio (mi'i;Xo,'mi;-, 'mi;-)i (-xo)a /mi'ixo/ mi hijo (lae'p;a, lFe-, le-)i (-s'p;sa)a /laes'posa/ laposa (la';Ra, 'lF;-, 'l;-) /la'oRa/ la hora (lai'Xi;ta, lFi-, li-)i (-x-)a /lai'xita/ la hijita(lo'u;niko, 'lju;-, 'lu;-) /lo'uniko/ lo nico (lou'nj;Ron, lju-, lu-) /lou'njeRon/ lo unie-ron (me'i;Ba, 'mi;-, 'mi;-) /me'iba/ me iba (me&ima'Xi;no, &mei-, &mi-, &mi-)i (-x-)a/meima'xino/ me imagino

6.3.1.5. Even clusters of various Vare frequent in these examples (taken fromNavarro Toms, but retranscribed and completed): (&eka'l;Ra aR'r:i;Ba, -'l; RaR'r:i-)i


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6. spanish 245

(&eska-)a /eska'leRa aR'r:iba/ calera arriba (a'ma;a e'p;a, a'ma; Fe-, e-)i (-s-)a/a'maa es'posa/amada posa (o'fRta i,'Xuta, o'fR tFi,-, -ti,-)i (-'x-)a /o'feRta in-'xusta/ oferta injta (pa'la;BRa o'a;a, pa'la; BRFo-, BRo-)i (-s-)a /pa'labRa o'saa/pala-

bra osada ('ka;a u'milde, 'ka; Fu-, u-)i (-s-)a /'kasa u'milde/ ca humilde ('kj;Re a-'BlaR, 'kj; Ra-, -Ra-) /'kjeRe a'blaR/ iere hablar ('pw;e ekRi'BiR, 'pw; e-, e-)i(-s-)a /'pwee eskRi'biR/puede cribir

Also: ('nmbRe i'lutRe, 'nm bRi-, bRi-) /'nombRe i'lustRe/ nombre il tre ('tj;neoR'u;Lo, 'tj; no-, no-)i (-,o)a /'tjene or'guLo/ tiene or%o ('Xnte u'milde, 'Xn tu-tu-)i ('x-)a /'xente u'milde/gente humilde ('ka;i apa'a;o, 'ka; ja-)i (-si, sj-)a /'kasi a-pa'gao/ ci apagado (mi&epe'Rana, &mie-, &mje-)i (-es-, -sa)a /miespe'Rana/ miperanza ('ka;i impo'i;Ble, 'ka; im-)i (-si, si-)a /'kasi impo'sible/ ci imposible(mio&Blia'jn, mjo-)i (-'sj-)a /miobliga'jon/ mi obligacin (&niuna'B, ni&u-,&nju-)i (-s)a /niuna'be/ ni una vez

And also: ('gRi;to a'u;o, 'gRi; tja-) /'gRito a'guo/grito a%do ('p;ko e'fwRo,'p; kje- ke-)i (es-, -so)a /'poko es'fweRo/poco fuerzo ('n;Ro iM'fjRno, 'n;RjiM-, RiM-) /'negRo in'fjeRno/ negro infierno ('kwaRto o'ku;Ro, 'kwaR tjo-, to-)i(-s-)a /'kwarto os'kuRo/ cuarto oscuro (e'ga;No u'ma;no, e'ga; Nju-, Nu-) /en'gaNou'mano/ engao humano (&uami'ta, &wa-)i (&s-, &s-)a /suamis'ta/su amtad ('im-petu &epan't;o, -&tu e-, -pe &twe-)i (-es-, -so)a /'impetu espan'toso/ mpetu panto-so ('tRi;Bu i'gRa;ta, 'tRi; Bwi-) /'tRibu in'gRata/ tribu ingrata (&poRuo'nR, -wo-)i(-s-)a /poRsuo'noR/por su honor (e'pi;Ritu u'ma;no, -Ri tu-)i (-s-)a /es'piRitu u'mano/pritu humano ('L;a aao'RaR, 'L;a ao-, 'L; ao-)i (',-)a /'Lega aao'RaR/ egaa adorar ('i;Ba aenen'dR, 'i;Ba en-)i (-s-)a /'iba aenen'deR/ iba a encender

Further examples still: (be'gana ai'Ra;a, -an Fai-, -an ai-)i (-sa, s-)a /ben'gan-a ai'Raa/ venganza airada (e'ta;Ba ao'a;a, -e'ta; BFao-, Bao-)i (es-)a /es'taba ao-'gaa/ taba ahogada (r:o'a;a au'R;Ra, r:o'a; Fau-, au-)i (-s-)a /r:o'saa au'RoRa/rosada aurora ('kulta eu'R;pa, 'kul tFeu-, teu-) /'kulta eu'Ropa/ culta Europa (a'pRn-de aa'BlaR, a'pRn daa-, da-) /a'pRende aa'blaR/aprende a hablar ('auRea e'pa;a, 'au-Ra, &au RFe'pa;a)i (-s-)a /'auRea es'paa/urea pada ('mwRte ai'Ra;a, 'mwR tai-,tai-) /'mweRte ai'Raa/ muerte airada (pRe'u;me aon'daR, pRe'u; maon-)i (-s-)a /pRe-'sume aon'daR/prume ahondar ('fRnte au'uta, 'fRn tau-, tau-)i (-s-)a /'fRente au-'gusta/frente au%sta (biR'Xi;neo e'kanto, -njo, -no)i (-x-)a /biR'xineo en'kanto/virgneo encanto

6.3.1.6. Examples of vowel clusters in sentences continue: (no'ti;ja a'l;Re, no-'ti; ja'l-)i (-s-)a /no'tija a'legRe/ noticia alegre ('r:Xja e'tiRpe, 'r:; XjFe-, Xje-)i (-x-,-s-)a /'r:exja es'tiRpe/ regiatirpe ('gl;Rja iNmoR'tal, i-, i-, 'gl; RFi-) /'gloRja inmoR-'tal/gloria inmortal (e'tanja o'kulta, e'tan jFo-, jo-)i (es-, -sja)a /es'tanja o'kul-ta/ tancia oculta (Xu'ti;ja u'ma;na, Xu'ti; jFu-, ju-)i (xus'ti;s-)a /xus'tija u'ma-na/jticia humana ('na;je a'ku;e, 'na; ja-) /'naje a'kue/ nadie acude ('X;njoa'tu;to, 'X; njja-)i ('x-, -s-)a /'xenjo as'tuto/geniotuto (i'lnjo elo'kwnte, i-'ln jje-)i (si-, -sjo)a /si'lenjo elo'kwente/ silencio elocuente (';jo i'nu;til, ';jji-)i (-sjo)a /'ojo i'nutil/ ocio intil

Also: ('n;jo oR'u;Lo, 'n; jjoR-, 'joR-)i (-sj-, -,o)a /'nejo oR'guLo/ necio or%o('i;tjo um'bR;o, 'i; tjjum'-)i ('si-, -so)a /'sitjo um'bRoso/sitio umbroso ('bwlBo aa-


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'taRlo, -Bo a't-, 'bwl Bja't) /'bwelbo aa'taRlo/ vuelvo a atarlo ('bgo aempe'aR,'b gjaem-, gjFem-, gjem-)i (-saR)a /'bengo aempe'aR/ vengo a empezar ('kwRpoai'R;o, 'kwR pjFi-, pjai-) /'kweRpo ai'Roso/ cuerpo airoso (di'pwto ao&Bee'R,di'pw t

jFo-, t

jao-)i (-s'pws-, -sR)a /is'pwesto ao

bee'eR/dputo a obedecer

('fauto au'pi;jo, 'fau tjFu-, tjau-)i (-st-, -s'pi;sjo)a /'fausto aus'pijo/fato a-picio

And also: (an'ti;wa alti'B, an'ti; wal-)i (-s)a /an'tigwa alti'be/anti%a alti-vez ('lgwa e[]'tRa;Na, 'l gwFe-)i (-s-)a /'lengwa e[k]s'tRaNa/ len%a extraa (e-'ta;twa iN'm;Bil, i-, i-, e'ta; 'twFi-)i (es-)a /es'tatwa in'mobil/ tatua inmvil ('a;-wa olo'R;a, 'a; wFo-) /'agwa olo'Rosa/a%a olorosa ('fa;twa u&mani'a, 'fa; twFu-)/'fatwa umani'a/fatua humanidad ('mu;two a'mR, 'mu; twja-) /'mutwo a'moR/mutuo amor ('aRwo em'p;No, 'aR wjem-) /'aRdwo em'peNo/arduo empeo (peR-'p;two im'p;Rjo, peR'p; twjim-) /peR'petwo im'peRjo/perpetuo imperio (kon'ti;-

nwo e'l;Xjo, kon'ti; nwje-)i (-xjo)a /kon'tinwo e'loxjo/ continuo elogioLastly: ('fa;two oR'u;Lo, 'fa; twjoR-, twoR-)i (-,o)a /'fatwo oR'guLo/fatuo or%o('mntRwo u'ma;no, 'mn tRwju-, tRwu-)i (-s-)a /'monstRwo u'mano/ monstruohumano ('r:;Xja au&toRi'a, 'r:; XjFu-, Xjau-)i (-x-)a /'r:exja autoRi'a/ regia autori-dad (koR'r:j aepe'RaRlo,Fe-, e-)i (-s-)a /koR'r:jo aespe'RaRlo/ corri a perarlo (pa-'la;jo au'uto, pa'la; jjau-, jjFu-)i (-sjo, -us-)a /pa'lajo au'gusto/palacio au%s-to (i'ni;kwo au'u;Rjo, i'ni; kwjau-, kwjFu-) /i'nikwo au'guRjo/ inicuo au%rio (em-'bi;jo aeu';Bjo, em'bi; jjaeu-, jaeu-, jFeu-, jjeu-)i (-s-)a /em'bijo aeu'sebjo/envidio a Eebio

6.3.1.7. e conjunctionsy o (and their variants e u],between Vin dierentwords (even if with /w/), are normally realized as (j, w) /j, w/ (but also with (,j)): ('ka;a 'jwRta, 'w-)i (-sa)a /'kasa 'jwerta/ ca y huerta ('a;wa 'jaiRe, 'a-) /'agwa'jaiRe/a%a y aire (a'gRjnta 'ja~Ca, 'a-) /san'gRjenta 'janca/sangrienta y an>a(a'pa;a jen'jnde, e-)i (-sj-)a /a'paga jen'jende/apaga y enciende ('ka;Le je'ku;-Ce, e-)i (-,e jes-, e-)a /'kaLe jes'kuce/ cae y cu>e (o'BRi;na 'ji;Xa, 'i-)i (so-, -xa)a/so'bRina 'jixa/sobrina e hija (r:i'k;a jin'dutRja, in-)i (-sa, -st-)a /r:i'kea jin'dus-tRja/ rieza e ind tria ('ta wa'k;La, ja-)i ('s-, -,a)a /'esta wa'keLa/ ta o ae-a ('blaka wa'ul, ja-)i (-sul)a /'blanka oa'ul/ blanca o azul ('j;te 'w;Co, 'j-)i('sj-)a /'sjete u'oco/siete u o>o ('u;no 'w;tRo, 'j-) /'uno u'otRo/ uno u otro

e real language ( the spoken language) shows how grammar futilely compli-cates things, given that the normal pronunciation of the four written forms [y eo u] is the same (for e there is (), too). Naturally, schools have then reinforced theneed for distinction, imposing it on pronunciation too; thus slowing down emis-sion, or paying attention (to spelling), or for the sake of clarity, /i, e o, u/ cancome up again.

6.3.1.8. Usually (except in slow speech), a final C followed by an initial V inwords without breaks, resyllabifies: (e'l;Ro) /e'loRo/ el oro (u'nmbRe) /u'nombRe/un hombre ('muCo o'n;Re)i (so-, -es)a /'muco so'noRes/ mu>os honor ('lu a-

ma'Ri;La)i (sa-, -,a)a /'lu ama'RiLa/ luz amariaHence, there is no dierence between:helado and el hado (e'la;o) /e'lao/, elegi-


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emphasis attention (to spelling).Lastly, we see some cases of complex consonant clusters: (o'ta;kulo)i (-s-)a /obs-

'takulo/ obstculo (a'kRi;to)i (-s-)a /as'kRito/adscrito (ko'tante)i (-s-)a /kons'tante/

constante

Stress

6.3.2.1. Spanish spelling is quite satisfactory regarding the indication of wordstress; however, some doubts remain concerning clusters of graphic VV above all

with i u furthermore, there are possible oscillations, and dierences with respectto Portuguese or Italian.e position of stress is distinctive (and we can also find threefold phonemic

contrasts, the first of which are nouns, indicated graphically too), as in: ('a;nimo)

/'animo/nimo (a'ni;mo) /a'nimo/animo and (&ani'm) /ani'mo/anim; (kon'ti;-nwo) /kon'tinwo/ continuo (&konti'nuo) /konti'nuo/ contino and (&konti'nw)/konti'nwo/ continu; ('li;mite) /'limite/ lmite (li'mi;te) /li'mite/ limite (&limi't)/limi'te/ limit (de'p;ito)i (-s-)a /e'posito/depsito (&depo'i;to)i (-s-)a /epo'sito/deposito (de&poi't)i (-s-)a /eposi'to/deposit

For stress oscillations, some examples follow:acn acne aerstato aerostatoambrosa ambrosia atmsfera atmosfera atriaco atraco balatre balastrecartomancia cartomanca (but onlyfarmacia] cclope ciclope conclave cnclavedinamo dnamo elixir elxir etope etiope (but only miope] gladolo gladiolobero ibero mil msil olimpiada olimpada orga orgia smos osmos pel-cano pelicano pensil pnsil pentagrama pentgrama perodo periodo policro-mo polcromo polgloto poligloto radar rdar reptil rptil reuma rema ter-mostato termstato utopa utopia varic vric

6.3.2.2. Lexical compounds and adverbs ending in -mente keep quite a strongstress even on the first element (according to the scale: ('), (), (&)): (kRta'Bla)i(-sas)a /'koRta'bolsas/ cortabols ((&koRta';Ra) /koRta'oRa/ cortadora), (ika'pj)/'inka'pje/hincapi (entRe')i (-s)a /'entRe'os/ entreds ((&entRe'fi mu'Ca;Co)i(-os)a /entRe'os mu'cacos/ entre dos mu>a>os), (r:e&al'mnte) /r:e'al'mente/ real-mente (&beRaRa'mnte) /beRa'eRa'mente/ verdaderamente (fail'mnte)i (-s-)a/'fail'mente/ fcilmente Also: (ta'Bia) /'toa'bia/ todava (a&i'mifimo)i (a&si-'mis-)a /a'si'mismo/immo (as can be seen in the last example, if a first /'/ is imme-diately followed by another /'/, it becomes (&); on the other hand, however, if theform were with only one /'/, /asi'mismo/, we should have (&ai'mifimo)i (&asi-'mis-)a).

To begin to acknowledge the dierent stress patterns, compared for instanceto Italian, we give some useful examples: (final stressed)acento amplo varo(stressed on the last but one syllable)abdico altero animo celebro certifico com-puto convoco denomino deposito dputo edifico indico integro interrogo lim-

ito medito modifico modulo penetro significo /signi'fiko/, termino venero violo/'bjolo/, vito /bi'sito/, limpio /'limpjo/. Furthermore: (a'n;mja) /a'nemja/anemia(bi'a;mja) /bi'gamja/ bigamia (&kaRam'b;la) /kaRam'bola/ carambola (di'pu;ta)i


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(-s-)a /is'puta/ dputa (e'l;na) /e'lena/ Elena (en&iklo'p;ja)i (-&si-)a /enik-lo'peja/ enciclopedia (faR'ma;ja)i (-s-)a /faR'maja/farmacia ('mj;pe) /'mjope/miope (pa'R;ja) /pa'Roja/parodia (te'Ra;pja) /te'Rapja/ terapia obviously, forms

such as (a'pndie)i (-se)a /a'pendie/apndice are less risky, at least when reading.Let us also note: (r:a'n)i (-s-)a /r:a'on/ razn (r:a';ne)i (-'s;nes)a /r:a'ones/razon ('biRXen)i (-x-)a /'biRxen/ virgen ('biRXene)i (-xenes)a /'biRxenes/ vrgenand lastly: (ka'RateR) /ka'RagteR, -kt-/ carcter (&kaRa't;Re)i (-s)a /kaRag'teRes, -k't-/caracter ('r:;Ximen)i (-x-)a /'r:eximen/ rgimen (r:e'Xi;mene)i (-x-, -s)a /r:e'xime-nes/ regmen

6.3.2.3. Even in Spanish, in connected speech, there are normally words whichare destressed; the articles are among these: (e'lmbRe) /e'lombRe/ el hombre (&elal-'kalde) /elal'kalde/ el alcalde (la'ka;a)i (-sa)a /la'kasa/ la ca (la'Ci;ka)i (-s'Ci;kas)a

/las'cikas/ l >ic (&una'mi;o) /una'migo/ un amigo (&una'tRinta peR';na)i(&unas-, -'s;nas)a /unas'tReinta peR'sonas/ un treinta personWe then have forms (plurisyllabic too), such assalvo excepto mediante duran-

te and phrases such as rpecto a junto a encima de delante de\ (a'ma;laa) /a'ma-laga/a Mlaga (ko'n;La)i (-,a)a /ko'neLa/ con ea (&empa'Ri)i (-s)a /empa'Ris/ enPars (&inom'bR;Ro)i (&sinsom-)a /sinsom'bReRo/sin sombrero (&ante't;o) /ante'to-o/ante todo (&baXolo'aRBole)i (-xolo's-, -es)a /baxolo'saRboles/ bajo los rbol(&kontRa&mia'mi;o)i (-sa'mi;os)a /kontRamisa'migos/ contra mamigos (&defie-'i)i (-z-)a /ese'oi/dde hoy (&entRelo';Xo)i (-'s;xos)a /entRelo'soxos/ entre los o-jos

Furthermore: (&ata'ki, -Fa-, -aa-)i (&as-)a /astaa'ki/ hta a (&ajael'pwRto,-jFel-)i (-sj-)a /ajael'pweRto/hacia el puerto (&paRa&nwetRofi'wpee)i (-stRos'ws-pees)a /paRanwestRos'wespees/para nutros husped (&oBRel';BRe)i (&soBRel's-)a/sobReel'sobRe/sobre el sobre (e&eto')i (-&seto's)a /egebto'os, ekepto-/excepto dos (&Xuntoala'pwRta, -tja-)i (&xu-)a /xuntoala'pweRta/junto a la puerta

Also: (en&ima&ela'ka;a)i (-si-, -sa)a /enimaela'kasa/ encima de la ca (de&lan-tee'mi) /elantee'mi/delante de m Even in more or less long series: (&paRa&entRe-no';tRo, pa&RFen-)i (-'s;tRos)a /paRaentReno'sotRos/para entre nosotros (&poRen&i-mae't;o)i (-'si-)a /poRenimae'too/ por encima de todo (&poRe&lante&elXaR-'in)i (-x-)a /poRelanteelxaR'in/por delante del jardn (&defiepo&RentRelo'aRBo-

le)i (&dez-, -'saRBoles)a /esepoRentRelo'saRboles/dde por entre los rbolGenerally, conjunctions too are destressed (even in phrases, such as en cuanto

(e) putoe suputoe), except with ora ya bien (disjunctive),(consec-utive), no obstante con todo fuera de (adversative), en efecto por tanto por consi-%iente e (consecutive),apen an no no bien ya e luego e dpuse en tanto e (temporal),a no sere dadoe con tal e (conditional),pormse a par dee male yae (concessive), (&pwetoke&noloa'Bia)i (-sto-,-sa-)a /pwestokenolosa'bia/putoe no lo sabaAt the beginning of elliptic ques-tionsy is stressed: ('i tupa;Re21)i (-'pa;-)a /'i tu'paRe?/Y tu padre?

6.3.2.4. It will not be superfluous to observe that there is a dierence, in stresstoo, between: (e&koe'Ca;o)i (-s-)a /ekose'cao/he cose>ado and (';ko o'n;Ro) /'e-


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ko so'noRo/ eco sonoro (&aLe'a;o)i (&a,-)a /aLe'gao/ha egado and ('a;No 'ma;lo) /'a-No 'malo/ao malo (&eto'ma;o)i (&es-)a /esto'mao/ tomado and ('to 'pi;o)i('s-)a /'esto 'pio/ to pido (o&nami'Ra;o)i (s-, -s)a /sonami'Raos/son admira-

dos and (' naRmo'nj;o)i ('s-, -so)a /'so naRmo'njoso/son armoniosoObject pronouns are destressed, la le lo l l los me nos os se te\ (me'pa;Roami'RaR, me'pa; Rja-) /me'paRo ami'RaR/ me paro a mirar (ofi'Bi;mofi Be'niR)i (oz'Bi;-moz)a /os'bimosbe'niR/ os vimos venir (e&lepeR'j)i (se&les-)a /selespeR'jo/se lperdi instead, subject pronouns and indirect pronouns are stressed:(' ')i ('s)a/'Jo 'se/yo s ('tu 'pw;e)i (-s)a /'tu 'pwees/ t pued ('l 'di;e)i (-se)a /'el 'die/ ldice (poR'mi) /poR'mi/por m (&paRa'ti) /paRa'ti/para ti

Possessive adjectives are destressed: (&mieR'ma;no)i (-se-, -os)a /miseR'manos/ mhermanos (tu';Xo)i (-'s;xos)a /tu'soxos/ t ojos (u'ma;Re)i (s-)a /su'maRe/sumadre (&nwetRo'tjmpo)i (-s-)a /nwestRo'tjempo/ nutro tiempo

Generally demonstrative adjectives, are destressed (but, from a pragmatic pointof view, they can be considered potentially stressable): (&ete'li;BRo, -)i (-s-)a /este-'libRo/ te libro (&ee'pRr:o, -) /ese'peRr:o/ e perro (a&keLamu'XR, ak-)i (-,amu-'x-)a /akeLamu'xeR/aea mujer

6.3.2.5. Relative pronouns [eien{} cual{} cuyo{s}] are destressed (con-trary to interrogative and exclamatory ones): (e'lmbRe ke'Bi;mo)i (-s)a /e'lombReke'bimos/ el hombre e vimos (e&ku,o'ka;o)i (-so)a /enkuJo'kaso/ en cuyo cocual cual (with the article) and tal tal are stressed: ('tgo uneR'ma;no2 el'kwaL

'L;a 'i2 ke)i (-L ',-)a /'tengo u'neRmano, el'kwal 'Lega 'oi/ tengo un hermano, el cual

ega hoy, e (le'i;Xo 'tal 'k;a)i (-xo, -sa)a /le'ixo 'tal 'kosa/ le dijo tal cosaRelative adverbs [como cuando cuanto donde] are also destressed, contrary to

interrogative and exclamatory ones: (&kwandoe'laiRe e'kalma, -dje-) /kwandoe'lai-Re se'kalma/ cuando el aire se calma (la'pla;a &onde&tatu'ka;a)i (-sa, -s&t-, -sa)a /la-'plaa ondeestatu'kasa/ la plaza donde t tu caereas the indefinites [algo algn al%no al%ien nadie ningn nin%no o-

tro] are stressed, cada generally is not: (&kaa'ia) /kaa'ia/ cada da Even tan isnot stressed, contrary to tanto tantaen used as conjunctions, the following adverbs are destressed: luego mien-

tr an (which becomes /'aun/), ms menos ci the adverb medio is too (con-

trary to its corresponding adjective).

6.3.2.6. e forms of tratamiento,don doa fray sor san santo santa are al-ways destressed before a name: (do'kaRlo)i (-s)a /on'kaRlos/don Carlos (&doNao-'l;Re)i (-s)a /oNao'loRes/doa Dolor (&antoo'migo)i (&s-)a /santoo'mingo/santo Domingovocative forms are destressed too,seor seora seorita padre ma-dre hermano hermana to ta\ (e&NoRmaR'ti;ne)i (s-, -s)a /seNoRmaR'tine/seorMartnez (e&NoRama'Ria)i (s-)a /seNoRama'Ria/seora Mara (&paRean'dR, -Ran-)i(-s)a /paRean'dRes/padre Andrs (tio'Xwan)i (-x-)a /tio'xwan/ to Juan however,

when not used in forms of tratamiento, we have the regular: (&una'anta mu'XR)i(-s-, -x-)a /una'santa mu'xeR/ una santa mujer ('bi;no ele'NR maR'ti;ne)i (-s-, -s)a /'bi-no else'NoR maR'tine/ vino el seor Martnez (ae'kRi;to el'tio 'Xwan)i (aes-, 'x-)a /aes-


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6. spanish 251

'kRito el'tio 'xwan/ha crito el to JuanEven in vocative phrases, there is destressing: (bwe'nmbRe) /bwe'nombRe/buen

hombre! (&mala'lgwa) /mala'lengwa/mala len%a! (gRam'pi;kaRo) /gRam'pikaRo/gran pcaro! (djofi'mio)i (-s-)a /djos'mio/Dios mo!

Even in compound names (of people or places), there is attenuation of the firstelement: (Xwa'kaRlo)i (x-, -s)a /xwan'kaRlos/Juan Carlos (ma&RiaXo';fa)i (-xo's-)a/ma&Riaxo'sefa/Mara Josefa (&antoo'migo)i (&s-)a /santoo'mingo/ Santo Domin-go (&toRr:eel'knde) /toRr:eel'konde/ Torre del Conde

6.3.2.7. Certain common phrases are also destressed: (&boka'BaXo)i (-xo)a /boka-'baxo/ boca abajo (&pataaR'r:i;Ba) /patasaR'r:iba/patarriba

In numbers formed withy the first element is destressed: (&tReintai'iko)i (-'s-)a/tReintai'inko/ treinta y cinco (kwa&Rentai'j;te)i (-'s-)a /kwaRentai'sjete/ cuarenta y

siete also cien(to)before milis destressed: (jeN'mil, -M'm-, -'m-, -M'm-, -'m-)i('s-)a /jen'mil/ cien mil (&oCo&jentafi'mil pe';ta)i (-&sj-, -as-, -'s;tas)a /ocojen-tas'mil pe'setas/ o>ocientmil pet Simple numbers are stressed, even if mono-syllabic and near a stress: ('dfi 'a;to)i (-z 'a;tos)a /'os 'gatos/ dos gatos ('tRka'Ba;Lo)i (-s ka'Ba;,os)a /'tRes ka'baLos/ tr cabaos ('un 'li;BRo) /'un 'libRo/ un libro(compared to the article: (un'li;BRo) /un'libRo/ un libro).

6.3.2.8. Obviously in long words, as in sentences, some secondary stresses areintroduced, for rhythmic reasons: ('kmpRame&lo) /'kompRamelo/ cmpramelo (a-'Na;ae&le)i (-s-)a /a'Naasele/adele (&entRe'andoe&lo)i (-s-)a /entRe'gandoselo/entregndoselo

Words such asaune cone pore sino are normally /'aunke, a'unke 'kon-ke 'poRke 'sino/, however, in sentences, their composition can also bring to stresspatterns such as: (&auke, a&uke, au&ke, au'k &koke, ko&ke, ko'k &poRke,poR&ke, poR'k &ino, i&no, i'n)i (s-)a, although, they are often considered incor-rect, for spelling reasons.

Emphasis, particularly in imperatives with enclitic pronouns, can modify thestructure considerably (above all, for stresses), as in: ('da;melo, "da:melo, "da;me&lo,"da;me'l, 'da;me'l, &dame'l) /'amelo/dmelo!

6.3.2.9. e words (a';Ra) /a'oRa/ahora (a'i) /a'i/ah (a'un) /a'un/an/aunwhen they are not in an intoneme and are linked to what follows, have the fre-quent variants ('aoRa, 'ai, 'aun): (a';Ra 'Bj;ne, 'aoRa) /a'oRa 'bjene/ahora viene (a'ie'ta, 'ai)i (-s-)a /a'i es'ta/ah t (a'um mi 'pa;Re, 'aum) /a'un mi'paRe/aun mi pa-dre (a'un no'ale, 'au)i (-s-)a /a'un no'sale/an no sale

In the case of /'j[s]/, in an intoneme (more often when followed by a pause), itis quite frequent to find, even in the neutral accent, a pronunciation which, often,seems as if it were /'i[s]/, while, it is generally only /i'[s]/: (paR'tj, &paRti')/par'tjo/ parti (a'j, &ai')i (-s)a /a'jos/ adis (lim'pj, &limpi') /lim'pje/limpi (em'pj, &empi') /em'pje/ en pie however, occasionally, we can doubtless-

ly have the structure ('i&), even in neutral pronunciation: (paR'ti&, a'i&, lim'pi&,em'pi&)i (-s)a.


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6.3.2.10. In fast and familiar speech, common words and proper names in a pre-intoneme with ('ia) /'ia/ a frequently become ('ja) /'ja/: (al'dia i'jnte, al'dja, al-&djai'-) /al'dia si'gjente/al da si%iente ('p;kofi 'iafi e'pw, 'jafi, 'p;kofi&jafi)i(-z, -z, -s-, -s)a /'pokos 'ias es'pwes/pocos ddpus (u'tia o'l;Re, u'tja, u&tja-o'-)i (s-, -s)a /su'tia o'loRes/su ta Dolor (&doNama'Ria maR'ti;ne, &doNama'Rja, &do-Nama&RjamaR'-)i (-s)a /doNama'Ria maR'tine/doa Mara Martnez (gaR'ia u'tjR-r:e, gaR'ja, gaR&jau'-)i (-s-, -s)a /gaR'ia gu'tjeRr:e/ Garca Gutirrez (&noeR'BiapaRa'na;a, -'Bja, -&BjapaRa'-)i (-s-)a /noseR'bia paRa'naa/ no serva para nada

Other examples: (ea&Bia'pwto e'pj, ea&Bja'-, a-)i (s-)a /seabia'pwesto e'pje/se haba puto de pie (&eta'Ria kan'ao, -'Rja, -&Rjakan'-)i (&es-, 'sa;os)a /esta'Riankan'saos/ taran cansados (&nopo'RiaN Le'a; Ra'tjmpo, -'RjaN, -&RjaNLe'-)i (,-)a/nopo'Rian Le'gaR a'tjempo/ no podran egar a tiempo

Intonation

6.3.3. 6.3 shows the preintonemes and intonemes of the neutral Iberian andAmerican Spanish language. erefore, let us simply look at the fundamental ex-amples. It is important to make comparisons both between them and with thoseof other languages:

/./: (me'Bi ma'Na;na poR&lama'Na;na33)i (me'Bi ma'Na;na poR&lamaNa;na33)a /me-'boi ma'Nana poRlama'Nana./Me voy maana por la maana.

// (2 ' 1 1)

/./ (2 ' 3 3)

/?/ (2 2 1)

/ / (2 2 ' 2 2 ' 2 2 ' 2)

/,/ (2 ' 2)

/ / ( 2 2 ' 2 2 ' 2 2 ' 2)

/ / ( 2 2 ' 2 2 ' 2 2 ' 2)

/ / ( 2 2 ' 2 2 ' 2 2 ' 2)

// (2 2 2)

/./ (2 3 3)

/?/ (2 ' 2 1)

/ / (2 2 ' 2 2 ' 2 2 ' 2)

/,/ (2 ' 2)

/ / ( 2 2 ' 2 2 ' 2 2 ' 2)

/ / ( 2 2 ' 2 2 ' 2 2 ' 2)

/ / ( 2 2 ' 2 2 ' 2 2 ' 2)

6.3. Iberian-Spanish preintonemes and intonemes.

6.4. American-Spanish preintonemes and intonemes.


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6. spanish 253

/?/: (e'ta nu't;e kontnto21)i (es'ta nus't;es kon'tntos21)a /es'ta nus'teeskon'tentos?/Estnted contentos?

//: (&ima'Na;na &noRr:e'i;Bo no'ti;ja1 1| le&kRiBi'R e'nw;Bo3 3)i (&sima'Na;na &noRr:e-

'si;Bo noti;sja2 2| les&kRiBi'R enw;Bo3 3)a /sima'Nana noRre'ibo no'tija| leeskRibi'Ree'nwebo./ Si maana no recibo noticia, le cribir de nuevo.

Text

6.4.0. e transcribed passage, e North Wind and the Sun is given in fournormalizedversions. We start with the (neutral) Iberian pronunciation of (neu-tral British) English this is the first step of the phonetic method (the written textis given in 2.5.2.0). e Spanish translation follows, in its neutral version.

At the end, as always, there is the version which gives the English pronuncia-tion of Spanish, by neutral British speakers, fluent in Spanish (after prolonged con-tact with native speakers, but with no help from the phonetic method), who haveadequately learned the relative prominences, but who substantially use segmentaland intonation elements which are typical of neutral British English (for referencepurposes, although, of course, a neutral accent is not so common). Obviously, thesame principle is valid for the foreign pronunciation of English, given first.

Speakers of American English could prepare their own version both of the Span-ish pronunciation of English and of their pronunciation of Spanish, as an excel-lent exercise, by listening to native speakers, best of all after recording them. Of

course, speakers of other languages could do the same thing. e author would behappy to receive their transcriptions and recordings, both in case of help shouldthey need it and to make their contribution known to others (possibly in our

website on canIPA Natural Phonetics 0.12).

Iberian Spanish pronunciation (of English)

6.4.1. (de'nR 'wind2 ande'an2 wRdi'pju;tin 'gwiC wfie'tRgeR3 3| 'wn a-

'tRa;BeleR2 'kim a'lg2'r:a tina'wRm 'kluk3 3

| dia'Ri{}2\ ai'wa xu'fR a'i;-

e2 iN'mikin de'tRa;BeleR2 'ti ki'ku 'kf1 1| &juBikan'i;eR e"tRgeR &andi'aeR3 3||

'dn2 de'nR 'win2 'blu2 a'xaR2 ai'ku3 3| &ba{}e'mR xi'Blu1 1| de'mR 'klufili2 &i-

e'tRa;BeleR2\ 'ful di'kluk a'Rauxin3 3| &an[d]a'la{t}2\ de'nR 'win2 'gi 'Ba ja-'tmt3 3|| 'dn2 de'an 'j 'naut3 3 'wRmli33| &andi'mi;jali2\ de'tRa;BeleR 'tu 'kf3 3 xi-'kuk3 3|| an'u2 e'nR 'win{d}2 &wo'Blai tukoM'f2| &dae'an3 3 wfie'tRgeR3 3&Be'tu33||

&dijulaik21 de't;Ri2| dju'wn tu'xi;Ri tan2 1|||)


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Spanish Text

6.4.2. El viento norte y el sol porfiaban sobre cul de eos era el ms fuerte, cuan-do acert a par un viajero envuelto en an>a capa. Convinieron eneien antlograra obligar al viajero a itarse la capa sera considerado ms poderoso.

El viento norte sopl con gran furia, pero cuanto ms soplaba, ms se arrebujabaen su capa el viajero; por fin el viento norte abandon la empra. Entonc bri elsol con ardor, e inmediatamente se dpoj de su capa el viajero; por lo e el vientonorte hubo de reconocer la superioridad del sol.

Te ha%stado el cuento? Vamos a repetirlo?

Neutral Iberian pronunciation

6.4.3. (el'Bjnto 'nRte2 jel'l2\ poR'fja;Ban2 &oBRe'kwal 'd;Lo2\ &eRael'ma 'fwRte3 3|

&kwandoaeR't apa'a; Rumbja'X;Ro2 em'bwlto e'na~Ca 'ka;pa3 3| &kombi'nj;Ron2 e-

&kekje'nantefi lo'Ra;Ra2 oBli'a; RalBja'X;Ro2 aki'taRe la'ka;pa11| e'Ria kon&ie'Ra;o2

'ma poe'R;o33||

el'Bjnto 'nRte2\ o'pl ko'gRaM2 'fu;Rja33| &peRo'kwanto 'ma o'pla;Ba11| 'ma aR-

&r:eBu'Xa;Ba2 enu'ka;pa3 3 [e]lBja'X;Ro33|| poR'fin2\ el'Bjnto 'nRte2 a&Bando'n lFem-'pR;a3 3|| en'tnefi1 1\ BRi'L el'l3 3 konaR'R33| eiNmejata'mnte2 e&epo'X3 3 e-u'ka;pa33 [e]lBja'X;Ro33|| &poRlo&kel'Bjnto 'nRte11\ 'u;Bo eR&r:ekono'R33 la&upe&RjoRi-'a el'l3 3||

&tauta;o21 el'kwnto2| 'ba;mo aR&r:epetiRlo21|||)

Neutral (central-south-) American pronunciation

6.4.4. (el'Bjnto 'nRte2 jel'sl2\ poR'fja;Ban2 &soBRe'kwal 'd;,os2\ &eRael'mas fwRte33|

&kwandoaseR't apa'sa; Rumbja'x;Ro2 em'bwlto e'na~Ca ka;pa3 3| &kombi'nj;Ron2 e-

&kekje'nantes lo'Ra;Ra2 oBli'a; RalBja'x;Ro2 aki'taRse laka;pa22| se'Ria kon&sie'Ra;o2'mas poeR;so33||

el'Bjnto 'nRte2\ so'pl ko'gRaM2 fu;Rja3 3| &peRo'kwanto 'mas sopla;Ba2 2| 'mas saR-

&r:eBu'xa;Ba2 ensuka;pa3 3 [e]lBjax;Ro33|| poR'fin2\ el'Bjnto 'nRte2 a&Bando'n lFem-pR;sa33|| entnses22\ BRi', elsl33 konaRR33| eiNmejata'mnte2 se&espox3 3esuka;pa3 3 [e]lBjax;Ro33|| &poRlo&kel'Bjnto nRte2 2\ 'u;Bo eR&r:ekonosR3 3 la&supe-&RjoRi'a elsl33||

&taus'ta;o21 el'kwnto2| 'ba;mo saR&r:epe'tiRlo21|||)


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English pronunciation of Spanish

6.4.5. (&vi5nT 'n;TI2 i's:2\ &ph;fi'A;vn2 5s;b>I 'khwA: 'Djs2\ &>-

5ms f'TI3 3| 5khwA;nD s'Th; A;p'sA: uMvi'h>2 &Mv5T n'A;~c'khA;p3 3| &khMvni'>n2 5kh;I ki'n 'A;nTs l'g>A;>2 &bl5gA:> vi'h>2 -

k5ThA;sI l'khA;p2| s5>Ii kn&sD'>A;D2 5ms pD'>s3 3||

&vi5nT 'n;TI2\ s5phl; k'g>A;M2 'f>i3 3| 5ph> 'khwA;T 'ms s-

'phlA;v32| 5ms si>b'hA;v2 nsu'khA;p3 3 &vi'h>33|| ph;'fI;in2\ &vi5nT'n;TI2 &bnD5n; lA;m'ph>s3 3|| n'Th;nss32\ b>5j; 's:3 3 khnA;'D:33| &In-mDi&A;T'mnTI2 sI&Dsp'h;3 3 Dsu'khA;p3 3 &vi'h>33|| &ph;l5kh;I vi-'nT 'n;TI32\ 5uv D&>kn's;3 3 l&sup>i>5DA;D D's:3 3||

&ThIg'sTA;D21 &'khwnT2 5vA;ms &>p'Thl21|||)

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