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How V2G Technology Can Work with
Renewable Energy Sources: Outlining
Technology and Infrastructure Solutions
Menno Kardolus (MSc EE), CEO of PRE
Gautham Ram (PhD), Assistant Professor, TU Delft
www.PR-Electronics.nl
www.TUDelft.nl
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How V2G Technology Can Work with
Renewable Energy Sources: Outlining
Technology and Infrastructure Solutions
4
PRE Power Developers
• Founded 1984, 50 people, new management since 2002
• Development and production of Power Electronics
• Active in EV charging market since 2009
• CharIn and CHAdeMO member
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• Fast charging (EVC products) 12.5kW AC//DC
• Home/office DC charging (V2G products) 10kW AC//DC bidirectional
• Charger parks (EVDC) 25kW DC//DC
Charging solutions
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Fast charging infrastructure Netherlands
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Delft University of Technology
• Established in 1842 by King WilliamⅡ, now 175 years
• Oldest and largest University of Technology in the Netherlands
• ~23,000 students, ~3500 scientific staff
• Portfolio of 16 BSc, 32 MSc programmes
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Delft University of Technology
• Ranked 17, 19 globally for Engineering & Technology in THE, QS
9
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of Infrastructure
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the MAX()
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DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage Group
• http://www.dcs.ewi.tudelft.nl/
• 50 members: 4 Full professors, 8 associate & assistant professors, 9 postdocs & researchers, 22 PhD students, 7 technicians
Research pillars
1. Power electronics
2. DC systems
3. Electric mobility & electro-mechanics
4. Energy storage
5. High voltage
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How V2G Technology Can Work with
Renewable Energy Sources: Outlining
Technology and Infrastructure Solutions
12
What do you like?
Image source: Tesla, Financial tribune
😡
😡
13
What do you like?
Image source: Tesla, Financial tribune
😃
😃
14
Why charge EVs from renewables ?
Source - Messagie, M., Boureima, F. S., Coosemans, T., Macharis, C., & Mierlo, J. V. (2014). A range-based vehicle life cycle assessment incorporating variability in the environmental assessment of different vehicle technologies and fuels. Energies, 7(3), 1467-1482.
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Motivation
* Images taken from the internet
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What is Vehicle to Grid?
Image source : Nissan, http://www.amsterdamvehicle2grid.nl
• Trading by Buying-Selling power
• ‘High’ or ‘Low’ price
• Energy highway is ‘busy’ or ‘free’
• Backup power
• Frequency & voltage regulation
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Why V2G?
Image source : 123RF
• EV is a big battery on wheels (Stationery 95% of the time)
• In numbers: 10kW power * 7M car = 70 GW power capacity
→ Software Vs hardware (e.g., Generators, xmers)
→ Decentral Vs Central
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Audience question :
What is the battery degradation
from V2G?
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Battery degradation
• 20,000 km driving per year
• Battery degradation (Driving)
• Calendar ageing : Temperature, Time, SOC
• Cycling ageing : Temperature, DOD, C-rate, Cycles
• Battery degradation (V2G)
• - Increased cycling ageing : more kWh delivered
• Application dependant
• + Decreased calendar ageing : lower avg. SOC
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Battery degradation from V2G
10 YEAR & L1 chargersV2G for 2h: 7-9pm
20 days/yearof V2G
365 days/yearof V2G
Driving (No V2G) 31.4 %
Driving + V2G Frequency regulation
+ 0.21 % + 3.62%
Driving + V2G peak shaving + 0.38 % + 5.6 %
Driving + V2G load shaping + 1.18 % + 11%
Dai Wang, Jonathan Coignard, Teng Zeng, Cong Zhang, Samveg Saxena, Quantifying electric
vehicle battery degradation from driving vs. vehicle-to-grid services, Journal of Power Sources,
Volume 332, 2016
• Ongoing research to quantify this!
• Number of days/ year
• Application
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How V2G Technology Can Work with
Renewable Energy Sources; Outlining
Technology and Infrastructure Solutions
Trends:
1. Energy transition
2. Grid utilization/congestion
3. Energy markets
4. DC chargers
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The energy transition - Trends
• More renewable energy, unpredictable energy
• More EV’s
• More heatpumps → more electrical energy, 10kWp per
house needed for energy neutrality
• New equation:
• EV’s represent storage
• Enabling better utilization of the grid
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A better grid utilization
• Average house connection = 3 x 25A (17kW continuous)
• TSO, DSO consider max. simultaneous power of 2kW (12%)
• The average usage of a household is 200W (only 1.1%)
• → All based on the assumption that electrical energy cannot
be stored
• With EV’s we will have a large amount of (free) storage
• 100.000 EV’s equal a 1GW power plant
• → V2G aims to provide energy-storage-as-a-service
• → V2G enables Virtual Power Plants
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Unlocking the Market of (Renewable) Electrical energy
• Generation : 0.03 to 0.06 EURO per kWh
• Consumer rate : 0.25 EURO (flat rate) → 6 times cost price!
• Today: Month price - based on highest month peak
• (= Punishment system)
• Future: Price based on supply and demand and congestion
• (= Reward system)
• → Reward power neutrality!
• → Will the smart meter become smart?
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EV Charging – AC Vs DC
• OEM’s struggle: 3kW or 10kW OBC (30 hours charge time)
• AC charging uses on-board power converter
• DC charging uses off-board power converter
– No size and weight limitation
– Easy to service
– Run V2G services
AC chargingDC charging
Off-boardCharger
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How V2G Technology Can Work with
Renewable Energy Sources; Outlining
Technology and Infrastructure Solutions
V2G applications
1. Freq. regulations (FCR)
2. Energy trading
3. Congestion management
4. Autonomous / Stand-alone operation
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V2G applications
1. Utilizing fast response of EV battery → Freq. regulations (FCR)
2. Benefit from dynamic pricing → Energy trading
3. Smart charging & energy feeding → Congestion management
4. Provide back up power → Autonomous / Stand-alone operation
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Fast response
DOWN
UP
0
Po
we
r (k
W)
CH
V2G
• FCR: Response within 30s
• ERCOT market: 1c/kW for one hour → 876 $ / year
• Challenge:
• Regulations for FCR [Minimum bid of 1MW]
• Aggregation (Allowed in NL, DE)
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Energy trading
• Use the energy prices from day ahead or intra-day markets
• Trading by Buying-Selling power: ‘High’ or ‘Low’ price
• Challenge:
• Energy highway is ‘busy’ or ‘free’
• Regulation: No dynamic pricing for end-customers
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Congestion management
• V1G & V2G can provide distributed congestion management
• Challenge:
• “Net metering” kills incentives to feed energy back
• No capacity markets at DSO level
• Solutions needed have to be local
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Audience question:
Would V2G and stationery storage
compete or complement ?
32
How V2G Technology Can Work with
Renewable Energy Sources; Outlining
Technology and Infrastructure Solutions
V2G implementation
• Synergy between PV and EV
• V2G over AC
• V2G over DC
• Direct V2G solar charging
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Traditional residential PV home system
• 3 kWp (10 panels of 300Wp in one string, 300V / 10A)
• Savings: 3300 kWh per year
• → Energy neutral
• → Pay-back time of 7-10 years
• → Interesting for some private users
• → Not interesting for companies / business
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Driving Electric
• 80% will be Home / Work charging
• 15,000 km/year 2x (Electrical energy usage per person) !!
• Charging infrastructure:
• → It’s a service
• → Needs to work reliably
• → Easy to install
• Nobody asks for payback time!
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Common Factor between EV and PV
Common
• PV: 600V DC
• EV: 400V DC
• → Both DC sources
• → In the PRE world: Nothing is easier than a non-
isolated boost converter
Boundaries:
• PV does not need galvanic isolation to grid
• EV does need galvanic isolation to grid
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Goal
PV panels
EV charger
EV @ workplace Connection to grid
Solar carport
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10kW PV System in NL
Winter ~ 10kWh/day
Spring ~ 30kWh/day
Summer ~ 50kWh/day
Image source : Nissan
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10kW PV System in NL
Energy Neutral != Power Neutral
• Huge variation : 1 kWh – 75 kWh per day
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10kW PV System in NL
Energy Neutral != Power Neutral
• Huge variation : 1 kWh – 75 kWh per day
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DC/DCConverter
AC Grid
DC/ACInverter
DC linkEV Charger
PV Panels AC
Grid
DC/ACInverter
DC linkDC/DC
Converter
Solar Inverter
EV charging from PV : Today
EV Charger
PV Inverter
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Solar Station
First bidirectional AC 15118
charging station in the market
2x22 kW AC charging
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March 21 2019: world premiere AC-15118 bidirectional ecosysteem
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DC/DCConverter
AC Grid
DC/ACInverter
DC linkEV Charger
PV Panels AC
Grid
DC/ACInverter
DC linkDC/DC
Converter
Solar Inverter
EV charging from PV : Today
EV Charger
PV Inverter
AC !!
DC
DC
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Charging of EV from PV : Our solution
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DC/DCConverter
AC Grid
DC/ACInverter
DC linkEV ChargerPV
Panels AC Grid
DC/ACInverter
DC linkDC/DC
Converter
Solar Inverter
Integrated DC solution
IsolatedEV charger
(DC/DC)
PV panels10 kWp
AC Inter-connection
Inverter(DC/AC)
DC linkPV MPPT converter(DC/DC)
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Integrated DC solution
IsolatedEV charger
(DC/DC)
PV panels10 kWp
AC Inter-connection
Inverter(DC/AC)
DC linkPV MPPT converter(DC/DC)
• DC-DC connection of EV-PV Improved efficiency
• Only one DC/AC converter Lower cost of converter
• Bi-directional capability Charge / V2G
DC
V2G
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Four power flows
1. PV EV
2. Grid EV
3. EV Grid
4. PV Grid
• Solar inverter + V2G EV charger
• NO cost added for Bi-directionality (software enabled feature)
• Bypass the solar AC/DC converter
→ Shortcuts are the best inventions! (Patent the obvious)
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Power converter efficiency
(via AC) (via AC)(via AC)
• 95% efficient over wide working range (low ‘taxes’)
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3x Power density & Modular
• Smaller (50%) and more efficient solution
• Modular: upto 150kW, 500V and 1000V, Reliability (N+1)
• Bidirectional converter platform: 6kW 1-phase, 10kW 3-phase
EV
PVEV-PV
50cm x 50cm !!!
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Testing with Nissan Leaf EV
• Testing EV charging from PV & V2G
• CHAdeMO protocol on Nissan Leaf
• 390V EV battery discharged and
then charged with a current of 24A
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V2G Charger commercially available
• V2G power module: PRE, http://www.pr-electronics.nl
• Full V2G charger with controller, cables, connector:
• Newmotion, https://newmotion.com
• eNovates, https://www.enovates.com
• OVO energy, https://www.ovoenergy.com
Image source – OVO, Newmotion
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Recognition received
1. ‘Most Significant Innovation in Electric
Vehicles’ Award from IDtechEx, 2018
2. Selected ‘Best Tech Idea of 2018’ by
science magazine KIJK, 2018
3. Featured on Dutch TV NPO1, in series
‘Breakthrough’ on Een Vandaag 2017
4. Showcased in TU Delft research
exhibition ‘digit 2017’
5. Selected as three finalists for the
‘emove360° award in 2017
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PV charging of EV at workplace
www.youtube.com/watch?v=smrOCOLxBvg
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Challenges for V2G market
• Battery degradation
• Competition from stationery storage
• Incentives for user to participate (End-user friendly apps)
• Enable aggregation to enable FCR services for TSO
• Dynamic pricing – For energy and power capacity
(Potential for smart meter)
• Standards: CHAdeMO is V2G ready, CCS in 2020
• Standardization on security/privacy
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Conclusions
• Mobility transition + Energy transition
• V2G has great potential to co-finance energy
transition
• Energy Neutral Power Neutral
• Beware of the challenges for V2G!
• World’s first solar V2G EV charger
56
Want to learn more?
www.tiny.cc/ecarsx
57
Want to learn more?
www.tiny.cc/ecarsx
• Lecture video
• Exercises
• Panel discussion
• Online forums
58
How V2G Technology Can Work with
Renewable Energy Sources: Outlining
Technology and Infrastructure Solutions
Menno Kardolus (MSc EE), CEO of PRE
Gautham Ram (PhD), Assistant Professor, TU Delft
www.PR-Electronics.nl
www.TUDelft.nl
59
Smart charging & V2G
Energy prices
Charging from renewables
EV as storage for renewables
Demand side management
Delay infrastructure upgrade
Reduce distribution losses
Ancillary services
Regulation services
Multiplexing of EV
V2G (incl. emergency power)
60
Energy Management System (EMS)
Energy prices
V2G
Charging from PV + Storage
Congestion management
Multiplexing of EV
Frequency regulation services
Net
her
lan
ds
Tex
as
61
Energy Management System (EMS)
PV panels
EV charger(DC/DC)
Inverter(DC/AC)
EV & Chr Data
Energy Management System [EMS]
ISO
Solar Forecast
Net costs
ACGrid
PV MPPT converter(DC/DC)
EV charger(DC/DC)
DC link
D. van der Meer; G. R. Chandra Mouli; G. Morales-Espana; L.R. Elizondo; P. Bauer, "Energy Management System with PV Power Forecast to Optimally Charge EVs at the Workplace," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial InformaticsG. R. Chandra Mouli, R. Baldick, M.Kefayati, and P. Bauer, “Integrated PV Charging of EV Fleet Based on Dynamic Prices, V2G and Offer of Reserves”, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grids, 2017, accepted
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Case Netherlands
• EV car park with
– 4 EVs connected to one EV-PV charger
– 4 EVs, 2EVs connected to two EV-PV charger, resp.
• Energy prices from APX
Cnet = Cost(EV charging) – Sales (PV power)
63
Case Texas
• EV car park with 6 EV and 4 Chargers
• Yearly simulation: 32 - 651% cost reduction, Avg. 158%
Charging StrategyAVERAGE
RATEUNCONTROLLED OPTIMAL
𝐶𝑎𝑟 , 𝐶𝑖𝑚𝑚, 𝐶𝑜𝑝𝑡 ($) 37.9 29.0 -15.3
𝐶%𝑖𝑚𝑚, 𝐶%
𝑜𝑝𝑡(%) 31.72 158.63
CaseBidirectional
V2GEnergy prices
Regulationservices
PV forecast
Case 1 ✖ ✖ ✔ ✖
Case 2 ✖ ✔ ✖ ✖
Case 3 ✖ ✔ ✔ ✖
Case 4 ✖ ✔ ✖ ✔
Case 5 ✔ ✖ ✔ ✔
Case 6 ✖ ✔ ✔ ✔
OPTIMAL ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
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Example: Case Texas
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Energy prices Prices+ Solar Regulation Regulation+Prices
V2G+Regulation+
Solar
Prices+Regulation+
Solar
V2G+ Prices+Regulation+
Solar
Co
st r
edu
ctio
n (
%)
Day 33 Day 83 Day 153 Day 332 Day 220
Combining smart charging applications is way forward
• EV car park with 6 EV and 4 Chargers
• Yearly simulation: 32 - 651% cost reduction, Avg. 158%
