How to cook and other inquiries about wolf hustlin

8/10/2019 How to cook and other inquiries about wolf hustlin'

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2/395

Laravel 4 Cookbook

C h r i s to ph e r P i tt a n d T a y l o r O tw e l l

T h i s b o o k i s f o r s a l e a t http://leanpub.com/laravel4cookbook

Th i s ve rsi o n wa s pu bli sh e d o n 2 0 1 4 - 0 5 - 0 4

T h i s i s a Leanpub bo o k. Le a npu b e mpo we rs a u t h o rs a nd pu bli sh e rs wi t h t h e Le a n Pu bli sh i ngprocess. Le a n Pu bli sh i ng i s t h e a c t o f p u b l i s h i n g a n i n - p r o g r e s s e b o o k u s i n g l i g h t w e i g h t t o o l s a n dm a n y i t e r a t i o n s t o g e t r e a d e r f e e d b a c k , p i v o t u n t i l y o u h a v e t h e r i g h t b o o k a n d b u i l d t r a c t i o n o n c e

y o u d o .

2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 C h ri st o ph e r Pi t t
http://leanpub.com/manifestohttp://leanpub.com/http://leanpub.com/laravel4cookbook


3/395

Tweet This Book!

P l e a s e h e l p C h r i s t o p h e r P i t t a n d T a y l o r O t w e l l b y s p r e a d i n g t h e w o r d a b o u t t h i s b o o k o n Twitter!

T h e s u g g e s t e d h a s h t a g f o r t h i s b o o k i s #laravel4cookbook.

F i n d o u t w h a t o t h e r p e o p l e a r e s a y i n g a b o u t t h e b o o k b y c l i c k i n g o n t h i s l i n k t o s e a r c h f o r t h i sh a sh t a g o n Twi t t e r:

https://twitter.com/search?q=#laravel4cookbook
https://twitter.com/search?q=%23laravel4cookbookhttps://twitter.com/search?q=%23laravel4cookbookhttp://twitter.com/


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Contents

Dedication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i

Forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

What This Book Teaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

Why Write This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

Installing Laravel 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Installing Laravel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Configuring The Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Connection To The Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Database Driver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Elo quent Driver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Creating A Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Creating A Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Creating A Seeder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Configuring Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Logging In . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Creating A Layout View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Creating A Login View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Creating A Login Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Authenticating Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Redirecting With Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Authenticating Credentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Resetting Passwords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Creating A Password Reset View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Creating A Password Reset Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Creating Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Creating A Logout Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Access Control List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Managing Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35


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Refactoring Migrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Listing Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Adding Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Editing Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Deleting Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Adding Users And Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Adding Migrations, Models And Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Adding Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Seeding Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Saving Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Advanced Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Dependencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Environment Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Checking Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Setting Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Unsetting Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Asset Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Combining Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90Minifying Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Building Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Watching Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Resource Watcher Integration Bug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

Rsync . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

Distribute Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105Copying Files For Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105Removing Development Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107Synchronising Files To A Remote Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Command Portability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Preprocessors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114Dependencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114Creating Resources With Artisan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Creating Resources With Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Generating Migrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Generating Seeders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122Generating Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125Generating Controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

Binding Models To Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132Troublesho oting Aliases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134


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Testing Endpoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135Authenticating Requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136Using Accessors And Mutators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137Using Cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142Composer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142Dependency Injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142Inversion Of Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146Service Providers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149Organising Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151Publishing Configuration Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Creating Composer.json . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Submitting A Package To Packagist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170Note On Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Real Time Chat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172Dependencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

Bo otstrap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172EmberJS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172Ratchet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

ReactP H P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Ratchet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Creating An Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

Creating A View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174Creating An EmberJS App . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

Creating A Service Provider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Creating A Chat Handler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Creating A Socket Wrapper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

Creating A Serve Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187Connecting To The Socket Ser ver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

Wiring Up The Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192Showing Chat Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193Sending Chat Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Finishing Up The Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

Note On Nginx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

Multisites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201Note on Operating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201Note on Server Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201Note on Dutch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201Virtual Hosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

Adding Virtual Host Entries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202


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Creating Apache 2 Virtual Hosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203Creating Nginx Virtual Hosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205Note on Running Commands in Local Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

Using Site-Spe cific Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206Using Site-Spe cific Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212Using Language Lookups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212Using Language Lookups in Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215Caching Language Lookups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

Creating Multi-Language Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219Creating Multi-Language Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

E-Commerce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226Note on Sanity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226Installing Laravel 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227Installing Other Dependencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

AngularJS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227Bo otstrap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228DOMP DF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228Stripe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229Faker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

Creating Database Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230Creating Migrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

Creating Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236Creating Seeders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240Creating AP I Endpoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

Managing Categories And Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248Managing Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250Managing Orders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

Creating The Site With AngularJS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253Creating The Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253Making The Interface Dynamic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259Completing Orders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

Accepting Payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

Creating Orders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278Working The Ser vice Provider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281Making Payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

Generating P DF Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

Embedded Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293Gathering Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293


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Installing Dependencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293Note About Errata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294Creating An Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294Creating A Socket Ser ver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

Connection To Arduino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303Spinning Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309Adding A Webcam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

Installing ImageSnap On OSX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310Installing Streamer On Ubuntu/Debian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310Displaying Photos In The Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

File-Based CMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312Installing Dependencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312Rendering Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313Gathering Metadata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318

Creating Layouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321Creating Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340Displaying Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352Extending The CMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356

Controller Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357Installing Dependencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357Unit vs. Functional vs. Acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358

Unit Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358Functional Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358Acceptance Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359

Am I Writing Unit Or Functional Tests? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359Fat Controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359Service Providers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361Dependency Injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366This Isnt Testing! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370The Rabbit Hole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383


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DedicationI w o u l d l i k e t o t h a n k T a y l o r O t w e l l f o r t h e L a r a v e l f r a m e w o r k . H e m a y n o t h a v e w r i t t e n p a r t o f t h i s bo o k (i n t h e t ra di t i o na l se nse ), bu t wi t h o u t h i s t i re le ss de di c a t i o n t o La ra ve l; no ne o f t h i s wo u ldh a v e h a p p e n e d . I c o n s i d e r h i m a c o - d e v e l o p e r i n t h e c o d e I w r i t e d a i l y .

I w o u l d l i k e t o t h a n k a l l o f m y f r i e n d s a s J o e P u b l i c . I h a v e n e v e r w o r k e d a n y w h e r e I l o v e m o r e .Y o u g i v e m e t h e f r e e d o m a n d e n c o u r a g e m e n t t o c r e a t e , l e a r n a n d h a v e f u n .

I w o u l d l i k e t o t h a n k m y f a m i l y f o r t h e i r e n c o u r a g e m e n t , s u p p o r t a n d g e n e r a l a w e s o m e n e s s .

I w ou ld l ik e t o t ha nk m y w if e a nd c hi ld re n f or b ei ng p at ie nt a nd l ov in g m e e ve n w he n I m n ot

loveable.I w o u l d l i k e t o t h a n k J e s u s . I e n c o u r a g e y o u t o a s k m e w h y .


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ForwardH i , m y n a m e i s W a y n e A s h l e y B e r r y a n d I w o r k w i t h C h r i s a t J o e P u b l i c w h e r e w e w r i t e b u s i n e s sc r i t i c a l s o f t w a r e d a y i n a n d d a y o u t . I v e b e e n w r i t i n g s o f t w a r e p r o f e s s i o n a l l y f o r y e a r s C h r i s i st h e g u y I g o t o w h e n G o o g l e d o e s n t h a v e t h e a n s w e r s .

W h a t I lo ve a bo u t C h ri s s wo rk e t h i c i s t h a t h e c o nt i nu a lly pu sh e s t h e li mi t s o f so ft wa re , fra me wo rksa n d l a n g u a g e s b u t t h e n m a n a g e s t o h o l d b a c k a n d u s e s i m p l e a n d u n d e r s t a n d a b l e c o n c e p t s .

B . B . K i n g o n c e s a i d D o n t u s e t h e s o n g t o s h o w o f f y o u r s k i l l s , u s e y o u r s k i l l s t o s h o w o f f t h e s o n g . ,C h r i s i s l i k e t h a t J a z z m u s i c i a n w h o y o u k n o w c o u l d o u t - p l a y y o u w i t h o n e h a n d b u t f i n d s i m m e n s e

joy in playing four chord pop tracks.

E a c h c a s e s t u d y i n t h i s b o o k c o m e s f r o m h a r d e a r n e d e x p e r i e n c e . C o n s i d e r e a c h c h a p t e r y e a r s o f e x pe r ie n ce , s l ee p le s s n i gh t s a n d s t re s sf u l d e ad l in e s d i st i ll e d i n to a s e t o f b e st p r a ct i ce s , c o mm o nse nse a nd go o d a dvi c e .

I f y o u r e l o o k i n g t o u s e L a r a v e l , o r e v e n j u s t P H P , f o r r e a l - w o r l d p r o j e c t s t h e n c o n s i d e r t h i s b o o kw o r t h m o r e t h a t i t s f i l e - s i z e i n g o l d .


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What This Book TeachesI m w r i t i n g t h i s b o o k ( a n d t h e t u t o r i a l s ) i n t h e h o p e t h a t p e o p l e c a n l e a r n t h e t h i n g s I h a v e a b o u tL ar av el 4 . I t s n ot m ea nt a s a r ep la ce me nt f or a ny o f t he g re at L ar av el b oo ks , b ut i ns te ad a s ac o mple me nt t o t h e re so u rc e s, do c u me nt a t i o n a nd fra me wo rk.

T h i s b o o k t e a c h e s v a r i o u s a s p e c t s o f L a r a v e l 4 i m p l e m e n t a t i o n , c o n f i g u r a t i o n a n d u s a g e ; a s p a r t o f s e p a r a t e p r o j e c t s . T h e i d e a i s n o t t o d e m o n s t r a t e t h e o n l y o r b e s t w a y t o c r e a t e a n y o f t h e s e p r o j e c t s .I t s n o t t o s h o w t h e o n l y o r b e s t w a y t o u s e L a r a v e l 4 . I t s s i m p l y a d i f f e r e n t ( a n d s u b j e c t i v e ) k i n do f do c u me nt a t i o n t o t h e mo du la ri se d ve rsi o n fo u nd a t : http://laravel.com/docs

W hi le t hi s b o ok t ou ch es o n i n t he i ns ta ll at io n a nd h os ti ng o f L ar av el a pp li ca ti on s; i t s n ot a n

e xh au st iv e r ef er en ce f or h ow t o d o t he se t hi ng s. T he re a re s om e i ns tr uc ti on s ; w hi ch s ho ul d b ee no ug h t o g et y ou u p a nd r un ni ng , b ut i t a ss um es y ou a re f am il ia r w it h h ow t hi ng s l ik e L A MP( L i n u x , A p a c h e , M y S Q L a n d P H P ) w o r k a n d a r e c a p a b l e o f i n s t a l l i n g a n d m a i n t a i n i n g t h e m .


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Why Write This BookI w a s l e a r n i n g h o w t o u s e L a r a v e l 4 m o r e e f f e c t i v e l y , a n d f o u n d s o m e s u b j e c t s w h i c h I f e l t w e r ew o r t h s h a r i n g . I p i c k e d M e d i u m ( w h i c h l a t e r t u r n e d o u t t o b e a h u g e p a i n ) a n d s t a r t e d p u t t i n g at u t o r i a l t o g e t h e r . A f e w h o u r s l a t e r I h i t p u b l i s h

T h e n @ l a r a v e l p h p r e t w e e t e d a l i n k t o t h e a r t i c l e . I t h i n k I s p e n t t h e r e s t o f t h e d a y j u s t w a t c h i n gs t a t s . T h e t u t o r i a l h i t M e d i u m s h o m e p a g e . I t t u r n s o u t t h e r e a r e a l o t o f p e o p l e w h o w a n t e d t o k n o wa b ou t A ut h en t ic a ti o n ( i n L a r av e l) , a n d j u st n e e de d t o b e e x po s ed t o t h e a r ti c le t h ro u gh @ l ar a ve l ph p spro mo t i o n o f i t .

S i n c e t h e n ; I h a v e b e e n r e l e a s i n g a t u t o r i a l e v e r y t w o w e e k s .

T he b o ok g re w o ut o f t he r ea li sa ti on t ha t; w hi le l oa d s o f p e op le w er e r ea di ng t he t ut or ia ls o nMe di u m, so me pe o ple we re n t h a ppy wi t h t h e pla t fo rm.

T h e r e a r e m a n y c o m p e l l i n g r e a s o n s f o r m e t o k e e p o n u s i n g M e d i u m t o h o s t t h e t u t o r i a l s . I d o n tw a n t t o h o s t m y o w n t h i n g b e c a u s e u p t i m e i s i m p o r t a n t , a n d o u t a g e s i n t h e n i g h t a d d y e a r s o n t om y l i f e . T h e s i m p l e s t a t i s t i c s a n d t e x t f o r m a t t i n g a r e a l s o g r e a t .

I w a n t t o s t a y o n M e d i u m , b u t I a l s o w a n t p e o p l e t o w a n t t o r e a d t h e t u t o r i a l s a n d l e a r n f r o m t h e mo n o t h e r p l a t f o r m s . T h e b o o k a l l o w s b o t h o f t h e s e t h i n g s , a s w e l l a s a n i m p o r t a n t t h i r d t h i n g

T h e b o o k i s a l s o i n t e n d e d a s a m e a n s t o g i v e b a c k t o L a r a v e l ; i n p a r t i c u l a r t h e i n v a l u a b l e w o r k o f Ta y lo r O t we l l. To t h is e n d, I h a ve c o mm i tt e d t o g i ve h a lf o f a l l s a le s t o Ta y lo r. T h e t u t o ri a ls w i ll

a l w a y s b e f r e e o n M e d i u m , a n d t h e i r c o n t e n t w i l l m i r r o r t h e c h a p t e r s o f t h i s b o o k ( w i t h o b v i o u sre pe t i t i o n o mi t t e d), bu t by pu rc h a si ng t h i s bo o k y o u a re h e lpi ng t o fu nd fu t u re La ra ve l de ve lo pme ntf r o m h i m a n d t u t o r i a l s f r o m m e .


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Installing Laravel 4L a ra v el 4 u s es C o mp o s er t o m a na g e i t s d e p en d en c ie s . Yo u c a n i n st a ll C o mp o s er b y f o ll o wi n g t h ei nst ru c t i o ns a thttp://getcomposer.org/doc/00-intro.md#installation-nix.

O nc e y o u h a ve C o mpo se r wo rki ng, ma ke a ne w di re c t o ry o r na vi ga t i o n t o a n e xi st i ng di re c t o ry a ndi nst a ll La ra ve l 4 wi t h t h e fo llo wi ng c o mma nd:

1 composer create-project laravel/laravel ./ --prefer-dist

I f y o u c h o s e n o t t o i n s t a l l C o m p o s e r g l o b a l l y ( t h o u g h y o u r e a l l y s h o u l d ) , t h e n t h e c o m m a n d y o uu se sh o u ld re se mble t h e fo llo wi ng:

1 php composer.phar create-project laravel/laravel ./ --prefer-dist

B o t h o f t h e s e c o m m a n d s w i l l s t a r t t h e p r o c e s s o f i n s t a l l i n g L a r a v e l 4 . T h e r e a r e m a n y d e p e n d e n c i e st o b e s o u r c e d a n d d o w n l o a d e d ; s o t h i s p r o c e s s m a y t a k e s o m e t i m e t o f i n i s h .


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AuthenticationI f y o u r e a n y t h i n g l i k e m e ; y o u v e s p e n t a g r e a t d e a l o f t i m e b u i l d i n g p a s s w o r d - p r o t e c t e d s y s t e m s .I u s e d t o d r e a d t h e p o i n t a t w h i c h I h a d t o b o l t o n t h e a u t h e n t i c a t i o n s y s t e m t o a C M S o r s h o p p i n gc a r t . T h a t w a s u n t i l I l e a r n e d h o w e a s y i t w a s w i t h L a r a v e l 4 .

Th e c ode fo r t his ch ap ter ca n be f ou nd a t https://github.com/formativ/tutorial-laravel-4-

authentication.

T hi s t ut or ia l r eq ui re s P H P 5 .4 o r g re at er a nd t he P DO /S QL it e e xt en si on . Yo u a ls o n ee d

to have all of the requirements of Laravel 4 met. You can find a list of these at

http://laravel.com/docs/installation#server-requirements.

Installing Laravel

L a ra v el 4 u s es C o mp o s er t o m a na g e i t s d e p en d en c ie s . Yo u c a n i n st a ll C o mp o s er b y f o ll o wi n g t h ei nst ru c t i o ns a thttp://getcomposer.org/doc/00-intro.md#installation-nix.

O nc e y o u h a ve C o mpo se r wo rki ng, ma ke a ne w di re c t o ry o r na vi ga t i o n t o a n e xi st i ng di re c t o ry a ndi nst a ll La ra ve l wi t h t h e fo llo wi ng c o mma nd:

1 composer create-project laravel/laravel .

2

3 Installing laravel/laravel (v4.1.27)

4 ...

I f y o u c h o s e n o t t o i n s t a l l C o m p o s e r g l o b a l l y ( t h o u g h y o u r e a l l y s h o u l d ) , t h e n t h e c o m m a n d y o uu se sh o u ld re se mble t h e fo llo wi ng:


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Authentication 2

1 php composer.phar create-project laravel/laravel .

2

3 Installing laravel/laravel (v4.1.27)

4 ...

B o t h o f t h e s e c o m m a n d s w i l l s t a r t t h e p r o c e s s o f i n s t a l l i n g L a r a v e l 4 . T h e r e a r e m a n y d e p e n d e n c i e st o b e s o u r c e d a n d d o w n l o a d e d ; s o t h i s p r o c e s s m a y t a k e s o m e t i m e t o f i n i s h .

T h e v e r s i o n o f L a r a v e l t h i s t u t o r i a l i s b a s e d o n i s 4.1.27. I t s p os s i b le that late r v e r s i ons of L ar av e l

w i ll i ntr od u c e b r e ak i ng c hang e s to the c od e s how n he r e . I n that c as e , c lone the Gi thu b r e p os i tor y

me nti one d ab ov e , and r u ncomposer install. The loc k f i le has b e e n i nc lu d e d s o that L ar av e l 4.1.27

w i ll b e i ns talle d f or you .

Configuring The Database

O ne o f t he b es t w ay s t o m an ag e u se rs a nd a ut he nt ic at io n i s b y s to ri ng t he m i n a d at ab as e. T he d ef au ltL a r a v e l 4 a u t h e n t i c a t i o n c o m p o n e n t s a s s u m e y o u w i l l b e u s i n g s o m e f o r m o f d a t a b a s e s t o r a g e , a n dt h e y pro vi de t wo dri ve rs wi t h wh i c h t h e se da t a ba se u se rs c a n be re t ri e ve d a nd a u t h e nt i c a t e d.

Connection To The Database

To u se e it he r o f t he p ro vi de d d r iv er s, w e f ir s t n ee d a v al id c on ne ct io n t o t he d at ab as e. S et i t u pb y c o n f i g u r i n g a n d o f t h e s e c t i o n s i n t h e app/config/database.php f i l e . H e r e s a n e x a m p l e o f t h eS Q L i t e d a t a b a s e I u s e f o r t e s t i n g :

1


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Authentication 3

T h i s f i l e s h o u l d b e s a v e d a s app/config/database.php.

I hav e r e mov e d c omme nts , e x tr ane ou s li ne s and s u p e r f lu ou s d r i v e r c onf i g u r ati on op ti ons .

P r ev i ou s v er s io n s o f t h is t u to r ia l u s ed a M y SQ L d a ta b as e f o r u s er s t or a ge . I d e ci d ed t o s wi t ch

t o S Q Li t e b e ca u se i t s s i mp l er t o i n st a ll a n d u s e, w h en d e mo n st r at i ng L a ra v el c o de . I f y o u r e

u si ng m ig ra t io ns t h en t hi s s ho ul dn t a ff ec t y ou a t a ll . Yo u c an l ea rn m or e a bo ut S QL it e a t

https://laracasts.com/lessons/maybe-you-should-use-sqlite.

Database Driver

T he f ir s t d r iv er w hi ch L ar av el 4 p ro vi de s i s a c al le ddatabase. A s t he n am e s ug ge st s; t hi s d r iv erq u er i es t h e d a ta b as e d i re c tl y, i n o r de r t o d e te r mi n e w h et h er u s er s m a tc h in g p r ov i de d c r ed e n ti a lse xi st , a nd wh e t h e r t h e a ppro pri a t e a u t h e nt i c a t i o n c re de nt i a ls h a ve be e n pro vi de d.

I f t h i s i s t h e d r i v e r y o u w a n t t o u s e ; y o u w i l l n e e d t h e f o l l o w i n g d a t a b a s e t a b l e i n t h e d a t a b a s e y o uh a ve a lre a dy c o nfi gu re d:

1 CREATE TABLE user (

2 id integer PRIMARY KEY NOT null,

3 username varchar NOT null,

4 password varchar NOT null,

5 email varchar NOT null,

6 remember_token varchar NOT null,

7 created_at datetime NOT null,

8 updated_at datetime NOT null9 );


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Authentication 4

H e r e , and f u r the r on, I d e v i ate f r om the s tand ar d of p lu r al d atab as e tab le name s . U s u ally, I w ou ld

r e c omme nd s ti c k i ng w i th the s tand ar d , b u t thi s g av e me an op p or tu ni ty to d e mons tr ate how you

c an c onf i g u r e d atab as e tab le name s i n b oth mi g r ati ons and mod e ls .

Eloquent Driver

Th e se c o nd dri ve r wh i c h La ra ve l pro vi de s i s c a lle d eloquent. E l o q u e n t i s a l s o t h e n a m e o f t h e O R Mw h i c h L a r a v e l p r o v i d e s , f o r a b s t r a c t i n g m o d e l d a t a . I t i s s i m i l a r i n t h a t i t w i l l u l t i m a t e l y q u e r y ad at ab as e t o d et er m in e w he th er a u se r i s a ut he nt ic , b ut t he i nt er fa ce w hi ch i t u se s t o m ak e t ha t

de t e rmi na t i o n i s qu i t e di ffe re nt fro m di re c t da t a ba se qu e ri e s.If y o u re u si ng La ra ve l t o bu i ld me di u m- t o - la rge a ppli c a t i o ns, t h e n y o u st a nd a go o d c h a nc e o f u si ngE l o q u e n t m o d e l s t o r e p r e s e n t d a t a b a s e o b j e c t s . I t i s w i t h t h i s i n m i n d t h a t I w i l l s p e n d s o m e t i m ee la bo ra t i ng o n t h e i nvo lve me nt o f Elo qu e nt mo de ls i n t h e a u t h e nt i c a t i o n pro c e ss.

I f y o u w a n t t o i gn o re a l l t h in g s E l o q ue n t; f e el f r ee t o s ki p t h e f o l l ow i ng s e ct i on s d e al i ng w it h

models.

Creating A Migration

S i nc e w e r e u s in g E l oq u en t t o m a na ge h o w o u r a p pl i ca t io n c o mm u ni c at e s w i th t h e d a ta b as e ; w ema y a s we ll u se La ra ve l s da t a ba se t a ble ma ni pu la t i o n t o o ls.

T o g e t s t a r t e d , n a v i g a t e t o t h e r o o t o f y o u r p r o j e c t a n d t y p e t h e f o l l o w i n g c o m m a n d :

1 php artisan migrate:make --table="user" create_user_table

2

3 Created Migration: 2014_05_04_193719_create_user_table

4 Generating optimized class loader

5 Compiling common classes


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Authentication 5

The--table f lag matc he s the$table p r o p e r t y w e w i l l d e f i n e i n t h eUser model.

Th i s wi ll ge ne ra t e t h e sc a ffo ldi ng fo r t h e u se rs t a ble , wh i c h sh o u ld re se mble t h e fo llo wi ng:

1


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Authentication 6

1


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Authentication 7

Creating A Model

La ra ve l 4 pro vi de s a User mo de l, wi t h a ll t h e i nt e rfa c e me t h o ds i t re qu i re s. I h a ve mo di fi e d i t sli gh t ly ,b u t t h e b a s i c s a r e s t i l l t h e r e

1


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Authentication 8

39 {

40 return $this->email;

41 }

42 }

T h i s f i l e s h o u l d b e s a v e d a s app/models/User.php.

Note the$table p r op e r ty w e hav e d e f i ne d . I t s hou ld matc h the tab le w e d e f i ne d i n ou r mi g r ati ons .

The User mo de l e xt e nds Eloquent a n d i m p l e m e n t s t w o i n t e r f a c e s w h i c h e n s u r e t h e m o d e l i s v a l i df o r a u th e nt i ca t io n a n d r e mi n de r o p er a ti o ns . We l l l o ok a t t h e i n te r fa c es l a te r, b u t i t s i m po r ta n t t ono t e t h e me t h o ds t h e se i nt e rfa c e s re qu i re .

L a r a v e l a l l o w s t h e u s e r o f e i t h e r e m a i l a d d r e s s o r u s e r n a m e w i t h w h i c h t o i d e n t i f y t h e u s e r , b u t i ti s a d i f f e r e n t f i e l d f r o m t h a t w h i c h t h e getAuthIdentifier() re t u rns. Th e UserInterface interfacedo e s spe c i fy t h e pa sswo rd fi e ld na me , bu t t h i s c a n be c h a nge d by o ve rri di ng t h e getAuthPassword()method.

T h e r e m i n d e r t o k e n m e t h o d s a r e u s e d t o c r e a t e a n d v a l i d a t e a c c o u n t - s p e c i f i c s e c u r i t y t o k e n s . T h e

f i n e r d e t a i l s a r e b e s t l e f t t o a n o t h e r l e s s o n

The getReminderEmail() m e t h o d r e t u r n s a n e m a i l a d d r e s s w i t h w h i c h t o c o n t a c t t h e u s e r w i t h apa sswo rd re se t e ma i l, sh o u ld t h i s be re qu i re d.

Y o u a r e o t h e r w i s e f r e e t o s p e c i f y a n y m o d e l c u s t o m i s a t i o n , w i t h o u t f e a r i t w i l l b r e a k t h e b u i l t - i nauthentication components.

Creating A Seeder

L ar av el 4 a ls o i nc lu de s s e ed in g s ys te m, w hi ch c an b e u se d t o a dd r ec or ds t o y ou r d at ab as e a ft er

i n i t i a l m i g r a t i o n . T o a d d t h e i n i t i a l u s e r s t o m y p r o j e c t , I h a v e t h e f o l l o w i n g s e e d e r c l a s s :


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1


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Authentication 10

T h i s f i l e s h o u l d b e s a v e d a s app/database/seeds/DatabaseSeeder.php.

TheDatabaseSeeder c la ss wi ll se e d t h e u se rs t a ble wi t h my a c c o u nt wh e n i nvo ke d. If y o u ve a lre a dyse t u p y o u r mi gra t i o n a nd mo de l, a nd pro vi de d va li d da t a ba se c o nne c t i o n de t a i ls, t h e n t h e fo llo wi ngc o mma nds sh o u ld ge t e ve ry t h i ng u p a nd ru nni ng:

1 composer dump-autoload

2

3 Generating autoload files

4

5 php artisan migrate

67 Migrated: ****_**_**_******_create_user_table

8

9 php artisan db:seed

10

11 Seeded: UserSeeder

T he f ir s t c om ma nd m ak es s ur e a ll t he n ew c la ss es w e ve c re at ed a re p ic ke d u p b y t he c la ss a ut ol oa de r.Th e se c o nd c re a t e s t h e da t a ba se t a ble s spe c i fi e d fo r t h e mi gra t i o n. Th e t h i rd se e ds t h e u se r da t a i nt ot h e u se rs t a ble .

Configuring Authentication

Th e c o nfi gu ra t i o n o pt i o ns fo r t h e a u t h e nt i c a t i o n c o mpo ne nt s a re spa rse , bu t t h e y do a llo w fo r so mecustomisation.

1


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Authentication 11

T h i s f i l e s h o u l d b e s a v e d a s app/config/auth.php.

A l l o f t h es e s e tt i ng s a r e i m po r ta n t, a n d m o st a r e s e lf - ex p l an a to r y. T h e v i ew u s ed t o c o mp o se t h er e q u e s t e m a i l i s s p e c i f i e d w i t h t h e email k e y a n d t h e t i m e i n w h i c h t h e r e s e t t o k e n w i l l e x p i r e i sspe c i fi e d by t h eexpire key.

Pa y particular att ention t o the view specified by the email k ey i t t el ls L ar av el

to load the file app/views/email/request.blade.php i nstead of the default

app/views/emails/auth/reminder.blade.php.

Logging In

T o a l l o w a u t h e n t i c u s e r s t o u s e o u r a p p l i c a t i o n , w e r e g o i n g t o b u i l d a l o g i n p a g e ; w h e r e u s e r s c a ne n t e r t h e i r l o g i n d e t a i l s . I f t h e i r d e t a i l s a r e v a l i d , t h e y w i l l b e r e d i r e c t e d t o t h e i r p r o f i l e p a g e .

Creating A Layout View

B e f o r e w e c r e a t e a n y o f t h e p a g e s f o r o u t a p p l i c a t i o n ; i t w o u l d b e w i s e t o a b s t r a c t a w a y a l l o f o u rl a y o u t m a r k u p a n d s t y l i n g . T o t h i s e n d ; w e w i l l c r e a t e a l a y o u t v i e w w i t h v a r i o u s i n c l u d e s , u s i n gt h e Bla de t e mpla t e e ngi ne .

F i r s t o f f , w e n e e d t o c r e a t e t h e l a y o u t v i e w :

1

2

3

4

5

6 Tutorial

7

8

9 @include("header")

10

11

12 @yield("content")


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Authentication 12

13

14

15 @include("footer")

16

17

T h i s f i l e s h o u l d b e s a v e d a s app/views/layout.blade.php.

T h e l a y o u t v i e w i s m o s t l y s t a n d a r d H T M L , w i t h t w o B l a d e - s p e c i f i c t a g s i n i t . T h e @include tagst el l L ar av el t o i nc lu de t he v ie ws ( na me d i n t ho se s tr in g s; a s header and footer) f r o m t h e v i e w sdirectory.

No t i c e h o w we ve o mi t t e d t h e .blade.php e x t e n s i o n ? L a r a v e l a u t o m a t i c a l l y a d d s t h i s o n f o r u s . I ta l s o b i n d s t h e d a t a p r o v i d e d t o t h e l a y o u t v i e w t o b o t h i n c l u d e s .

T he s e co nd B la de t ag i s @yield. T hi s t ag a cc ep ts a s ec ti on n am e, a nd o ut pu ts t he d at a s to re d i nt h a t s e c t i o n . T h e v i e w s i n o u r a p p l i c a t i o n w i l l e x t e n d t h i s l a y o u t v i e w ; w h i l e s p e c i f y i n g t h e i r o w ncontent s e c t i o n s s o t h a t t h e i r m a r k u p i s e m b e d d e d i n t h e m a r k u p o f t h e l a y o u t . Y o u l l s e e e x a c t l yh o w se c t i o ns a re de fi ne d sh o rt ly .

1 @section("header")

2

3 4 Tutorial

5

6

7 @show

T h i s f i l e s h o u l d b e s a v e d a s app/views/header.blade.php.

T h e h e a d e r i n c l u d e f i l e c o n t a i n s t w o b l a d e t a g s w h i c h , t o g e t h e r , i n s t r u c t B l a d e t o s t o r e t h e m a r k u pi n t h e n a m e d s e c t i o n , a n d r e n d e r i t i n t h e t e m p l a t e .


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Authentication 13

1 @section("footer")

2

3

4 Powered by Laravel

5

6

7 @show

T h i s f i l e s h o u l d b e s a v e d a s app/views/footer.blade.php.

S i m i l a r l y , t h e f o o t e r i n c l u d e w r a p s i t s m a r k u p i n a n a m e d s e c t i o n a n d i m m e d i a t e l y r e n d e r s i t i n t h e

template.

Y o u m a y b e w o n d e r i n g w h y w e w o u l d n e e d t o w r a p t h e m a r k u p , i n t h e s e i n c l u d e f i l e s , i n s e c t i o n s .W e a r e r e n d e r i n g t h e m i m m e d i a t e l y , a f t e r a l l . D o i n g t h i s a l l o w s u s t o a l t e r t h e i r c o n t e n t s . W e w i l ls e e t h i s i n a c t i o n s o o n .

1 body {

2 margin : 0;

3 padding : 0 0 50px 0;

4 font-family : "Helvetica", "Arial";

5 font-size : 14px;

6 line-height : 18px;

7 cursor : default;

8 }

9

10 a {

11 color : #ef7c61;

12 }

13

14 .container {

15 width : 960px;

16 position : relative;17 margin : 0 auto;

18 }

19

20 .header, .footer {

21 background : #000;

22 line-height : 50px;


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Authentication 14

23 height : 50px;

24 width : 100%;

25 color : #fff;

26 }

27

28 .header h1, .header a {

29 display : inline-block;

30 }

31

32 .header h1 {

33 margin : 0;

34 font-weight : normal;

35 }

36

37 .footer {

38 position : absolute;

39 bottom : 0;

40 }

41

42 .content {

43 padding : 25px 0;

44 }

45

46 label, input {

47 clear : both;

48 float : left;49 margin : 5px 0;

50 }

T h i s f i l e s h o u l d b e s a v e d a s public/css/layout.css.

We f in is h b y a dd in g s om e b as ic s ty le s; w hi ch w e l in ke d t o i n t he head e l em e nt . T h es e a l te r t h e

d e f a u l t f o n t s a n d l a y o u t . Y o u r a p p l i c a t i o n w o u l d s t i l l w o r k w i t h o u t t h e m , b u t i t w o u l d j u s t l o o k alittle messy.

Creating A Login View

T h e l o g i n v i e w i s e s s e n t i a l l y a f o r m ; i n w h i c h u s e r s e n t e r t h e i r c r e d e n t i a l s .


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1 @extends("layout")

2 @section("content")

3 {{ Form::open() }}

4 {{ Form::label("username", "Username") }}

5 {{ Form::text("username") }}

6 {{ Form::label("password", "Password") }}

7 {{ Form::password("password") }}

8 {{ Form::submit("login") }}

9 {{ Form::close() }}

10 @stop

T h i s f i l e s h o u l d b e s a v e d a s app/views/user/login.blade.php.

The@extends t a g t e lls La ra ve l t h a t t h i s vi e w e xt e nds t h e la y o u t vi e w. Th e @section t a g t h e n t e l l s i tw h a t m a r k u p t o i n c l u d e i n t h e c o n t e n t s e c t i o n . T h e s e t a g s w i l l f o r m t h e b a s i s f o r a l l t h e v i e w s ( o t h e rt h a n l a y o u t ) w e w i l l b e c r e a t i n g .

We t he n u se {{ and }} t o t e l l L a r a v e l w e w a n t t h e c o n t a i n e d c o d e t o b e r e n d e r e d , a s i f w e w e r eu si ng t h e echo s t a t e m e n t . W e o p e n t h e f o r m w i t h t h e Form::open() m e t h o d ; p r o v i d i n g a r o u t e f o rt h e f o r m t o p o s t t o , a n d o p t i o n a l p a r a m e t e r s i n t h e s e c o n d a r g u m e n t .

W e t h e n d e f i n e t w o l a b e l s a n d t h r e e i n p u t s . T h e l a b e l s a c c e p t a n a m e a r g u m e n t , f o l l o w e d b y a t e x t

a rg um en t. T he t ex t i np ut a cc ep ts a n am e a r gu me nt , a d ef au lt v al ue a r gu me nt a nd a nd o pt io na lp a r am e te r s. T h e p a ss w or d i n pu t a c ce p ts a n a me a r gu m en t a n d o p ti o na l p a ra m et e rs . L a st l y, t h es u b m i t i n p u t a c c e p t s a n a m e a r g u m e n t a n d a t e x t a r g u m e n t ( s i m i l a r t o l a b e l s ) .

W e c l o s e o u t t h e f o r m w i t h a c a l l t o Form::close().

Y o u c a n f i n d o u t m o r e a b o u t t h e Form me thod s L ar av e l of f e r s athttp://laravel.com/docs/html.

O u r l o g i n v i ew i s n o w c o m p le t e, b u t b a s i ca l ly u s el e ss w i th o ut t h e s e r v e r- s id e c o de t o a c ce p t t h ei n p u t a n d r e t u r n a r e s u l t . L e t s g e t t h a t s o r t e d !

P re vi ou s v er si on s o f t hi s t ut or ia l i nc lu de d s om e e xt ra i np ut a t tr ib ut es , a nd a r ef er en ce t o a

JavaScript library that will help you support them. I have removed those attributes to simplify


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Authentication 16

t h e t u t o r i a l , b u t y o u c a n f i n d t h a t s c r i p t a thttp://polyfill.io.

Creating A Login Action

T h e l o g i n a c t i o n i s w h a t g l u e s t h e a u t h e n t i c a t i o n l o g i c t o t h e v i e w s w e h a v e c r e a t e d . I f y o u h a v eb e e n f o l l o w i n g a l o n g , y o u m i g h t h a v e w o n d e r e d w h e n w e w e r e g o i n g t o t r y a n y o f t h i s s t u f f o u t i na b r o w s e r . U p t o t h i s p o i n t ; t h e r e w a s n o t h i n g t e l l i n g o u r a p p l i c a t i o n t o l o a d t h a t v i e w .

T o b e g i n w i t h ; w e n e e d t o a d d a r o u t e f o r t h e l o g i n a c t i o n :

1


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Authentication 17

T h i s f i l e s h o u l d b e s a v e d a s app/controllers/UserController.php.

W e de fi ne t h eUserController, wh i c h e xt e nds t h eController c la ss. W e ve a lso c re a t e d t h elogin()m e t h o d t h a t w e s p e c i f i e d i n t h e r o u t e s f i l e . A l l t h i s c u r r e n t l y d o e s i s r e n d e r t h e l o g i n v i e w t o t h eb r o w s e r , b u t i t s e n o u g h f o r u s t o b e a b l e t o s e e o u r p r o g r e s s !

U n l e s s y o u v e g o t a p e r s o n a l w e b s e r v e r s e t u p , y o u l l p r o b a b l y w a n t t o u s e t h e b u i l t - i n w e b s e r v e rt h a t La ra ve l pro vi de s. Te c h ni c a lly i t s ju st bo o t st ra ppi ng t h e fra me wo rk o n t o p o f t h e pe rso na l we bs e r v e r t h a t c o m e s b u n d l e d w i t h P H P 5 . 3 , b u t w e s t i l l n e e d t o r u n t h e f o l l o w i n g c o m m a n d t o g e t i tworking:

1 php artisan serve

2

3 Laravel development server started on http://localhost:8000

W he n y ou o p en y ou r b ro ws er a thttp://localhost:8000, y o u s h o u l d s e e t h e l o g i n p a g e . I f i t s n o tt h e re , y o u ve pro ba bly o ve rlo o ke d so me t h i ng le a di ng u p t o t h i s po i nt .

Authenticating Users

R i g h t , s o w e v e g o t t h e f o r m a n d n o w w e n e e d t o t i e i t i n t o t h e d a t a b a s e s o w e c a n a u t h e n t i c a t eusers correctly.

1


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Authentication 19

S ome ti me s i t s b e tte r to s tor e the v ali d ati on log i c ou ts i d e of the c ontr olle r . I of te n p u t i t i n a mod e l,

b u t you c ou ld als o c r e ate a c las s s p e c i f i c ally f or hand li ng and v ali d ati ng i np u t.

I f y o u p o s t t h i s f o r m ; i t w i l l n o w t e l l y o u w h e t h e r t h e r e q u i r e d f i e l d s w e r e s u p p l i e d o r n o t , b u t t h e r ei s a m o r e e l e g a n t w a y t o d i s p l a y t h i s k i n d o f m e s s a g e

1 public function login()

2 {

3 $data = [];

4

5 if ($this->isPostRequest()) {

6 $validator = $this->getLoginValidator();7

8 if ($validator->passes()) {

9 echo "Validation passed!";

10 } else {

11 $data["error"] = "Username and/or password invalid.";

12 }

13 }

14

15 return View::make("user/login", $data);

16 }

Thi s w as e x tr ac te d f r om app/controllers/UserController.php.

I n st e ad o f s h ow i ng i n di v id u al e r ro r m e ss a ge s f o r e i th e r u s er n am e o r p a s sw o rd ; w e r e s h ow i ng as i n g l e e r r o r m e s s a g e f o r b o t h . L o g i n f o r m s a r e a l i t t l e m o r e s e c u r e t h a t w a y !

T o d i s p l a y t h i s e r r o r m e s s a g e , w e a l s o n e e d t o c h a n g e t h e l o g i n v i e w :


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Authentication 20




4 @if (isset($error))

5 {{ $error }}

6 @endif


8 {{ Form::text("username") }}





13 @stop

T h i s f i l e s h o u l d b e s a v e d a s app/views/user/login.blade.php.

A s y o u c a n p r o b a b l y s e e ; w e v e a d d e d a c h e c k f o r t h e e x i s t e n c e o f t h e e r r o r m e s s a g e , a n d r e n d e r e di t . I f v a l i d a t i o n f a i l s , y o u w i l l n o w s e e t h e e r r o r m e s s a g e a b o v e t h e u s e r n a m e f i e l d .

Redirecting With Input

O n e o f t h e c o m m o n p i t f a l l s o f f o r m s i s h o w r e f r e s h i n g t h e p a g e m o s t o f t e n r e - s u b m i t s t h e f o r m . W ec a n o v e r co m e t h i s w i th s o me L a ra v el m a gi c . W e l l s t o r e t h e p o s t e d f o r m d a ta i n t h e s e s s i on , a n dr e d i r e c t b a c k t o t h e l o g i n p a g e !

1 public function login()

2 {


4 $validator = $this->getLoginValidator();

5


7 echo "Validation passed!";8 } else {

9 return Redirect::back()

10 ->withInput()

11 ->withErrors($validator);

12 }

13 }


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Authentication 21

14

15 return View::make("user/login");

16 }


I ns te ad o f a ss ig ni ng e rr or s m es sa ge s t o t he v ie w, w e r ed ir ec t b ac k t o t he s am e p ag e, p as si ng t hep o s t e d i n p u t d a t a a n d t h e v a l i d a t o r e r r o r s . T h i s a l s o m e a n s w e w i l l n e e d t o c h a n g e o u r v i e w :




4 {{ $errors->first("password") }}


6 {{ Form::text("username", Input::old("username")) }}





11 @stop

W e c a n n o w h i t t h a t r e f r e s h b u t t o n w i t h o u t i t a s k i n g u s f o r p e r m i s s i o n t o r e - s u b m i t d a t a .

Authenticating Credentials

T he l as t s te p i n a ut he nt ic at io n i s t o c he ck t he p ro vi de d f or m d at a a ga in s t t he d at ab as e. L ar av elh a n d l e s t h i s e a s i l y f o r u s :

1


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Authentication 22


12 $credentials = $this->getLoginCredentials();

13

14 if (Auth::attempt($credentials)) {

15 return Redirect::route("user/profile");

16 }

17

18 return Redirect::back()->withErrors([

19 "password" => ["Credentials invalid."]

20 ]);

21 } else {


23 ->withInput()

24 ->withErrors($validator);

25 }

26 }

27

28 return View::make("user/login");

29 }

30

31 protected function isPostRequest()

32 {

33 return Input::server("REQUEST_METHOD") == "POST";

34 }

35

36 protected function getLoginValidator()37 {

38 return Validator::make(Input::all(), [

39 "username" => "required",

40 "password" => "required"

41 ]);

42 }

43

44 protected function getLoginCredentials()

45 {

46 return [

47 "username" => Input::get("username"),

48 "password" => Input::get("password")

49 ];

50 }

51 }


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Authentication 23

T h i s f i l e s h o u l d b e s a v e d a s app/controllers/UserController.php.

W e s i m p l y n e e d t o p a s s t h e p o s t e d f o r m$credentials t o t h e Auth::attempt() m e t h o d a n d , i f t h eu s e r c r e d e n t i a l s a r e v a l i d , t h e u s e r w i l l b e l o g g e d i n . I f v a l i d , w e r e t u r n a r e d i r e c t t o t h e u s e r p r o f i l epage.

L e t s s e t t h i s p a g e u p :



3 Hello {{ Auth::user()->username }}

4

Welcome to your sparse profile page.

5 @stop

T h i s f i l e s h o u l d b e s a v e d a s app/views/user/profile.blade.php.

1 Route::any("/profile", [

2 "as" => "user/profile",

3 "uses" => "UserController@profile"

4 ]);

Thi s w as e x tr ac te d f r om app/routes.php.

1 public function profile()2 {

3 return View::make("user/profile");

4 }


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Authentication 24


O n c e t h e u s e r i s l o g g e d i n , w e c a n g e t a c c e s s t o t h e i r r e c o r d b y c a l l i n g t h e Auth::user() method.T h i s r e t u r n s a n i n s t a n c e o f t h e U s e r m o d e l ( i f w e r e u s i n g t h e E l o q u e n t a u t h d r i v e r , o r a p l a i n o l dP H P o b j e c t i f w e r e u s i n g t h e D a t a b a s e d r i v e r ) .

Y o u c a n f i n d o u t m o r e a b o u t t h e A u t h c l a s s a t http://laravel.com/docs/security#authenticating-

users.

Resetting Passwords

T h e p a s s w o r d r e s e t c o m p o n e n t s b u i l t i n t o L a r a v e l a r e g r e a t ! W e r e g o i n g t o s e t i t u p s o u s e r s c a nre se t t h e i r pa sswo rds ju st by pro vi di ng t h e i r e ma i l a ddre ss.

Creating A Password Reset View

W e n e e d t w o v i e w s f o r u s e r s t o b e a b l e t o r e s e t t h e i r p a s s w o r d s . W e n e e d a v i e w f o r t h e m t o e n t e rt h e i r e m a i l a d d r e s s s o t h e y c a n b e s e n t a r e s e t t o k e n , a n d w e n e e d a v i e w f o r t h e m t o e n t e r a n e w

pa sswo rd fo r t h e i r a c c o u nt .




4 {{ Form::label("email", "Email") }}

5 {{ Form::text("email", Input::old("email")) }}

6 {{ Form::submit("reset") }}


8 @stop

T h i s f i l e s h o u l d b e s a v e d a s app/views/user/request.blade.php.

T h i s v i e w i s s i m i l a r t o t h e l o g i n v i e w , e x c e p t i t h a s a s i n g l e f i e l d f o r a n e m a i l a d d r e s s .


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Authentication 25




4 {{ $errors->first("token") }}


6 {{ Form::text("email", Input::get("email")) }}

7 {{ $errors->first("email") }}




11 {{ Form::label("password_confirmation", "Confirm") }}

12 {{ Form::password("password_confirmation") }}

13 {{ $errors->first("password_confirmation") }}



16 @stop

T h i s f i l e s h o u l d b e s a v e d a s app/views/user/reset.blade.php.

O k, y ou g et i t b y n ow. T he re s a f or m w it h s om e i np ut s a nd e rr or m es s ag es . I v e a ls o s li gh tl y m od if ie dt h e p a s s w o r d t o k e n r e q u e s t e m a i l , t h o u g h i t r e m a i n s m o s t l y t h e s a m e a s t h e d e f a u l t v i e w p r o v i d e d

by ne w La ra ve l 4 i nst a lla t i o ns.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7 Password Reset

8 To reset your password, complete this form:

9 {{ URL::route("user/reset", compact("token")) }}

10

11


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Authentication 26

T h i s f i l e s h o u l d b e s a v e d a s app/views/email/request.blade.php.

R em em be r w e c ha ng ed t he c on fi gu ra ti on o pt io ns f or e ma il in g t hi s v ie w f ro m t he d ef au lt

app/views/emails/auth/reminder.blade.php.

Creating A Password Reset Action

I n o r d e r f o r t h e a c t i o n s t o b e a c c e s s i b l e ; w e n e e d t o a d d r o u t e s f o r t h e m .

1 Route::any("/request", [

2 "as" => "user/request",

3 "uses" => "UserController@request"

4 ]);

5

6 Route::any("/reset/{token}", [

7 "as" => "user/reset",

8 "uses" => "UserController@reset"

9 ]);


R em em be r; t he r eq ue st r ou te i s f or r eq ue st in g a r es et t ok en , a nd t he r es et r ou te i s f or r es et ti ng ap a s s w o r d . W e a l s o n e e d t o g e n e r a t e t h e p a s s w o r d r e s e t t o k e n s t a b l e ; u s i n g a r t i s a n .

1 php artisan auth:reminders-table

2

3 Migration created successfully!

4 Generating optimized class loader

Th i s wi ll ge ne ra t e a mi gra t i o n t e mpla t e fo r t h e re mi nde r t a ble :


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Authentication 27

1


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Authentication 28

1 public function request()

2 {


4 $response = $this->getPasswordRemindResponse();

5

6 if ($this->isInvalidUser($response)) {


8 ->withInput()

9 ->with("error", Lang::get($response));

10 }

11


13 ->with("status", Lang::get($response));

14 }

15

16 return View::make("user/request");

17 }

18

19 protected function getPasswordRemindResponse()

20 {

21 return Password::remind(Input::only("email"));

22 }

23

24 protected function isInvalidUser($response)

25 {

26 return $response === Password::INVALID_USER;27 }


T h e m a i n m a g i c i n t h i s s e t o f m e t h o d s i s t h e c a l l t o t h ePassword::remind() me t h o d. Th i s me t h o dc h e c k s t h e d a t a b a s e f o r a m a t c h i n g u s e r . I f o n e i s f o u n d , a n e m a i l i s s e n t t o t h a t u s e r , o r e l s e a n e r r o r

me ssa ge i s re t u rne d.

W e s h o u l d a d j u s t t h e r e s e t v i e w t o a c c o m m o d a t e t h i s e r r o r m e s s a g e :


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Authentication 29




4 @if (Session::get("error"))

5 {{ Session::get("error") }}

6 @endif

7 @if (Session::get("status"))

8 {{ Session::get("status") }}

9 @endif





14 @stop

T h i s f i l e s h o u l d b e s a v e d a s app/views/user/request.blade.php.

W he n n av ig at in g t o t hi s r ou te , y ou s ho ul d b e p re se nt ed w it h a f or m c on ta in in g a n e ma il a d dr es s f ie lda n d a s u b m i t b u t t o n . C o m p l e t i n g i t w i t h a n i n v a l i d e m a i l a d d r e s s s h o u l d r e n d e r a n e r r o r m e s s a g e ,w h i l e c o m p l e t i n g i t w i t h a v a l i d e m a i l a d d r e s s s h o u l d r e n d e r a s u c c e s s m e s s a g e . T h a t i s , p r o v i d e dt h e e m a i l i s s e n t

L ar av e l i nc lu d e s a ton of c onf i g u r ati on op ti ons f or s e nd i ng e mai l. I w ou ld lov e to g o ov e r the m now ,

b u t i n t h e i n t e r e s t s o f k e e p i n g t h i s t u t o r i a l f o c u s s e d , I l l s i m p l y s u g g e s t t h a t y o u s e t t h e pretend

k e y t o t r u e , i n app/config/mail.php. T h i s w i l l a c t a s i f t h e a p p l i c a t i o n i s s e n d i n g e m a i l , t h o u g h i t

just skips that step.


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Authentication 30

1 public function reset($token)

2 {


4 $credentials = Input::only(

5 "email",

6 "password",

7 "password_confirmation"

8 ) + compact("token");

9

10 $response = $this->resetPassword($credentials);

11

12 if ($response === Password::PASSWORD_RESET) {

13 return Redirect::route("user/profile");

14 }

15


17 ->withInput()

18 ->with("error", Lang::get($response));

19 }

20

21 return View::make("user/reset", compact("token"));

22 }

23

24 protected function resetPassword($credentials)

25 {

26 return Password::reset($credentials, function($user, $pass) {27 $user->password = Hash::make($pass);

28 $user->save();

29 });

30 }


S i mi l ar t o t h ePassword::remind() me th o d, t h e Password::reset() m et h od a c ce p ts a n a r ra y o f u s e r - s p e c i f i c d a t a a n d d o e s a b u n c h o f m a g i c . T h a t m a g i c i n c l u d e s c h e c k i n g f o r a v a l i d u s e r a c c o u n ta nd c h a ngi ng t h e a sso c i a t e d pa sswo rd, o r re t u rni ng a n e rro r me ssa ge .

W e n e e d t o c r e a t e t h e r e s e t v i e w , f o r t h i s :


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Authentication 31




4 @if (Session::get("error"))

5 {{ Session::get("error") }}

6 @endif



9 {{ $errors->first("email") }}




13 {{ Form::label("password_confirmation", "Confirm") }}

14 {{ Form::password("password_confirmation") }}

15 {{ $errors->first("password_confirmation") }}



18 @stop

T h i s f i l e s h o u l d b e s a v e d a s app/views/user/reset.blade.php.

Tok e ns e x p i r e af te r 6 0 mi nu te s , as d e f i ne d i n app/config/auth.php.

Creating Filters

La ra ve l i nc lu de s a fi lt e rs fi le , i n wh i c h we c a n de fi ne fi lt e rs t o ru n fo r si ngle o r e ve n gro u ps o f ro u t e s.T h e m o s t b a s i c o n e w e r e g o i n g t o l o o k a t i s t h e a u t h f i l t e r :


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Authentication 32

1


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Authentication 33

T h i s f i l e s h o u l d b e s a v e d a s app/routes.php.

Y o u ll no t i c e t h a t we ve wra ppe d t h e pro fi le ro u t e i n a c a llba c k, wh i c h e xe c u t e s t h e a u t h fi lt e r. Th i sme a ns t h e pro fi le ro u t e wi ll o nly be a c c e ssi ble t o a u t h e nt i c a t e d u se rs.

Creating A Logout Action

T o t e s t t h e s e n e w s e c u r i t y m e a s u r e s o u t , a n d t o r o u n d o f f t h e t u t o r i a l , w e n e e d t o c r e a t e a logout()m e t h o d a n d a d d l i n k s t o t h e h e a d e r s o t h a t u s e r s c a n l o g o u t .

1 public function logout()

2 {

3 Auth::logout();

4

5 return Redirect::route("user/login");

6 }


L o g g i n g a u s e r o u t i s a s s i m p l e a s c a l l i n g t h e Auth::logout() m e t h o d . I t d o e s n t c l e a r t h e s e s s i o n ,m i n d y o u , b u t i t w i l l m a k e s u r e o u r auth fi lt e r ki c ks i n

T h i s i s w h a t t h e n e w h e a d e r i n c l u d e l o o k s l i k e :

1 @section("header")

2

3

4 Tutorial

5 @if (Auth::check())

6

7 logout

8 |

9

10 profile

11

12 @else


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Authentication 34

13

14 login

15

16 @endif

17

18

19 @show

T h i s f i l e s h o u l d b e s a v e d a s app/views/header.blade.php.

L a s t l y , w e s h o u l d a d d a r o u t e t o t h e l o g o u t a c t i o n :

1 Route::any("/logout", [

2 "as" => "user/logout",

3 "uses" => "UserController@logout"

4 ]);



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Access Control ListP r e v i o u s l y w e l o o k e d a t h o w t o s e t u p a b a s i c a u t h e n t i c a t i o n s y s t e m . I n t h i s c h a p t e r ; w e r e g o i n g t oc o n t i n u e t o i m p r o v e t h e a u t h e n t i c a t i o n s y s t e m b y a d d i n g w h a t s c a l l e d A C L ( A c c e s s C o n t r o l L i s t )t o t h e a u t h e nt i c a t i o n la y e r.

T h e c o d e f o r t h i s c h a p t e r c a n b e f o u n d a t : https://github.com/formativ/tutorial-laravel-4-acl

Managing Groups

W e re go i ng t o be c re a t i ng a n i nt e rfa c e fo r a ddi ng, mo di fy i ng a nd de le t i ng u se r gro u ps. Gro u ps wi llb e t h e c o n t a i n e r s t o w h i c h w e a d d v a r i o u s u s e r s a n d r e s o u r c e s . W e l l d o t h a t b y c r e a t e a m i g r a t i o na n d a m o d e l f o r g r o u p s , b u t w e r e a l s o g o i n g t o o p t i m i s e t h e w a y w e c r e a t e m i g r a t i o n s .

Refactoring Migrations

W e v e g o t a f e w m o r e m i g r a t i o n s t o c r e a t e i n t h i s t u t o r i a l ; s o i t s a g o o d t i m e f o r u s t o r e f a c t o r o u ra ppro a c h t o c re a t i ng t h e m

1


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Ac c e s s C o n tro l L i s t 36

16 }

17

18 return $this->table;

19 }

20

21 public function setTable(Blueprint $table)

22 {

23 $this->table = $table;

24 return $this;

25 }

26

27 public function addNullable($type, $key)

28 {

29 $types = [

30 "boolean",

31 "dateTime",

32 "integer",

33 "string",

34 "text"

35 ];

36

37 if (in_array($type, $types))

38 {

39 $this->getTable()

40 ->{$type}($key)

41 ->nullable()42 ->default(null);

43 }

44

45 return $this;

46 }

47

48 public function addTimestamps()

49 {

50 $this->addNullable("dateTime", "created_at");

51 $this->addNullable("dateTime", "updated_at");

52 $this->addNullable("dateTime", "deleted_at");

53 return $this;

54 }

55

56 public function addPrimary()

57 {


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58 $this->getTable()->increments("id");

59 return $this;

60 }

61

62 public function addForeign($key)

63 {

64 $this->addNullable("integer", $key);

65 $this->getTable()->index($key);

66 return $this;

67 }

68

69 public function addBoolean($key)

70 {

71 return $this->addNullable("boolean", $key);

72 }

73

74 public function addDateTime($key)

75 {

76 return $this->addNullable("dateTime", $key);

77 }

78

79 public function addInteger($key)

80 {

81 return $this->addNullable("integer", $key);

82 }

83

84 public function addString($key)

85 {

86 return $this->addNullable("string", $key);

87 }

88

89 public function addText($key)

90 {

91 return $this->addNullable("text", $key);

92 }

93 }

T h i s f i l e s h o u l d b e s a v e d a sapp/database/migrations/BaseMigration.php.


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W e r e g o i n g t o b a s e a l l o f o u r m o d e l s o f f o f a s i n g l e BaseModel c l a s s . T h i s w i l l m a k e i t p o s s i b l e f o ru s t o r e u s e a l o t o f t h e r e p e a t e d c o d e w e h a d b e f o r e .

The BaseModel c l as s h as a s in gl e p ro te ct ed $table p r op e rt y, f o r s t or i ng t h e c u rr e nt Blueprint

i ns ta nc e w e a re g iv in g i ns id e o ur m ig r at io n c al lb ac ks . We h av e a t yp ic al s et te r f or t hi s; a nd a na t y pi c a l ge t t e r (wh i c h t h ro ws a n e xc e pt i o n i f $this->table h a s n t b e e n s e t ) . W e d o t h i s a s w e n e e da w a y t o v a l i d a t e t h a t t h e m e t h o d s w h i c h r e q u i r e a v a l i d Blueprint i n s t a n c e h a v e o n e o r t h r o w a nexception.

OurBaseMigration c l a s s a l s o h a s a f a c t o r y m e t h o d f o r c r e a t i n g f i e l d s o f v a r i o u s t y p e s . I f t h e t y p ep ro vi de d i s o ne o f t ho se d ef in ed ; a n ul la bl e f ie ld o f t ha t t yp e w il l b e c re at ed . T hi s s ig ni fi ca nt lys h o r t e n s t h e c o d e w e u s e d p r e v i o u s l y t o c r e a t e n u l l a b l e f i e l d s .

F o ll o wi n g t h is ; w e h a ve addPrimary(), addForeign() and addTimestamps(). T h e addPrimary()me t h o d i s a bi t c le a re r t h a n t h e increments() me t h o d, t h e addForeign() me t h o d a dds bo t h a nu lla blei nt eg er f ie ld a nd a n i nd ex f or t he f or ei gn k ey. T he addTimestamps() m et ho d i s s im il ar t o t he

Blueprintstimestamps() m e t h o d ; e x c e p t t h a t i t a l s o a d d s t h e deleted_at t i me st a mp fi e ld.F i n a l l y ; t h e r e a r e a h a n d f u l o f m e t h o d s w h i c h p r o x y t o t h e addNullable() method.

U s in g t he se m et ho d s, t he a mo un t o f c od e r eq ui re d f or t he m ig ra ti on s w e w il l c re at e ( an d h av ea lre a dy c re a t e d) i s dra st i c a lly re du c e d.

1


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23 }

24 }

Th is fi le sh oul d be sa ved a s app/database/migrations/0000_00_00_000000_CreateGroupT-

able.php. Y ou r s may b e s li g htly d i f f e r e nt as the 0 s ar e r e p lac e d w i th othe r nu mb e r s .

T he g r ou p t ab le h as a p r im ar y k ey, t im es ta mp f ie ld s ( in cl ud in g created_at, updated_at anddeleted_at) a s w e l l a s a n a m e f i e l d .

I f y ou r e s k ip p in g m ig r at io ns ; t he f ol lo wi ng S QL s ho ul d c re at e t he s am e t ab le s tr uc tu re a s t hemigration:

1 CREATE TABLE group` (

2 ìd` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,

3 `name` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,

4 `created_at` datetime DEFAULT NULL,

5 ùpdated_at` datetime DEFAULT NULL,

6 deleted_at` datetime DEFAULT NULL,

7 PRIMARY KEY (ìd`)

8 ) ENGINE=InnoDB CHARSET=utf8;

Listing GroupsWe r e g o in g t o b e c r ea t in g v i ew s t o m a na g e g r o u p r e co r ds ; m o re c o mp r eh e ns i ve t h an t h os e w ec r e a t e d f o r u s e r s p r e v i o u s l y , b u t m u c h t h e s a m e i n t e r m s o f c o m p l e x i t y .

