How Europe changedHow Europe changed

http://www.ena.lu/http://www.ena.lu/

European IntegrationEuropean Integration

What is integration?What is integration?– EconomicEconomic– PoliticalPolitical

What is the European What is the European Community/Union?Community/Union?– A federation in the makingA federation in the making– A type of macro-regional regime or A type of macro-regional regime or

better international governance better international governance

Factors in European Factors in European IntegrationIntegration Solving French-German problemSolving French-German problem

Different domestic calculations Different domestic calculations both economic and politicalboth economic and political

Role of ‘crisis’Role of ‘crisis’

History of the History of the European European Community/UnionCommunity/Union No linear, teleological, unfolding No linear, teleological, unfolding Deep historical roots, but concrete Deep historical roots, but concrete

results only after 1945results only after 1945 Ideological, political, and economic Ideological, political, and economic

factors have all played a rolefactors have all played a role International influences (role of US and International influences (role of US and

USSR)USSR) Continuous process but with phases of Continuous process but with phases of

stagnation and accelerationstagnation and acceleration

HistoryHistory

IdeologicalIdeological– From the Resistance movement to the From the Resistance movement to the

Hague ConferenceHague Conference Economic: Economic:

– 1944-48 Benelux Custom Union through 1944-48 Benelux Custom Union through OEEC, to economic union OEEC, to economic union

Political Political – From Common Assembly to European From Common Assembly to European

ParliamentParliament

EnlargementEnlargement

1951: France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, 1951: France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, LuxembourgLuxembourg

1973: UK, Denmark, Ireland (case of Norway)1973: UK, Denmark, Ireland (case of Norway) 1981: Greece1981: Greece 1986: Spain and Portugal1986: Spain and Portugal 1995: Austria, Finland, Sweden (case of Norway)1995: Austria, Finland, Sweden (case of Norway) 2005: Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Czech Republic, 2005: Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Czech Republic,

Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Malta, Cyprus, SloveniaSlovakia, Poland, Hungary, Malta, Cyprus, Slovenia 2007: Bulgaria, Romania2007: Bulgaria, Romania Waiting: Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia, Albania, Waiting: Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia, Albania,

Montenegro; Montenegro; Problems of Bosnia-Herzegovina and KosovoProblems of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo TurkeyTurkey

The collapse of the The collapse of the Soviet UnionSoviet Union From below: 1974 Helsinki conferenceFrom below: 1974 Helsinki conference

– Regime loss of legitimacy due to poor Regime loss of legitimacy due to poor economic performance (low productivity)economic performance (low productivity)

From outside: Reagan and the new From outside: Reagan and the new Cold WarCold War– Defense spending outpacing economic Defense spending outpacing economic

growthgrowth From above: Gorbachev (1985)From above: Gorbachev (1985)

– PerestroikaPerestroika and and glasnostglasnost– Constitutional reform – power from Constitutional reform – power from

Communist party to ‘national’ Communist party to ‘national’ governments - collapse of the systemgovernments - collapse of the system

The collapse of the The collapse of the Soviet UnionSoviet Union June 1991: Attempts to retain at June 1991: Attempts to retain at

least a confederation least a confederation August 1991: The failed coup and August 1991: The failed coup and

Gorbachev resignation on Dec. 25 Gorbachev resignation on Dec. 25 19911991

Re-emergence of Russia (?)Re-emergence of Russia (?)

Eastern EuropeEastern Europe

Economic reforms and political Economic reforms and political reformsreforms

Nationalist coalitions which Nationalist coalitions which eventually splintereventually splinter

Peaceful vs. less peaceful Peaceful vs. less peaceful (Romania) transitions. (Romania) transitions. – How to explain them?How to explain them?

The reunification of GermanyThe reunification of Germany

The disintegration of The disintegration of YugoslaviaYugoslavia Decentralization Decentralization Nationalist revivalNationalist revival The ‘Arlecchino’ country The ‘Arlecchino’ country 1991: Slovenia and Croatia1991: Slovenia and Croatia 1992-95: The quagmire of Bosnia-Herzegovia1992-95: The quagmire of Bosnia-Herzegovia 1998-99: Kosovo, the war against Yugoslavia 1998-99: Kosovo, the war against Yugoslavia

(Serbia-Montenegro) and Independence(Serbia-Montenegro) and Independence

2000-2001 Macedonia2000-2001 Macedonia

Europe in the worldEurope in the world

Beginning of the century and up to WWII: Beginning of the century and up to WWII: colonies, power politicscolonies, power politics

Post-World War II: soft power, liberal Post-World War II: soft power, liberal internationalism (constructive dialogue, internationalism (constructive dialogue, slow elaboration of common values and slow elaboration of common values and legal principles and norms)legal principles and norms)– Exception (colonial disentanglement, Suez, Exception (colonial disentanglement, Suez,

Falklands)Falklands) An economic giant and a political An economic giant and a political

pygmy? pygmy?

Europe as a laboratoryEurope as a laboratory

The evolution of the concept and The evolution of the concept and practice of sovereignty and practice of sovereignty and nation/statenation/state– Europe as a post-modern space?Europe as a post-modern space?

What will Europe be at the end of What will Europe be at the end of the first century of the third the first century of the third millennium?millennium?

Emerging cleavagesEmerging cleavages

Immigration, multiculturalism Immigration, multiculturalism & Euro-skepticism& Euro-skepticism

Final Exam:Final Exam:

Saturday, April 12Saturday, April 12thth

3:00-5:00 p.m.3:00-5:00 p.m.

ED1014ED1014

Parties and Policy in the Parties and Policy in the 1980s & 1990s1980s & 1990s

Mainstream right:Mainstream right:Bolstered by Thatcher in the UK,Bolstered by Thatcher in the UK,Realization, for some, that state cannot Realization, for some, that state cannot

& should not do everything& should not do everythingManifest in Manifest in

Privatization of nationalized industries in the Privatization of nationalized industries in the UK & elsewhereUK & elsewhere

Trimming of social protection, welfare state Trimming of social protection, welfare state programsprograms

Social Democracy: Social Democracy: Toward a ‘Third Way’? Toward a ‘Third Way’?

Britain: Britain: New LabourNew Labour rather than Labour rather than Labour Tony Blair re-brands the party, brings it back to powerTony Blair re-brands the party, brings it back to power DifferencesDifferences

More market and less state – e.g. public-private partnershipsMore market and less state – e.g. public-private partnerships Accepts Thatcher reforms in many areasAccepts Thatcher reforms in many areas Maintain welfare state, but willing to target aidMaintain welfare state, but willing to target aid

vs. previous commitment to universal benefitsvs. previous commitment to universal benefits Tougher administration of justiceTougher administration of justice Emphasis on spin and presentationEmphasis on spin and presentation

Germany, Germany, SPD under Gerhard Schroeder follows similar courseSPD under Gerhard Schroeder follows similar course

Netherlands:Netherlands: Social Democrats abandon polarizationSocial Democrats abandon polarization Return to cabinet, Return to cabinet,

First with Christian DemocratsFirst with Christian Democrats Then with Liberals and Democrats 66: ‘Purple coalition, in office Then with Liberals and Democrats 66: ‘Purple coalition, in office

from 1994-2002, reconciles historic rivalsfrom 1994-2002, reconciles historic rivals

Elsewhere on the leftElsewhere on the left Diminishing appeal of Communism in FranceDiminishing appeal of Communism in France Weakening of Communism in ItalyWeakening of Communism in Italy

PCI re-baptized Democratic Left in 1991PCI re-baptized Democratic Left in 1991 Green and left-libertarian parties:Green and left-libertarian parties:

Greens (Germany) start out as anti-establishment Greens (Germany) start out as anti-establishment party with roots in student movements, Young party with roots in student movements, Young Socialists (JUSOs)Socialists (JUSOs)

Ongoing arguments between ‘realos’ and `fundos’Ongoing arguments between ‘realos’ and `fundos’ Entry in to Entry in to laender laender (provincial governments in (provincial governments in

1990s1990s Coalition with SPD from 1998-2005Coalition with SPD from 1998-2005

PDS in Germany PDS in Germany

State and economyState and economy

Despite Thatcherism, social protections Despite Thatcherism, social protections retained, sometimes in moderate formretained, sometimes in moderate form

Less public ownershipLess public ownership But, at best incomplete withdrawal of But, at best incomplete withdrawal of

states from economic lifestates from economic life Germany maintains social market economy& Germany maintains social market economy&

‘Rhineland’ model of capitalism: cooperation ‘Rhineland’ model of capitalism: cooperation among economic interestsamong economic interests

Swedish model persists, albeit with less Swedish model persists, albeit with less cooperation between capital and labourcooperation between capital and labour

The New RightThe New Right

Emergence & success in several countries:Emergence & success in several countries: Front Nationale (FN) in FranceFront Nationale (FN) in France Lega Nord (LN) in ItalyLega Nord (LN) in Italy Freedom Party (FPFreedom Party (FPÖ) in AustriaÖ) in Austria Danish People’s Party Danish People’s Party Flemish Block (Belgium)Flemish Block (Belgium) List Pim Fortuyn (LPF) & Freedom Party (PVV) in List Pim Fortuyn (LPF) & Freedom Party (PVV) in

the Netherlandsthe Netherlands Comparative weakness in GermanyComparative weakness in Germany

NPDNPD Republikkaner Republikkaner

New Right PartiesNew Right Parties

PopulistPopulistLeader-centredLeader-centredCommon features: Anti partiesCommon features: Anti parties

anti-EUanti-EUanti-immigrantanti-immigrantanti-establishmentanti-establishment

Positions not always internally Positions not always internally consistentconsistentTend to be anti-state, pro marketTend to be anti-state, pro marketBut sometimes protectionistBut sometimes protectionist

Explaining the New RightExplaining the New Right

Weakening hold of established parties:Weakening hold of established parties:Difficulties maintaining or re-establishing Difficulties maintaining or re-establishing

electorates of belonging –electorates of belonging – loyal loyal supporterssupporters

Ability of capitalize on disgruntlement, Ability of capitalize on disgruntlement, sense that things are not quite rightsense that things are not quite right

Use of local issues – e.g. Lega & anti-Use of local issues – e.g. Lega & anti-southern sentimentsouthern sentiment

Use of the mediaUse of the media

Euro-skepticismEuro-skepticism

Stronger in some countries than othersStronger in some countries than others UKUK DenmarkDenmark

EU & Europe as an elite project, about EU & Europe as an elite project, about which voters were not consultedwhich voters were not consulted EnlargementEnlargement EUROEURO ConstitutionConstitution

Dutch and French referenda as exampleDutch and French referenda as example Desire to ensure local (member-state) controlDesire to ensure local (member-state) control

Anti-immigrant sentimentAnti-immigrant sentiment

Immigration & migration largely Immigration & migration largely unplanned or not fully thought throughunplanned or not fully thought through

Growing concentrations, especially in Growing concentrations, especially in larger centreslarger centres

Incomplete integration and assimilationIncomplete integration and assimilation Marginal economic position – insufficient Marginal economic position – insufficient

employment or opportunitiesemployment or opportunities Differences in values – caught between two Differences in values – caught between two

worldsworlds Incomplete acceptance by host populationsIncomplete acceptance by host populations

Anti-establishment sentimentAnti-establishment sentiment

Elites seen as Elites seen as Out of touchOut of touch In collusion – parties the sameIn collusion – parties the same Not coping with real problemsNot coping with real problemsExamples:Examples: Austria: reaction against proporz & power-Austria: reaction against proporz & power-

sharingsharing Netherlands:Netherlands:

Saga of Pim FortuynSaga of Pim Fortuyn Geert Wilders and the Freedom PartyGeert Wilders and the Freedom Party

Bottom-lineBottom-line

Party systems more fragmented than Party systems more fragmented than before:before:New competitors on the left New competitors on the left

former E. German Communists, now the Left former E. German Communists, now the Left PartyParty

A new Socialist Party (SP) in the NetherlandsA new Socialist Party (SP) in the NetherlandsNew rightNew right

Party strengths fluctuateParty strengths fluctuateSometimes hurt by government participationSometimes hurt by government participation

Yet no return to the instability of the Yet no return to the instability of the interwar periodinterwar period