HORTICULTURE · PDF filehorticulture, the university has ... Mrig Bahar and Haste Bahar results ... 3782 and 3725 per hectare with C: B ratio of 1:2.09, 1:2.25

9 HORTICULTURE.doc 1

HORTICULTURE

Promotion of horticulture can, not only lead to livelihood security and higher economic returns but

also nutritional security. The region is ideally suited for arid and sub-tropical horticulture. Even tuber crops

could fit the crop rotation and lead to higher yield and income. In order to help farmers to go for

horticulture, the university has laid stress on fruit crops like guava, mango, aonla, pomegranate etc. In

RCA, Voluntary Centre of AICRP on Vegetables has been opened. Floriculture unit has been

strengthened. Post harvest technology unit also is going to be expanded looking into the relevance and

demand for the region. Establishment of Hi-tech Horticulture Unit will go a long way in promoting

horticulture in the region. Technologies will be developed, high quality planting material generated and

training provided to farmers and rural youth so that this activity is taken up in a big way.

Fruits Guava (Psidium guajava)

• Guava is one of the important fruit grown in south and south

eastern part of Rajasthan. The varieties grown in this region

are low yielding with poor quality. Therefore to select suitable

variety studies were undertaken. In this performance of eleven

different guava cultivars have been evaluated. Among the

cultivars, L-49 (Sardar) exhibited highly vigorous vegetative

growth as well as produced maximum fruit yield (54.6 kg/

plant), highest fruit length (6.8 cm), width (6.7 cm) and TSS

(11.8oBrix) as against lowest fruit yield in Allahabad Safeda (34.5 kg/plant).

• There are three distinct flowering periods i.e. Ambe Bahar, Mrig Bahar and Haste Bahar results

flowering and fruiting throughout the year with poor fruit quality and yield. Therefore, experiments

were carried out to avoid heavy crop load during rainy season crop (Ambe Bahar). Results

revealed that the treatment of 10% fertilizer grade urea foliar spray at 50% bloom stage in month

of May was the best giving highest fruit yield of (58.8 kg/plant) as against 34 kg/plant in control.

• To study the comparative performance of different methods of planting and plant population per

unit area an experiment was conducted on L-49 guava planted under five high density planting

systems viz., Square, Single Hedge row, Double hedgerow, paired planting and Cluster planting

system. The results of the study revealed that highest fruit yield of guava was recorded in double

hedge row system (105.3q/ha) and minimum in square system (64.9 q/ha).


• With a view to find out the optimum fertilizer level for guava experiment was conducted at ARS,

Udaipur. It was found that the maximum fruit yield per plant (72.3kg /plant) was recorded with 60g

N, 50gP &100g per tree and minimum in control (40.4 kg per plant).

Promising Cultivars MPUAT S-1 � An apple colour red skin variety developed with medium

tree stature i.e. height about 2 m and plant spread

1.46m EW and 1.39m NS,. average fruit weight 125 g

with fruit length 4.8 cm and width 4.7 cm, yield about 30

kg per tree from 5 year old tree having 14 per cent TSS

with low and soft seeded character. This variety was

identified for release in 17th group meeting of AICRP on

Sub-Tropical Fruits held at Udaipur during 2-4 June, 2006.

MPUAT S-2

� This is greenish yellow coloured fruit skin variety with 3m

tree height average fruit weight 200 g with fruit length

5.25 cm and width 5.50 cm and per tree average yield 50

kg from 5 year old tree with 12.5 per cent TSS. This

variety was identified for release in 17th group meeting of

AICRP on Sub-Tropical Fruits held at Udaipur during 2-4

June, 2006.

♦ With a view to get higher yield of guava and to make best use of resources, an experiment was

carried out at RCA, Udaipur during the year 2006 to select a variety suitable for ultra high density

planting (Meadow orcharding). In the experiment four cultivars namely MPUAT S-2, L-49, Lalit and

Sweta were planted at 1 m x 2 m spacing. Plant canopy was managed by pruning twice in a year

(February and September). On the basis of one year experimentation it was found that under

UHDP system upright growth habit varieties (L-49, Lalit & MPUAT S-2) were found more suitable

over spreading (Sweta). In addition to this, under UHDP system guava plant showed precocious

and prolific bearing habit enormously.

MPUAT S-1

MPUAT S-2


Meadow orcharding in guava

Orange Fruits

A survey cum laboratory study was carried out during 2001-2003 to assess nutritional deficiency

in mandarin orange orchards of Jhalawar district. The results of investigation showed that soils

were silty clay to clay in texture, slightly alkaline in reaction, calcareous having low to medium

organic carbon, medium nitrogen and phosphorus and high potassium. The available

micronutrients were adequate except iron. But the iron and zinc content in mandarin leaf was in

deficient category.

Mango and Aonla

� The poor survival of fruit plants has always been a problem in tribal area. Therefore, four low cost

micro irrigation systems i.e. pitcher, bottle drip, hollow plastic tube and bucket with drip were on

mango and aonla plants at ARS, Banswara and 15 villages of GVT project area. The main aim of

the project was to improve the initial establishment of plants (survival) in the period of acute

shortage of water. The improved survival percentage (50-65% in mango and 60-80% in aonla)

was achieved besides the saving of water up to 48% by employing improved methods as

compared to traditional flood irrigation system. Taking the overall cost, performance and

adaptability of system, farmers preferred pitcher irrigation system followed by bucket with drip and

bottle drip system.

Soft wood grafting in mango

An experiment was conducted during two consecutive years i.e. 2005-06 and 2006-07 on

performance of soft wood grafting in different mango varieties under Udaipur conditions. For this one year

old root stock (Deshi) and same diameter scion (improved variety) of respective varieties were grafted in

month of August. The scion success in poly bags was periodically recorded. It was concluded that the

maximum per cent graft success of 80% was found in Kesar followed by Mallika (75%), Langra (75%),

Dashehari (70%), Amrapali (70%), Alphanso (60%) and minimum in Himsagar (55%).


Soft Wood Grafting Tubers and Vegetables

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Two years field studies conducted with variety Badshah at ARS, Kota showed that planting of

potato at 60 cm x 10 cm spacing and fertilizer application N, P2O5 and K2O at 150, 120 and 100

kg/ha followed by haulm cutting at 80 days after planting produced highest number of seed size

tubers (371/sqm) as well as total tuber yield (75.4 q/ha) as against 302 /sqm (seed size tubers)

and 62.4 q/ha, respectively in control (spacing 60 cm X 20 cm, fertilizer N, P2O5 & K2O at 150,

120 & 100 kg/ha).

An experiment was conducted at ARS, Kota for

two consecutive years during 2005-06 & 2006-07

to study the application of nitrogen through

fertigation, and saving of water under drip

irrigation in potato variety K. Badashah. The drip

irrigation at 75% PE + 100% N through

fertigation proved best treatment and recorded

37 % saving in irrigation water over the treatment

surface irrigation and entire NPK as soil

application. The tuber yield was at par in both the treatments.

An experiment was conducted for two consecutive

years (2005-06 & 2006-07) to study the effect of

bio-agents and chemicals against black scurf

disease of potato. Minimum disease incidence,

disease index and maximum yield were observed

when tubers were treated with boric acid alone

followed by boric acid + B. subtilis. The boric acid

treatment recorded 43 per cent less disease incidence and 31 per cent higher tuber yield as

compared to control.


Sweet Potato (Ipomea batatas)

An experiment was conducted at ARS, Banswara during the year 1998 and 2000 to workout the

optimum dose of N and K nutrients for sweet potato. Results revealed that application of N at 90

kg/ha gave the maximum tuber yield of sweet potato (133.5 q/ha) as against 72.9 q/ha in 45 kg N

+ 30 kg K2O /ha treatments.

The field trial conducted for two consecutive years (2000 & 2001) at ARS, Banswara to assess

the effective weed control system in sweet potato indicated that application of preemergence

pendimethalin at 1.5 kg/ha was highly effective in controlling mixed flora of weeds in sweet potato

with weed control efficiency of 73.7 per cent closely followed by its lower dose of 1.0 kg/ha (70%).

Pre plant soil incorporation of fluchloralin at 1.0 kg/ha and preemergence alachlor (G) at 2.0 kg/ha

were also found promising.

Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum)

Six releases of Trichogramma chilonis at 1.5 lacs/ha at interval

of 10 days from 30 days after transplantation proved most

effective against the fruit borer (Heliothis armigera) in tomato

where only 15 per cent fruit damage was observed as against 39

per cent in control. Highest fruit yield was also recorded under

this treatment. NPV-H spray stood next in order but was equal to

endosulfan 35 EC at 1.0 l/ha (standard check).

In tomato two sprays of organametallic copper and two sprays of amino acid copper minimized

the blight infection by 20.2 and 23.0 per cent, respectively as against 61.2 per cent in control. The

corresponding yields obtained were 157.8 and 134.7 q/ha, respectively.

An experiment was conducted at ARS, Udaipur during the year 2006 and 2007 with the objective

to find out the effectiveness of ready mixture of flubendiamide against insect pests of tomato. The

results revealed that three sprays of flubendiamide 24% + thiacloprid 24% 48 SC at 200 ml/ha at

15 days interval, initiating first spray at peak flowering stage was most effective in reducing fruit

borer, H. armigera and sucking insect pests viz; jassids, white fly, aphids and thrips. It also gave

the highest mean marketable fruit yield of 257 and 255 q/ha against 116 q/ha in control.

Brinjal/ Tomato/ Chilli

Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita is a polyphagous nematode attacks on variety of

crops including vegetables. The nematode is responsible for heavy losses in light and medium

textured soil on tomato, brinjal and chilli. Therefore, trials were carried out during four consecutive

years (2000-2003) on farmers’ field near Udaipur (Bujada, Lakhawali, Behuti and Eklingpura) to

Fruit borer infected


acquaint farmers about nematode menace and their management. Solarization of nursery beds

treated with carbofuran at 0.3 g a.i. per sq.m. followed by neem cake at 5 q/ha as organic

amendment was adopted for management of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita on

tomato, brinjal and chilli. Experimental findings revealed that nematode management technology

resulted into net profit of Rs 3313, 3782 and 3725 per hectare with C: B ratio of 1:2.09, 1:2.25

and 1:2.23 from brinjal, tomato and chilli, respectively.

Chilli (Capsicum annuum)

Soil application of Trichoderma spp. caused enhanced accumulation of the phytoalexin capsidiol

in roots of four chilli cultivars in quantities sufficient to inhibit growth of R. solani in vitro. Chitinase

and β-1, 3- glucanase activities were enhanced as well. These results suggest that in addition to

antogonism Trichoderma spp. suppressed R. solani incited chilli root rot through phytoalexin

synthesis and systemic acquired resistance. The changes in another pathogenesis related

enzyme peroxidase were not consistent with the level of protection. Soil application of

Trichoderma spp. resulted in increase in the superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide

generation. There was increase in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzyme

catalase.

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata)

In cabbage minimum black rot infection of 20.9 per cent was observed with streptocycline

followed by 24.0 per cent in garlic bulb extract as against 68.0 per cent in control. The highest

yield of cabbage (126.96 q/ha) was also obtained in streptocycline followed by garlic bulb extract

(118.49 q/ha). The highest net profit was obtained in streptocycline (Rs. 38179) with B:C ratio of

3.81.

An experiment was conducted at ARS, Udaipur during 2006 and 2007 with the objective

to find out the effective dose of fipronil for the control of thrips. The results revealed that

three sprays of fipronil 80 WG at 62.5 g/ha caused highest reduction of thrips in chillies

and also yielded the highest mean fresh marketable fruit yield of 145.9 q/ha as against

87.3 q/ha in control.

Cauliflower � The experiments were taken under field conditions for two consecutive years i.e., 2003-04 and

2004-05 for management of Spodoptera litura (Fab.) on cauliflower under organic and modern

farming. In this research different IPM modules consisting of three different components were

evaluated. Under organic farming the module consisting of cow urine + neem leaf extract/Sl NPV

(250 LE ha-1) /Sl NPV (250 LE ha-1) was found most effective with maximum percentage reduction

in larval population during both the years of experimentation, with maximum mean yield (170.50 q

ha-1) and maximum increase in yield (57.75 q ha-1) over control. Under organic farming the


maximum benefit was recorded from this module with cost benefit ratio of 1:5.35. Whereas, under

modern farming the module consisting of dimilin (200 g ha-1)/ cartap hydrochloride (600 g ha-1)/

Lambda cyhalothrin (400 ml ha-1) was found most effective in reducing larval population of S.

litura, with maximum yield (mean 181.30 q ha-1) and maximum increase in yield over control

(68.55 q ha-1). From this module maximum profit was recorded with a cost benefit ratio of 1:11.54.

Hence, on the basis of this research for organic farming cow urine and fermented whey with neem

and dhatura leaf extracts can be recommended for the management of initial pest population,

whereas in case of severe infestation biopesticides like SlNPV and Btk. should be applied.

Lambda cyhalothrin at 400 ml/ha, cartep hydrochloride at 600 g/ha and dimilin at 200 g/ha can be

recommended for modern farming for the ecosafe management of S. litura.

Treated Plant Control

Brinjal

� With the view to develop a technology to control simultaneous attack of insects pests in brinjal

experiments were conducted during 2004-2005 and 2005-06. Four sprays of bifenthrin 10 EC at

80 g a.i./ha was found effective in reducing jassid, whitefly and fruit borer infestation in brinjal. It

recorded the lowest shoot infestation of 3.49 and 3.18 percent and lowest fruit infestation of 8.32

and 10.21 on number and 7.98 and 10.34 on weight basis during 2004-05 and 2005-06,

respectively. It gave also 233.9 and 245.3 q/ha marketable yield as against 153.1 and 168.4 q/ha

in control. It also did not cause any phytotoxicity and adverse effects on natural enemies.

Lady’s finger

Experiments were conducted at Horticulture farm, RCA, Udaipur during the year 2007 in summer

as well as rainy season to test the efficacy of insecticides and botanicals against insect pest of

lady's finger which are responsible for spreading yellow vein mosaic virus disease from diseased

to healthy plant. The results revealed that application of two sprays of imidacloprid 17.8 % SL at 1

ml in 3 liters of water at vegetative period followed by two sprays of azadirachtin (1500 ppm) at

5ml/liter at fruiting. In this treatment the highest disease reduction (5.8 % PDI) in summer and


(9.86 % PDI) in kharif was recorded. It also yielded significantly higher fruit yield of 60.5 q/ha in

summer and 61.0 q/ha in kharif, 2007, respectively as against 30.5 q/ha (PDI 42.8%) in summer

as well as 31.1 q/ha (PDI 48.2%) in kharif in control. The maximum whitefly population of 14.4

(summer) and 15.1 (kharif) were recorded in control plot.

The experiment on losses in okra due to Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus (YVMV) in lady’s finger

conducted at Horticulture farm, RCA, Udaipur during the year 2007 revealed that the losses due

to YVMV disease in unprotected plots over the protected ones ranged from 19.6 to 29.9 per cent

in kharif crop and 12.7 to 25.3 per cent in summer season. In another experiment to find out

resistant source against YVMV of lady’s finger it was found that of the 11 marked varieties of

okra, Nirmal-303 and Versha Uphar were found moderately resistant, while Arka Anamika and

Nirmal 101 were moderately susceptible and rest were susceptible. In this experiment also

disease incidence was directly related to population of whitefly.

Yellow vein mosaic virus of Lady’s finger Flowers Ganganagari Red Rose

With a view to find out the technology for regulation of flowering in Ganganagari red rose studies

were conducted at ARS, Udaipur during 1999-2001. The results showed that the plants pruned

on 1st November at 60 cm height and sprayed twice with 300 ppm GA3 after 30 and 45 days of

pruning exhibited maximum plant height (40.9 cm), number of flowers per plant (164.7) and flower

yield per hectare (95.0 q) as compared to plants pruned on 1st December at 30 cm height and

sprayed twice with 100 ppm GA3, where minimum plant height (20.9 cm), number of flowers per

plant (70.6) and flower yield per hectare (25.0 q) was recorded.


Flowering after pruning of plants on 1st November at 60 cm height and sprayed twice with 300 ppm GA3

Gladiolus

An assessment of 36 cultivars of gladiolus was done for two years during 2006-07 and 2007-08 at

ARS, Udaipur with a view to find out suitable cultivars for southern Rajasthan. The results indicated

that cvs. Green Spire and Candiman Red were found to be the best with respect to maximum

flowering duration, marketable yield of spikes and for cut flowers to the growers.

Cultivar Green Spire Cultivar Candiman Red

Post Harvest Management of Gladiolus Gladiolus stand first among bulbous crops and second cutflower crops after rose in our country. To

enhauince the post harvest life of cut spikes of gladiolus, experiments were conducted at ARS, Udaipur.

The findings of the studies are as follows:

• To improve the keeping quality of cut spikes of gladiolus cv.

‘White Prosperity’ holding solution sucrose (4%) + Al2 (SO4)3 300

ppm + NaOCl 25 ppm was best and it gave maximum vase life

(5.4 days), per cent floret opened (92.9%) and floret size (7.9 cm)

. In control minimum vase life (2.9 days), per cent floret opened


(49.5%) and floret size (6.1 cm) was recorded.

• Placing of cutspikes of gladiolus cv. ‘Friendship White’

under refrigerated dry storage for 3 days (followed by the

use of sucrose (4%) + Al2 (SO4)3 300 ppm + NaOCl 25

ppm as holding solution) was the optimum storage period.

It exhibited maximum days for opening of basal floret (2.9

days), vase life (7.1 days), floret size

(8.3 cm) and longevity (3.2 days) as compared to storage

of cutspikes for 12 days under refrigerated dry storage

where, minimum days for opening of basal floret (1.3

days), vase life (3.3 days), floret size (7.6 cm) and

longevity (1.8 days) was recorded.

• For simulate transit of cutspikes of gladiolus cv. ‘Traders

Horn’ cellophane sleeves (used as packaging material

for 24 hours) gave maximum vase life (7.4 days), floret

size (7.8 cm) and percent floret opening (62.7) as

against the polypropylene sleeves where minimum vase

life (6.1 days), floret size (7.1 cm) and percent floret

opening (50.5%) was observed.

With a view to improve the post harvest keeping quality of cut spikes of gladiolus and tuberose plants

sprayed with different pre-harvest treatments and found that 4% Panchagavya + 4% Manchurian

Mushroom Tea performed better with respect to flowering, length of spike, durability of spikes and

keeping quality of flowers as compared to the recommended dose of fertilizers. Similarly, the holding

solution of sucrose at 4% + calcium hypochlorite (bleaching powder) at 50 ppm chlorine was found to

be the best in improving vase life of gladiolus flower after harvesting.

Tuberose With a view to find out the suitable cultivars for cut flowers, thirteen cultivars of tuberose were

screened at ARS, Udaipur during the year 2006-07 and 2007-08. The results of the experiment revealed that

the cvs. Prajwal, and Suvasini performed better for maximum duration of flowering, yield of spikes and

suitable for cut flowers to the growers followed by cultivar Phule Rajni and Vaibhav. Whereas, the holding

solution of sucrose at 5% + citric acid at 200 ppm was found better for keeping quality of cut tuberose

spikes than other treatments. Among various wrapping materials the polypropylene was found better for

storage and long distance transportation of cut tuberose spikes than other wrapping materials.


Cultivar Prajwal Cultivar Suvasini

Chrysanthemum An experiment was conducted at Horticulture Farm, RCA, Udaipur during 2006-2007 to evaluate

the performance of 49 cultivars of chrysanthemum to find out suitable cultivar for different parameters of

flowering and yield. It was observed that the cvs. Suneel and Maghi performed better for flower yield,

suitable for garland, pot exhibition and cut flowers.

Cultivar Suneel Cultivar Maghi

Dahlia The 9 cultivars of Dahlia variabilis L. were collected and

evaluated at ARS, Udaipur with the view to find out suitable

cultivar for cut flowers and loose flowers. On the basis of

two years of experimentation the cv. NT Pompon was found

better for maximum flowering duration, flower size and

suitable for cut flowers and loose flowers.

Dahlia Cultivar NT Pompon


Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Ashwagandha (Withania sommiferum)

With the view to work out optimum irrigation schedule and N levels for ashwagandha studies

were undertaken at ARS, Kota for three years. The result revealed that the root yield

ashwagandha was increased with increase in irrigation levels and a maximum of 9.1 q/ha was

recorded in irrigation level of cumulative Pan Evaporation (CPE) of 500 mm as against 4.8 q/ha in

no irrigation treatment. Further the root yield was also increased by nitrogen application upto 30

kg /ha by 29.3 per cent over no nitrogen (6.4 q/ha) and thereafter it declined.

Experiment conducted to evaluate response of Asgandh to various plant growth regulators at

RCA, Udaipur during 2002-03 and 2003-04 revealed that two sprays of mepiquat chloride at 1000

ppm (at flower initiation stage and 15 days after first spray) significantly increased main root

length, main root diameter and dry root yield by 46.1, 16.5 and 39.9 percent, respectively as

compared to control. Quality of roots, when judged in terms of total alkaloid content, alkaloid

yield, water soluble sugar content, alpha amylase activity and total phenol content was improved

significantly by two sprays of mepiquat chloride 1000 ppm, closely followed by two sprays of

chlormequat chloride 250 ppm.

Safed Musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum)

For planting of safed musli the optimum weight of roots should

range between 2 to 6 g. Separation of fleshy roots in the

month of April reduced damage of tubers in comparison to

February and March. The paired tubers gave more percentage

of sprouting and less damage of tubers in storage when

compared to individual tubers.

The fleshy root yield of safed musli increased with increasing plant population and maximum of

7.9 q/ha mean yield was recorded in 3.3 lakh/ha plant population treatment as against 5.8 q/ha

in 1.7 lakh/ha. Safed musli responded significantly to FYM application upto 30 t/ha which

increased the fleshy root yield by 32.9 per cent over no FYM.

In order to identify appropriate method of planting safed musli, an experiment comprising four

planting methods i.e. flat beds, ridges, furrows and raised beds was conducted during 2002-03

and 2003-04 at RCA, Udaipur. Results revealed that planting of safed musli on the top of ridges

(7” high) at 30 x 15 cm spacing was appropriate method for planting this crop, as the values of

roots / plant (9.9) length of roots (8.5 cm), diameter of roots (0.47 cm), fleshy root yield (17.8

q/ha) and sapogenin yield (2.9 kg/ha) were highest in this treatment. The lowest values of all

these parameters except roots/ plant were observed in raised beds.


In order to select suitable chemical to control chlorosis and increase productivity and quality of

safed musli, an experiment comprising 10 chemical treatments was conducted during 2001-02 to

2003-04 at Udaipur. Results revealed that elemental sulphur at 150 kg/ha applied in soil before

15 days planting significantly increased various growth parameters, chlorophyll content of leaves,

fasciculated roots yield, sapogenin content, sapogenin yield and net returns compared to other

chemicals. Next in order was two foliar sprays of FeSO4 (0.5%) at 20 and 40 DAS.

Isabgol (Plantago ovata Forsk)

Application of three irrigations at 25, 50 and 75 DAS significantly increased the seed yield of

isabgol compared to two irrigation schedules. Response of applied N was observed upto 30

kg/ha. The swelling factor of seeds decreased by increased irrigation and nitrogen levels.

Application of 40 kg N + 20 kg P2O5 /ha produced significantly higher seed yield

and psoralen content of psorelea (babchi). Further a spacing of 40 cm x 30 cm

was found most appropriate for its cultivation.

With a view to find out control measure for downy mildew in isabgol, experiments were carried out

for three consecutive years from 2002-03 to 2004-05. It was found that there was less incidence

of downy mildew in the crop sown up to 20th November. The difference was up to 46 % less

disease in early sowings dates (25th October, 1st November, 10th November and 20th

November) as compared to late sowing dates (30th November and 10th December). The seed

yield and swelling factor a measure of quality was also more in the crop which was sown up to

20th November The average of three years of the yield obtained in the plots with 20th November

sowing was 16.6 q/ha as against the yield of 9.5 q/ha in 10th December sowing date.

Opium poppy

� Opium poppy is an important Rabi crop of zone IVa, however, it suffers from downy mildew every

year in varying degrees. Experiments were carried out for three years on different dates of sowing,

seed treatment and foliar sprays to manage this disease. It was found that crop escaped (to some

extent) downy mildew when sowing was done from 25th Oct-1st Nov. during the year study.

Disease incidence was observed up to 21.3 % in the crop sown between 25th October to 1st

November, whereas in the sowings done after 8th November, the disease incidence was up to 36

%. Seed treatment with apron 35SD at 8g/kg seed with foliar spray of metalaxyl at 0.2 % at 35, 55

and 75 DAS reduced the downy mildew infestation up to 50% and thereby increasing the seed,

husk and latex yield as well as higher morphine content.

Spices

Fennel

• Results of field experiment conducted at ARS, Kota showed that five irrigations (IW/CPE=1.00)

and 90 kg N gave significantly higher seed yield than the treatments where less irrigations and


low N levels were applied. The water expense efficiency was higher under 3 irrigations (IW/CPE=

0.5) and under 90 kg N ha-1 treatment.

Coriander

• Result of experiment carried out for four consecutive years to evaluate the performance of

different coriander varieties revealed that the variety RCr-684 gave 35, 6, 33 and 35 percent

higher yield over RCr-41, CS-6, UD-20 and RCr-436, respectively. The variety is having good

aroma and broad leaves. It has good ESE and protein content. The variety is moderately resistant

to stem gall disease.

Cumin � To find out the most suitable control measure for cumin wilt a field trial was conducted during

2004-05 at ARS, Kota. Two years pooled data revealed that application of bavistin at 2 g/kg seed

showed minimum diseased plants (5.63%) as compared to control (28.33%) and gave highest

yield of 11.13 q/ha. Seed treatment with Trichoderma viride at 8 g/kg also reduced plant mortality

(9.50%) and gave yield of 8.24 q/ha.

Turmeric � Experiments were conducted at ARS, Kota during kharif 2003 and 2004 to evaluate suitable levels

of irrigation and potash for turmeric cultivation. Irrigation schedule, IW/CPE ratio of 1.0 (16

irrigations) gave maximum tuber yield of turmeric (267.21 q/ha) but was statistically at par with the

tuber yield (249.4 q/ha) obtained under IW/CPE ratio of 0.8

(14 irrigations). Among potassium levels, 150 kg K2O/ha gave maximum tuber yield (256.88 q/ha)

but was at par with the tuber yield at 100 kg K2O/ha (248.83 q/ha).

Colocacsia

♦ Experiments to evaluate the suitable levels of irrigation and potash for colocasia cultivation were

conducted at ARS, Kota during kharif 2003 and 2004 revealed that irrigation schedule, IW/CPE of

1.0 (13 irrigations) gave maximum tuber yield of colocasia (169.1 q/ha) but was statistically at par

with the yield (157.1 q/ha) obtained under IW/CPE of 0.8 (11 irrigations). Among potassium levels,

150 kg K2O gave maximum yield (165.64 q/ha) but was found at par with the yield at 100 kg

K2O/ha (158.73 q/ha). Mushroom

• Total of 309 species of wild fleshy fungi (Mushroom) were collected during 1999-2004 from Sawai

Madhopur, Kota, Bundi, Sirohi, Banswara, Chittorgarh and Udaipur districts in rainy season.

Among them some important ones are Phellorinia inquinans, Podaxis pistillaris, Schizophyllum


communae, Auricularia polytricha, Phallus impudicus, Pleurotus sp., Pisolithus tinctoris,

Piptoporus betulinus, Agaricus xanthodermus, Astraeus hygrometrics, Leucocoprinus

brebbissonii, Cyptotrama asperata, Calocybe spp , Calvatia utriformis, Coprinus picaceous,

Cyathus striatus, Bolbitinis vitellinus, Ganoderma applanatum, Vasceleum pretense, Sparassis

crispa, Scleroderma citrinum, Hygrophorus Sp., Tyromyces lacteus, Crepidotus mollis,

Scleroderma aureolatum, Tricholoma flavovirens and Armillaria tabscens. The species of wild

mushroom, their culture along with database were deposited to National Research Centre for

Mushroom (ICAR) Chambaghat, Solan (H.P.).

• In white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus strain CM-6 gave higher yield on overall average

yield basis. Strain CM-10 and Pant-31 were also good strains. The long method compost treated

with DDVP + bavistin gave highest yield on overall average basis. In casing materials evaluation

trials, 2 year old spent compost, FYM+ Spent Compost (1:1 v/v) and FYM + Soil + sand +Spent

Compost (1:1:1:1 v/v) out yielded then the other treatments.

• In post harvest treatment of button mushroom strain MS-39 (S-11) whiteness can be retained up

to eleventh day in 75, 125, and 200 ppm EDTA and 0.05 per cent potassium meta bisulphate,

when kept at refrigerated temperature (10o C), while at ambient temperature, whiteness was

retained only for a day. Further veils did not open up to ninth day of storage in refrigerated

temperature (10o C). Veils did not open up to fifteenth day of storage in refrigerator when treated

with 75, 125, 200ppm EDTA and 0.05% potassium Meta bisulphate. At ambient temperatures

veils opened after first day in case of 75, 125 and 200 ppm EDTA while in 0.05 per cent KMS

veils did not open up to second day of storage.

• In Oyster mushroom supplementation trial, 4% rice bran gave highest yield of Pleurotus sajor caju

and Pleurotus citrinopileatus. In milky mushroom, the substrate prepared from wheat straw gave

higher yield. Among the different strains evaluated for yield CI-2 gave higher yield. Cultivation

technology of shiitake (Lentinula edodes) was also developed with good biological efficiency.

• Survey and surveillance of diseases and insect pests of different mushroom farms reveals the

presence of fungal contaminants such as Coprinus spp, Trichoderma spp., Aspergillus and

Sclerotium rolfsii.

� Survey were carried out during monsoon season of 2005 in Udaipur, Jodhpur, Sirohi, Pali, and

Chittorgarh districts of Rajasthan to study the biodiversity and conservation of mushroom. A total

of 113 different wild specimens were collected and their data base, culture, spore prints were

prepared. The most common occurring genera in the state are Agaricus spp. Calocybe sp.,

Auricularia, Podaxis pistallaris, Lepiota spp., Volvariella spp., Pleurotus spp., Ganoderma spp.,

Schizophyllum, communae, Geastrum spp., Pisolithus tintorius, Polypores, Mycenia, Marasmus

spp., and Phellorina spp. Some rare collections were collected during the survey are Melastiza

chateri, Xylaria hypoxylon, Calocybe gambosa, Fuligo septica, Entoloma caesiocinectus, Hericium


erinanceus, Sterium hirsutem, Polypores sulphureus, Ramaria fernicosa, Phellorina, herculea and

Microglossum viride.

Ganoderma spp Geaster spp. Termitomyces spp.

� Five strains of Agaricus bisporus received from NRC Mushroom were evaluated for their yield.

The results revealed that strain CM-5 gave maximum mushroom yield of 13.96 kg/q of compost

followed by CM-10 13.66 kg/q, U-3 (12.82 kg/q) as against S-11 (12.77 kg/q). The best casing

material for the growth of Agaricus bisporus was found spent compost

(2 years old).

� Blue oyster mushroom Hypsizygus ulmarius was

successfully grown on wheat straw with 67.03%

biological efficiency in comparison to Pleurotus

florida 48.89% and Pleurotus sajor caju 34.63%

efficiency.

Temitomycetes spp.

Button mushroom Agaricus bisporus Dried oyster mushroom

Blue oyster mushroom


� In milky mushroom strain Ci-6, Ci-8,Ci-4,Ci-9,Ci-5 were found suitable for growing in Rajasthan

condition. Auricularia polytricha could be successfully grown on wheat and paddy straw

supplemented with wheat bran.

� Different mushroom farms located at Udaipur, Bikaner, Nokha, Gusaisar and Jasrasar were

visited for survey and surveillance of diseases and insect pests. Total of 25 mushroom farms

were visited for occurrence of diseases and insect pests in Udaipur region, whereas 6 farms of

button mushroom were visited in Bikaner district. It was observed that in tribal area no disease

and insect pest were found. Further, only at 2-3 farms in Goran village infection of Coprinus spp.

and green mould were observed in traces only. In winter season 20 farms of button mushroom

were visited around Udaipur and Bikaner districts. In Udaipur district Coprinus comatus ,

Dipterian fly were observed in 1-2 farms, the incidence was very low while at Bikaner, browning

of pin heads, dipterian and house fly were observed. Moreover in district of Bikaner problem of

casing material were recorded.

Biodiversity and conservation of mushrooms:

A total of 103 different wild specimens were collected and 67 were identified. Their data

base, cultures and spore prints were prepared. The specimens were preserved in dry form only.

Milky Mushroom Calocybe indica


Survey and surveillance of diseases and insect pests:

With a view to study the insect pest and disease appearance in mushrooms, 80

mushroom farms were visited. It was observed that in tribal area no disease and insect pests

were found. Further only at 2 farms in Dhimadi village infection of Coprinus spp. and green

moulds were observed in traces only.

In winter season 40 farms of button mushroom were visited around Udaipur district. In

Udaipur district Coprinus comatus, Brown Plaster mould and Dipterien flies were observed in 1-

2 farms.

Ganoderma lucidium Volveriella bombycina

Lepiota procera Calocybe spp.

Cracking in milky mushrroom Coprinus spp. on wheat straw


Human resource development: Twelve Mushroom cultivation-training programmes were organized from March 2006 to

March 2007 and 277 farmers, farm women entrepreneurs and students were trained for

mushroom cultivation. Total of 35 letters were replied about the mushroom regarding cultivation

of button, oyster, milky, spawn production and marketing of mushrooms.

Recommendations to the farmers Fruits Guava

• Pre-emergence application of pendimethaline at 0.75 kg/ha for effective weed control in guava

nursery.

• To control guava wilt (i) apply paste of blitox at 175 g/l after cutting of diseased branches (ii)

drenching of bavistin at 30 g/30 l, 4 times in a year i.e. in the month of March, June, September

and December (iii) spray of mancozeb at 2 g/l or copper oxychloride at 3 g/l on onset of monsoon.

After rains, in the months of October and end of January or first week of February apply two

Training on oyster mushroom cultivation


sprays at the interval of 15-20 days (iv) apply fertilizer and manures as per departmental

recommendations - FYM at 50 kg, urea at 250 g, DAP 400 g and ZnSO4 at 250 g/plant.

Mango • The best method of propagation of mango is stone grafting in the first fortnight of September.

• To control leaf webber in mango, two sprays of quinalphos 25 EC at 1 ml/l or triazophos 40 EC at

0.75 ml/l or profenophos 50 EC at 1.5 ml/l at the interval of 5 days during July to September.

• Removal of malformed twigs and two sprays of bavistin at 0.1% + methyl demeton 25 EC at

0.025% at flower initiation and after 15 days of first spray and spray of planofix at 4.5 ml/l of water

in first week of October to check malformation in mango.

• Spray of chloropyriphos 20 EC at 2 ml/l at 15 days interval was found effective to control mango

webber.

Citrus • Srpays of streptocycline + copper oxychloride to check the citrus canker infestation.

• For air layering in lime, wrap the cotton dipped in 300 ppm IBA solution for 30-45 minutes on the

ring during 1st July to 10th August.

Vegetables Okra

• For effective weed control in okra, spray of metaloachlor at 1 kg/ha before germination.

• Six releases of Trichogramma egg parasitoid at 1.5 lac/ha started with 30 days old crop for

effective suppression of fruit borer infestation in okra.

• Spray imidachloprid 350 SL at 75 ml/ha To control aphids, white flies and other sucking insects.

Tomato

• Use of azotobacter and PSB saves 25% quantity of N and P chemical fertilizers in okra and

tomato.

• Spraying of cyfluthrin 2.5 EC at 750 ml/ha started with initiation and repeated at 15 days interval

for effective control of fruit borer infesting okra.

• Spray of colfos 405 (ethion 40% + cypermethrin 5%) at 1200 ml/ha gives significant reduction in

fruit borer infestation of tomato.

• Release of Trichograma chilonis egg parasitoid at weekly interval on tomato for the management

of fruit borer

Brinjal • Brinjal varieties Pusa Uttam and Pusa Upkar.


• Release of Trichogramma chilonis oviparasite at 1.5 lakh/ha, 5 to 6 times after 45 DAP at weekly

interval controls the fruit and stem borer in brinjal.

Chillies • Irrigation at 0.8 IW/CPE i.e. 6 irrigations at 20, 40, 72, 110, 125 and 140 days after transplanting

and fertilizer dose of 120 kg N/ha in three splits i.e. 60 kg N as basal at transplanting, 30 kg N at

40 days and 30 kg N at 75 days after transplanting in chillies.

� Package for control of viral diseases in chillies:

o Spray methyl dematon 25 EC at 1 ml/litre of water at 4 leaf stage in nursery.

o Spray methyl dematon 25 EC at 1 ml/litre of water at 12 days after transplanting.

o Spray imidacloprid 17.8 EC at 0.3 ml/litre of water at 30 days after transplanting.

o Spray of acephate 75 SP at 0.5 g/litre of water at 45 days after transplanting.

Potato • Apply NPK at 187.5 : 125 : 125 kg/ha along with FYM at 25 t/ha

• Dip potato tubers in nutrient solution (1% urea and 1% sodium carbonate) for 5 minutes along

with biofertilizers (azotobacter + PSB) and recommended dose of N, P and K for potato.

• Dip potato tubers in 3% boric acid for 30 minutes before planting followed by two sprays of

monoctorophos at 0.1% at 21 and 35 days after planting to control black scurf and stem necrosis.

• Planting of potato at 60 cm x 10 cm spacing and fertilizer application of N, P2O5 and K2O at

150:120:100 kg/ha followed by haulm cutting at 80 days.

• Varieties Kufri Chipsona III for processing and Kufri Pukhraj, Kufri Pushkar, Kufri Bahar and Kufri

Badshah for cultivation in tribal belt.

Onion • Application of 125 kg K2O, 60 kg S/ha and six irrigations at 18, 38, 58, 70, 90 and 100 days after

planting in addition to one irrigation for field preparation and one at planting in onion.

IPM schedule for onion

o 2-3 deep ploughing during summer season.

o Prepare 6" raised nursery bed.

o Treat soil with Trichoderma at 5-6 gm + apply 8 kg FYM / sq.m in nursery.

o Seed treatment with Trichoderma at 20 g/kg seed before sowing.

o Before transplanting, seedlings should be treated with Trichoderma 100 g/l solution.

o Apply sticky trap at 10 traps/ha after planting.

o Spray of mancozeb 2 g/l of water as and when onion purple blotch appears, repeat the same

after 15 days, if required.

o Spray methyl dematone at 0.5 g/l of water 10 days after transplanting, to control sucking

pests and repeat it, if required.


Sweet Potato • Use of pre-emergence pendimethaliln at 1.0 kg/ha or pre-plant incorporation of fluchloralin at 1.0

kg/ha for control of weeds in sweet potato.

Pumpkin • Three sprays of methyl demeton or dimethoate at 0.1% at 15, 30 and 45 DAS is recommended

for the control of viral disease in pumpkin.

Cabbage and Cauliflower • Use of spinosad in cabbage and cauliflower for the management of diamond moth and

Spodoptera. • To control cabbage butterfly and leaf eating caterpillars spray B. T. at 375 ml + malathion 50 EC

at 250 ml/ha at initiation of the pest and another spray at 15 days interval after first spray if

necessary

Peas � Two foliar sprays of Ektara 100 g (Thiamethoxan 25 g/ha) at 7 days after plant emergence and

flowering followed by third spray of Acephate 1.0 kg/ha to control leaf minor and pod borer.

Beetalguard � To control fruit fly infestation spray acephate 75 SP at 0.05% or trizophos 40 EC at 0.04% .

Colocacia � Sown in first week of June requires 14 irrigations (0.8 IW/CPE ratio) out of which first three

irrigations at 6-8 days interval, next three at 10-12 days interval, next four at 18-20 days interval

and remaining four at 20-25 days interval.

Other vegetables

• To manage root knot nematode in tomato, brinjal and chilli, following package may be followed:

- Apply light irrigation during the month of May/June in nursery area and cover with

transparent polythene sheets for 15 days.

- Apply carbofuran 3 G at 10 g/m2 along with the seeds.

- Apply neem cake at 5 q/ha prior to last planting of seedlings.

• To manage root knot nematode in vegetables follow-lady’s finger-cabbage-clusterbean cropping

system.


Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Isabgol

• Improved cultivation package of practices.

• Three irrigations at tiller initiation, full tiller and at 75 per cent flowering with two sprays of

brassinosteroid.

• Planting of isabgol on ridge 7” high at 30 x 15 cm spacing.

• The optimum time for sowing of isabgol is 3rd week of November to reduce incidence of downy

mildew.

Ashwagandha

• One irrigation at 135-145 days after sowing and nitrogen at 30 kg/ha for good quality roots in

Ashwagandha.

• Sowing of Ashwagandha crop during 37th meteorological week (Sept. 10-16) and harvesting

during 7th meteorological week (Feb. 12-18) were found most suitable. However, under rainfed

conditions (without irrigation), sowing should be done in the 35th meteorological week (August

27-Sept. 2) and harvesting in 7th meteorological week.

Opium poppy • To control downy mildew in opium poppy package developed includes (i) sowing in last week of

October (ii) treat seed with apron 35 SD at 8 g/kg seed (iii) apply sulphur dust at 40 kg/ha + 40 kg

K2O/ha at sowing (iv) spray metalaxyl 0.2 per cent at 35, 55 and 75 DAS.

Safed musli

� Application of elemental sulphur at 150 kg/ha in to the soil 15 days before sowing to get

maximum fresh root yield of safed musli, sapogenine content and sapogenine yield.

Spices Coriander

• Variety - RCr 684

• Apply 30 kg P2O5 and 5.0 kg Zn/ha

• 50 per cent fertilizer N can be saved by the use of compost equivalent to 25 per cent N to RDF

and biofertilizers (Azotobacter and PSB) without deteriorating soil fertility and crop productivity.

• Two irrigations at branching and pod formation and application of S and Zn at 50 kg and 10 kg

per ha respectively (in S and Zn deficient areas).

Sua and Ajwain • Ridger ploughing is better over normal ploughing.

• Application of 750 ml/ha pendimethalin just after sowing followed by intercultural operation after

30 days to control weeds in Ajwain.


Fenugreek • Irrigation at IW:CPE ratio of 1.0 (6 irrigations, out of which first two at the interval of 15-20 days

and the other four at 20 to 25 days interval) and 90 kg N/ha.

• Fenugreek can be intercropped in aonla plantation up to the age of 3 years without any economic

loss.

Garlic • Methyl dematon 25 EC 1.0 ml or imidachloprid 17.8 SL 0.2 ml or Dimethoate 30 EC 1.0 ml in one

liter of water for control of thrips. If needed the same may be repeated at 15 days interval.

Turmeric � Irrigation schedule for the crop :Sown in the last week of May 14 irrigations (0.8 IW/CPE ratio),

out of which first three irrigations be given at 6-8 days interval, next three at 10-12 days

interval, next four at 18-20 days interval and remaining four at 20-25 days interval.

Coriander

� Two irrigations at branching and pod formation and application of S & Zn at 50 kg/ha and 10

kg/ha, respectively in S & Zn deficient areas.

� Application of pendimethalin at 1 kg/ha PE for controlling weeds in coriander.

Fennel

� Fennel varieties RF 101 and UF-206 suitable for Kota region.

Cumin � Treat the seed with carboxyne to control wilt and root rot diseases and thiram (1:1 ratio) at 3

g/kg seed.

� Two foliar sprays of carbosulfan 25 EC 1250 ml/ha at 20 days interval to control sucking pests.

� Foliar spray of carbosulfan 25 1.25 l/ha or Imidacloprid 17.5 SL 100 ml/ha to control aphids.

Mushroom • Mixing phosphotika biofertilizer (0.5%) at the time of sowing of button mushroom.

• Veradix (0.1%) spray after 7-10 days of casing for button mushroom.

• EDTA 75 ppm and KMS 500 ppm treatment increased the shelf life of button mushroom to 8-10

days at 2oC temperature and to 1 day at 18-19oC.

• To check the mycoflora and bacterial population treat compost with formalin 15 ml/kg + DDVP 3

ml/kg before 48 hours of seed mixing in button mushroom.


Potato Crop Weather Relationship

An experiment on potato was conducted at ARS, Kota with the objective to study the effect of

planting dates in prevailing varieties in view of the climatic change. Four varieties of potato, K. Badshah,

K. Bahar K. Ashoka, & K. Pukhraj were planted on five dates i.e. 10 Oct., 20 Oct., 30 Oct., 12 Nov. & 30

Nov. in two consecutive seasons (2007-08 & 2008-09). Results indicated that the total tuber yield was

maximum when varieties were planted in normal date of planting i.e. 30 Oct., & 12 Nov. The deviation of

10-20 days in planting date did not affect yield significantly. The return was maximum (40025.38 Rs./ha)

with variety K. Pukhraj when planted on 12th November.

Intercropping (potato + mustard/methi) With the objective to identify most remunerative intercrop in potato, an experiment was laid out

at ARS, Kota during 2007-08 & 2008-09 taking mustard & methi as intercrops. The results revealed that

potato equivalent yield (t/ha) and net return respectively were maximum (24.725 t/ha and 76663 Rs/ha)

when three rows of Potato+ two rows of Methi was intercropped followed by sole potato with 100% RDF

where yield and net return were 24.046 t/ha and 61563 Rs/ha respectively.

Water Management Onion

An experiment was conducted for two years (2008 & 2009) to find out the effect of micro sprinkler

and fertigation on the bulb yield (26.36 t/ha) of onion. Mean data indicate that maximum bulb yield was

obtained when irrigation was applied at 100% of PE along with application of 100% nitrogen through

fertigation. From water saving point of view irrigation at 60% of PE + application of 100% nitrogen through

fertigation was found best. By applying this treatment 818.56 kg/ha/cm water use efficiency and 48.44%

saving of water was obtained.


Potato

Eco friendly management practices to control black scurf disease in potato was worked out at

ARS, Kota during 2007 & 2008. Results shows that minimum percent disease incidence (26.13%) and

maximum tuber yield (30.43 t/ha) was obtained in boric acid alone followed by Boric Acid +B.subtilis,

(31.88% and 9.38 t/ha). Where as in control the disease infestation was maximum (71.88%) and the tuber

yield was recorded minimum (23.80 t/ha).

Varieties recommended Coriander - RCr 684, RCr 480 Asgandha - Asgandh-134 Potato - Jex/C-166; PJ-376 and JH-22, Kufri Pukhraj, Kufri Pushkar, Kufri Bahar and Kufri

Badshah, Chipsona-1, Chipsona –2, JW 160, Kufri Chipsona III (for processing) Bottlegourd - Shramjivi

Bhindi - Arka Anamika and Mahyco bhindi-10 Brinjal - Pusa Hybrid-6 Ridge gourd - Hybrid Banshi Garlic - G-323


Recommendation Potato • Use Imidacloprid 70 WS upto 10 dippings to control stem necrosis of potato.

• Application of 50% N through chemical fertilizer, 25% N though vermicompost and 25% N through

FYM gave maximum yield in potato.

Brinjal

IPM module in Brinjal includes seed treatment with Trichoderma Viridae @ 20 gm/kg, Soil

treatment in nursery bed with Carbofuran 3G @ 8 gm/m2 and Trichoderma Viridae @ 5 gm + 8 Kg

FYM/m2, Use raised nursery bed 6 inchces high protected by 40 Mesh white Nylon net supported by Iron

frame, Root dipping of seeding in Tetracycline Hydrochloride @ 1gm/lit. + Trichoderma Viridae 100 gm/lit.

solution for 30 minutes before transplanting, Soil treatment with Trichoderma Viridae 8 kg + FYM 150

Kg/ha before transplanting, Spray Methyl Demeton @ 1 ml/lit. after 10-15 days of planting, Release

Trichogramma 6 times at weekly interval starting from 40-45 days old crop (at flower initiation stage @

1,50,000 eggs per ha), For control of Bacterial blight & leaf spot diseases spray streptocycline 1 gm/4 litre

and Ridomil MZ @ 2 gm/lit.

The maximum reduction in population of root knot nematode was 85.92 % when non-host crop

and resistant variety of tomato was sown continuously for three years and 65.91% reduction in

population was recorded when non-host crop and resistant variety of tomato was sown

continuously for two years whereas the continuous growing of susceptible crop – tomato for three

years, increased 179.23% the root knot nematode population.

Fig.C.4.I. Effect of non-hosts crops/resistant varieties on population dynamics of root knot nematodes in vegetable based based cropping system (Kharif, 2006 to

Rabi, 2008-09)

0

200400

600800

1000

12001400

1600

Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi

I Year II Year IIIYear I Year II Year IIIYear

INP/ 200 cc soil FNP/ 200 cc soil

T1 T2 T3 T4


Fig.C.4.ii. Effect of non-host crops /resistant varieties on population dynamics of root knot nematode in vegetable based cropping system (Kharif. 2006 to Rabi, 2008-09)

-60.00

-40.00

-20.00

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi

I Year II Year IIIYear

% increase in nematode population

T1 T2 T3 T4

In Kharif, 2007 & Kharif, 2008, the highest increase of bottle guard yield by application of neem

cake @ 30g/plant (17.32 % & 18.25%) followed by mustard cake @ 30g/plant 15.75 % in the year

2007 & 16.79% in the year 2008 in castor cake.

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HORTICULTURE · PDF filehorticulture, the university has ... Mrig Bahar and Haste Bahar results ... 3782 and 3725 per hectare with C: B ratio of 1:2.09, 1:2.25