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7/16/2019 Hormon Lokal
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HORMON LOKAL(Dr. I Dewa Ayu Susilawati, drg. M. Kes)
Tujuan
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, anda diharapkan
mampu:
1. Menjelaskan pengertian hormon lokal
2. Menjelaskan jenis-jenis hormon lokal3. Menjelaskan mekanisme kerja hormon lokal
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Target sel hormon lokal berada di jaringan atau
sel di sekitar sekretori sel
* Hormone parakrin : target sel di sekitar sel
sekretori
* Hormon autokrin disekresi suatu sel dan
aksinya mempengaruhi sel itu sendiri.
* Sedangkan juxtakrin adalah jenis komunikasi
interselular yang melibatkan sel-sel yang
letaknya berdempetan.
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Beberapa jenis hormon lokal
- Autokoids: bradikinin, histamin, prostaglandin
(berperan pada reaksi inflamatori)
- Neurotransmiter- Sitokin
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Bradykinin is a peptide that causes blood
vessels to enlarge (dilate), and therefore
causes blood pressure to lower. A class of drugs called ACE inhibitors, which are used to
lower blood pressure, increase bradykinin (by
inhibiting its degradation) further loweringblood pressure. Bradykinin works on blood
vessels through the release of prostacyclin,
nitric oxide, and Endothelium-Derived
Hyperpolarizing Factor.
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Histamine is an organic nitrogen compound involved
in local immune responses as well as regulating
physiological function in the gut and acting as aneurotransmitter.[1] Histamine triggers the
inflammatory response. As part of an immune
response to foreign pathogens, histamine is
produced by basophils and by mast cells found innearby connective tissues. Histamine increases the
permeability of the capillaries to white blood cells
and other proteins, in order to allow them to engage
foreign invaders in the infected tissues.[2] It is found
in virtually all animal body cells
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Prostaglandin is any member of a group of lipid
compounds that are derived enzymatically from fatty
acids and have important functions in the animal body. Every prostaglandin contains 20 carbon atoms,
including a 5-carbon ring.
• They are mediators and have a variety of strong
physiological effects, such as regulating thecontraction and relaxation of smooth muscle
tissue.[1] Prostaglandins are autocrine or paracrine,
which are locally acting messenger molecules.
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Neurotransmitters: chemical released by neurons
to stimulate neighbouring neurons, allowingimpulses to be passed from one cell to the next
throughout the nervous system. A nerve impulse
arriving at the axon terminal of one neuron
stimulates release of a neurotransmitter, whichcrosses the microscopic gap (see synapse) in
milliseconds to the adjoining neuron's dendrite.
Many chemicals are believed to act as
neurotransmitters. The few that have been identifiedinclude acetylcholine, dopamine, and serotonin.
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Cytokines (Greek cyto-, cell; and -kinos,
movement) are small cell-signaling protein
molecules that are secreted by the glial cells
of the nervous system and by numerous cells
of the immune system and are a category of
signaling molecules used extensively in
intercellular communication. Cytokines can beclassified as proteins, peptides, or
glycoproteins; the term "cytokine"
encompasses a large and diverse family of regulators produced throughout the body by
cells of diverse embryological origin.
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- limfokin diproduksi limfosit
- interleukin komunikasi antar lekosit
- sitokin
diproduksi oleh berbagai selContoh sitokin:
- Interleukin
- TNF alfa- Interferon gama
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Interleukins are a group of cytokines (secreted
proteins/signaling molecules) that were first seen to be
expressed by white blood cells (leukocytes). The term
interleukin derives from (inter-) "as a means of communication", and (-leukin) "deriving from the fact that
many of these proteins are produced by leukocytes and act on
leukocytes". The name is something of a relic though (the
term was coined by Dr. Paetkau, University of Victoria); it has
since been found that interleukins are produced by a wide
variety of body cells. The function of the immune system
depends in a large part on interleukins, and rare deficiencies
of a number of them have been described, all featuring
autoimmune diseases or immune deficiency. The majority of interleukins are synthesized by helper CD4+ T lymphocytes, as
well as through monocytes, macrophages, and endothelial
cells. They promote the development and differentiation of T,
B, and hematopoietic cells.
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Tumor necrosis factor (TNF, cachexin or cachectin and
formerly known as tumor necrosis factor-alpha) is a
cytokine involved in systemic inflammation and is amember of a group of cytokines that stimulate the
acute phase reaction.
• The primary role of TNF is in the regulation of
immune cells. TNF is able to induce apoptotic cell
death, to induce inflammation, and to inhibit
tumorigenesis and viral replication. Dysregulation of
TNF production has been implicated in a variety of human diseases, as well as cancer.
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Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is a dimerized soluble
cytokine that is the only member of the type II class
of interferons.
[2]
This interferon was originally calledmacrophage-activating factor, a term now used to
describe a larger family of proteins to which IFN-γ
belongs.
• IFN-γ, or type II interferon, is a cytokine that is criticalfor innate and adaptive immunity against viral and
intracellular bacterial infections and for tumor
control. Aberrant IFN-γ expression is associated with
a number of autoinflammatory and autoimmune
diseases