Hong Kong Dy

8/8/2019 Hong Kong Dy

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HONG KONG ARCH162 AL KENRICK DY


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Hong Kong: From fishing village to a world city


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Geographic Location

Hong Kong is situated at the mouth of the Pearl River facingthe South China Sea and the Pacific Ocean, because of itslocation Hong Kong was endowed with the richestagricultural delta areas of China.

and occasional typhoon. There is not much level landaround the harbor, but quite fortunately the inland area isshallow enough to permit reclamation to take place.

Hong Kong is a resource poor area. It has no naturalresources on its own.


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The territory is made up of :

Hong Kong Island

the Kowloon Peninsula

Geographic Location

Victoria harbor separates Hong Kong Island

from Kowloon and beyond that, the NewTerritories that runs up to the boundary with

Mainland China.


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Harbor as the core of

economic activity

Hong Kong occupies a central position in

South-east Asia

.This made Hong Kong a viable transshipment

(entrept port function) point for goods in Asia.


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Brief History of Hong Kong

Hong Kong was ceded to Britain

under the Treaty of Nanking.

The city of Hong Kong was just a

collection of fishing villages when

claimed b the British in 1842.

Treaty of Nanking

the Kowloon Peninsula was

handed over in 1860

During 1898, a 99-year lease onthe New Territories (north of

Kowloon up to the Shenzhen

River) and 235 outliers was

granted.View of Hong Kong Harbor before the British colonization


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1 July 1997 -Under the principle of 'One

Country, Two Systems', Hong Kong returned toChinese sovereignty as a Special

Administrative Re ion of the Peo le's Re ublic

Brief History of Hong Kong

of China.

allowed Hong Kong to enjoy a high degree of

autonomy, retention of its capitalist system,

independent judiciary and rule of law, free trade

and freedom of speech


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HISTORY OF

URBAN PLANNING IN

HONG KONG


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The Formative Years

The governments only plan was to regulate

the sale of the land through minimumintervention.

transshipment and trade center.

characterized by overcrowding and squatters

poor sanitary conditions which resulted tooutbreaks of bubonic plague


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Hong Kong survived at first because of its military

function, it served as the vassal and militarycenter which provided security for headquarters

of im ortant British merchant houses.

The Formative Years

Chartered Mercantile Bank and Hong Kong and

Shanghai bank was established

development of shipping industry(Jardine,

Matheson and company-local shipping industry)


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The Beginning of Urban

Planning

In 1903 an ordinance was passed which set

requirements for open spaces, restrictions on

building styles, heights and renovations.

building plans were subjected to buildingauthorities

precursor of urban planning in the city.


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Economic Boom

1920s- heralded an economic boom in Hong

Kong, it was recommended to have a futuredevelopment plan of the harbor

, -

town-planning scheme for the colony.

resulted to Kowloon plan which laid out lots for

private developments


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Housing Problems

1930s-ovecrowding, lack of housing,

relocation of the slums were the perennialproblems

1935-A housin committee was set-u to

oversee the permanent town planning andhousing.

June 1939-Town planning ordinance was

passed which became the guiding legislationfor urban planning.


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Apartments and Housing

units in Hong Kong


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Abercrombies Plan

In 1947 renowned British urban planner Sir

Patrick Abercrombie was tasked to prepare plansfor development in Kowloon and Victoria.

Abercrombies plan included the following:

industrial locations future reclamations

cross-harbor tunnels

communication lines and new towns provided the model for future developments in

Hong Kong


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Sir Patrick Abercrombie

Cross-Harbor tunnel


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1950s- town planning office was established

within the Crown Lands and Survey Office An idea to develop a master plan was halted

quickly outdated.

rise of important manufacturing industries,

economic reorientation, export oriented

industrialization, laissez faire


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Laissez-faire

In the past, planning in Hong Kong was ad hoc

in nature, laissez faire emphasized theimportance of urban planning.

redevelopment of main metropolitan area

around the harbor.

physical planning and its social and economiceffects were emphasized


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Economic Development of

1960s

1960s- Economic development(textile

industries) which resulted to constructionboom became sensitive to physical planning

.

In 1962 the government was forced to move

towards planning Hong Kong as a whole.

resulted in the planning of Colony Outline Plan


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Hong Kong as a Major

Financial Center

GDP from 1970-1988 rose

manufacturing and utilities(electricity, gas, and water)

1970s- The Colony Outline Plan was completed in 1971 and wasapproved in 1972. It became the document on which thegovernment based its provision of facilities in suitable locations.

tertiary economic factor includes commerce, finance, transportcommunications

rise of Hong Kong as major financial center for Asian-pacific region

Hong Kong became an established financial center(has active stockmarket)


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Bond center

Bank of China

International Financial Center


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Colony Outline Plan

Part of the 3-tier system of government planning,

two of which are: Outline zoning plan(land-use)

De artmental develo ments lan la out of districts

The Colony Outline Plan (Long term territorial

development) consists of two parts namely:

Development strategy for the next 20 years

Guidelines for provision of infrastructural facilities


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Colony Outline Plan

In 1974, the Colony Outline Plan was

substantially revised to take into account thechanges in socio-economic conditions andgovernments development priorities. The

revised plan was renamed as the Hong KongOutline Plan (HKOP) which consists of twoparts:

Part I: relating to planning standards Part II: on development strategy.


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Territorial Development

Strategy

1980s-Land Development policy

establishment of TDS (Territorial DevelopmentStrategy)

TDS aims to coordinate the urban development

with transport provision Hong Kong modernized their age-old

shipbuilding

aircraft engineering industry has developed inhigh international reputation


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5 major divisions for the

purpose of TDS

The was divided into 5 sub-regions:

Metropolitan Area( Hong Kong Island, KowloonPeninsula, New Kowloon, Tsuen Wan)

-

North-west New Territories

South-east New Territories

South-west New Territories


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Land Use and

Transportation

Commercial Land Use

central district of Hong Kong( Tsim shat sui in the southern tip of the

peninsula) Major banks headquarters ,stock exchange, tourist hotels,etc.

Industrial land use

Tsuen Wan, Tuen Mun , Tai po, New territories

sma an arge-sca e in ustria . S ip ui ing an s ip repairing

Warehouse and storage use Kwun tong, Yau tong. These are ubiquitous anywhere in Hong Kong

Residential

most important and widespread

high density living(comprised of private an public housing) Low density living is found outside the main urban area which had the

view of the harbor.


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Multi-modal Transportation

System

In the case of Hong Kong public transportation

was influenced by the urban form Territories is highly knit, highly dense and high

dependence on public transportation.

Transport systems have been developed in

line with the governments policy ofdecentralization.


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MASS TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS


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Hong Kong Transportation Map


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Metroplan

Metroplan represents the planners idea of

focusing the development back toMetropolitan Area after the relocation of the

.

better organized, desirable and more

efficient place to live and work

It emphasized the importance of transportnetworks, crossings, and expressways


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Land use Plan as of 2000


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Contributing Factors:

LOCATION

Hong Kong's magnificent harbor has been one ofthe key to its economic development, it opened

trade to other countries.

It strengthened its position as transshipment andtrade center.

The geographic location of Hong Kong assured its

success in world trade.


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Economic Activities

The development strategy of Hong Kong is pragmaticand straightforward, it always promotes economic

development based on the harbor and the port area.


The colonial status brought stability and economictransformation.

Multi-story buildings were deemed as the solution to

the increasing demands for industrial space.

One of their governments main role is to provide an

efficient infrastructure.


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HIGH POPULATION DENSITY

A policy of population decentralization wasvehemently pursued by the government.

Population redistribution was carried out through

public housing programs. Population was spread out to the New territories

More and more people move out of the mainurban areas

Segregation between high income and low incomegroups


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GOVERNMENT POLICIES

Hong Kong was maintained as a free port devotedto free trade, low taxation and free movement of

mone skill and technolo


Laissez-faire policy(positive non-intervensionism): Planning served the needs of

the peoples economic activities rather than

restrict it)


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Conclusion

The integration of all planning functions and activities wasstimulated by the planning needs of Port development. This could

be attributed to the economic activities of the people. Hong Kong has gradually transformed from a uni-centered to multi-

centered development; however, the mini-centers cannot competewith the main center.

e eve opment o new towns roug t a out a sperse mu t -

centered urban form linked by an efficient road and rail network The development echoes the concepts of both centripetal and

centrifugal forces taking place at the same time.

The public housing program later on proved not very effectivebecause the development of these public housing has no provisionof transportation, educational, and service facilities.


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END


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references

Dimitriou, Harry and Cook, Alison. Land-use/Transport Planning

in Hong Kong: The End of an Era. Vermont: Ashgate Publishing,

1998. Print.

Lo, C.P. Hong Kong. London: Belhaven Press, 1992. Print.


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Photo sources

http://www.bugbog.com

http://www.e-architect.co.uk

http://www.baxleystamps.comhttp://www.piaoshiguang.com

http://www.designinghongkong.com

http://travel.intercontinental.com

. . .

http://www.westernharbourtunnel.comhttp://en.yuankuang.com

http://www.istockphoto.com

http://www.shutterstock.com

http://crunkish.com

http://www.flickr.comhttp://biz.thestar.com

http://www.china-tour.cn/HongKong

http://www.hansens-hikes.com

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