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HLT31507 CERTIFICATE III IN NUTRITION & DIETETIC ASSISTANCE
CHAPTER 1THE HUMAN BODY: AN ORIENTATION
delivered by:Mary-Louise Dieckmann
What is Anatomy & Physiology
• What is Anatomy?The study of the structures of the body
• What is Physiology?The study of the functions of the structures of the body
Areas of Anatomical Studies
• Gross Anatomy– Study of structures
visible to naked eye• Systemic Anatomy
– Study of body systems• Regional Anatomy
– Study of specific body part ie. The knee
Areas of Anatomical Studies
• Microscopic Anatomy– Can only be viewed with
a microscope• Cytology
– Study of cells• Histology
– Study of tissuesSource: Pearson Education 2009
Levels of structural organisation in the body
Source: Pearson Education 2009
Levels of structural organisation in the body
Levels of structural organisation in the body
Source: Pearson Education 2009
Levels of structural organisation
Source: Pearson Education 2009
Levels of structural organisation
Source: Pearson Education 2009
Levels of structural organisationSource: Pearson Education 2009
Integumentary and Skeletal Systems
Source: Pearson Education 2009
Muscular and Nervous Systems
Source: Pearson Education 2009
Cardiovascular and Endocrine Systems
Source: Pearson Education 2009
Lymphatic and Respiratory Systems
Source: Pearson Education 2009
Digestive and Urinary Systems
Source: Pearson Education 2009
Reproductive System
Source: Pearson Education 2009
Homeostasis• The internal environment of the body is maintained within narrow limits and this fairly constant state is called “homeostasis”.• This term means “unchanging” but in practice it describes a dynamic, ever changing situation kept within narrow limits. When this balance is lost or threatened, there is a serious risk to the well being of the individual (Marieb, 2012).
Factors maintained by homeostasis include:
• Temperature• Water and electrolyte concentrations• Acidity (pH)• Glucose levels• Oxygen and Carbon dioxide levels• Blood Pressure
Putting it together:
Source: Pearson Education 2009
Negative Feedback
• This process is called “feedback”• Most events in the body are maintained by
negative feedback. • Examples – body temperature, blood glucose
levels and blood calcium levels.• The body registers a ‘stimulus’ and puts
processes into place to reduce or shut off that stimulus – ie. rising BGL’s
Positive Feedback
• Positive feedback– Increases the original stimulus to
push the variable further– In the body this occurs in blood
clotting and the birth of a baby
The Anatomical Position
• To avoid confusion when describing parts of the body it is always assumed that the body is in the “anatomical position”.
• Note that the body is standing erect with the palms of the hands held unnaturally forward with thumbs pointing away from the body.
Planes of the BodyImaginary planes that split the body into sections They serve as a point of reference by naming the
direction from which the body is being viewed
• Midsagital - divides the body from head to foot into right and left halves.
• Frontal – divides the body from head to foot into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
• Transverse – divides the body into superior (above) and inferior (below portions)
More terms we need to know
• Supine – lying down with the head and face upwards
• Prone – lying down with the face downwards
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. Which is most distal – elbow or wrist?
2. Which is most lateral – hipbone or umbilicus?
3. Which is most superior – nose or chin?
4. Which is inferior – clavicle or pelvis?
5. Which is proximal – ilium or patella?
6. Which is anterior – spine or heart?
7. Which is posterior – heel, foot or toes?
8. Which is medial – sternum or ribs?
Body Cavities• A cavity is any hollow space. Body cavities serve to confine organs and systems that have similar functions. Two major cavities are the dorsal and ventral cavity. • Look at the diagram (next slide) What organs do you think each of these cavities contain?
Body Cavities• Dorsal cavity – contains cranial cavity (brain) and spinal cavity ( spinal cord)
• Ventral cavity – contains thoracic cavity (lungs, heart), abdominopelvic cavity (stomach, liver, intestines and reproductive organs, bladder and rectum).
Review
If you were standing in the Anatomical Position, how would you be positioned?
A. Lying face down on a flat surface with palms on your thighsB. Lying flat on your pack with the palms of your hands flat on the floorC. Standing erect with the palms of your hands facing forwardD. Standing erect with the palms of your hands facing backwards
Which plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts?E. Mid-sagittalF. TransverseG. FrontalH. Medial
Review
A directional term that means away from the mid-line of the body is?A. MedialB. DistalC. LateralD. Proximal
Which of the following structures are lateral to the nose?E. MouthF. EarsG. ChinH. Eyes
Review
What structures does the dorsal cavity contain?A. Ribs, Heart and LungsB. Brain and Spinal CordC. Stomach, Liver, Pancreas, SpleenD. Reproductive Organs, Bladder and Bowel
A cut that divides the body into equal left and right sides is?E. Mid-sagittalF. TransverseG. FrontalH. Medial
1. The word medial indicates nearness to the center of the body.
2. The term proximal means away from the point of origin
3. Use directional terms to complete the following statements
a. The wrist is……………..to the hand
b. The sternum is……………to the spine
c. The brain is …………………….to the spinal cord.
d. The elbow is…………….to the shoulder.
e. The umbilicus is………………….to the hips.
References:
Jonas, W.B. (2005). Mosby’s Dictionary of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Michigan, USA: Elsevier Mosby retrieved 24 January 2012 from: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/anatomic+positionMarieb, E.N. (2012). Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, (10th ed.). San Francisco, USA: Pearson International.Marieb, E.N. (2009). Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, (9th ed.). San Francisco, USA: Pearson International.Marieb, E.N. (2003). Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, (8th ed.). San Francisco, USA: Pearson International.
