∏ ™∏ª∞™π∞ Δ∏™ ∂π∫√¡∞™ Δ√À ™øª∞Δ√™ °π∞Δ∏¡ æÀÃπ∫∏ À°∂π∞ ¡∂∞ƒø¡ ∞¡¢ƒø¡ ∫∞π

°À¡∞π∫ø¡: ™Àªμ√À§∂ÀΔπ∫∂™ ¶∞ƒ∂ªμ∞™∂π™

∞ÁÁÂÏÈ΋ §ÂÔÓÙ·Ú‹¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ £ÂÛÛ·Ï›·˜

¶ÂÚ›ÏË„Ë:∏ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ÌÈ· ‚·ÛÈ΋ Ù˘¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ Î·È ¤Ó·˜ ·Ú¿-ÁÔÓÙ·˜ Ô˘ ·ÛΛ ηıÔÚÈÛÙÈ΋ ›‰Ú·ÛË ÛÙËÓ „˘¯È΋ ˘Á›· ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘. Δ· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯Úfi-ÓÈ· fiÏÔ Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ Ù˘Èı·Ó‹˜ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ‹˜ Ù˘ Ì ‰È·ÙÚÔÊÈΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÔ¤Ó· ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓÔ˘ ·ÈÛı‹-Ì·ÙÔ˜ ‰˘Û·Ú¤ÛÎÂÈ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÛÒÌ·. ª¤¯ÚÈ ÚfiÛÊ·Ù· ÂÈÎÚ·ÙÔ‡ÛÂ Ë ¿Ô„Ë fiÙÈ Ë ‰È·ÌfiÚʈ-ÛË ÌÈ·˜ ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋˜ ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ô˘ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙȘ Á˘Ó·›Î˜Û ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ‚·ıÌfi ·fi fiÙÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ¿Ó‰Ú˜, ÙfiÛÔ ÂÂȉ‹ ÔÈ ¿Ó‰Ú˜ ÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ÙÔ˘˜ ı¤ÛË Û ¿ÏϘ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜, fiÛÔ Î·È ÂÂȉ‹ ÔÈ ·Ó‰ÚÈΤ˜ ÂÈÎfiÓ˜ Ô˘ Úfi‚·ÏÏ·Ó Ù· ªª∂‹Ù·Ó Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÛÈ̘ Ì ÙÔ Ì¤ÛÔ ·Ó‰ÚÈÎfi ÛÒÌ·. øÛÙfiÛÔ, Û‹ÌÂÚ· ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ·ÚÎÂÙ¤˜ ÂӉ›ÍÂȘfiÙÈ Î·È ÔÈ ¿Ó‰Ú˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ú¯›ÛÂÈ Ó· ··Û¯ÔÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È ˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏÈο Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·Ùfi˜ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È fiÙÈ Ë ‰˘Û·Ú¤ÛÎÂÈ· ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ó·ÚÔ‡˜ ¿Ó‰Ú˜ ·˘Í¿ÓÂÙ·È ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈο. ∂Ô-̤ӈ˜, ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ì ӷ ÂÈοÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ·fi ÙË ıÂÒÚËÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ˆ˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ·ÓËÛ˘¯›·˜ ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ, ÛÙË ıÂÒÚËÛ‹ Ù˘ ˆ˜ ÌÈ·˜ ÎÂ-ÓÙÚÈ΋˜ Ù˘¯‹˜ Ù˘ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜, ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙȘ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¿Ó‰Ú˜. Δ·È‰·ÓÈο Ù˘ ÈÛ¯Ó‹˜ ÛÈÏÔ˘¤Ù·˜ ÁÈ· ÙȘ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ Î·È ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· ÙÔ˘ Ì˘Ò‰Ô˘˜ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜¿Ó‰Ú˜ Î·È Ô ‚·ıÌfi˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Ù· Ó·ڿ ¿ÙÔÌ· ÓÈÒıÔ˘Ó ÈηÓÔÔÈË̤ӷ Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ÛÒÌ·Ùfi˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÙÈο ÙË ÁÂÓÈ΋ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡, ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔ-ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË Î·ÈÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙË ÛˆÌ·ÙÈ΋ ˘Á›·. ∂›Ó·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ó· η-Ù·ÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ٷ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈ-Ù˘¯‹ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚfiÏË„‹ ÙÔ˘˜.

§¤ÍÂȘ ÎÏÂȉȿ: ¢˘Û·Ú¤ÛÎÂÈ· Ì ÙÔ ÛÒÌ·, ∂ÈÎfiÓ· ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜, ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈΤ˜ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ

¢È‡ı˘ÓÛË: ∞ÁÁÂÏÈ΋ §ÂÔÓÙ·Ú‹, ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎfi ΔÌ‹Ì· ¶ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘, ¶·ÓÂÈ-ÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ £ÂÛÛ·Ï›·˜, ∞ÚÁÔÓ·˘ÙÒÓ & ºÈÏÂÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ, 38 221 μfiÏÔ˜. ΔËÏ.: 24210-74744. E-mail:leontari@uth.gr

Hellenic Journal of Psychology, Vol. 8 (2011), pp. 309-337

∂π™∞°ø°∏

∏ ÛËÌ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â‡Ú˘ıÌË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ Â›Ó·È ÚÔÊ·Ó‹˜ ηÈÂÔ̤ӈ˜ ÙÔ ıˆÚËÙÈÎfi Î·È ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎfi ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÁÈ’ ·˘Ùfi ·Ôχو˜ ‰ÈηÈÔÏÔ-ÁË̤ÓÔ. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ·fi ÙÔ 1980 Î·È ÌÂÙ¿ ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È ÌÈ· ·Ó·˙ˆ‡ÚˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂӉȷ-ʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÛÒÌ·. √ Turner (1992) ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ ÎÈÓԇ̷ÛÙ ÚÔ˜ ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ÔÓÔÌ¿˙ÂÈ “ۈ̷ÙÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·”, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÚÔ˜ ¤Ó· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÙÔÛÒÌ· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ‰›Ô ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜. √È Ïfi-ÁÔÈ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙÔ˘ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· Û˘ÓÔ„ÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÛÙ· ÂÍ‹˜:(1) √È ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ Ó· ·ӷÎÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·Ùfi˜ ÙÔ˘˜,ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Û’ ¤Ó· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi ·fi ÙÔ Â¿ÁÁÂÏÌ· ÙËÓ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜ Ô˘ ηٿ η-ÓfiÓ· ·ÛÎÂ›Ù·È ·fi ¿Ó‰Ú˜, (2) ÔÈ ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÊÂÌÈÓÈÛÙÚÈÒÓ Û˘ÁÁڷʤˆÓ ÔÈ ÔÔ›-˜ ÂÛÙ›·Û·Ó ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ¤‰ÂÈÍ·Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÁڷʤ˜ Ù˘ ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ‚¿Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ‰Ô-ÌË̤Ó˜ Î·È ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· ȉÂÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜, (3) Ë ÂÈÛ‹-Ì·ÓÛË ıˆÚËÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂˆÓ fiˆ˜ Ô ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi˜ ÎÔÓÛÙÚÔ˘ÎÙÈ‚ÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È Ë Ê·È-ÓÔÌÂÓÔÏÔÁ›· fiÙÈ Ù· Ê˘ÛÈο, ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙȘ ÂοÛÙÔÙ ÔÏÈ-ÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Î·È ÙȘ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Û˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜, Î·È fiÙÈ ·Ú¿-ÁÔÓÙ˜ fiˆ˜ ÙÔ Ê‡ÏÔ, Ë Ê˘Ï‹, Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË, Ë ÂıÓfiÙËÙ· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·Ó·ÙÚ¤„Ô˘ÓÙÔÓ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÎfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Ó· ÚÔηϤÛÔ˘Ó·ÓÈÛfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ (ª·ÎÚ˘ÓÈÒÙË, 2004. Nettleton, 2002).

OÈ ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ ÙÔÔıÂÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘ Ê·ÈÓÔÌÂÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜, ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ÎÔÓÛÙÚÔ˘-ÎÙÈ‚ÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÊÂÌÈÓÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛˆÓ, ÔÈ ¤ÓÙÔÓ˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÛÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ-Îfi, ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi, ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô Î·È ÔÈ Â·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘÛÙÔ Â‰›Ô Ù˘ È·ÙÚÈ΋˜, Ù˘ ‚ÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Û˘ÓÙ¤ÏÂÛ·Ó Û ¤Ó·Ó ·-ӷηıÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ˆ˜ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÌÂϤÙ˘ Î·È ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ Î·È Î·ıfiÚÈÛ·ÓÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÚfiÛÏ˄˘ Î·È ·ÂÈÎfiÓÈÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘. ΔÔ ÛÒÌ· ÛÙËÓ ‡ÛÙÂÚË ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È fiÏÔ Î·È ÈÔ ·ÓÔȯÙfi Û ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ, Ù· fiÚÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ ·ӷÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙Ô-ÓÙ·È Î·È ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È Û ‚·ÛÈ΋ Ù˘¯‹ Ù˘ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·›ÛıËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ·˘-ÙÔ‡ (Bourdieu, 1984). ™˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜, ÔÈ ¤ÓÙÔÓ˜ Î·È ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙË-Ú›˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ‰˘ÙÈΤ˜ ÎÔÈӈӛ˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÌÈ·Ó ·›ÛıËÛË ·‚‚·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜Î·È Ú¢ÛÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ Î·È Ù˘ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘.ª¤Û· Û’ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔ ‰È·ÚÎÒ˜ ÌÂÙ·‚·ÏÏfiÌÂÓÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÂÚ›Á˘ÚÔ, ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· Á›ÓÂÙ·È·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ Â·Ó·ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ·Ó·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡. ∏ ηٿÎÙËÛË ÂÓfi˜ Ó·ÓÈ-ÎÔ‡, ·‰‡Ó·ÙÔ˘, Á˘ÌÓ·Ṳ̂ÓÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ù· ÛËÌ¿‰È· ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓηډȿ ÙˆÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ó·‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ‹ ÙÚÔÔÔ›ËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ (Bordo, 1993a.Shilling, 1993. Turner, 1997). ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ‰Â ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ıˆÚËı› Ùfi-Ô˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο Ô˘‰¤ÙÂÚÔ˜. √È ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘, ÔÈ Ì·˙ÈΤ˜ ·ÂÈÎÔÓ›-

310 ∞. §ÂÔÓÙ·Ú‹

ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘, ÔÈ ‰ÂÛ̇ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ·ÔÚÚ¤Ô˘Ó ·’ ·˘Ù¤˜, ÔÈ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ì ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÔÈ-ÎÔ‰ÔÌÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ù· Ê˘ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈο Î·È Ù· ·ÚÂÎÎÏ›ÓÔÓÙ· ÛÒÌ·Ù·, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˆ˜ ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ Ù·ÂοÛÙÔÙ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· (Blood, 2005).

∏ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ Ù˘¯‹ Ù˘ ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ·˘-ÙÔ‡, Ë ÔÔ›· ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÙÈο ÙËÓ „˘¯ÔÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÈfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ˙ˆ‹˜ ÙÔ˘. ∏ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙË Grogan(1999) ˆ˜ ÔÈ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ, ÔÈ ÛΤ„ÂȘ Î·È Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ÁÈ·ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÙÔ˘. ŒÓ·Ó ·ÚfiÌÔÈÔ ÔÚÈÛÌfi ‰È·Ù˘ÒÓÔ˘Ó Î·È ÔÈ Math Î·È Cash (1997, Û.1438), ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ fiÙÈ Ë ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·ÓÙÈÚÔۈ‡ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÌÂÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÈ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ “ÛΤÊÙÔÓÙ·È, ·ÈÛı¿ÓÔÓÙ·È Î·È Û˘ÌÂÚÈʤÚÔÓÙ·È Û ۯ¤-ÛË Ì ٷ ۈ̷ÙÈο ÙÔ˘˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο”. °ÂÓÈο ÔÈ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ Û˘ÌʈÓÔ‡Ó fiÙÈ ËÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ÔÏ˘‰È¿ÛÙ·ÙË ¤ÓÓÔÈ·. ∫·Ù¿ ÙÔÓ Cash (2002a,2002‚) Ë ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ‰‡Ô Ù˘¯¤˜: ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ¤Ӊ˘ÛË. ∏ ÚÒÙË ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ÂÎÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÌ-Ê¿ÓÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ Î·È Ù· Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ·˘Ù¤˜ Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· (‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔÓ È‰·-ÓÈÎfi-Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi ·˘Ùfi Î·È ÙËÓ ÈηÓÔÔ›ËÛË ‹ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÈηÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÛÒ-Ì·). ∏ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË Ù˘¯‹ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Î·Ù¿ fiÛÔ Ë ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ›ÌÈ· ˘ÚËÓÈ΋ Ù˘¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡.

∏ ‰˘ÛÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È fiÙÈ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Â›Û˘ ‰‡Ô‰È·ÎÚÈÙ¤˜ Î·È ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ Ù˘¯¤˜: ÙȘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÛÙÚ‚ÏÒÛÂȘ ηÈÙËÓ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÈηÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ·fi ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· (Thompson, 1990). √È ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·-ÛÙÚ‚ÏÒÛÂȘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó Â›Ù ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ›Ù ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ Î·È ÙÔ Û¯‹-Ì· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÌÂÚÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜. ∏ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË Ù˘¯‹ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙË ÁÓˆ-ÛÙÈ΋, ı˘ÌÈ΋ ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÈ΋ ʇÛË Ù˘ ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋˜ ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ·ÓÙÈ-ÚÔۈ‡ÂÈ ÙË ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜, fiˆ˜ ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì-‚¿ÓÂÙ·È ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈο, Î·È ÙËÓ È‰·ÓÈ΋ ÂÈÎfiÓ·, ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ· ·fi ÙÔ ·ÓË È‰·ÓÈ΋ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ȉ·ÓÈÎfi ‹ ¤Ó· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ȉ·-ÓÈÎfi (Cash, 2002a).

Δ· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· fiÏÔ Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÈ-ÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ Ù˘ Èı·Ó‹˜ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ‹˜ Ù˘ Ì ‰È·ÙÚÔÊÈΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÏÂÈ-ÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ Î·È Ì ÙÔ ÔÏÔ¤Ó· ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓÔ ·›ÛıËÌ· ‰˘Û·Ú¤ÛÎÂÈ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· Ì·˜(Jones & Buckingham, 2005. Polivy & Herman, 2004). ªÂ ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓË ÙË ÌÂÁ¿ÏˉȷÊÔÚ¿ Ô˘ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ· ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙ· Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ· ÚfiÙ˘· ÔÌÔÚÊÈ¿˜, fiˆ˜·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi Ù· ªª∂, Î·È ÛÙ· ÛÒÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ó‰ÚÒÓ Î·È Á˘-Ó·ÈÎÒÓ, ‰ÂÓ ÚÔηÏ› ¤ÎÏËÍË ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÔÏÏÔ› ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ ‚ÈÒÓÔ˘Ó Ù· ÛÒ-Ì·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ¤Ó·Ó ·ÚÓËÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ.

∏ ÛËÌ·Û›· Ù˘ ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ „˘¯ÈÎË ˘Á›·... 311

∏ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÛÙȘ Á˘Ó·›Î˜

∏ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ı¤ÛË ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· η٤¯ÂÈ ÙÔ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÂ›Ô ÛÒÌ· ÛÙÔ ‰˘ÙÈÎfi ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi ›ӷȤӷ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ·‰È·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÙÔ. √È Ï·ÛÙÈΤ˜ Ù¤¯Ó˜, Ë Ô›ËÛË, Ë Ì˘ıÔÏÔÁ›·, Ù· ıÚË-Û΢ÙÈο ‰fiÁÌ·Ù· ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ¿ÊıÔÓ· ÂÈÛÙ‹ÚÈ·. ∂Í›ÛÔ˘ ·‰È·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÙÔ Â›Ó·È Î·ÈÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ë Á˘Ó·›Î· Î·È ÙÔ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÂ›Ô ÛÒÌ· ¤¯Ô˘Ó Á›ÓÂÈ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· ÔÏÏ·Ï‹˜ÂÎÌÂÙ¿ÏÏ¢Û˘ ·Ó¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÈÒÓ˜. ¶·Ú¿ ÙȘ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘Ì‚Â› ÛÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ·ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÂÈÎÚ·ÙÔ‡Û· ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÁÈ· ÙËÓ È‰·ÓÈ΋ Á˘Ó·ÈΛ· ÛÈÏÔ˘¤-Ù·, ¤Ó· Ú¿ÁÌ· ¤ÌÂÈÓ ÛÙ·ıÂÚfi: ÔÈ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÔÓÙ·Ó ¿ÓÙ· Ó· ˘ÈÔıÂÙÔ‡Ó ¤Ó·Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô Ó· ·ÏÏ¿ÍÔ˘Ó ÙÔ Û¯‹Ì· Î·È ÙÔ ‚¿ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ÛÒÌ·Ùfi˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ Û˘ÌÌÔÚÊÒÓÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙȘ ÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Û˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÂÈÙ·Á¤˜.

ΔÔ ÚfiÙ˘Ô Ù˘ Á˘Ó·ÈΛ·˜ Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ ÔÌÔÚÊÈ¿˜ ÛÙȘ ¢˘ÙÈΤ˜ ÎÔÈӈӛ˜, Ô˘ Û‹-ÌÂÚ· Â›Ó·È ·˘Ùfi Ù˘ ÈÛ¯ÓfiÙËÙ·˜, Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ·˘ÙÔ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô, ÎÔÌ„fiÙËÙ·, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ÁÔËÙ›·, Ó·ÓÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È Ì ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ÔʤÏË, fiˆ˜ ¤Ó·Ó ηÏfi Á¿ÌÔ ‹ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ÈÛ¯‡ (Orbach, 1993. Wade & DiMaria, 2003). ∞ÓÙÈı¤Ùˆ˜, Ù· ·¯‡Û·Úη ¿ÙÔÌ·ÂÎÏ·‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ÌË Â˘Ê˘‹, ÔÎÓËÚ¿ Î·È Ï·›Ì·ÚÁ· (Hebl & Mannix, 2003). √È ·ÓÙÈ-Ï‹„ÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·›ÛıËÛË ÈηÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ ·fi ÙÔ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙȘ ˆıÔ‡Ó Û ÌÈ·Ó ˘ÂÚ··Û¯fiÏËÛË Ì ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Û ˘ÂÚÂ-¤Ó‰˘ÛË Û ·˘Ù‹Ó (Grogan, 1999).

∏ ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜, fiˆ˜ ‰È·Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙ· ˘„ËÏ¿ ›‰· ¤ÏÏÂÈ-„˘ ÈηÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ·fi ÙÔ ÛÒÌ·, Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ô˘ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙȘÁ˘Ó·›Î˜ Û ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ‚·ıÌfi ·’ fiÙÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ¿Ó‰Ú˜ (Math & Cash, 1997). √È Á˘-Ó·›Î˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÈÔ ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ¿Ó‰Ú˜ (Grogan,1999. Jackson, 1992), ÂÎÊÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÈηÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ·fi ÙÔ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˘˜ (Aruguette, Yates, & Edman, 2006. Forbes, Adams-Curtis, Rade, & Jaberg,2001. Smolak, 2006) Î·È ÂÂÓ‰‡Ô˘Ó „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈο ÛÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ·fi fiÛÔ ÔÈ ¿Ó‰Ú˜ (Jackson, 1992. Math & Cash, 1997). ¶·ÚfiÏÔ Ô˘ ÔÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜·˘Ù¤˜ Â›Ó·È ÂÌÊ·Ó›˜ Û fiÏ· Ù· ÂÍÂÏÈÎÙÈο ÛÙ¿‰È·, ηٿ ÙËÓ ÂÊ˂›· Â›Ó·È È‰È·›-ÙÂÚ· ¤ÓÙÔÓ˜ (Levine & Smolak, 2002. Tiggemann, 2006). ∏ ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ÙfiÛÔ ‰È·‰Â‰Ô̤ÓË ÛÙȘ Á˘Ó·›Î˜, ÒÛÙ fiˆ˜ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È, Ë Ì¤ÛËÁ˘Ó·›Î· ‚ÈÒÓÂÈ Û˘Ó¯Ҙ ÌÈ· ηٿÛÙ·ÛË “Ê˘ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ¤ÏÏÂȄ˘ ÈηÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘” ÌÂÙÔ ÛÒÌ· Ù˘ (Bordo, 1993a. Cash, 2002b).

∫·Ù¿ ÙËÓ Bordo (1993a, 1993b) Ë ˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏÈ΋ ··Û¯fiÏËÛË ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ Ì ÙËÓÈÛ¯ÓfiÙËÙ· ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÙÔÔıÂÙËı› ̤۷ Û ¤Ó· ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷÂÚÌËÓ¢ı› ÁÈ·Ù› ÔÈ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ¢¿ÏˆÙ˜ ÛÙȘ ȤÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜Ù˘ ÔÌÔÚÊÈ¿˜ Î·È ÁÈ·Ù› Â›Ó·È ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÛÙ·ıÔ‡Ó ÛÙȘ ȤÛÂȘ ·˘-Ù¤˜. ∏ Bordo (1993a, 1993b) ıˆÚ› ÙȘ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ “ı‡Ì·Ù·” ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ÙȘηٷȤ˙ÂÈ Î·È ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó ·Ú¿ Ó· ¢ı˘ÁÚ·ÌÌÈÛÙÔ‡Ó

312 ∞. §ÂÔÓÙ·Ú‹

Ì ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÂÂȉ‹ ÛÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ë ÈÛ¯ÓfiÙËÙ· Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È ÌÂ Û˘ÁÎÂ-ÎÚÈ̤ӷ ıÂÙÈο ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈο ÓÔ‹Ì·Ù·. ΔÔÓ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË ÂÍÔ˘Û›· ·Ú¿ÁÂÈ Î·ÈηÓÔÓÈÎÔÔÈ› Ù· ÛÒÌ·Ù· Ì ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Ô˘ Â͢ËÚÂÙÔ‡Ó Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›·˜ Î·È˘ÔÙ·Á‹˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ·Ó··Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·È «ÂıÂÏÔÓÙÈο» ̤۷ ·fi ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔ-ηÓÔÓÈÎÔ-Ô›ËÛË (Bordo, 1993b). ∏ ηÓÔÓÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË, ηٿ ÙË Bordo (1993b), ÌÔÚ› Ó· η-Ù·ÓÔËı› ˆ˜ “ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÂÈÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡”, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› Ì ÙÔÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi ÎÚÈ-ÙËÚ›ˆÓ Ì ‚¿ÛË Ù· ÔÔ›· ÔÈ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ ÌÂÙÚÔ‡Ó, ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÔ‡Ó, ÂÈı·Ú¯Ô‡Ó Î·È “‰ÈÔÚ-ıÒÓÔ˘Ó” ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ΔÔ ÛÒÌ· ÂÔ̤ӈ˜, ηٿ ÙËBordo, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ·Ó ÂÛÙ›· ¿ÌÂÛÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘. ∏ ˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏÈ΋ ··Û¯fi-ÏËÛË Ì ÙÔ ¿¯Ô˜, ÙË ‰›·ÈÙ·, ÙËÓ ÈÛ¯ÓfiÙËÙ· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ “ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ·fiÙȘ ÈÛ¯˘ÚfiÙÂÚ˜ ηÓÔÓÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÈÒÓ· Ì·˜, ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙË ‰È·-ÌfiÚʈÛË ·˘ÙÔ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡ÌÂÓˆÓ Î·È ·˘ÙÔÂÈı·Ú¯Ô‡ÌÂÓˆÓ ‘ÂÈı‹ÓÈˆÓ ÛˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ’Â˘·›ÛıËÙˆÓ Û ÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙ ·Ú¤ÎÎÏÈÛË ·fi ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÓfiÚ̘ Î·È Û˘ÓËıÈ-ÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Î·È ÙË ÌÂÙ·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â͢ËÚ¤ÙËÛË ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÚÈÙËÚ›ˆÓ” (Bordo, 1993a, Û. 186).

∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· Ì ÙË Bordo, Ë Dorothy Smith (1990) ıˆÚ› fiÙÈ ÔÈ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ ·›˙Ô˘Ó¤Ó·Ó ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÌËÓ›· ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÒÓ ÌËÓ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ Î·È fiÙÈ Ë “ıË-Ï˘ÎfiÙËÙ·” Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· Ì·ıË̤ÓË ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ·. ªÈ· ·fi ÙȘ ËÁ¤˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÎÌ¿ıËÛË Ù˘‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ Â›Ó·È Ù· ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ¤ÓÙ˘· (ÂȉÈο Ù· Á˘Ó·ÈΛ· ÂÚÈÔ‰Èο), ÛÙ·ÔÔ›· ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ò˜ ηٷÎÙ¿Ù·È Ë Á˘Ó·ÈΛ· ÁÔËÙ›·. ∏ Smith(1990) ÙÔÓ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ù· Á˘Ó·ÈΛ· ÂÚÈÔ‰Èο ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ¤Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ Î·ÓÔ-ÓÈÛÙÈÎfi ÚfiÙ˘Ô Î·È Î·ıÔ‰ËÁÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙÚȤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÔÈÔ ÙÚfiÔ Ó· ηٷ-ÎÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ÚfiÙ˘Ô ·˘Ùfi (‰›·ÈÙ·, ¿ÛÎËÛË, Îڤ̘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î˘ÙÙ·Ú›Ùȉ· Î.¿.). ÀÔ-ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÈηÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ Ì ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÙȘ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÂÂÓÂÚÁ¤˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ Ó· ‰ÈÔÚıÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ˘ÔÙÈı¤ÌÂÓÔ ÌÂÈÔÓ¤ÎÙËÌ·, ۯ‰ȿ˙ÔÓÙ·˜Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÔÈΛϘ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ Î·È Ú‡ıÌÈÛ˘ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÏËÛÈ¿-ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ÚfiÙ˘Ô Ù˘ ÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Û·˜ Á˘Ó·ÈΛ·˜ Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ ÔÌÔÚÊÈ¿˜.

™Â Û˘Ìʈӛ· Ì ÙȘ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ÂÚ¢ӋÙÚȘ Î·È Ë Sandra Bartky (1990) ˘Ô-ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ù· ÌËӇ̷ٷ Ù˘ “‚ÈÔÌ˯·Ó›·˜ Ù˘ Ìfi‰·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÔÌÔÚÊÈ¿˜” ˘ÔÙÈ-ÌÔ‡Ó Ù· ÛÒÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ Ì ÙË Û˘Ó¯‹ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÌËÓ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤-ÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÙ˘¯›· ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ Ó· ηٷÎÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ù· Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ· ȉ·ÓÈο. ∏Bartky (1990) ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË Î¿ıÂ Ù˘¯‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Á˘Ó·ÈΛԢ ÛÒ-Ì·ÙÔ˜ Û˘ÓÙÂÏ› ÛÙËÓ ·ÔͤӈÛË Ô˘ ÓÈÒıÔ˘Ó ÔÈ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ ·fi Ù· ÛÒÌ·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜. £Â-ˆÚ› fiÙÈ Ë Â˘¯·Ú›ÛÙËÛË Ô˘ ·ÓÙÏÔ‡Ó ÔÈ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÓ·Û¯fiÏËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ‰È·-‰Èηۛ˜ ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ȉ·ÓÈÎÔ‡ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· “„‡-ÙÈÎˆÓ ·Ó·ÁÎÒÓ” Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙË “‚ÈÔÌ˯·Ó›· Ìfi‰·˜ Î·È ÔÌÔÚÊÈ¿˜”,Ë ÔÔ›· Û˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÈ Î·È ÙȘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ οو ·fi ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÈηÓÔÔÈ-Ô‡ÓÙ·È ÔÈ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ·˘Ù¤˜. °ÂÓÈο ÔÈ ÊÂÌÈÓÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÌËÓ›˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÌÂÈÚÈÒÓ ÙˆÓ Á˘-

∏ ÛËÌ·Û›· Ù˘ ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ „˘¯ÈÎË ˘Á›·... 313

Ó·ÈÎÒÓ Ì ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔÓ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ·ÈÙÈÒÓ Ô˘ οÓÔ˘Ó ÙȘ Á˘-Ó·›Î˜ Ó· ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË “Ê˘ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÈηÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘” ·fi ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÙÔ˘˜.

√È Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚˆı› ΢ڛˆ˜ Û Ó·ڤ˜ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜ 18-25 ÂÙÒÓ, ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ˘ fiÙÈ Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋ ›ÂÛË Ô˘ ·ÛÎÂ›Ù·È ÛÙȘ Á˘Ó·›Î˜Ù˘ ËÏÈΛ·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ¤ÓÙÔÓË, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÂÂȉ‹ ÔÈ ‰È·ÙÚÔÊÈΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÏÂÈ-ÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· Û˘¯Ó¤˜ ÛÙËÓ ËÏÈΛ· ·˘Ù‹. ™Â Ì›· ÂȉËÌÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÌÂϤÙË ÌÂÛ˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Û˜ 803 ∞ÌÂÚÈηӛ‰Â˜ (Cash & Henry, 1995), ‰È·ÈÛÙÒıËΠfiÙÈ ÙÔ 48%·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ ·ÚÓËÙÈο ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ 49% ‰‹ÏˆÛ οÔÈ·˜ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ ˘ÂÚ-‚ÔÏÈ΋ ··Û¯fiÏËÛË Ì ÙÔ ‚¿ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘. ™Â ·ÚfiÌÔȘ ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÛÂȘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ηٷϋ-ÍÂÈ Î·È ÔÏϤ˜ ¿ÏϘ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ (Cash & Pruzinsky, 2002. Grogan, 1999). √È ¤Ú¢Ó˜‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó Â›Û˘ fiÙÈ Ë ‰˘Û·Ú¤ÛÎÂÈ· ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ Ì ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÙÔ˘˜ ·˘Í‹ıËΠ‰Ú·-Ì·ÙÈο Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· (Cash & Henry, 1995. Garner, 1997). ™‹ÌÂÚ· ÙÔ ¯¿-ÛÌ· ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ ÛÒÌ· Ù˘ ̤Û˘ Á˘Ó·›Î·˜ Î·È ÙËÓ È‰·ÓÈ΋ ÛÈÏÔ˘¤Ù· Â›Ó·È ÌÂÁ·-χÙÂÚÔ ·fi ÔÙ¤ (Tiggemann & McGill, 2004) Î·È ·ÚfiÏÔ Ô˘ ÔÈ Ó·ڤ˜ Á˘Ó·›Î˜‰ËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ù· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ȉÂÒ‰Ë ÁÈ· ÙË ÏÂÙ‹ ÛÈÏÔ˘¤Ù· Â›Ó·È ·Ó›Ù¢ÎÙ·, ÂÓÙÔ‡-ÙÔȘ ÚÔÛ·ıÔ‡Ó Ó· Ù· Êı¿ÛÔ˘Ó (Halliwell & Dittmar, 2003).

∏ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¿Ó‰Ú˜

∏ ÌÂϤÙË Ù˘ ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ·Ó‰ÚÒÓ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· Û¯ÂÙÈο ÚfiÛÊ·ÙÔ Ê·È-ÓfiÌÂÓÔ. √È ¿Ó‰Ú˜, Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈο Ì ÙȘ Á˘Ó·›Î˜, ‹Ù·Ó ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ Â˘¿ÏˆÙÔÈ ÛÙË ‰È·-ÌfiÚʈÛË ÌÈ·˜ ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋˜ ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ (Andersen, Cohn, & Holbrook, 2000.Cohane & Pope, 2001. Leit, Pope, & Gray, 2001. Stanford & McCabe, 2002.Vartanian, Giant, & Passino, 2001). øÛÙfiÛÔ, Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· Î·È ÔÈ ¿Ó‰Ú˜¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ú¯›ÛÂÈ Ó· ··Û¯ÔÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È ˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏÈο Ì ÙË ÛˆÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË Î·ÈË ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÈηÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Ì ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÛÙ· ·ÁfiÚÈ· Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ Ó·ÚÔ‡˜ ¿Ó‰Ú˜ ·˘Í¿ÓÂ-Ù·È ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈο (Andersen et al., 2000). Ÿˆ˜ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó ÔÈ Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜, ÙÔ Ô-ÛÔÛÙfi ÙˆÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÒÓ ·Ó‰ÚÒÓ Ô˘ ‰ËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó ‰˘Û·ÚÂÛÙË̤ÓÔÈ Ì ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÙÔ˘˜ÙÚÈÏ·ÛÈ¿ÛÙËΠ۠‰È¿ÛÙËÌ· ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi 30 ¯ÚfiÓÈ·, ·fi 15% ÙÔ 1972 Û 35% ÙÔ1985, Û 43% ÙÔ 1997 (Garner, 1997. Olivardia, 2002).

√È ÛËÌÂÚÈÓÔ› ¿Ó‰Ú˜ ÂÎÙ›ıÂÓÙ·È fiÏÔ Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Û ÂÈÎfiÓ˜ ÙˆÓ ªª∂ Ô˘·ÂÈÎÔÓ›˙Ô˘Ó ˆ˜ ȉ·ÓÈÎfi ¤Ó· ÌÂÛÔÌÔÚÊÈÎfi Û¯‹Ì· ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Ì ʷډ›˜ ÒÌÔ˘˜, η-Ï¿ ·Ó·Ù˘Á̤ÓÔ˘˜ Ì˘˜ ÛÙÔ ÛÙ‹ıÔ˜ Î·È ÛÙ· ÌÚ¿ÙÛ·, Â›Â‰Ô ÛÙÔÌ¿¯È Î·È ÛÙÂÓÔ‡˜ÁÔÊÔ‡˜ (Leit et al., 2001. Pope, Phillips, & Olivardia, 2000). ™ÙÔ˘˜ ¿Ó‰Ú˜ Ì ·˘-ÙfiÓ ÙÔ ÛˆÌ·ÙfiÙ˘Ô ·Ô‰›‰ÔÓÙ·È ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ıÂÙÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜,fiˆ˜ ‰‡Ó·ÌË, ÁÂÓÓ·ÈfiÙËÙ·, ηϋ ‰È¿ıÂÛË. ªÂ ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓË ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋ ÚÔ-Ù›ÌËÛË ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤ÎÏËÍË ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÔÏÏÔ› ¿Ó‰Ú˜ ÂÈı˘ÌÔ‡Ó Ó· ÌÔÈ¿ÛÔ˘ÓÛÙÔ ÌÂÛÔÌÔÚÊÈÎfi ·˘Ùfi ȉ·ÓÈÎfi Î·È ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Û·ÚÂÛÙË̤ÓÔÈ Ì ÙÔ ÛÒ-

314 ∞. §ÂÔÓÙ·Ú‹

Ì· ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi Ô˘ ·˘Ùfi ‰È·Ê¤ÚÂÈ ·fi ÙÔ È‰·ÓÈÎfi ·˘Ùfi. ∞˘Ù¿ Ù· ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈο ÌË-Ӈ̷ٷ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó Û’ ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ οÔÈÔÈ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ ·ÔηÏÔ‡Ó ÙÔ “ÎfiÌÏÂÍ ÙÔ˘ Õ‰ˆ-ÓË” (Pope et al., 2000).

∂›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ ÙÔ Ì˘Ò‰Â˜ Û¯‹Ì· Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔ ·Ó‰ÚÈÎfi ηÓÔÓÈÛÙÈÎfi ÚfiÙ˘ÔÂÂȉ‹ Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È ÛÙÂÓ¿ Ì ÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi ÓfiËÌ· Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÛÙȘ ¢˘ÙÈΤ˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›Â˜Ë ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ·ÚÚÂÓˆfiÙËÙ·˜ ˆ˜ ‰‡Ó·ÌË Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÚÔۈ‡ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÍÔ˘Û›· Î·È ÙËÓÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·. ∫·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Mansfield Î·È McGinn (1993), ÙÔ Ì˘Ò‰Â˜ ÛÒÌ· Î·È Ë ·Ú-ÚÂÓˆfiÙËÙ· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Î·È Û˘¯Ó¿ Ù·˘Ù›˙ÔÓÙ·È. √ Mishkind Î·È ÔÈ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˜ ÙÔ˘(Mishkind, Rodin, Silberstein, & Striegel-Moore, 1986) ÂÈηÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ÔÈÔԛ˜ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÔ‡Ó ÙÔ Ì˘Ò‰Â˜ ÌÂÛÔÌÔÚÊÈÎfi Û¯‹Ì· ˆ˜ÙÔ ÈÔ ·ÚÚÂÓˆfi Û¯‹Ì· Î·È fiÙÈ ·Ô‰›‰Ô˘Ó ÛÙÂÚÂÔÙ˘Èο ·Ó‰ÚÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο,fiˆ˜ “ÂÓÂÚÁËÙÈÎfi˜”, “ÙÔÏÌËÚfi˜”, “Ì·¯ËÙ‹˜” ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ó·ÚÔ‡˜ ¿Ó‰Ú˜ Ì ÌÂÛÔÌÔÚ-ÊÈÎfi ·ÏÏ¿ fi¯È Û ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Ì ۯ‹Ì· ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÂÓ‰ÔÌÔÚÊÈÎfi ‹ ÂÎÙÔÌÔÚÊÈÎfi1. ∂Ô̤-Óˆ˜, Î·È ÔÈ ¿Ó‰Ú˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ú¯›ÛÂÈ Ó· ˘Ê›ÛÙ·ÓÙ·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ȤÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·fi-ÎÙËÛË ÂÓfi˜ Ì˘Ò‰Ô˘˜ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜, fiˆ˜ ·˘Ùfi ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙ· ·È¯Ó›‰È· Ì ٷ ÔÔ›··›˙Ô˘Ó Ù· ·ÁfiÚÈ· (Barlett, Harris, Smith, & Bonds-Raacke, 2005. Pope, Olivardia,Gruber, & Borowiecki, 1999), ÛÙ· ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÒÓ (Leit et al., 2001) ηÈÛÙȘ ‰È·ÊËÌ›ÛÂȘ (Pope et al., 2000). Ÿˆ˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ, ÙÔ·Ó‰ÚÈÎfi ηÓÔÓÈÛÙÈÎfi ÚfiÙ˘Ô ‰‡ÛÎÔÏ· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ηٷÎÙËı› ÌÂ Ê˘ÛÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ.¶·Ú¿ ÙȘ ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÛÂȘ fï˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· “¤ÏÔ ÛȈ‹˜” Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÙȘ ·ÓË-Û˘¯›Â˜ ÙˆÓ ·Ó‰ÚÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÙÔ˘˜, ÂÂȉ‹ ÔÈ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÓfiÚ̘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÚÚÂ-ÓˆfiÙËÙ· ··ÁÔÚÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ·ÓËÛ˘¯›Â˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ÛˆÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË (ª·ÎÚ˘ÓÈÒÙË,2004. Olivardia, 2002). ¶Èı·Ófiٷٷ ·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È Ë Î‡ÚÈ· ·ÈÙ›· ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÔÈ¿Ó‰Ú˜ Â›Ó·È ·Úfiı˘ÌÔÈ Ó· ÌÈÏ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ·ÓÔȯٿ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ·ÓËÛ˘¯›Â˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ·Ó Î·È ·Ó·-ʤÚÔ˘Ó ˘„ËÏ¿ ΛÓËÙÚ· ÁÈ· ÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ (Bottamini, & Ste-Marie, 2006. Davison & McCabe, 2005).

∏ ™∏ª∂ƒπ¡∏ £∂øƒ∏™∏ Δ∏™ ∂π∫√¡∞™ Δ√À ™øª∞Δ√™

™ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Î·È ÙȘ ¢ڇÙÂÚ˜ ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÂÈ-ÎÚ¿ÙËÛ·Ó ÙȘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Â˜ ‰ÂηÂٛ˜ ÙÔ˘ 20Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ· Ë ·Ó·Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË Î·È Ô Â·-Ó·ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ıËÎ·Ó ¿ÌÂÛ· Ì ÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË Ù˘ Ù·˘Ùfi-

∏ ÛËÌ·Û›· Ù˘ ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ „˘¯ÈÎË ˘Á›·... 315

1 √ ÂÓ‰ÔÌÔÚÊÈÎfi˜ ۈ̷ÙfiÙ˘Ô˜ Â›Ó·È Û¯ÂÙÈο “ÏÔ‡ÛÈÔ˜” Û ϛԘ Ì ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ì˘˜ ·ÏÏ¿fi¯È ˘¤Ú‚·ÚÔ˜, ÂÓÒ Ô ÂÎÙÔÌÔÚÊÈÎfi˜ ۈ̷ÙfiÙ˘Ô˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È Û ¤Ó· „ËÏfiÏÈÁÓÔ ÛÒÌ· Ì ÂÏ¿-¯ÈÛÙ· ÔÛÔÛÙ¿ Ï›Ô˘˜ Î·È ·Ó‡·ÚÎÙÔ˘˜ Ì˘˜. ΔÔ ÌÂÛÔÌÔÚÊÈÎfi ÛÒÌ·, ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË, Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ·ıÏË-ÙÈÎfi Î·È Á˘ÌÓ·Ṳ̂ÓÔ ÛÒÌ· Ì ηٿÏÏËÏÔ ÛˆÌ·ÙÈÎfi ‚¿ÚÔ˜.

ÙËÙ·˜. ∫·Ù¿ ÙÔ Shilling (1993), ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÛÙËÓ ‡ÛÙÂÚË ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ· ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ÂÓ ÙˆÁ›ÁÓÂÛı·È, Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· “ۯ‰›·ÛÌ·” ÚÔ˜ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· Î·È ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛË, ηıÒ˜ ·Ô-ÙÂÏ› Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô Ù˘ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ (Û. 5). ™‹ÌÂÚ· Ë ÊÚÔÓÙ›‰· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÂÈ-ÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË Î·È ÙË ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ÚÔ‚ÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡, οÙÈÔ˘ ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÙ·È ·fi Ù· Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ· ηٷӷψÙÈο ÚfiÙ˘· (Nettleton, 2002). ŒÓ·Ó·ÓÈÎfi, Á˘ÌÓ·Ṳ̂ÓÔ Î·È ÛÂÍÔ˘·ÏÈο ÂÈı˘ÌËÙfi ÛÒÌ· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ‰Â›ÁÌ· ·˘ÙÔÂϤÁ-¯Ô˘ Î·È ·˘ÙÔÂÈı·Ú¯›·˜. ∫·Ù¿ ÙËÓ Bordo (1990) “fiÏÔ Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂ-ıÔ˜ Î·È ÙÔ Û¯‹Ì· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ˆ˜ ‰Â›ÎÙ˘ Ù˘ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋˜ ¢ڢıÌ›·˜(‹ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯‹˜), ˆ˜ ۇ̂ÔÏÔ Ù˘ „˘¯È΋˜ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘” (Û. 94).

√È ÂÈÎÚ·ÙÔ‡Û˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó·‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ‹ ÙÚÔÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜,fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ‰›·ÈÙ·, Ë ÛˆÌ·ÙÈ΋ ¿ÛÎËÛË, ÔÈ Ì¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Û ηϋ Ê˘-ÛÈ΋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË, Ë ÎÔÛÌËÙÈ΋ ¯ÂÈÚÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋ Î.Ô.Î. ηıÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ηÙÂ-ÍÔ¯‹Ó ̤ÛÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÈηÓÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÈı˘ÌÈÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÁÎÒÓ ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ.√È ÂÈı˘Ì›Â˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÚÔ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο Ô˘‰¤ÙÂÚ· ·Á·ı¿ Î·È ¤ÙÛÈ ·Ú·-ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ë ·fi‰ÔÛË ·Í›·˜ ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ÛÒÌ·Ù· Î·È Ë ÂÈÏÔ-Á‹ ÙˆÓ ÁÓˆÚÈÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ì ‚¿ÛË Ù· ÔÔ›· ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙ› ÙËÓ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘ Û˘-ÓÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÌÔÚʤ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ (ª·ÎÚ˘ÓÈÒÙË, 2004).

ª¤Û· Û’ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ì ӷ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ Ë ¤ÁÓÔÈ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ¤·„ ӷ Â›Ó·È ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈÎfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ. ¶·Ú’ fiÏ··˘Ù¿ ÔÈ ıˆÚËÙÈÎÔ› Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ù· ÛÒÌ·Ù·Â›Ó·È ¿ÓÙÔÙ ¤ÌÊ˘Ï·, ÛËÌ·‰Â̤ӷ ·fi ÙË Ê˘Ï‹ Î·È ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË. ªÂ ¿ÏÏ·ÏfiÁÈ·, Ë ÂıÓfiÙËÙ·, Ë Ê˘Ï‹, Ë Ù¿ÍË, ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ʇÏÔ, Ë ıÚËÛΛ· Î·È Ë ÊÙүȷ ÛË-Ì·ÛÈÔ‰ÔÙÔ‡Ó Ì ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· Î·È ÙË Û¯¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ Ì ÙËÓ ÙÚÔÊ‹(Grogan, 2010. Thompson, 1994). ∫·Ù¿ ÙÔÓ Bourdieu (1984) Ù· ÛÒÌ·Ù· ÂÌϤÎÔ-ÓÙ·È ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÒÓ Î·È Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ÙËÛÊÚ·Á›‰· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘ ÙÔ˘ ηÙfi¯Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜.

™˘ÓÂÒ˜ Ë ıÂÒÚËÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ˆ˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ·ÓËÛ˘¯›·˜ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ ¿ÏÏ·ÍÂ Î·È ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ÌÈ· ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ Ù˘¯‹ Ù˘ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘Ú-Á›·˜ ÙfiÛÔ ÁÈ· ÙȘ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ fiÛÔ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ¿Ó‰Ú˜. √È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔÈ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ, ¿Ó-‰Ú˜ Î·È Á˘Ó·›Î˜, Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÙÔ “ȉ·ÓÈÎfi ÛÒÌ·”, fiˆ˜ ·˘Ùfi ·-ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙ· ªª∂, Î·È ·ÈÛı¿ÓÔÓÙ·È fiÙÈ ˘ÔÏ›ÔÓÙ·È. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë ÚÔ˜ Ù· ¿Óˆ Û‡-ÁÎÚÈÛË ¤¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· ‰˘Û·Ú¤ÛÎÂÈ·˜ Ì ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· Î·È ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ˜„˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ (Choate, 2005. Grogan, 1999).

∏ ›‰Ú·ÛË ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜

¢‡Ô ıˆڛ˜ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÂȯÂÈÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÚÌËÓ‡ÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË Ù˘ ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋˜ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·›ÛıËÛ˘ ‰˘Û·Ú¤ÛÎÂÈ·˜ Ì ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· Â›Ó·È Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ-

316 ∞. §ÂÔÓÙ·Ú‹

ÎÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋ ıˆڛ· Î·È Ë ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘. ∏ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔÔÏÈÙÈ-ÛÌÈ΋ ıˆڛ· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ù· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· Â›Ó·È ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Î·È ÙË ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË ‰˘ÛÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÒÓ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜.Δ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ‰È¿ÊÔÚˆÓ ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜, ȉ›ˆ˜ÙˆÓ ÌËÙ¤ÚˆÓ (Pike & Rodin, 1992) ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÔÌÈϋΈÓ(Paxton, Schutz, Wertheim, & Muir, 1999). ∏ ËÁ‹ ˆÛÙfiÛÔ Ô˘ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ·ÛΛÙË ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË Â›‰Ú·ÛË Â›Ó·È Ù· ªª∂. Δ· ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ¿ ªª∂ ‰Â ‰È·¯ˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË Ê·-ÓÙ·Û›· ·fi ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ¤ÙÛÈ Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÂÎÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙȘ ÂÈÎfiÓ˜ ÙˆÓªª∂ ˆ˜ Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÔÌÔÚÊÈ¿˜ Î·È ˆ˜ ηٿÏÏËÏÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ÁÈ· Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛË (Agliata & Tantleff-Dunn, 2004). Èڛ˜ ·ÌÊÈ‚ÔÏ›· ÌÈ· ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Â-ÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ÔÙÈÎÒÓ media (ÂÚÈÔ‰Èο Ìfi‰·˜, ‰È·ÊËÌ›ÛÂȘ ÙËÏÂfiÚ·Û˘) ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈÌÈ· ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛË Ó¤ˆÓ, ˘„ËÏÒÓ Î·È ˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏÈο ÈÛ¯ÓÒÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ Î·È ·Ó‰ÚÒÓ ÌÂÌ˘Ò‰Â˜ ÛÒÌ· Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆÂ‡Ô˘Ó Ù· Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ· ÚfiÙ˘· ÔÌÔÚÊÈ¿˜ (Fouts &Burggraf, 2000. Malkin, Wornian, & Chisler, 1999). ∫·Ù¿ ÙËÓ Tiggeman (2002,2005), ÙÚÂȘ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ Èı·ÓÔ› Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ› Ô˘ ·˘Í¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ Â‡ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ›‰Ú·Û˘ ÙˆÓªª∂: Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛË, Ë ÂÛˆÙÂڛ΢ÛË ÙÔ˘ ȉ·ÓÈÎÔ‡ Ù˘ ÈÛ¯Ó‹˜ ÛÈÏÔ˘¤Ù·˜Î·È ÙÔ˘ Ì˘Ò‰Ô˘˜ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È Ë ˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏÈ΋ ¤Ӊ˘ÛË ÛÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÁÈ· ÙË ÁÂÓÈ΋·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË. ∫·ı¤Ó·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÌÂÙÔ ·›ÛıËÌ· “‰˘Û·Ú¤ÛÎÂÈ·˜ ·fi ÙÔ ÛÒÌ·” (Cash & Labarge, 1996. Thompson &Stice, 2001).

™Â ÌÈ· ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Ó· ηٷÓÔËı› ηχÙÂÚ· Ô ÙÚfiÔ˜ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Ë ÛÂÍÔ˘·-ÏÈ΋ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂËÚ¿ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ˙ˆ¤˜ ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ, ÔÈ FredricksonÎ·È Roberts (1997) ·Ó¤Ù˘Í·Ó ÙË ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘. ™Â Û˘Ìʈӛ·Ì ¿ÏϘ ÊÂÌÈÓÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ıˆڛ˜ ‚·ÛÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ÎÔÓ-ÛÙÚÔ˘ÎÙÈ‚ÈÛÌÔ‡, Ë ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÂÚÌËÓ›-·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ò˜ Ë ÛÂÍÔ˘·ÏÈ΋ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÓÂÈÛʤÚÂÈ ÛÙË ‰È·-ÌfiÚʈÛË ·ÚÓËÙÈÎÒÓ ˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎÒÓ ‚Ȉ̿وÓ. ∏ ıˆڛ· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ Á˘-Ó·›Î˜ ˙Ô˘Ó Ì¤Û· Û ¤Ó· ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÙÔ˘˜ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ·ÓÙÈ-ΛÌÂÓÔ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ Î·È ‰È·ÚÎÔ‡˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Î·È Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ·Ô‰¤-ÎÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÌËӇ̷ÙÔ˜ fiÙÈ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÁÈ’ ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ Ê·›ÓÔÓÙ·È Î·È fi¯È ÁÈ’ ·˘Ùfi Ԣ›ӷÈ, οÙÈ Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ Û ·ÚÓËÙÈο ‚ÈÒÌ·Ù· Î·È ÎÈÓ‰‡ÓÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ „˘-¯È΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ˘Á›·. √ ÈÔ ¤ÌÌÂÛÔ˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Ë·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Â›Ó·È ÙÔ Â›ÌÔÓÔ Î·È ‰È·ÂÚ·ÛÙÈÎfi ‚ϤÌÌ·. “¢ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ·fiÏ·, ‚›·, ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜. ∞ÏÒ˜ ¤Ó· ‚ϤÌÌ·. ŒÓ· ÂÍÂÙ·ÛÙÈÎfi ‚ϤÌÌ·, ¤Ó·‚ϤÌÌ· οو ·fi ÙÔ ‚¿ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ οı ¿ÓıÚˆÔ˜ ı· ηٷϋÍÂÈ Ó· (ÙÔ) ÂÛˆ-ÙÂÚÈ·ÛÂÈ Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙÔ˘ ÛËÌ›Ԣ Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ÂfiÙ˘ ÙÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘, ¤ÙÛÈ Î¿ı ¿ÙÔÌÔ (ı·Êı¿ÛÂÈ) Ó· ·ÛΛ ÂÈÙ‹ÚËÛË ÛÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘ Î·È ÂÓ¿ÓÙÈ· ÙÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘” (Foucault,1977, Û. 155).

∏ ÛËÌ·Û›· Ù˘ ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ „˘¯ÈÎË ˘Á›·... 317

∏ ÛÂÍÔ˘·ÏÈ΋ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ fiÙ·Ó ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÌÈ·˜ Á˘Ó·›Î·˜, ̤-ÚË ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ‹ ÔÈ ÛÂÍÔ˘·ÏÈΤ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ ‰È·¯ˆÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ ÚfiÛˆÔ, ˘Ô-‚È‚¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË ı¤ÛË ·ÏÒÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ ‹ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È fiÙÈ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÓÙÈÚÔۈ‡-ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ (Bartky, 1990). ŸÙ·Ó ÔÈ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È, ÂÎÏ·Ì‚¿-ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘˜ ΢ڛˆ˜ ˆ˜ ÛÒÌ·Ù·, Î·È ÂȉÈο ˆ˜ ÛÒÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÁÈ·ÙËÓ Â˘¯·Ú›ÛÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ Î·È ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ ·’ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜. ∏ ÈÔ ÂÌÊ·Ó‹˜ ›‰Ú·-ÛË Ù˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ˆı› ÙȘ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ Ó· ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ·fi-„ÂȘ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÁÈ’ ·˘Ù¤˜, ÌÈ· ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ô˘ ÔÈ Fredrickson Î·È Roberts (1997)ÔÓÔÌ¿˙Ô˘Ó ·˘ÙÔ-·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË, ÙÔ fiÙÈ ¤ÙÛÈ ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ Êı¿ÓÂÈ ÛÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô Ó· È-ÛÙ‡ÂÈ fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ‹ ¤Ó· ·Á·ıfi Ô˘ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ›ٷÈ. ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·,fiˆ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÂÈ ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÂÌÈÓ›ÛÙÚȘ ıˆÚËÙÈÎÔ›, ÔÈ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ Û˘¯Ó¿ ˘ÈÔ-ıÂÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ¿Ô„Ë ÂÓfi˜ ·Ú·ÙËÚËÙ‹ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ÛˆÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ ·˘Ùfi (Bartky,1990.Young, 1990).

¶·ÚfiÏÔ Ô˘ fiϘ ÔÈ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ ÂËÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ‚·ıÌfi ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ-΋ ÛÂÍÔ˘·ÏÈ΋ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË, ‰ÂÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÂ‡Ô˘Ó fiϘ ÛÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÙËÓ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË ·˘Ù‹. ™ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, Ë ıˆڛ· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ÛÂÍÔ˘-·ÏÈ΋ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙȘ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈ-‰ÈÎÔ‡˜ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌÔ‡˜ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘, Ù˘ ÂıÓfiÙËÙ·˜, Ù˘ ËÏÈΛ·˜, ÙÔ˘ ÛÂÍÔ˘-·ÏÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌÔ‡ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ù˘ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋˜ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ Ê˘ÛÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ.

∞Ó Î·È Ë ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËΠÁÈ· Ó· ÂÚÌËÓ‡ÛÂÈÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ Î·È ÙË ÓÙÚÔ‹ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ, ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔÈ ÂÚ¢-ÓËÙ¤˜ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ı¤ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ıˆڛ·˜ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔ-ÔÈËıÔ‡Ó Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ó‰ÚÒÓ (John & Ebbeck, 2008. Morrison,Morrison, & Hopkins, 2003. Strelan & Hargreaves, 2005). ªÈ· ÔÏÔ¤Ó· ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂ-ÓË ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ, fiˆ˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ, Ù· ÛÒÌ·Ù·ÙˆÓ ·Ó‰ÚÒÓ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È fiÏÔ Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·Ê‹ÌÈÛË ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· Î·È fiÙÈ Ôχ Û˘¯Ó¿ Ë ¤ÌÊ·ÛË Â›Ó·È Û οÔÈ· ̤-ÚË ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È fi¯È Û ÔÏfiÎÏËÚÔ ÙÔ ÛÒÌ·, Ú¿ÁÌ· Ô˘ ÙÔÓ›˙ÂÈ ÙË ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ˆ˜ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ (Kilbourne, 1994). √ Pope Î·È ÔÈ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˜ ÙÔ˘ (Pope, Olivardia,Borowiecki, & Cohane, 2001) Û ̛· ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ¤Ú¢ӷ ‰È·›ÛÙˆÛ·Ó fiÙÈ ÂÓÒ ÙÔ Ô-ÛÔÛÙfi ÙÔ˘ Á˘Ó·ÈΛԢ Á˘ÌÓÔ‡ Û ‰ËÌÔÊÈÏ‹ Á˘Ó·ÈΛ· ÂÚÈÔ‰Èο, fiˆ˜ ÙÔCosmopolitan Î·È ÙÔ Glamour, ·Ú¤ÌÂÈÓ ÛÙ·ıÂÚfi Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· 30-40 ¯ÚfiÓÈ·, ÙÔÔÛÔÛÙfi ÙÔ˘ ·Ó‰ÚÈÎÔ‡ Á˘ÌÓÔ‡ ÂÎÙÔ͇ÙËΠÛÙ· ‡„Ë, ·fi 3% ÙÔ 1950 Û 35% ÙË ‰Â-ηÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ 1990. ŒÙÛÈ, fiˆ˜ ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÂÙ·È ·fi ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜, Ù· ÛÒÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ·Ó‰ÚÒÓ ·fi ۯ‰fiÓ ·fiÚ·Ù· ¤¯Ô˘Ó Á›ÓÂÈ È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÂÌÊ·Ó‹.

¶Ôχ Ï›Á˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Û¯ÔÏËı› Ì ÙÔ Î·Ù¿ fiÛÔ Ë ·˘ÙÔ-·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÔÔ›-ËÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ó‰ÚÒÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· Ù· ·ÚÓËÙÈο „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈο ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ı· Ô˘ ·-

318 ∞. §ÂÔÓÙ·Ú‹

Ú·ÙËÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙȘ Á˘Ó·›Î˜. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ Â›-Ó·È ·ÓÙÈÊ·ÙÈο. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, οÔÈÔÈ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ (Fredrickson, Roberts, Noll,Quinn, & Twenge, 1998) ‰È·›ÛÙˆÛ·Ó fiÙÈ Ë ·˘ÙÔ-·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·ÈıÂÙÈο Ì ÓÙÚÔ‹ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· Î·È ‰È·ÙÚÔÊÈΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ ÛÙȘ Á˘Ó·›Î˜, ·Ï-Ï¿ fi¯È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¿Ó‰Ú˜. ∞ÓÙÈı¤Ùˆ˜, ¿ÏÏÔÈ (Morry & Staska, 2001) ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë ·˘-ÙÔ-·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ‰È·ÙÚÔÊÈΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¿Ó‰Ú˜fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙȘ Á˘Ó·›Î˜, Ì ¯·ÌËÏ‹ ۈ̷ÙÈ΋ ·˘ÙÔ-ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË Î·È ¯·ÌËÏ‹ ÁÂÓÈ΋ ·˘-ÙÔ-ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ì ÂÈ‚Ï·‚›˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘Á›· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ¯Ú‹-ÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ó·‚ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÂÚÔ˚‰ÒÓ (Labre, 2002. McCreary & Sasse, 2000. Morry &Staska, 2001. Strelan & Hargreaves, 2005). °ÂÓÈο ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ· Ë ¤Ó-ÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔ-·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ¿Ó‰Ú˜ Î·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ ¿Ó‰Ú˜ ˘Ê›-ÛÙ·ÓÙ·È „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ ·ÚfiÌÔȘ Ì ·˘Ù¤˜ Ô˘ ·Ú·ÙËÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙȘ Á˘-Ó·›Î˜ (Strelan, Mehaffey, & Tiggemann, 2003).

™˘Ó¤ÂȘ Ù˘ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ÌÈ·˜ ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋˜ ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜

Î·È Ù˘ ·›ÛıËÛ˘ ‰˘Û·Ú¤ÛÎÂÈ·˜ ·fi ·˘Ù‹Ó

√ ‚·ıÌfi˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÈ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ Â›Ó·È ÈηÓÔÔÈË̤ÓÔÈ ·fi ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÙÔ˘˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÌ-Ê·Ó›˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ ÛÙË ÁÂÓÈ΋ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘˜, ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔ-ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ηÈÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿. √È ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· Ì ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ ÂÈ-ÎfiÓ· ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¯·ÌËÏfiÙÂÚË ÁÂÓÈ΋ ·˘ÙÔ-ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË, ¯·ÌËÏfiÙÂÚË ÛˆÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·˘-ÙÔ-ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË (Bohne, Keuthen, Wilhem, Deckersback, & Jenike, 2002) Î·È ÌÈÎÚfi-ÙÂÚÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÈηÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ·fi ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÙÔ˘˜ (Sarwer, Wadden, & Foster, 1998).√È Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ÛÙȘ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ Ë ÈηÓÔÔ›ËÛË ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ ˘„ËÏ‹ Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛË Ì ÙË ÁÂÓÈ΋ ·˘ÙÔ-ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË (Ricciardelli &McCabe, 2001. Strelan & Hargreaves, 2005). ™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ó‰ÚÒÓ Ë Û¯¤ÛË·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÙË ÁÂÓÈ΋ ·˘ÙÔ-ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÙfiÛÔ Û·-Ê‹˜. À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ıÂÙÈ΋ Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ·ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÙË ÁÂÓÈ΋ ·˘ÙÔ-ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË (Palladino & Pritchard,2003), ηıÒ˜ Î·È ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÙË ÛˆÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·˘ÙÔ-ÂÎÙ›-ÌËÛË (Leit et al., 2001), ÂÓÒ Û ¿ÏϘ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÈÛÙˆı› ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙԢ›‰Ô˘˜ ÔÈ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂȘ (Furnham & Calnan, 1998).

√È ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó Â›Û˘ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ıÂÙÈΤ˜ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂȘ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÈ-ÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ „˘¯È΋ ‰È¿ıÂÛË. ŸÌˆ˜ ÂÓÒ Î¿ÔÈÔÈ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ ·ÓËÛ˘¯›Â˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È ÌÂ Û˘ÌÙÒ-Ì·Ù· ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ ‹ ηٿıÏȄ˘ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÊ‹‚Ô˘˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ Ó·ÚÔ‡˜ ÂÓ‹ÏÈΘ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰‡ÔÊ‡ÏˆÓ (Davison & McCabe, 2006. Kostanski & Gullone, 1998), ¿ÏÏÔÈ ıˆÚÔ‡Ó fiÙÈÌfiÓÔ ÛÙȘ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ Ë ‰˘Û·Ú¤ÛÎÂÈ· ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÚÔηÏ› ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ „˘¯È΋ ‰È¿ıÂ-

∏ ÛËÌ·Û›· Ù˘ ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ „˘¯ÈÎË ˘Á›·... 319

ÛË (McCabe, Ricciardelli, & Banfield, 2001). ™Â ÌÈ· ÂȉËÌÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ¤Ú¢ӷ 2000∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ Ô˘ ‰ËÌÔÛȇÙËΠÛÙÔ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi Psychology Today ‰È·ÈÛÙÒ-ıËΠfiÙÈ Ë ÈηÓÔÔ›ËÛË ·fi ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È ıÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ Â˘Ù˘¯›·ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¿Ó‰Ú˜ fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙȘ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ (Furnham & Greaves, 1994).

¶¤Ú· ·fi ÙË Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË Ô˘ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙË ‰˘Û·Ú¤ÛÎÂÈ· ÁÈ·ÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÛÙ· „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈο ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·, Ë ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ·fiÎÙË-Û˘ ÂÓfi˜ ȉ·ÓÈÎÔ‡ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜, fiˆ˜ ·˘Ùfi ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙ· ªª∂, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¤¯ÂȈ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ‰È·ÙÚÔÊÈΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜, ÙËÓ ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ·Óı˘ÁÈÂÈÓÒÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈ-ÊÔÚÒÓ Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ·‡ÍËÛË Ù˘ Ì˘˚΋˜ Ì¿˙·˜, fiˆ˜ ˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏÈ΋ ÂÓ·-Û¯fiÏËÛË Ì ÙÔ body-building Î·È ÙËÓ ¿ÚÛË ‚·ÚÒÓ (Pope, Gruber, Choi, Olivardia,& Phillips, 1997), ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Û˘ÌÏËÚˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÙÚÔÊ‹˜ Î·È ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ó·‚ÔÏÈ-ÎÒÓ ÛÙÂÚÔÂȉÒÓ (Olivardia, Pope, Borowiecki, & Cohane, 2004). ∏ Û¯¤ÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ·ÛÙȘ ‰È·ÙÚÔÊÈΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Î·ıfiÏÔ˘Û·Ê‹˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ó‰ÚÒÓ, ·ÚfiÏÔ Ô˘ ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ë ¿Ô„Ë fiÙÈ Ù· Ô-ÛÔÛÙ¿ ÙˆÓ ·Ó‰ÚÒÓ ˘ÔÙÈÌÔ‡ÓÙ·È, ÂÂȉ‹ ÔÈ ÁÈ·ÙÚÔ› ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Úfiı˘ÌÔÈ Ó· ‰È·ÁÓÒ-ÛÔ˘Ó ‰˘ÛÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ ‰È·ÙÚÔÊ‹˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¿Ó‰Ú˜ (Carlot & Camargo, 1991).

Δ¤ÏÔ˜, Ë ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂȘ Ì ÙË Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎ‹Î·È ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·. À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó οÔȘ ÂӉ›ÍÂȘ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·›˙Ô˘Ó ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·, ÂÈ-‰Èο ηٿ ÙËÓ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô Ù˘ ÂÊ˂›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÚÒÙ˘ ÓÂfiÙËÙ·˜ (Whitehead &Hoover, 2000). ŒÚ¢Ó˜ ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë Ê˘-ÛÈ΋ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ·ÏÏË-ÏÂȉÚÔ‡Ó Ì·˙› ÙÔ˘ ÔÈ ¿ÏÏÔÈ Î·È fiÙÈ Ù· ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÂÏ΢ÛÙÈο ¿ÙÔÌ· ‰¤¯ÔÓÙ·È ÂÚÈÛ-ÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ·ÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌÂȈ̤Ó˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ·ʤ˜ (Davison& McCabe, 2006). √È ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ›‰ÈÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙË Ê˘ÛÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈ-ÛË ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Â›Û˘ Ó· ÂËÚ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·. ∫·-Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô Ù˘ ÂÊ˂›·˜ ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ Ù˘ ·˘ÍË̤Ó˘ ·˘ÙÔÛ˘Ó›‰ËÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ȉÈ-·›ÙÂÚ˘ ¢·ÈÛıËÛ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÊ‹‚ˆÓ ÛÙȘ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏψÓ, Ë ˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÌÔ‰›ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ‰È·ÚÔ-ÛˆÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È ıÂÙÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÔÌËÏ›ÎÔ˘˜. √È ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ‰Â›-¯ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ó·ÚÔ› ÂÓ‹ÏÈΘ Ô˘ ıˆÚÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÌË ÁÔËÙ¢ÙÈÎfi Ù›ÓÔ˘Ó Ó··ÔʇÁÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ·ÏÏËÏÂȉڿÛÂȘ Ì ÙÔ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙÔ Ê‡ÏÔ (Mitchell & Orr, 1976),ÂÌϤÎÔÓÙ·È Û ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÔÈÎÂÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Ì ¿ÙÔÌ· ÙÔ˘ ›‰ÈÔ˘ ʇÏÔ˘ (Nezlek,1988) Î·È ‚ÈÒÓÔ˘Ó ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚ· ›‰· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ (Feingold, 1992).

320 ∞. §ÂÔÓÙ·Ú‹

™Àªμ√À§∂ÀΔπ∫∂™ ¶∞ƒ∂ªμ∞™∂π™

Ÿˆ˜ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó ÚfiÛÊ·Ù˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ (Davison, Markey, & Birch, 2000. Grogan, 1999.Harriger, Calogero, Witherington, & Smith, 2010. Holt & Ricciardelli, 2008), Ë ‰˘-Û·Ú¤ÛÎÂÈ· ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È Û fiÏÔ Î·È ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚ˜ ËÏÈ˘. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ÂÂÈ-‰‹ Â›Ó·È Ôχ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ·ÏÏ¿ÍÂÈ Ë ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ fiÙ·Ó ·˘Ù‹ ‰È·-ÌÔÚʈı› Î·È ·ÁȈı›, Â›Ó·È ÂÌÊ·Ó‹˜ Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ÚˆÙÔÁÂÓ‹ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ·-ڤ̂·Û˘ Ô˘ ı· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛÙÔ‡Ó Û ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ËÏÈ˘ ÚÈÓ ·ÎfiÌ· Ù· ·È‰È¿ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ-·ÛÔ˘Ó Ù· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ȉÂÒ‰Ë ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· Î·È ÚÈÓ ÔÈ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ Ù˘ ‹‚˘ ·˘Í‹ÛÔ˘ÓÙÔÓ Î›Ó‰˘ÓÔ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÌÈ·˜ ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋˜ ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ (Piran, 1999).

ÀÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ë Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋ Û ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó·Ó ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙÚfiÔ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·-ÙÔ˜. ∫·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Akos Î·È Levitt (2002) Ë ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÔÌËÏ›ÎˆÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Û΋-ÛÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ıÂÙÈΤ˜ ÂȉڿÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜, ÂȉÈο ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›Ùˆ-ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÊ‹‚ˆÓ ·ÁÔÚÈÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ Ó·ÚÒÓ ÂÓËϛΈÓ, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ÂÁÎψ‚›˙ÔÓÙ·È Û˘-¯Ó¿ Û ̛· ·ÓٛʷÛË: ÙËÓ ÂÈı˘Ì›· ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ‰Ô˘Ï¤„Ô˘Ó ¿Óˆ ÛÙ· ÛÒÌ·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ηÈÙËÓ Ù¿ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ·ÔÎÚ‡„Ô˘Ó ÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙ ·ÓËÛ˘¯›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ (M·-ÎÚ˘ÓÈÒÙË, 2004. Morry & Staska, 2001). ∂Âȉ‹ ÏÔÈfiÓ ÔÏÏÔ› Ó·ÚÔ› ¿Ó‰Ú˜ Ì ·Ú-ÓËÙÈ΋ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ˘ÔʤÚÔ˘Ó ÛȈËÏ¿, ÂÌ̤ÓÔÓÙ·˜ Û’ ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ Ô WilliamPollack (1998) ÔÓfiÌ·ÛÂ Ô “ÎÒ‰Èη˜ ÛȈ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÁÔÚÈÒÓ”, Ë ‰È·›ÛÙˆÛË fiÙÈ Î·È ¿Ï-ÏÔÈ Û˘ÓÔÌ‹ÏÈÎÔ› ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È·Î·Ù¤¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ·ÚfiÌÔȘ ·Ó·ÛÊ¿ÏÂȘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ›ӷȂÔËıËÙÈ΋, Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË fiÙÈ Ë ÔÌ¿‰· ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ÌfiÓÔ ·fi ·ÁfiÚÈ·. √ÈRhyne-Winkler Î·È Hubbard (1994) ÚÔÙ›ÓÔ˘Ó ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ì-‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˘˜ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÛÙȘ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ·˘Ù¤˜,fiˆ˜ ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ Ô˘ ‚ÂÏÙÈÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔ-ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ¯‹ ÏË-ÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙȘ ‰È·ÙÚÔÊÈΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ Î·È ÙȘ ‰È·ÛÙÚ‚ÏÒÛÂȘ Ù˘ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜. ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Î¿ÔȘ ·fi ÙȘ ÈÔ ÁÓˆÛÙ¤˜Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈΤ˜ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈ-ÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜. Δ· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ·fi Ù· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ·˘Ù¿ ۯ‰ȿÛÙËÎ·Ó Î·È·Â˘ı‡ÓÔÓÙ·È Û Á˘Ó·›Î˜. ∞Ó Î·È ÔÈ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Â›Ó·È ›‰ÈÂ˜Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ¿Ó‰Ú˜, ÔÏÏ¿ ·fi ·˘Ù¿ ı· ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ÙÚÔÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘÚÈÓ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó Û ·Ó‰ÚÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi.

¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ªª∂

Ÿˆ˜ ÙÔÓ›ÛÙËΠ‹‰Ë, ÔÈ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ› ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ·ÛÎÔ‡Ó ÌÈ·Ó ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ ›‰Ú·ÛË ÛÙˉȷÌfiÚʈÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ̤۷ Û ¤Ó· ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ô˘ ·ÍÈÔ-ÏÔÁ› ıÂÙÈο Î·È ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÂÈ ÌÈ·Ó ·ÎÚ·›· ¤Ӊ˘ÛË ÛÙË Ê˘ÛÈ΋ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË

∏ ÛËÌ·Û›· Ù˘ ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ „˘¯ÈÎË ˘Á›·... 321

(Thompson & Stice, 2001). √È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈΤ˜ ·ÂÈÎÔÓ›ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ·ÚÚÂÓˆfiÙËÙ·˜ ηÈÙ˘ ıËÏ˘ÎfiÙËÙ·˜, fiˆ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÚÔ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·È ÛÙ· ªª∂, ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ·ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ¿ÙÔÌÔ Î·È Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ·ÓÙÈÏËÙ¤˜ ˆ˜ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ› ÛÙfi¯ÔÈ Î·È ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ·, Ì ‚¿ÛË Ù·ÔÔ›· ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ› ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜. ªÂ ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ fiÙÈ Ë ÂÛˆ-ÙÂڛ΢ÛË ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ‚·ÛÈÎfi Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌfi Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ˘Â‡ı˘ÓÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›‰Ú·ÛËÙˆÓ ªª∂ ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÌÈ·˜ ·›ÛıËÛ˘ ‰˘Û·Ú¤ÛÎÂÈ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÛÒÌ·, ÔÈ ÚÔÛ¿-ıÂȘ ÚfiÏ˄˘ Î·È ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˆ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ Â˘·ÈÛıËÙÔÔ›-ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÊ‹‚ˆÓ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ô˘ ÂÌϤÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÙÔ˘ ·È-Ûı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ‰˘Û·Ú¤ÛÎÂÈ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· Î·È ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙË ÛËÌ·Û›· ÙˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ Ú‡ı-ÌÈÛ˘ Î·È Î·ÓÔÓÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÛˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ (Thompson & Stice, 2001).

ŒÙÛÈ ÔÏÏ¿ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÚfiÏ˄˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË˜ÙˆÓ ªª∂ Î·È ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛÙÔ‡Ó Â›Ù ·fi ·ÁÁÂÏ̷ٛ˜ „˘¯È΋˜ ˘Á›·˜ ›-Ù ·fi ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜. Δ· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ·˘Ù¿ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ-΋˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÔ-Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊoÚÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ Î·È ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÔÓÙ·ÈÛÙËÓ Î·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÓı¿ÚÚ˘ÓÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ÛÙ¿Û˘ ÚÔ˜ Ù· ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈοȉÂÒ‰Ë Ù˘ ÔÌÔÚÊÈ¿˜, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÌÔ‰ÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ‹ ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ Ó· ÌÂȈıÔ‡Ó Ù· ˘„Ë-Ï¿ ›‰· ÂÛˆÙÂÚ›Î¢Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÁÎÚ›-ÛˆÓ. √ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ÛΤ„˘ Î·È Ë ÂÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌËÙÈ΋ ÎÔÈ-ÓˆÓÈ΋ ‰Ú¿ÛË. √È ¤ÊË‚ÔÈ Î·ıÔ‰ËÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ó· ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Î·È ÙËÓ Â›-‰Ú·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÌËÓ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ ªª∂ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÛÙ· ÙËÏÂÔÙÈο ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·, ÛÙ·¤ÓÙ˘· Î·È ÛÙȘ ‰È·ÊËÌ›ÛÂȘ Î·È ‚ÔËıÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ Ù· ªª∂ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó Î·È ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÔ˘Ó Î¿ÔÈ· ÚfiÙ˘· ÔÌÔÚÊÈ¿˜, Ù·ÔÔ›· fiÙ·Ó ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ·ÔÓÙ·È, ˘ÔÓÔÌÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÈηÓÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ ·fi ÙÔ ÛÒ-Ì· ÙÔ˘. √È Ï›Á˜ ÌÂϤÙ˜ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·˘-ÙÒÓ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο ÛÙÔ Ó· ÌÂÈÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÛˆÙÂڛ΢ÛË ÙˆÓ Î·-ÓÔÓÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÌÔÚÊÈ¿, Ó· ·˘Í¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔ-·Ô‰Ô¯‹ Î·È ÙËÓ ·›-ÛıËÛË ·˘ÙÔ-·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÌÈ·˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ Î·È Ó·‚ÂÏÙÈÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ˙ˆ‹˜. °ÂÓÈο Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ë Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÙˆÓ Ó·ÚÒÓ ·Ùfi-ÌˆÓ Û ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ªª∂ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ¤Ó· ÛË-Ì·ÓÙÈÎfi ¿ÍÔÓ· ÙˆÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ (Chambers, & Alexander, 2007.Levine & Piran, 2001. McCabe, Ricciardelli, & Karantzas, 2010).

¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÔ-Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË

∞Ó Î·È ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÔ-Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ, fiϘ ¤¯Ô˘Óˆ˜ ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ ÙËÓ È‰¤· fiÙÈ ÔÈ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙÔ˘, Ù· ÁÂ-ÁÔÓfiÙ· Ù˘ ˙ˆ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘ Â›Ó·È ÚÔ˚fiÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È fiÙÈ Ù· ÂÚȯfi-ÌÂÓ· Ù˘ ÛΤ„˘ Â›Ó·È ÚÔÛ‚¿ÛÈÌ· Î·È ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÏÏ¿ÍÔ˘Ó. ŒÙÛÈ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘

322 ∞. §ÂÔÓÙ·Ú‹

Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ Â›Ó·È Ë Ì›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÓÂÈı‡ÌËÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ Î·È ·˘Ùfi ÂÈ-Ù˘Á¯¿ÓÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ·‡ÍËÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÂΠ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢Ô̤-ÓÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ÛΤ„ÂˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙË ÌË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘Ú-ÁÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ì ÙËÓ ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏˆÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ ÒÛÙ ӷÂÈÙ¢¯ı› Ë ÂÈı˘ÌËÙ‹ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÛÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Î·È ÛÙË ÛΤ„Ë (Kalodner &Delucia-Waack, 2003).

∏ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÔ-Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ Û ÚÔ-‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·Ú¯›˙ÂÈ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο ÙÔ 1987, fiÙ·Ó ÔÈButters Î·È Cash ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘Û·Ó Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÌÈ·˜ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ Û 15 Á˘Ó·›Î˜Ì ˘„ËÏ‹ ·›ÛıËÛË ‰˘Û·Ú¤ÛÎÂÈ·˜ Ì ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÙÔ˘˜. ™ÙËÓ ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË ·˘Ù‹, Ë ÔÔ›·‰È‹ÚÎËÛ ¤ÍÈ Â‚‰ÔÌ¿‰Â˜, ÔÈ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Û˜ ‰È‰¿¯ıËÎ·Ó ÙȘ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔ-·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ˘, Ù˘ ¯·Ï¿ÚˆÛ˘, Ù˘ ·Ô¢·ÈÛıËÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÂÂ-ÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·ÛÙÚ‚ÏÒÛˆÓ. √È ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ ‰È·›ÛÙˆÛ·Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ Á˘-Ó·›Î˜ Ô˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ›¯·Ó ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË ‚ÂÏÙÈÒıËÎ·Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο, ÙfiÛÔ Û ۇ-ÁÎÚÈÛË Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔ Ù˘ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ ηٿÛÙ·Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜, fiÛÔ Î·È Û ۇÁÎÚÈÛË Ì ÙËÓÔÌ¿‰· ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘. ◊Ù·Ó ÈÔ ÈηÓÔÔÈË̤Ó˜ Ì ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜, ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÔ‡Û·Ó ÙÔÓ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÈÔ ıÂÙÈο Î·È ‚›ˆÓ·Ó ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚË Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÓfi¯ÏËÛË fiÙ·Ó ÎÔ›Ù·-˙·Ó ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔÓ Î·ıÚ¤ÊÙË. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ·Ó¤ÊÂÚ·Ó fiÙÈ Â¤Ó‰˘·Ó ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔÛÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Â›¯·Ó ηχÙÂÚË „˘¯ÔÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹. ŸÏ· Ù· Ôʤ-ÏË ‹Ù·Ó ÂÌÊ·Ó‹ Î·È ‰‡Ô Ì‹Ó˜ ÌÂÙ¿. ¶·ÚfiÌÔÈ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÈÛÙˆıÂ›Î·È Û ¿ÏϘ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ (Greenberg, Markowitz, Petronko, Taylor, Wilhelm, & Wilson,2010. Fisher & Thompson, 1994. Nye & Cash, 2006).

°ÂÓÈο ÔÈ Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÔ-Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈ-ÛË Â›Ó·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, Ù· ıÂÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙËӷڤ̂·ÛË ·˘Ù‹ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÁÂÓÈ΢ıÔ‡Ó Î·È Û ¿ÏϘ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ Ù˘ „˘¯ÔÎÔÈÓˆ-ÓÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ·˘ÙÔ-ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË Î·È Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıË-Ì·ÙÈ΋ ¢˙ˆ›·.

æ˘¯Ô-ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·

Δ· „˘¯Ô-ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ·Â˘ı‡ÓÔÓÙ·È Û ·È‰È¿ Î·È ÂÊ‹‚Ô˘˜, ÛÙË-Ú›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È ÙË ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÔ-Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÈ΋ ıÂ-ˆÚ›· Î·È ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ Ù¿ÛË Ô˘ ‰È·Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙË Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· ÁÈ·ÚÔ·ÁˆÁ‹ ˘ÁÈÂÈÓÒÓ Û˘ÓËıÂÈÒÓ Î·È ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ıÂÙÈÎÒÓ ·˘ÙÔ-·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂˆÓ (O’Dea& Abraham, 2000). ¢È·ÚÎÔ‡Ó ÂÚ›Ô˘ 6-12 ‚‰ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Î·È ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔ-ÛÙÔ‡Ó ·fi „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˘˜ ‹ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏ›·, ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÙË ‰È‰·-Ûηϛ·, ÙË Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈ΋ Ì›ÌËÛË ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘, ÙÔ ·È¯Ó›‰È ÚfiÏˆÓ Î·È ‰Ô˘ÏÂÈ¿ ÛÙÔ Û›ÙÈ. √È

∏ ÛËÌ·Û›· Ù˘ ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ „˘¯ÈÎË ˘Á›·... 323

ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ Ô˘ ‰›ÓÔÓÙ·È Â›Ó·È ‰ÔÌË̤Ó˜ Ì ٤ÙÔÈÔ ÙÚfiÔ ÒÛÙ ӷ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ-ÓÙ·È ÔÈ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Û˜/ÔÓÙ˜ Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙË Ê‡ÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ó· ÚÔÛ-‰ÈÔÚ›ÛÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· ·ÏÏ¿ÍÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ·ÓÂÈı‡ÌËÙ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ Î·È Ó· Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔÈ-‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ Èı·Ó¤˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ Ù˘ ÌË ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ.

Δ· „˘¯Ô-ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ÂÈ-ÎfiÓ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ηٿ ηÓfiÓ· ·Â˘ı‡ÓÔÓÙ·È Û ÎÔÚ›ÙÛÈ· Î·È Á˘Ó·›Î˜, ·Ó ηȷӷÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ·ÊÔÚ¿ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ¿Ó‰Ú˜. √È Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Û˜ ‚ÔË-ıÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙȘ ·ÓÙÈ-Ï‹„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ó· Ì¿ıÔ˘Ó ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Î·È ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÈÙ‡¯Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ÂÈı˘-ÌËÙ¤˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜. √È ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ Î·È ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÏÏ¿ÍÔ˘Ó. √È ›‰È˜ ÔÈ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤-¯Ô˘Û˜ Â›Ó·È ˘Â‡ı˘Ó˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÈÓ‹ÙÚˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ·ÏÏ·Á‹ (O’Dea& Abraham, 2000).

Δ· Ù˘Èο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ „˘¯Ô-ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ·ÊÔ-ÚÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Â›Ó·È Ù· ÂÍ‹˜: (1) ∏ ‚·ÛÈ΋ ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ‚È‚ÏÈÔ-ıÂڷ›·, ÔÌÈϛ˜, ÛÂÌÈÓ¿ÚÈ·, ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛ˘. ŸÏ· ·˘Ù¿ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Â˘ı‡ÓÔ-ÓÙ·È Û ¢ڇÙÂÚ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ (ÊÔÈÙËÙ¤˜/ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ, Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi) ‹ Û ÌÈ· Û˘-ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÔÌ¿‰· Ì ÁÓˆÛÙ¿ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜. (2) Δ·ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ·Ú¯›˙Ô˘Ó Ì ÌÈ· ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ηٷÛ΢‹˜ Ù˘ ÔÌÔÚ-ÊÈ¿˜, ÙÔ ÛÙÂÓfi ÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ¢˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂȉڿÛˆÓÙ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜. ∂ÈÛËÌ·›ÓÂÙ·È Ë Â˘-Ú›· ÂͿψÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÈÛı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ‰˘Û·Ú¤ÛÎÂÈ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÛÒÌ·, ÔÈ Û˘Ó¤ÂȤ˜ Ù˘, fiˆ˜Â›Ó·È Ë ¯·ÌËÏ‹ ·˘ÙÔ-ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË, ÔÈ ‰È·ÙÚÔÊÈΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜, Ù· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ÚÔ-‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ‹ Ë ·ÔÌfiÓˆÛË. (3) √È Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Û˜/ÔÓÙ˜ Ì·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ó Ó· Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔ-ÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ·›-ÛıËÌ· ‰˘Û·Ú¤ÛÎÂÈ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÛÒÌ·. ∂Óı·ÚÚ‡ÓÔÓÙ·È Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÚÓËÙÈ-΋ ·˘ÙÔ-ÔÌÈÏ›· Î·È Ó· ·ÏÏ¿˙Ô˘Ó Ù· ÚÔÛˆÈο ‹ Ù· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·È Ô˘ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ô‰˘Ó·ÌÒÓÔ˘Ó (.¯., ÙËÓ ¤ÎıÂÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ªª∂ Ô˘ ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÔ˘Ó ÌË ˘ÁÈÂÈ-Ó¿ ÚfiÙ˘· ÔÌÔÚÊÈ¿˜ ‹ Û ʛÏÔ˘˜ Ô˘ οÓÔ˘Ó ·ÚÓËÙÈο ÎÚÈÙÈο Û¯fiÏÈ·). ª·ı·›-ÓÔ˘Ó Â›Û˘ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Â›Ï˘Û˘ Î·È ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ˘ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, fiˆ˜Â›Ó·È Ë Âη›‰Â˘ÛË Û Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ¯·Ï¿ÚˆÛ˘ Î·È Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÚ˜.ªÂÚÈο ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÓÂÚÁ‹ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·ÂÍ·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ Ì·ıËÛȷ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜(O’Dea & Abraham, 2000).

√È ÌÂϤÙ˜ Ô˘ ÂÍÂÙ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓÂ›Ó·È ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙ˜ Î·È ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· ‰È·ÎÚÈıÔ‡Ó Û ‰‡Ô ηÙËÁÔڛ˜: ªÂϤÙ˜ Ô˘·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÌfiÓÔ Î·È ÌÂϤÙÂ˜Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ‰È·-

324 ∞. §ÂÔÓÙ·Ú‹

ÙÚÔÊÈΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜. ∞ÚÎÂÙ¤˜ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ ·Ó·ÛÎÔ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ÌÂÙ·-·Ó·-χÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ÌÂÙÚ›ˆ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο(Kaminski & McNamara, 1996. Smolak, Levine, & Schermer, 1998).

∫¿ÔÈ· ·fi Ù· ÏÂÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ „˘¯Ô-ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Â›Ó·ÈfiÙÈ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· Ô˘ ‰˘ÛÎÔχÔÓÙ·È Ó· ÌÈÏ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ÁÈ· ÙȘ ·ÓË-Û˘¯›Â˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È fiÙÈ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ˘ÏÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó Î·È ·fi ÂÎ-·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜.

ΔÔ ºÂÌÈÓÈÛÙÈÎfi ™˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÙÈÎfi ªÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ∂Ó‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛ˘

(Feminist-empowerment-relational approach, FER)

ªÂ ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓË ÙË ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ›‰Ú·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ-ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÌÈ·˜ ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋˜ ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ·ÔÚ›·˜ ¿ÍÈÔ ÙÔ fiÙÈ Ù·ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÚfiÏ˄˘ ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ Î·È fi¯È Û ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ-˜ ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ú-ÓËÙÈ΋ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜. ∞ÓÙÈı¤Ùˆ˜, ¤Ó· ·Ó·fiÛ·ÛÙÔ ÙÌ‹Ì· ÙˆÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿-ÙˆÓ ÚfiÏ˄˘ ÁÈ· ¯Ú‹ÛË ÂÍ·ÚÙËÛÈÔÁfiÓˆÓ Ô˘ÛÈÒÓ, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ¤¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÛÙȘ ÓfiÚ̘ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÔÌËϛΈÓ, ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ Î·È ÛÙË Û˘ÌÂ-ÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ. √È ÊÂÌÈÓÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ, Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ È‰¤· fiÙÈÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ÔÔÈ·Û‰‹ÔÙ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÌfiÓÔÓ Ë ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ·ÏÏ·Á‹, ·ÏÏ¿ Ë·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙˆÓ ıÂÛÌÒÓ (ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·, Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, ÓfiÌÔÈ, ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ Î.Ù.Ï.), ˘ÔÛÙË-Ú›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ Ù· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÚfiÏ˄˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˆ˜ ÚˆÙ·Ú¯ÈÎfi ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙˉȷÌfiÚʈÛË ÂÓfi˜ ˘ÁÈÔ‡˜ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜. ŒÓ·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÂÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ Ù˘ ÊÂ-ÌÈÓÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ ÛÙË Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋ Â›Ó·È Ó· Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÔÈ Á˘Ó·›-Θ Ù· ηٷÈÂÛÙÈο ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ÌËӇ̷ٷ Ù· ÔÔ›· ·ӷϷ̂¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÙfiÛÔ Û˘-¯Ó¿ Ô˘ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÔ‡Ó ˆ˜ ȉÂÔÏÔÁÈÎfi˜ ‚ÔÌ‚·Ú‰ÈÛÌfi˜ (Levine &Smolak, 2006. Piran, 1999).

ΔÔ ºÂÌÈÓÈÛÙÈÎfi ™˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÙÈÎfi ªÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ∂Ó‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛ˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÎÔÈ-ÓˆÓÈÎfi ʇÏÔ Î·È Ë ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ Ù˘¯¤˜ Ù˘ ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋˜ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰˘ÛÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÒÓ ‰È·ÙÚÔÊ‹˜ Î·È ÙÔÓ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ù· ·ÚÓË-ÙÈο Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ËÁ¿˙Ô˘Ó ·fi ÙË ‰˘Û·Ú¤ÛÎÂÈ· ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÛÒÌ·, fiˆ˜ ›ӷÈÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜, ÙÔ ·›ÛıËÌ· ·‚ÔËıËÛ›·˜ Î·È Ô ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ˜ ı˘Ìfi˜, Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È ¿ÌÂ-Û· Ì ·ÙÚÈ·Ú¯ÈΤ˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÂȉڿÛÂȘ, ÂȉÈο ÛÙ· ·Ó·Ù˘Íȷο ÌÂÙ·‚·ÙÈοÛÙ¿‰È·, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÊ˂›·. ÀÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ë ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜Î·È Ë Ù¿ÛË ÁÈ· ‰›·ÈÙ· Â›Ó·È Î·Ù·ÛÙÚÔÊÈΤ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ·Ôχو˜ ηٷ-ÓÔËÙ¤˜ ˆ˜ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ÛÙËÓ ·ÙÚÈ·Ú¯È΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÁÂÓÈο, Î·È ÛÙ· ÔÏÏ¿ Ï·›ÛÈ·ÛÙ· ÔÔ›· Ù· Á˘Ó·ÈΛ· ÛÒÌ·Ù· ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·È ˘ÔÙÈÌÔ‡ÓÙ·È. Δ· Ï·›-ÛÈ· ·˘Ù¿ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÚÔηٿÏË„Ë ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ÔÓ ÙˆÓ ·¯‡Û·ÚÎˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ, ÂÈ-

∏ ÛËÌ·Û›· Ù˘ ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ „˘¯ÈÎË ˘Á›·... 325

Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù· Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ ¿¯Ô˜, ÛÂÍÔ˘·ÏÈ΋ ·ÚÂÓfi¯ÏËÛË, ÛÂÍÔ˘·ÏÈ΋ ‚›· Î·È ÙËÓ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÙˆÓ ªª∂ ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÔÈ ÏÂÙ¤˜ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ Â͢ÌÓÔ‡ÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂ-Ó· ÙÔ˘ ·Ó‰ÚÈÎÔ‡ fiıÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ Á˘Ó·ÈΛԢ ÊıfiÓÔ˘. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, Ù· ‚·ıÈ¿ ÚÔÛˆ-Èο Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ··ÚÙ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¿ÌÂ-ÛË Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Î·È Â›Ó·È ÔÏÈÙÈο. ∞˘Ùfi ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙ ·Ú¤Ì-‚·ÛË ı· Â›Ó·È ·Ó·Ú΋˜ ·Ó ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÌÈ· ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ηٷÓfiËÛË ÙÔ˘ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ̤۷ ÛÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ Ì ‰Â-ÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙ·Û˘ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Ú‡ıÌÈÛ˘ Î·È Î·ÓÔÓÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Ûˆ-Ì¿ÙˆÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙËÓ ÚfiÎÏËÛË ıÂÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ ÛÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÓfiÚ̘ Î·È ·Í›Â˜(Orbach, 1993).

ŒÓ·˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ Ô˘ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ¯ÚËÛÈ̇ÛÂÈ ˆ˜ ÚÔÛٷ٢ÙÈÎfi˜ Ì˯·-ÓÈÛÌfi˜ ÂÓ¿ÓÙÈ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÛˆÙÂڛ΢ÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ-ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÒÓ ÎÚÈÙËÚ›ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË Â›Ó·È Ë ÊÂÌÈÓÈÛÙÈ΋ ȉÂÔÏÔÁ›·. ∫¿ÔȘ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ÌÈ· ÁÂÓÈ΋ٷ‡ÙÈÛË Ì ÙÔ ÊÂÌÈÓÈÛÌfi ‹ ÌÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ÊÂÌÈÓÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó··ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÚÔÛٷ٢ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ÂÓ¿ÓÙÈ· ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ·›ÛıËÛ˘ ‰˘-Û·Ú¤ÛÎÂÈ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ‹ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ‰È·ÙÚÔÊÈ΋˜ ·ıÔÏÔÁ›·˜ (Cash, Ancis, &Strachan, 1997. Dionne, Davis, Fox, & Guevich, 1995. Kelson, Kearney-Cooke, &Lansky, 1990. Murnen & Smolak, 2009. Snyder & Hasbrouck, 1996). √È ·Ú·¿-Óˆ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂȘ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ηÈÙË ÁÂÓÈ΋ ÊÂÌÈÓÈÛÙÈ΋ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·, ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fï˜ fiÙÈ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ¤ÌÊ˘ÏÂ˜Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ Î·È ÚÔÛ‰Ô˘ ÚfiÏˆÓ ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ·ÏÏËÏÂȉڿÛˆӷӉÚÒÓ-Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Ì ‰˘ÛÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈΤ˜ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙË ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙË-Ù· Ù˘ ۈ̷ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ˘. √È ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ ‰È·›ÛÙˆÛ·Ó fiÙÈ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ Ì ·Ú·‰Ô-ÛȷΤ˜ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ·Ó‰ÚÒÓ-Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ ÂÂÓ‰‡Ô˘Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÛÙËÓÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜, ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÂ‡Ô˘Ó Û ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈΤ˜ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË Î·È ÓÈÒıÔ˘Ó ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÈηÓÔÔÈË̤Ó˜ Ì ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÙÔ˘˜,Û ۇÁÎÚÈÛË Ì ÙȘ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ Ì ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷΤ˜ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ. ¢È¿ÊÔÚÔÈ ÂÚ¢-ÓËÙ¤˜ (Blood, 2005. Thompson, 1994) ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ ·ÓËÛ˘¯›Â˜ ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·È-ÎÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÓ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÌfiÓÔ ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘˜ÛÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ-ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÓÙ›ÓÂÈ Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù··Ó¿ÚÎÂÈ·˜, ÂÂȉ‹ ·‰˘Ó·ÙÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÈÙ‡¯Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ “ȉ·ÓÈ΋ ÛÈÏÔ˘¤Ù·”. ∞Ó Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈÔÈ ·ÓËÛ˘¯›Â˜ ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÊ›ÏÔÓÙ·È Î·Ù¿ ¤Ó· ̤ÚÔ˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ˘˜ ÚfiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ÙfiÙÂ Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ó· ÂÍÂÙ·ÛıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ·ÓËÛ˘¯›Â˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ˘fi ÙÔ Ú›ÛÌ· ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÚfiψÓ. ∏ ·Ó¿-Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚfiÏÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ʇÏÔ˘ Â›Ó·È Ì›· ·fi ÙȘ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Ù˘ ÊÂÌÈÓÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘,Ë ÔÔ›· ÛÙԯ‡ÂÈ Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ ÙȘ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ Ó· Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ ›-‰Ú·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÈÒÓ (Piran, 1999).

326 ∞. §ÂÔÓÙ·Ú‹

∏ ‰Ô˘ÏÂÈ¿ Ù˘ Niva Piran

ΔÔ Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÙÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛ˘ Ù˘ Niva Piran (1999) ‰È·Ê¤ÚÂÈ ÚÈ˙Èο ·fiÙ· ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÔ-Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈ-Û˘. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÚfiÏ˄˘ ‚·ÛÈṲ̂ÓÔ ÛÙË ÊÂÌÈÓÈÛÙÈ΋ ıˆڛ·Î·È ÛÙ· Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯Èο ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ ÚÔ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Ù˘ ˘Á›·˜, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·Ú¯›˙ÂÈ Ì ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÌ„˘¯ÒÙÚÈ· Î·È Ù· ̤ÏË ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ (Ì·ıËÙ¤˜/Ì·ı‹ÙÚȘ, ÂÎ-·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜). √È Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘-Û˜ Ó· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›ÛÔ˘Ó Ì ۷ʋÓÂÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ Ï·ÈÛ›-Ô˘ Ô˘ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÙË Û˘ÓÔ-‰Â‡Ô˘Ó. √È Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Û˜ ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ˘Â‡ı˘Ó˜ ÁÈ· Ù· ÛÒÌ·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÔÈ ÛÙfi-¯ÔÈ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔÓÙ·È Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙË Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË. ∏ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹˜ Î·È ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ‚ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Ú·ÙÛÈÛÌÔ‡, Ù˘ ·ÚÂÓfi¯ÏËÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÓÈÛfiÙËÙ·˜ÙˆÓ Ê‡ÏˆÓ ‚ÔËı¿ ÙȘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Û˜ Ó· ÌÂÙ·ÙÚ¤„Ô˘Ó Ù· ȉȈÙÈο Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ÓÙÚÔ‹˜, Ù˘ Ì·Ù·›ˆÛ˘, Ù˘ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·˜ ·fiÎÚ˘„˘ Ô˘ ÂÓ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙË ‰˘Û·-Ú¤ÛÎÂÈ· ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· Û ÌÈ· ‚·ı‡ÙÂÚË Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Ô˘ Ù· ̤ÏË Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ÙË ÌÔÈ-Ú¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜. ∂ÈÙÚ¤ÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙ· ÎÔÚ›ÙÛÈ· Î·È ÙȘ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ Ó· ÌÈÏ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÁÈ·ÙË ‰È΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ï‹ıÂÈ· ̤۷ ÛÙËÓ ÔÌ¿‰·, ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÙ·È ÌÈ· ηٿÛÙ·ÛË ÁÈ· ÈÔ ˘ÁÈ-ÂÈÓ¤˜ ÓfiÚ̘ Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯Èο ÛÙÔ ÛÙÂÓfiÙÂÚÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Î·È ·fi ÂΛ, Ì ÚÔ-Û¿ıÂȘ ·ÙÔÌÈΤ˜ ‹ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈΤ˜, Û ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÛÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ. ∏ PiranÂÊ¿ÚÌÔÛ ÙÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ·˘Ùfi ÁÈ· 15 ¯ÚfiÓÈ· Û ÌÈ· ÔÌ¿‰· ˘„ËÏÔ‡ Ú›ÛÎÔ˘ Ô˘ ·Ô-ÙÂÏÔ‡ÓÙ·Ó ·fi ¯ÔÚÂ˘Ù¤˜ Î·È ¯ÔÚ‡ÙÚȘ. ¢È·›ÛÙˆÛ Ì›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÙÚÔÊÈÎÒÓ ‰˘-ÛÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÒÓ ÛÙ· ÎÔÚ›ÙÛÈ· ·fi 10% Û 1% Î·È Â›Û˘ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ Ì›ˆÛË ÛÙÔ Ô-ÛÔÛÙfi ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/Ì·ıËÙÚÈÒÓ Ô˘ ÂȯÂÈÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ì›ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ‚¿ÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ‰È¿-ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ ÌË ˘ÁÈÂÈÓÔ‡˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ (Piran, 1999).

™Àª¶∂ƒ∞™ª∞Δ∞

Δ· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·Ó·‰‡ıËΠˆ˜ ¤Ó·˜ ͯˆÚÈÛÙfi˜Î·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi˜ ÙÔ̤·˜ ÌÂϤÙ˘. √È ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ÂÈÛËÌ¿ÓÛÂÈ˜Ô˘ ‰È·Ù˘ÒıËÎ·Ó ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·˘Ùfi ηıÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ··Ú·›ÙËÙË ÙËÓ Â·ÓÂͤٷÛË ÙˆÓıˆÚÈÒÓ Ù˘ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎËÁÈ· ÌÈ· ‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜.

∏ ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓË Ù¿ÛË Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ˆ˜ “ۯ‰›·ÛÌ·” (Shilling,1993) ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÙ·È Î·È Û˘ÓÙËÚÂ›Ù·È ÌÈ· ·›ÛıËÛË ÙÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡,Ë Ú¢ÛÙfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·-ÓˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜, Ë ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ηٷӷ-ψÙÈÎÔ‡ ȉÂÒ‰Ô˘˜ – ÙÔ Ó·ÓÈÎfi, Á˘ÌÓ·Ṳ̂ÓÔ, Ï˘ÁÂÚfi ÛÒÌ· – Û˘ÓËÁÔÚÔ‡Ó ˘¤Ú ÙˆÓ

∏ ÛËÌ·Û›· Ù˘ ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ „˘¯ÈÎË ˘Á›·... 327

ıÂڷ¢ÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ‰Â ı· ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο ÛÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ. ™ÙȘ ‰ÂηÂٛ˜ 1970 Î·È 1980 Ë Orbach (1978, 1993) Î·È ¿ÏϘ ÊÂÌÈÓ›ÛÙÚȘ „˘-

¯ÔıÂڷ‡ÙÚȘ ÂËÚ¤·Û·Ó ηıÔÚÈÛÙÈο ÙË ıÂڷ¢ÙÈ΋ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ʇÛË ÙˆÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ Ì ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÙÔ˘˜. ™ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ Ì‹ÎԘ·̷ÙÔ˜ Â›Ó·È Î·È Ë ‰Ô˘ÏÂÈ¿ ÙˆÓ Garett (1998), Hirshmann Î·È Munter (1995),Knapp (2003) Î·È Becky Thompson (1994). ¶·Ú¿ ÙȘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÔÈ Â-ÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ˘ÈÔıÂÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ÎÔÓÛÙÚÔ˘ÎÙÈ‚ÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È Û˘-ÁÎÏ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ ÌÂÙÔ ÛÒÌ·, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÊ˘Á‹ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ ηÙËÁÔÚÈÔÔÈÔ‡Ó, ·ıÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ-ÔÈÔ‡Ó Î·È ·Ô‰›‰Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ Â˘ı‡ÓË ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο ÛÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ.

∞Ó ı¤ÛÔ˘Ì ˆ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·˜ ÛÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔÒÛÙ ӷ ¿„ÂÈ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÙÔ˘ ˆ˜ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÙÚÔ-ÔÔÈËı› Î·È Ó· ·ӷۯ‰ȷÛÙ›, ÙfiÙÂ Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ Ó· ‚ÔËıËı› ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ Ó·Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ Ù· ı¤Ì·Ù· Û˘ÌÌfiÚʈÛ˘ Û ΢ڛ·Ú¯Â˜ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ Û¯ÂÙÈο ÌÂÙÔ ÛÒÌ·, ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈΤ˜ ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔ‰ÔÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÙÔ ‚·ı-Ìfi Ù˘ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ ¤Ӊ˘Û˘ Û’ ·˘Ùfi ˆ˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘ ÂÍ·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛ˘ ÌÈ·˜ ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ‹˜ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÚÔ˜ Ù· ¤Íˆ. ™’ ·˘Ù‹ ÙË ‚¿ÛË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÙfiÛÔ Ù· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ªª∂ Î·È Ù· „˘¯Ô-ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·, fiÛÔÎ·È Ù· ÊÂÌÈÓÈÛÙÈο ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ.

∏ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË Ù˘ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ Ù˘ ÚfiÏ˄˘ ÛÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÌÈ·˜ ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋˜ ÂÈ-ÎfiÓ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ „˘¯È΋ ·ÓıÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÀÔÛÙË-Ú›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Èı·ÓÔ› ÚÔÛٷ٢ÙÈÎÔ› ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ,fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙÔ ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂÈ·Îfi Î·È ÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ (Barker &Galambos, 2003. Crago, Shisslak, & Ruble, 2001) Î·È fiÙÈ ‰‡Ô ·ÚȘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ ı·ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚfiÏË„Ë Ù˘ ·›ÛıËÛ˘ ‰˘-Û·Ú¤ÛÎÂÈ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÛÒÌ·:

(·) ∏ ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛٷ٢ÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ, fiˆ˜ Ë ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿ ‚Ô‹-ıÂÈ·˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÊ‹‚Ô˘˜ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÌÔÚ¤ÛÔ˘Ó Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÔÏϷϤ˜ ÚÔ-ÎÏ‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÂÊ˂›·˜ Î·È Ó· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ·›ÛıËÛË Ù˘·˘ÙÔ-·Í›·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙȘ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ÔÏϤ˜ ‰È·ÊÔ-ÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ·ÔÊ¢¯ı› Ë ˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏÈ΋ ÂÈΤÓÙÚˆÛË ÛÙË Ê˘ÛÈ-΋ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË (Akos & Levitt, 2002. Grogan & Richards, 2002).

ŒÓ·˜ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi˜ ÚÔÛٷ٢ÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÌÈ·˜ ıÂÙÈ΋˜ ÂÈ-ÎfiÓ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÊ‹‚ˆÓ Û Â͈ۯÔÏÈΤ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ù· ÛÔÚ (McCabe, Ricciardelli, & Salmon, 2006). Ÿˆ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰È·ÈÛÙˆ-ı› Û ÔÏϤ˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ Ë Ê˘ÛÈ΋ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· Î·È Ë ¿ıÏËÛË ·›˙Ô˘Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÚfiÏÔ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔ·ÁˆÁ‹ Ù˘ ‰È·ÓÔËÙÈ΋˜, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Î·È Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ηٿ ÙˉȿÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ·È‰È΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÊË‚È΋˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÓ‹ÏÈ΢ ˙ˆ‹˜

328 ∞. §ÂÔÓÙ·Ú‹

(Ogden, 2000). √È ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë Ê˘ÛÈ΋ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· ÌÂÈÒÓÂÈ ÙËÓ Î·-Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë, ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ Î·È ÙÔ ÛÙÚ˜ Î·È ‚ÂÏÙÈÒÓÂÈ ÙËÓ „˘¯È΋ ‰È¿ıÂÛË, ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔ-ÂÎÙ›-ÌËÛË, ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ·ʤ˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË (Ogden, 2000). √È ¤Ú¢-Ó˜ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó ·ÎfiÌË fiÙÈ Ù· ·È‰È¿ Î·È ÔÈ ¤ÊË‚ÔÈ Ô˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û ·ıÏËÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ú·-ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË ÛÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘˜, Â›Ó·È ÈÔ ‰ËÌÔÊÈÏ‹Î·È Î·Ï¿ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔṲ̂ӷ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο (Berk, 2000).

(‚) √ÏÈÛÙÈ΋ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË. ∂ÈÛËÌ·›ÓÂÙ·È Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË Ó· ˘ÈÔıÂÙËıÔ‡Ó ÔÏÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔ-ÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ı· ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÂÎÙfi˜ ·fi ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ, Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ Ù˘¯¤˜ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘, ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·, ÙËÓ ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÔÌËϛΈÓ, ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Î·ÈÛ ¿ÏϘ ËÁ¤˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ-ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÒÓ ÂȉڿÛÂˆÓ (Barker & Galambos, 2003.Choate, 2005, 2007. Levine & Piran, 2001). √È ıÂÙÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ/ÂÊ‹‚ˆÓ, ËıÂÙÈ΋ ÛÙ¿ÛË ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ ÚÔ˜ ÙË ‰È΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ۈ̷ÙÈ΋ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË Î·È Ë ·Ô‰Ô¯‹ÙÔ˘ ÂÊ‹‚Ô˘ ·fi ·˘ÙÔ‡˜, ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Î·ıÔÚÈÛÙÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÌÈ·˜ıÂÙÈ΋˜ ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ (Choate, 2007). ∞Ó Î·È Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ù· ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈοηÓÔÓÈÛÙÈο ÚfiÙ˘· Â›Ó·È ‚·ıÈ¿ ÚÈ˙ˆÌ¤Ó· ÛÙȘ Û˘ÓÂȉ‹ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚˆÓ ·Ó-ıÚÒˆÓ, Ë ÁÔÓÂ˚΋ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË Î·È ÂÓı¿ÚÚ˘ÓÛË ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ÂÊ‹‚Ô˘˜ Ó· Ù· ·ÓÙÈÎÚÔ‡ÛÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· ·ÓÙÈÛÙ·ıÔ‡Ó Û ·˘Ù¿. ΔÔ ›‰ÈÔ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÙÈ΋ ›-Ó·È Î·È Ë Â›‰Ú·ÛË Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÔÌËϛΈÓ. °ÂÓÈο, Ë ·ÚÔ˘Û›· ÂÓfi˜ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÔ‡ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ Ô˘ ··ÚÙ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ̤ÏË Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜ Î·È Ê›ÏÔ˘˜ ÌÔÚ›ӷ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ¤Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚÔÛٷ٢ÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·.

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THE IMPORTANCE OF BODY IMAGE FOR THEPSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH OF YOUNG MEN AND

WOMEN: COUNSELING INTERVENTIONS

Angeliki LeondariUniversity of Thessaly, Greece

Abstract: Body image is considered a central aspect of the self and a factor influencingconsiderably people’s psychological health. Recently an increasing number of research studiesfocus on body image because of its alleged association with eating disorders and the widespreadprevalence of body dissatisfaction. Until recently negative body image was considered aproblem which influences females much more than males, not only because men base theirsocial status on other areas but also because the male pictures portrayed in the media werecomparable with the average male. Nevertheless, today there is enough evidence that men havestarted to occupy themselves extensively with their body image and that body dissatisfaction isgrowing substantially among young males. Consequently, we could assume that there is achange from the view that body image is a characteristic female concern to the view that it is acentral aspect of the psychological function of both men and women. The thin ideal for womenand the muscular body ideal for men, as well as the degree to which young people feel satisfiedwith their bodies has consequences on their self-concept, self-esteem and their socialbehaviour, as well as their physical health. Therefore, it is important to understand theproblems associated with body image not only for intervention efforts but for successfulprevention as well.

Key words: Body dissatisfaction, Body image, Counselling interventions

Address: Angeliki Leondari, Department of Preschool Education, University of Thessaly,Argonafton & Filellinon, 38 221 Volos, Greece. Phone: +30-24210-74744. E-mail:leontari@uth.gr

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