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Hitler’s Lightning War (32.1)Japan’s Pacific Campaign (32.2)
WWII
1939
Hitler wants land from Poland (access to sea granted in T. of Versailles)
Non-Agression Pact b/t USSR and Germany
Secret agreement~ To divide Poland between them and USSR could take over Finland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia
Hitler’s attack on Poland
Strategy~BLITZKRIEG (Lightning War)
Surprise attack
Tanks and trucks with aircraft and artillery with simultaneous, relentless bombing
Britain & France declared war, but couldn’t get there before Germany won Poland-
Sitzkrieg (sitting war) neither side did anything
1940
(Stalin invaded Finland in late 1939)
Hitler invades Denmark and Norway
Both fell quickly
Hitler planned to launch attacks on Britain from new bases on the coast
Hitler’s plan for France
Invades Netherland, Belgium and Luxembourg- Allied attention was on them
Moved through the forest in N. France to the coast in just 10 days
Surrounded the Allied forces and trapped them
1940 (CONTINUED)
Dunkirk
Where they were trapped
British sent 850 ships (all kinds) to rescue their soldiers
338,000 soldiers were carried to safety
France Surrenders
Divided in ½ (N. controlled by Germans, S. controlled by a “puppet government”)
Charles de Gaulle- French general set up a government in exile in London, organized the Free French Military- fought for liberation of France
STILL 1940…
German Luftwaffe (Airforce) bombs British Cities- hoped to destroy the Royal Air Force
Winston Churchill (British Prime Minister)
Battle of Britain
Tools helped~ RADAR and Enigma (stolen from Germans, allowed messages to be decoded)
Night Raids British resisted ~ taught Allies Germans could be beat!
Hitler gave-up and turned attention to Mediterranean region
1941
Italy had invaded N. Africa and S. France
Hitler sent support troops
Tobruk British forces were taken by surprise in Egypt and retreated to Tobruk
(Libya)
Allies pushed them back, but later they lost the city
Invasion of Russia
After Hitler won land in the Balkans Allies- Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania) & invasions (Greece and
Yugoslavia)
Invaded Russia- Scorched earth policy as they retreated (just like Napoleon had done)
Marched toward Moscow= ignored Napoleon’s woes and lost 500,000 due to the harsh winter
US ASSISTANCE FOR ALLIES
Neutrality Acts- illegal to sell arms or lend money to nations at war
1939 Roosevelt convinced congress to sell weapons to Allies (would pay cash and ship the arms themselves)
Lend-Lease Acts- US could lend or lease supplies to any nation vital to the US
US Navy was escorting British trade ships
Germany used submarines to sink them= Undeclared Naval War b/t US and Germany
Atlantic Charter
Agreement b/t US and Britain that upheld free trade and right for people to choose their own government.
JAPANESE AGGRESSION
War with China left their economy weak~ looked at European colonies as a source of wealth and expansion
US cracked their code and knew their plans~ feared losing Guam & Philippines
US Cut off oil supply to Japan & started helping China defend themselves
Day of Infamy- Dec. 7, 1941
Japan attacked European holdings in SE Asia and Pearl Harbor in Hawaii Over 3,000 Americans killed or wounded
JAPAN BUILDS AN EMPIRE
By February of 1942, Japan had conquered 1 million square miles and 150 million people
Before conquering won support as an end to colonization
After conquering, Japan treated the people with cruelty
Treated POWs even worse (Bataan Death March (70,000 prisoners- only 54,000 survived)
ALLIES STRIKE BACK
Attacks on Tokyo- Japanese were vulnerable Regained control of major air fields in the Pacific Battle at Midway (island 1500 miles from Hawaii)-
US won & turned the tide in the Pacific Allied Offensive (General MacArthur’s plan) to
avoid Japanese strongholds and “island-hop” to seize less protected islands and move closer to Japan
Guadalcanal- Japanese were constructing a huge airbase there. Marines secured the airfield, but the island was more difficult- 6 months of fighting Japan lost 24,000 soldiers and called the island “ the
island of death”
Chapter 32, Section 3
THE HOLOCAUST
DIRECTIONS FOR THIS ACTIVITY
You will be given an identification card. DO NOT READ AHEAD You will refer to the card only when instructed to by the teacher!
Divide your plain white paper into 4 sections
Label the sections like this and take notes as we go.
(Front) (Back)
Definition 1933-1939 Ghettos Camps
1940-1944 1945 Resistance Rescue
As we get to the “What you should know” pages make sure you have the details listed on your paper.
WHAT IS THE HOLOCAUST?
The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. "Holocaust" is a word of Greek origin meaning "sacrifice by fire." The Nazis, who came to power in Germany in January 1933, believed that Germans were "racially superior" and that the Jews, deemed "inferior," were "life unworthy of life." During the era of the Holocaust, the Nazis also targeted other groups because of their perceived "racial inferiority": Roma (Gypsies), the handicapped, and some of the Slavic peoples (Poles, Russians, and others). Other groups were persecuted on political and behavioral grounds, among them Communists, Socialists, Jehovah's Witnesses, and homosexuals.
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_nm.php?ModuleId=10005143&MediaId=7827
A HOLOCAUST TIMELINE: 1938
It all started with the Kristallnacht, (Night of the Broken Glass)
This was a time of vandalism, arrests, an death for the Jews.
A HOLOCAUST TIMELINE: 1939
Jews are “consolidated” into Concentration Camps – place of detainment and harsh conditions
With the beginning of the war the concentration camps increasingly became sites where targeted groups of real or perceived enemies of Nazi Germany were either murdered outright or put to hard, meaningless labor. Those forced to labor were deliberately undernourished and mistreated with the intent that they be "annihilated by work."
A HOLOCAUST TIMELINE: 1939
Ghettos - ghettos were city districts (often enclosed) in which the Germans forced the Jewish population to live under miserable conditions. Ghettos isolated Jews by separating Jewish communities from the non-Jewish population and from neighboring Jewish communities. The Nazis established over 400 ghettos.
A HOLOCAUST TIMELINE: 1941
Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing units) were squads of German SS and police personnel. Under command of Security Police (Sipo) and Security Service (SD) officers, the Einsatzgruppen had among their tasks the murder of those perceived to be racial or political enemies found behind the front lines in the occupied Soviet Union.
The Einsatzgruppen also murdered thousands of residents of institutions for the mentally disabled. Many scholars believe that the systematic killing of Jews in the occupied Soviet Union by Einsatzgruppen and Order Police (Ordnungspolizei) battalions was the first step of the Nazi program to murder all of the European Jews
A HOLOCAUST TIMELINE: 1941-42
Extermination Camps - Nazi extermination camps fulfilled the singular function of mass murder. Unlike concentration camps, which served primarily as detention and labor centers, extermination camps were almost exclusively "death factories." Over three million Jews were murdered in extermination camps.
Almost all of the deportees who arrived at the camps were sent immediately to the gas chambers.
A HOLOCAUST TIMELINE: 1945
Death Marches - forced marches of prisoners over long distances under heavy guard and extremely harsh winter conditions. During these death marches, SS guards brutally mistreated the prisoners. Following explicit orders to shoot prisoners who could no longer walk, the SS guards shot hundreds of prisoners en route. Thousands of prisoners also died of exposure, starvation, and exhaustion. Death marches were especially common in late 1944 and 1945, as the Nazis attempted to transfer prisoners to camps deeper within Germany.
HOLOCAUST SUMMARY
Aryans – Master Race (according to Hitler)
KristallnachtNovember 1938Night of the
Broken GlassFirst organized
act against Jews
Ghettos Segregated areas
designated for Jews Terrible living conditions,
starvation, disease, death
Genocide Systematic killing of an
entire group of people
Types of Camps that Hitler had Organized Concentration Camps Extermination Camps Labor Camps
What you
need to
know
HOLOCAUST SUMMARY
“The Final Solution” Hitler’s plan to eradicate the Jews from planet Earth Not imprison them, but kill them (starvation and disease
were not killing them fast enough) Targets of Hitler
Jews Gypsies Homosexuals Handicapped Germans of African heritage Jehovah’s Witnesses
“For whoever destroys a single life destroys the entire world: whoever saves a single life saves the world entire.”
RESISTANCE AND RESCUE
RESISTANCE
First they came for the socialists,
And I did not speak out
Because I was not a socialist.
Then they came for the trade unionists,
And I did not speak out
Because I was not a trade unionist
Then they came for the Jews,
and I did not speak out
Because I was not a Jew
Then they came for me,
And there was no one left to speak for me.
Pastor Martin NiemollerArrested, confined to a prison camp,
liberated!
COMMON QUESTIONS
Why did so many people let this happen?
Why didn’t the Jews defend themselves?
Where were the Christians?
Where were the Allies and their governments?
JEWISH RESISTANCEHTTP: / /WWW.USHMM.ORG/WLC/EN/MEDIA_NM.PHP?MODULE ID=10005213&MEDIA ID=3543
WWII AND THE HOLOCAUST MAP
Those who resisted faced consequences Arrest
Camps
Death
BARRIERS TO RESISTANCE
Superior German Weapons Most civilians were unarmed
Remember how quickly the French and Poles were defeated
Collective Responsibility Retaliation against families and communities
Kristallnacht- A single Jewish assassin led to this
Lithuania- entire ghetto population killed when two boys escaped
Treblenka- 26 Jews shot when 4 escaped
Sobibor- 13 Jews attempted escape- 26 executed
For every German soldier killed, 50 – 100 were executed
MORE BARRIERS TO RESISTANCE
Isolation of Jews-
It was difficult for them to “blend-in”
Others in occupied areas were living under harsh occupation conditions
Everyone had to have identification papers
Secrecy & quickness of deportation
They didn’t know or have time to prepare
Deception- they “packed their belongings” or wrote post cards to family and friends
Many Jews did not believe the stories
RESISTANCE IN THE GHETTOS
Isolated from the outside & other ghettos
Smuggled goods were traded in some
Armed resistance took time
Unarmed resistance Underground newspapers & radios
Acts of sabotage- Jews forced to work for the Nazis damaged and undermined the war effort by stealing documents, slowing production, producing bad ammunition, setting fires, etc
ESCAPE!? HIDE!? COMPLY!?
For many the only hope was to escape
Kinder-transport
Far East (China)
USA- only allowed a certain number due to immigration laws
Denmark- only conquered nation to rescue most of its Jews
Others hid
False papers
Non-Jewish sympathizers
DID THE USA DO ENOUGH?
Immigration to the United States
(1936-1945)
1936 -- 36,329
1937 -- 50,244
1938 -- 67,895
1939 -- 82,998
1940 -- 70,756
1941 -- 51,776
1942 -- 28,781
1943 -- 23,725
1944 -- 28,551
1945 -- 38,119
The US military was close to many camps, but did not bomb them or rescue prisoners
The US would not lessen immigration requirements during the war- in fact they were more strictly enforced
BARRIERS TO ESCAPE
Paperwork! The Germans were a stickler for papers…. Without them Jews could not leave many were transported to camps before the proper papers arrived to save them.
RESISTANCE IN THE CAMPS
Secret political groups and meetings
Attempts to alleviate suffering by gathering food, medical supplies, and money or stealing from the victim’s belongings
Attempts to escape and inform the outside world
Revolts
Prisoners in Treblinka, Sobibor, and Auschwitz-Birkenau all escaped and revolted by killing Nazi guards- some survived the uprisings, most did not
SPIRITUAL AND CULTURAL RESISTANCE
Underground schools and libraries
Documenting the holocaust & cultural activities
* diaries * lectures
* art * concerts
* poetry * songs
Religious Activities
* secret prayers and ceremonies
* Jehovah’s witnesses and other did the same
OTHER FORMS OF RESISTANCE:
Forms of resistance by Jews in the Ghettos and Camps Sabotage Smuggling Keeping up religious traditions and ceremonies Underground publications Stealing and sharing resources with other victims Maintained art and creativity Underground schools, libraries, and social
gatherings Armed resistance groups Revolts and escape
RESISTANCE BY OTHER GROUPS
Communists and socialists
Outlawed in 1939
Published Anti-Nazi materials
Concentration Camps, A Book of Horrors: The Victims Accuse (1934)
Christians
Organized faiths did not oppose the regime
Individual clergy and groups did speak out
INDIVIDUALS WHO HELPED
Oskar Schindler (1908-1974), a Sudeten German industrialist, established an enamel works outside the Krakow ghetto and protected Jewish workers employed in the enamel works from deportation
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/index.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005787
Chiune Sugihara (1900 – 1986) a Japanese Diplomate sent to Russian/Polish border- issued visas to many seeking refuge through Russia and Japan. The Japanese government allowed him to route individuals through their nation
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/index.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005594
THE WHITE ROSE
The only German group that spoke out against Nazi policies- organized by a soldier (Hans Scholl), his sister and friends
Spread to include students throughout Germany Transported and mailed leaflets denouncing the
regime
Advocated for sabotage of armament factories
A janitor at Hans’ university discovered this and turned him in Hans, his sister and best friend were executed
FAMOUS LAST WORDS
The philosophy professor who helped the White Rose Movement was arrested and tried with treason
His final word of defense (from Philosopher Kant):
“And thou shall act as if
On thee and on thy deed
Depend the fate of all Germany,
And thou alone must answer for it.”
WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW:
This happened because Germans and those the Nazis occupied had no power against the regime and its policies
Nazis used tools of deception, isolation, and timing to carry out their plans and to decieve their victims
Those who did resist faced arrest, camps, and/or death
Collective responsibility= Others would be held accountable for the deeds of individuals or groups
THE LAST THINGS TO KNOW…
Communists and socialists were the first group persecuted, but kept-up resistance
Resistance from other faiths was limited to individual clergy or groups
The White Rose was the only German group (philosophy students) who spoke out against Nazi policies
Denmark was the only national government to save most of its Jews
Immigration to the US slowed during the Holocaust Many accuse the US of knowing and doing nothing
(Requests for increased immigration were not met as were requests to bomb camps.)
The Allied VictoryCHAPTER 32SECTION 4
REVIEW
Who were the Allies?
Who were the Axis Powers?
When the US joined the war, it became a “two theater” event
The European Theater
The Pacific Theater
THE TIDE TURNS
When the US joined the European Theater things started to change
(just like in WW1)
North Africa – General Eisenhower beat the Germans in Africa
Italy – Britain and the US invaded Italy
This ousted Mussolini, and he tried to run (ask me about the Gas Station)
Russia – Hitler decided to attack Russia, this was a mistake Supply Lines too long Tough Winter Lots of Russians He was fighting in the West too
BATTLE OF STALINGRAD
When – August 1942 – February 1943 Where – Stalingrad, Russia Details –
Both leaders told their armies to “finish the job.” Uncommonly cold winter in Russia, Germans were prepared
for summer battle, not winter. Russians cut off the already strained German supply lines…
Germans began starving AND freezing Germany started with 330,000 and ended w/ 90,000 Stalingrad was 99% destroyed
THE HOME FRONT
The war spread from the battlefield into the towns and cities.
This lead to civilian casualties
Total War All people started contributing to the war effort (women
went to work en mass)
Factories started producing war “stuff” Car factories = Tanks
Typewriter companies = armor piercing bullets
VICTORY IN EUROPE
D-Day Invasion (Operation Overlord) Allies invaded Normandy Beach in France, began to
drive the Germans out of France
Largest land and sea attack in history
The Battle of the Bulge Last German offensive effort
Failed, no reinforcements available
V-E Day – May 9, 1945 Nearly 6 years of fighting
VICTORY IN THE PACIFIC
The island-hopping campaign lead the US closer to Japan
Kamikazes “Divine Wind” Suicide Pilots
Atomic Bomb dropped
Hiroshima – “Little Boy”
Nagasaki – “Fat Man”
V-J Day – September 2, 1945
THE ATOMIC BOMB
Research – Einstein /
Manhattan Project
Plane – Enola Gay (B-29)
Pilot – Paul Tibbets
Hiroshima 7,000° Ground Temperature
Winds – 980 mph
62,000 buildings destroyed
Deaths – 70,000 immediately / 200,000 eventually
Within 1 mile was considered a “direct hit”
Nagasaki – same thing…3 days laterClick for student produced video
NEWLY RELEASED PHOTOS
Nagasaki, September, 1945. (Bernard Hoffman—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images)
NEWLY RELEASED PHOTOS
Two women pay respects at a ruined cemetery, Nagasaki, 1945. (Alfred Eisenstaedt—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images)
NEWLY RELEASED PHOTOS
A photo album. Shards of pottery. A pair of scissors. Of this scene in Nagasaki, photographer Bernard Hoffman wrote to LIFE's legendary photo editor, Wilson Hicks, on September 9, 1945: "Assume this had been a private dwelling. The album was water soaked and some of the pix stuck together ... However, since this album came through the blast intact, and remains the only evidence of what once had been a home and family
NEWLY RELEASED PHOTOS
From notes by LIFE's Bernard Hoffman to the magazine's long-time picture editor, Wilson Hicks, in New York, September 1945. (Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images)
NEWLY RELEASED PHOTOS
Hiroshima, 1945, two months after the August 6 bombing. (Bernard Hoffman—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images)
NEWLY RELEASED PHOTOS
Nagasaki, 1945, a few months after an American B-29 dropped an atomic bomb, codenamed "Fat Man," on the city.
NEWLY RELEASED PHOTOS
Nagasaki, 1945, a few months after an American B-29 dropped an atomic bomb, codenamed "Fat Man," on the city.
NEWLY RELEASED PHOTOS
Hiroshima, 1945. (Bernard Hoffman—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images)
NEWLY RELEASED PHOTOS
Hiroshima streetcar, September, 1945
Chapter 32 Section 5
EUROPE AND JAPAN IN RUINS
DEVASTATION IN EUROPE
WWII caused more death and destruction than any other conflict in history
60 million deaths (1/3 in the Soviet Union)
50 million displaced persons
Property damage in the billions of dollars USA= 288 billion
Great Britain= 117 billion
Germany= 212 billion
Japan= 41.3 billion
DEVASTATION IN EUROPE
Cities
Some were relatively undamaged – Paris & Rome
Others were in ruins- London, Warsaw
Warsaw Pre war population=1.3 million, postwar population = 153,000
No water, electricity or food
Men were lost in the war and women focused on war production – food shortages, famine, disease, and suffering continued long after the war ended
POSTWAR GOVERNMENTS & POLITICS
Governments in some returned quickly Belgium Holland Denmark Norway
Others blamed their old governments France Italy Germany
* Many resistance fighters were communists
COMMUNISTS IN ITALY AND FRANCE
Promised change in policies
Millions joined the communist parties
Gains in the 1st elections
Staged violent strikes to speed takeover Voters were alarmed and did not vote for them
the next time
As economies recovered, the communists declined in both nations
NUREMBERG TRIALS
1945-1946 Military Tribunal made of 23 nations tried 22 Nazi leaders
Charges- waging a war of aggression and crimes against humanity
Many committed suicide before the trials began Others were sentenced to life imprisonment and
death Only one expressed remorse “A thousand years will
pass and still this guilt of Germany will not have been erased” Hans Frank AKA executioner of Poles
Sweet justice? Those executed were burned in the crematory at the concentration camp of Dachau
POSTWAR JAPAN
Nation was in ruins 2 million lives were lost Tokyo, Hiroshima, and Nagasaki were all destroyed- other
cities were damaged Stripped of their colonies US Occupation of Japan
General Mac Arthur War crime trials- 25 surviving, 6 (including their Premier) were
hanged Demilitarization- disbanding the armed forces Democratization- creating a government elected by the people-
constitutional monarchy Economics was not a mandate, but land was sold to the new
government and re-sold to tenant farmers , labor unions were also permitted
DEEP CHANGES- A NEW CONSTITUTION
Emperor- had to declare he was not divine- made him a figurehead with no real power
Real political power rested with the people Diet= 2 house parliament
All citizens over 20 years could vote
Bill of Rights Article 9- Japan could no longer make war, just defend itself
After the official peace treaty, the US remained in Japan (military defense) and they became Allies
Some old Allies became our enemies as their different political views tore apart the world