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History Study Guide
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Jacob McDonald
Who and How did the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-‐Day Saints (Mormons) Begin
In 1830 Joseph Smith reported he had received some golden plates from an angel. When deciphered, they constituted the Book of Mormon, and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-‐Day Saints (the Mormons) was launched.
Who led them to the West? Where did they settle?
Joseph Smith ran into a lot of trouble in both religions and economic terms in Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois. In 1844 Joseph Smith was murdered by mob in Carthage, Illinois. The new leader of the Mormons was Brigham Young. To escape further persecution, Brigham Young led the church member to what is now the state of Utah in 1846-‐47.
When was statehood granted to Utah and describe the controversial custom that delayed it?
Utah was granted statehood in 1896. Statehood was delayed for many years because the Mormons practiced polygamy and Congress passed anti-‐polygamy laws in 1862 and 1882. Brigham Young had twenty-‐seven wives and had fifty-‐six children.
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Describe the British and Spanish claims to Oregon that were let go.
Spain, though the first to raise its flag over Oregon, bartered away its claims to the United States in the so-‐called Florida Treaty of 1819. Getting the British to let go of Oregon was much more complicated and took more time. The British wanted the line to be the Columbia River and the United States (thinking Manifest Destiny) wanted fifty-‐four forty parallel; a big difference. This became a big issue in the election of 1844, which Polk won. Polk's platform called for insisting on fifty-‐four forty, which is where the southern most part Alaska is today. Polk knew that fifty-‐four forty would never work for the British instead offered the 49th parallel as a compromise. The offer was at first refused by the British ministry in Washington. After rethinking the offer, the British decided that the Columbia River wasn't the St. Lawrence of the west and that Oregon had already been "furred out" and Americans were going to continue to fight them over the area anyway. In 1846 the British said they would agree to the 49th parallel.
Explain "Oregon Fever".
"Oregon Fever" was the name given to the huge westward movement in the 1830's on the Oregon Trail that ended in the Willamette Valley in Oregon. The Oregon Trail was over two thousand miles long and thousands of settlers made this journey both because of poor eastern economy and rumors of lots of fertile farmland.
Jacob McDonald
What is significant about the 49th parallel?
The 49th parallel was the compromise line that the United States and Britain agreed to when they split up the Oregon Territory. The United State originally wanted fifty-‐four forty which is way up north (the southern most part of Alaska today) and the British wanted the line to be the Columbia River.
Define Manifest Destiny and describe how that term came to be used.
Manifest Destiny of 1844 was the United States (the people) feeling a sense of mission, believed that Almighty God had "manifestly" destined the American people to control the entire North American continent. To some this also included South America. Land greed and ideals -‐-‐-‐ "empire" and "liberty" were thus conveniently joined in a single cause.
In your opinion explain why the photo on page 404 is "Romantic".
The painting is romantic because it portrays westward movement in an ideal and emotional way. The painting portrays the west as being "just there for the taking". The west is characterized with no other people or things already there and with very few if any barriers in the way. The scene plays to the observers’ emotions and leaves out any of the social or political consequences of westward movement.
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When and where was gold discovered in California?
Gold was first discovered on the American River near Sutter's Mill in early 1848.
Who were the 49ers?
Besides the NFL football team, the 49er refers to the huge number of people that invaded California in 1849. It took about a year for the word to get out and for everyone to head to California. The term 49er referred primarily to the actual gold prospectors.
Why do you think it is called the California Gold "Rush”?
California Gold Rush probably does not really refer to gold at all. The term instead refers to the on slot of people that arrived during this time. As the book state there were thousands of miners who arrived, but also there were thousands of people who "mined the miners".
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Jacob McDonald
Who was President when the land grants were given to the railroads by Congress?
Congress, impressed by arguments pleading military and postal needs, began to advance liberal loans to two favored cross-‐country companies in 1862. This also included huge donations of acreage paralleling the tracks. Although the text does not say, it appears to me that Lincoln was President when land grants were first given to the railroads.
Use the map and text to describe how each of the following are associated with railroads.
Until the 1880's every town in the United States had its own "local" time as dictated by the position of the sun. Railroad worried about keeping schedules and avoiding wrecks needed to standardize time(s) in a given area. On November 18, 1883, the major rail lines decreed that the continent would be divided into four "time zones." Most communities adopted railroad "standard" time.
What was the Checker boarded land Grants:
Land grants to railroads were made in broad belts along the proposed route. Within these belts the railroads were allowed to choose alternate mile-‐square sections in a checkerboard fashion. So like a checker board the sections to each side of the railroad would half be owned by the railroad and half owned by the government.
What was the total Acreage given in grants?
All told, Washington (federal government) rewarded the railroads with 155,504,994 acres of land grants. The western states contributed an additional 49 million acres more; making the total area larger than the current state of Texas.
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Explain the who, what, when, why, and where if the First Transcontinental railroad, that was connected by The "Union" Pacific Railroad and the Central Pacific Railroad.
The Union Pacific Railroad was commissioned to build westward from Omaha, Nebraska. For each mile of track constructed, the company was granted 20 square miles of land in an alternating fashion. For each mile the builders also received federal loans depending on the difficulty of the mile. Insiders of the Credit Mobilier not only made very good profits but also charged 73 million for 50 million of work. This was accomplished in part by bribing congressmen. The Union Pacific railroad use lots of Irish "Paddies" as workers.
Jacob McDonald
The Central Pacific Railroad built from west to east starting at Sacramento, going over and through the Sierra Nevada mountains then to Utah. The project was financed by what was referred to as the Big Four. The Central Pacific received the same subsidies as the Union Pacific railroad. The Central Pacific labor was primarily Chinese. Unlike the Union Pacific Railroad the Central Pacific Railroad did not over-‐charge or bribe congressmen.
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How is James J. Hill associated with a region of Spokane today?
James J. Hill was also called the "Empire Builder", a logo that is still used by the Great Northern Railroad. Because of his influence economically to so many areas, he was often acknowledged by using his name. The following have been reported to be tributes to James J. Hill:
Hillsboro, North Dakota
Hill County, Montana
Hillyard, Washington (now part of Spokane, Washington)
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Explain why this famous photo is so significant and see if you can determine what is missing from the photo.
The photo is symbolic of the connecting of the west coast of the United States to the rest of the country. This was a much-‐celebrated event not only for the achievement but also for what it would make possible. The movement to goods across the continent started much trade with Asia. It also made transcontinental travel possible.
The photo does not have any Chinese workers in it. Also, none of the dignitaries that drove the "golden spike" are not in the photo. California governor, Leland Stanford, Governor Tuttle of Nevada are among those involved in the spike driving ceremony not there. The photo in the book was actually take after the spike driving ceremony and shows the engineers from the two railroads shaking hands.
