World History Final Study Guide

7/28/2019 World History Final Study Guide

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FRENCH REVOLUTION

-Old Order (Ancien Regime), involved a monarchy with a King and Queen (King Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette), and three Estates under themFirst Estate: Roman-Catholic Clergy, 1% of the population. They paid no taxes. Nobles paid tithe, or 10%of their income, directly to the Church.

Second Estate: Nobles, 2% of the population, 25% of the land. Paid no taxes.Third Estate: 97% of population, split into three classes:

Bourgeoisie: middle class, bankers, merchants, doctorsArtisans: shoemakers, carpentersPeasants

Other Reasons for Revolution:-Enlightenment ideas push revolution:

If the United States could have a revolution, surely France could as well-Natural Causes-Drought, hailstorms, snowstorms, increasing population, etc.-French financial crisis-Bankers refuse to pay the king when he asks for it-King asks nobles and clergy to pay the taxes, they refuse.-Proves there is no such thing as an absolute monarchy.

Revolution Begins-The King, wanting to place taxes on the nobles, calls the Estates General-Each Estate has one vote, the Third Estate calls for new method: one man, one vote, the King says no-Third Estate decides to do it anyway, the King locks them out. They regroup and meet at an indoor tenniscourt, where they make the Tennis Court Oath, to not leave until they had written a new Constitution.June 17, 1789- proclaim themselves the National Assembly, write a new Constitution-King finally agrees to one man, one vote, Third Estate refuses, saying its too late. The King calls histroops to Paris (his troops are made up of the Third Estate)July 14, 1789- BASTILLE DAY! The Bastille prison is stormed for weapons by the people of Paris, thenCommander decides to open doors to negotiate, they kill him and take the weapons.Revolution-All dues are eliminated for the people, the nobles agree to be taxed-Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizenis written in August 1789; Enlightenment ideals are

promoted, such as freedom of speech, press, religion-The King denies all the reformsOctober 1789- The Womens March- where women protested lack of food-The King goes to Paris, and stays there in the palace in a sort of house arrest.-The new government drafts the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, which makes the clergy public employeesthat most swear oath to the government1791- Replace the National Assembly with the Legislative Assembly. It had one house (unicameral)-Concepts of left and right views were formed, as the conservatives sat on the right, the liberals sat onthe left, and the moderates did not go to either side.June 1791- the King flees his palace and is caught-The rest of Europe begins to get worried-France declares war on Austria and Prussia in July 1792-In August, the monarchy is officially abolished.-Formation of the First French Republic and a new Constitution. It forms a new government, called theNational Convention, controlled by the radicals.-They create Frances first democratic Constitution. Allowed universal male suffrage.3 factions form:Girondists: conservatives, still supported some kind of monarchyJacobins: radical group, very liberalPlain: Swing voters that voted with different parties on different issues.Reign of Terror BeginsJean-Paul Marat- radical, advocate for violence, one of the leaders ofSans-CulottesGeorge Danton- popular, second leader of Sans-Culottes


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Maximilien de Robespierre- the ringleader, the bloodiest, leads reign of terror-King is tried December 1792, found guilty, killed by guillotine.-Regicide (the killing of a king or monarch) angers Europe. Great Britain, Spain, Sardinia, Austria, andPrussia declare war on France.-France forms the Committee of Public Safety, run by the Jacobins.-Forms series ofRevolutionary Tribunals, courts where people could be tried if they were against therepublic-Vendee, a very conservative city, wants a monarchy again (constitutional monarchy)-Robespierre sees this as a threat, starts collecting Girondists to kill them-Neighborhood Watch Committees handed people over to the Tribunals-Robespierre wanted to create a Republic of Virtue-All churches closed and reopened as Temples of Reason-Robespierre creates the Cult of the Supreme Being (belief in a God, not a particular religion, close todeism)July 1794- Robespierre guillotined-This leaves an opening in France, form a new government, the Directory Government. Thisgovernment was weak and corruptNapoleon Bonaparte-Born in Corsica (which belonged to France)-Military success, wins number of battles against the monarchists.

-Sees himself as an emulation of Alexander the Great, sails to capture Egypt-Wins Egypt, but British attack his fleet and destroy it in the Battle of the Nile-Napoleon gets in a boat, sneaks past the British blockade, returns to France as a hero (leaving his armyin Egypt)-Coup dEtat- Napoleon overthrows the government. Creates Consulate government-3 Consuls, Napoleon Bonaparte is #1 among them, wanted to emulate Romes consul system.-Napoleon brought stability and order-1802-Napoleon declares himself Consul for life through plebiscite-Calls the Pope to the Notre-Dame to crown him Emperor, places the crown upon his own head,appeared as if the Church supported it and God had appointed him-1802-Signs the Treaty of Amiens with Great Britain-Revolt in Saint-Dominique (present day Haiti and Dominican Republic) breaks out, malaria hitsNapoleons troops and many of them fall sick, Napoleon retreats and sells the Louisiana Territory

-Britain blockades ports in France and in Spain-1805-Huge naval battle between British and French +Spanish in Trafalgar, Britain wins-Napoleon creates the Continental System-economic warfare against Great Britain, system failsbecause of smuggling-The Continental System leads to the Peninsular Warwith Portugal-Napoleon marches across Spain to get to Portugal, Spanish see it as an invasion-1812-Great Britain, Portugal, Sweden, and the Ottoman Empire are fighting against FranceNapoleons MistakeJune 1812- Napoleon decides to invade Russia-Czar invokes a Scorched Earth Policy and burns everything in front of Napoleon, so he cant feed histroops.-Winter also helps the Russians, Napoleons troops were unprepared for it because he had thought hewould win by then

-Napoleon takes Moscow, but it is deserted and in flames.-Napoleon retreats, Russians start attacking- By the time he gets back to Prussia, there are 94,000 troops left, Napoleons allies leave him-Paris is taken, Napoleon is captured and exiled to the island ofElba-France finds a king to put on the throne: Louis XVIII, brother of the late Louis XVI-March 1815, Napoleon returns to France, promising that he does not mean to conquer any more ofEurope, takes control for the Hundred Days.-Napoleon marches to Belgium and fights the Battle of Waterloo, defeated by Great BritainNapoleon at Home-Had a strong central government


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-Concordat of 1801 between the Roman Catholic Church and Napoleon, Napoleon pays the church andoffers its workers salaries, the Church all swear allegiance to Napoleon-Created the Bank of France, which got rid of corrupt tax collectors-Reconstructed laws in the Napoleonic Code, generally put the states rights over the individuals-Education- created a free public school system in FranceCongress of ViennaNapoleon is taken to the island ofSt. Helena and dies there in 1821-The Congress restores order and stability-The Congress was organized by Metternich from Austria, Czar Alexander I of Russia, and FrederickWilliam III of PrussiaBuffer States- a country lying between two rival or potentially hostile greater powers, which is thought toprevent conflict between themAlliancesQuadruple Alliance- between the United Kingdom, Austria, Prussia, and Russia, becomes theQuintuple Alliance after France joinsHoly Alliance-(also called the Grand Alliance) - a fourth coalition ofRussia, Austria and Prussiacreated in 1815

COMMUNISM/CAPITALISM/SOCIALISMMercantilism- governments restrict trade to protect their own industries, and to limit foreign competitionthrough tariffs-The only thing that counted as wealth was tangible money-Laissez-Faire- the government has limited involvement in business, it was first proposed by AdamSmith of Scotland in the Wealth of Nations, about the individual, not the nation-Smith advocates free markets and individual welfare-Proposes Trickle-down Economics- If money is given to businessmen, they will reinvest that moneyand will create jobs and other opportunities for the lower classes-Also creates concept of the Invisible Hand- competition and a free market system guide resources totheir most productive useThomas Malthus- also a laissez-faire capitalist, says population will always be an issueDavid Ricardo- the Iron Law of Wages-when there are higher wages, there will be population increase,leading to more people that need jobs, so wages fall and the population decreases

Utilitarianism- leaderJeremy Bentham- the rightness or correctness of any action, law, or politicalinstitution should be measured by its usefulnessJohn Stuart Mill- argues that the distribution of wealth is done by laws and social custom, rejects laissez-faire completely-By the mid-1800s, businessmen are the ones who have money and power. This shift of wealth leads toCapitalismSocialism- created as a reaction to capitalism, is the opposite of capitalism because everything is sharedequallyBook Definition: Society or government should own property and control industry, for the good of all.Mr. Brodman Definition; The government controls SOME property and industries--the KEY industries,for the good of all-The first recorded example of socialism was created by Robert Owen, in New Lanark, Scotland. Owenscompany town was a success

-Owen tries taking it to Indiana in the U.S., creates a town called New Harmony, which fails-Socialism fosters Utopianism, the idea of creating utopias (perfect societies)Communism- introduced by Karl Marx, a German-Marx and Friedrich Engels write The Communist Manifesto-Explains that there are four stages of European economic life:

1. Primitive Hunter-Gatherer: works for himself, does work himself2. Slavery: work is done by others for you3. Feudalism: work is done for a king4. Capitalism: work for factory owners

-Says the ruling class should be those who produce, calls the working class the proletariat


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-Under communism, there is no money, no government-Marx doesnt understand that people are self-interested, and that communism is likely to fail as therebecomes no incentive to work

Revolution of 1830-Louis XVIII restored by the Congress of Vienna in a constitutional monarchy-Some nobles want to go back to full monarchy, called Ultraroyalists-Louis XVIII dies in 1824 of natural causes, his brother is an ultraroyalist, changes his name to Charles X-Passes a bill to compensate the aristocrats for the land that was taken from them, the people becomeoutraged. The legislature passes a vote of no confidence-Charles X suspends the legislature and holds new elections, the legislature is even more liberal than thefirst-In response the king passes the July Ordinances to take the new legislature out of power, limit freedomof the press, and limit voting to only the wealthy.-The people start a revolution, the king abdicates-Louis-Philippe had a far more limited constitutional monarchy, and liked the support of the middle class.He preferred the title of Citizen King-However, power corrupts Louis-Philippe, and he begins to limit the peoples rights

-1848 is the Year of Revolution, with revolutions all over Europe, including France-Louis Philippe abdicatesSecond Republic of France-A new constitution is created, and a president is elected, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte-Napoleon is limited to a four year term, but wants to serve longer, so he uses the military to organize acoup and take control-Calls a plebiscite and is elected as EmperorThe Second Empire of France-Louis Napoleon changes his name to Napoleon III-Prime Minister of Prussia Otto von Bismarck wants to unify the 39 German states into Germany,manipulates Napoleon III into declaring war on Prussia-Prussia defeats the French, and Napoleon III is caught in battle and surrenders-The legislature in Paris deposes Napoleon, creates the Third Republic of France

-The Prussians march on Paris and the Third Republic is forced to surrender-The Germans force France to pay 5,000,000,000 Francs to Germany as an indemnity for the cost of war-Alsace-Lorraine territory is surrendered to Germany-Commune of Paris- small revolt in France over the situation, quickly defeated-1875-a new constitution is written and the Fourth Republic of France is formedDreyfus Affair-French begin to suspect that someone had sabotaged them-The blame is placed on Alfred Dreyfus because he is Jewish, Dreyfus is sent to Devils Island off thecoast of South America-Significant example ofanti-Semitism-hate or discrimination towards Jews and Arabs (Semites)-Though Dreyfus is convicted, he is cleared in 1906 by Theodore Herzl-Herzl begins Zionism, which supports the creation of a Jewish homeland in IsraelLatin America (South America, Central America, and the Caribbean)

-Change occurs in Latin America from tensions because of enlightenment-Colonies in Latin America were for resources, slavery used for agriculture-Controlled mostly by Spain and Portugal, also U.K., France and Dutch-The Catholic Church want to change indigenous peopleFirst Revolution-Saint Domingue is the first to break away from France (Saint Domingue is modern-day Haiti andDominican Republic)-The main exports of Saint Domingue are sugar and coffee-The Haitians try to apply Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen-Mulattos-mix of African and European descent (French), they drive the revolution


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-Led by a man named Toussaint LOuverture, who is a hero in Hispaniola-1802-LOuverture signs an armistice between the revolutionaries and France, the French trick andcapture him-The revolution begins again, the Haitians defeat the French and drive them outMexican Revolution-Spain in control of most of South America, Portugal controlled Brazil-Spain treated the indigenous Mexicans and slaves as inferior beings-The population was broken down into four social classes (from highest to lowest):Peninsulares- Both parents are white and Spanish, and born in SpainCreoles- Both parents are white Spanish, but are born in the coloniesMestizos- One parent was white and Spanish, the other was indigenousSlaves/Indigenous- Were treated as the same level.-Colonists (mostly white Creoles) want to achieve equal rights to those of EuropeansFather Miguel Hidalgo is the father of Mexican independence-September 16, 1810 makes first public call for Mexican independence from Spain-Captured and executed shortly by Spanish authorities, considered hero and martyrJos Maria Morelos- Takes over from Hidalgo, is a Creole priest and a strong military leader.-Forms Mexican Congress and gets representatives from all over Mexico-Captured, found guilty, and executed

Agustin de Iturbide-Creole general, ordered by the Spanish government to crush the revolution-Liberal revolution in Spain; worried that Spain would become a republic and he would be replaced-Attempts to change sides to join the Mexican revolutionaries-In exchange for the support of him and his soldiers, he proposed three conditions:1. Mexico will be ruled by a monarch2. Creoles and Peninsulares would have equal rights3. The Catholic Church would be in charge and become the official religion of Mexico-The revolutionaries accept these terms, and Mexican independence is achieved-Agustin becomes Emperor, but is later deposedSmon Bolivar- The Liberator-Born in Venezuela, known as the GW of South America, Bolivia is named after him-Defeats Spanish armies in Venezuela and other northern SA nations

-Attempts to form the Confederation of the Andes and unite all the South American nations, but theydont want to do it and the Confederation fails-Is able to form Gran Colombia: Venezuela, Panama, and Ecuador-Becomes president of PeruJos de San Martin-Born in Argentina, fought for independence in Southern South America-1816-declared independence for Argentina, moved on to Chile-Secret discussion with Bolivar led to resignation, leaving Bolivar to take the credit-San Martin returned to Europe where he lived until his death in 1850Brazil-When Napoleon had invaded Portugal in 1807, the Portuguese monarch King John VI fled to Brazil,where he lived with his family for over 10 years-John named Rio de Janeiro the capital of the entire Portuguese empire

-1820- Revolt in Portugal, John VI returns to Europe and leaves son Pedro to rule-Brazilian colonists begin fighting for independence from Portugal, came very smoothly and withoutviolence-Pedro is soon afterwards is crowned Emperor Pedro I of Brazil

ITALIAN UNIFICATION-Italy has not been united since the Roman Empire, which fell in the 400s-Nationalism drives the unification of Italy


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-Elements of Nationalism: Culture, Religion, Language, Geography, History-Some of Italy is under the control of foreign powers--Austria controls Venetia and Lombardy, whileFrance controls the Kingdom of Two SiciliesLeaders of Italian Unification:

Count Camillo di Cavour- the BRAINSGiuseppe Mazzini- the HEARTGiuseppe Garibaldi- the SWORDGiuseppe Mazzini- writer that comes to symbolize Italian Unification, forms a secret organization called

Young Italy-June 1848- revolution in Sicily sparks uprisings up and down the Italian peninsula-King Charles Albert of Sardinia- happy about the revolts, gets support from other nations (Naples,Tuscany, and the Papal States), attacks Austria for V + L- Pope Pius IX withdraws from their allies, possibly to retain land and power over Italy; Naples pulls outas well, and Sardinians are not able to defeat the Austrians-Small Republic forms in Rome, led by Mazzini, the Pope flees-Louis-Napoleon sends an army to attack the republic and defeat it-Charles Albert dies, replaced by son Victor Emmanuel II-Count Camillo di Cavouris the brains behind Italian unification, and the PM to Victor Emmanuel II,writes a newspaper called Il Risorgimento-Cavour secretly offers France a deal--if Napoleon supports him in a war with Austria, France would

receive Savoy and Nice-Napoleon asks Cavour to make Austria attack first, Cavour starts revolt in Lombardy-France have an army on the border, help Sardinians, take heavy casualties-Napoleon makes a deal with the Austrians to pull out of the war in return for Sardinia receiving Lombardy-Cavour still wants Venetia, so he refuses to give France Savoy and Nice-Tuscany, Parma, Modena, and Romagna join Sardinia for unification-Cavour feels better and turns over Savoy and Nice-Giuseppe Garibaldi- leader of the Red Shirts, joined Young Italy in 1833-Garibaldi leads a revolt in Sicily, defeats the Kingdom of Two Sicilies-Cavour convinces him to turn over Kingdom to unify an Italian monarchy-Italy sides with Prussia in the Austro-Prussian War, receives Venetia afterwards-When France retrieves its troops from the area, Italy marches in and takes Rome-The Pope is left with a mile square, Vatican City is formed

-People in Southern Italy are agricultural and poorer, Northern Italy is industrial and richer, the South islooked down upon by the North

GERMAN UNIFICATION-The German Confederation is used to facilitate interactions between the 39 German states, especiallyAustria and Prussia; they form a legislature called a Diet-Austria resists unification, Prussia wants unification-Most German states have a monarch, but the power is with nobles called Junkers-1834-the German Confederation becomes Zollverein, creates a standard currency-1862-King Wilhelm I of Prussia names Otto von Bismarck Prime Minister-Went by a philosophy ofRealpolitik, the right of a nation state to pursue its own advantages by anymeans, including war and repudiation of treaties

-Said that the only way to success was blood and iron (war and industry)-Wanted to increase funding to military, dismisses Parliament and taxes the people-King Christian IXof Denmark declares Schleswig and Holstein Danish territories- Germans in area complain, ask Prussia to help, Prussia + Austria destroy Denmark-Schleswig goes to Prussia, Holstein goes to Austria-Bismarcks sets up the coming war between Prussia and Austria-Seven Weeks War (Austro-Prussian War)--Bismarck begins by removing potential allies from Austria:-Russia: Bismarck helps the Russians quell the Polish rebellion


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-Italy: Bismarck promises to give them Venetia if he wins-France: Bismarck pays Napoleon III to not help the Austrians-Great Britain: very secluded, dont get involved-Bismarck makes an incursion into Holstein, Austrians declare war and are defeated-The German Confederation is dissolved-Bismarck forms the North German Confederation; Southern Germany doesnt trust Bismarck becausethe North is Protestant while the South is Catholic-Franco-Prussian War- Bismarck needs all the German States to work together-Alters the Ems Telegram to France, Napoleon is angered and declares war-However, France is defeated, forced to pay indemnity, loses Alsace and Lorraine-King of Prussia becomes Kaiser Wilhelm I, forms the Second Reich-Bismarck passed laws limiting the influence of the Catholic Church in Germany, this struggle was knownas Kulturkampf-Germany used reparations to build railroads and expand businesses-German socialists protested against harsh factory conditions-Two assassination attempts were made on the emperor, Bismarck blamed socialists-Bismarck passed reforms so the socialist movement would be reduced-1888-Wilhelm II becomes Emperor, dismisses Bismarck as Prime MinisterAustria-Hungary-The Hapsburgs had been Austrian rulers

-Emperor Franz I now rules Austria, PM is Klemens von Metternich, a reactionary-Metternich enacts the Carlsbad Decrees to limit universities and censor the media-1820-Congress of Troppau- agreements formed that if a rebellion breaks out in a nation, otherEuropean nations would help with military intervention-1848-Year of Revolution- Metternich is forced out, Emperor Franz I abdicates, Franz Joseph I takespower-The Hungarians (orMagyars) are the largest group in Austria-Hungary-Francis Deak is the leader of the Hungarian nationalist movement, Franz Joseph agrees to give themmore power-Ausgleich (a compromise) forms Dual Republic of Austria-Hungary-Franz-Joseph is the Emperor of both, though they have individual legislaturesOttoman Empire-In decline- by the early 1800s, the Ottomans can no longer defend against independence movements,

Empire becomes the Sick Man of Europe-Crimean War- Ottomans choose the French Roman Catholics to represent the holy areas, the RussianOrthodox Church is angered-The Russians go to war over this, and because they need more warm water ports-The war is fought in the island of Crimea in the Black Sea, Russians lose-Bismarck calls Congress of Berlin to split up the Balkans and keep Russia blocked-Independent nations formed, areas like Bosnia are given to Austria

RUSSIAN EMPIRE-Huge and diverse, 60 nationalities, 100+ languages-Czars: Alexander I -> Nicholas I -> Alexander II -> Alexander III -> Nicholas II-Agricultural society, far behind in industry compared to the rest of Europe-Many serfs, servants considered part of the land kept in their place-Napoleon brings enlightened ideas to Europe, infects people in Russia-Czar Alexander I, Czar during Congress of Vienna, dies-Leads to the December Revolt of 1825, officers wanted to bring reform to Russia-The new Czar, Nicholas I, crushed the rebellion, and the rebels are sent to Siberia-Nicholas I creates secret police, imprisonment without trial, censorship of the media-Czar Alexander II industrializes Russia, ends serfdom, known as Czar Liberator-Gives serfs the right to own land, but not individually, as a community, orMir-Zemstvos - elected assemblies dealt with local matters, wealthy had more votes


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-Limits secret police, eases press limits, expands education, lowers military service-1881- Alexander II is assassinated by Peoples Will, who wanted more changes-Replaced by Czar Alexander III, who becomes reactionary, revokes all changes-Supports Russification, made Russian the official language-Causes intolerance of non-Russian people, specifically Jews, violent mob attacks called Pogroms, Jewsare forced to live in the Pale of Settlement-1894- Alexander III dies, replaced by Czar Nicholas II, the last Czar of Russia-Fairly weak autocrat, his wife, Empress Alexandra, holds the real power-Builds the Trans-Siberian Railroad-The Japanese want Russian and Chinese lands, wage Russo-Japanese War, first time a coloredsociety defeats a white society-Mensheviks- believed there had to be a large group of industrial workers to revolt-Bolsheviks- believed only a small group of revolutionaries was needed to revolt-Bolshevik leader- Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov - Lenin-Revolution of 1905-Father Gapon leads a march of 200,000 poor to the Czars palace in St.Petersburg, the Czar cuts them down, known as Bloody Sunday-The people revolt, the Czar is forced to pass the October Manifesto, a promise to reform and makeRussia more democratic, creates a legislature (called a Duma)-1906-the Czar disbands the Duma

IMPERIALISM

Imperialism- the process of one people or nation controlling another, 1800-1914Rationales:Markets- the British would use the colonies to purchase goods from themRaw Materials- the colonies provide raw materials for the mother countryMilitary Bases- needed naval bases, coal stations, gas stations, etc.Nationalism- Having colonies proved that the nation was strongSocial Darwinism- it was their job, as the fittest civilization, to spread their superior culture and forcemore primitive societies to adhere to it-White Mans Burden by Rudyard Kipling- wrote about influence of white society

Religious Reasons- wanted to bring Protestant Christianity to the heathensTypes of Imperialism:Colony- Going in and controlling everythingProtectorate- Controlling the economy, military, and foreign affairs; local matters controlled by the originalcountrySphere of Influence- Controlling the law in an area of the country

INDIA-Mughal Empire in decline, Portuguese come in, followed by the British East India Company and theFrench East India Company-Battle of Plassey, between the BEI and the FEI, the BEI win, kick the French out-The BEI introduces a new education system based on the English language, begin passing laws that banIndian customs such as Sati-Part of the attempt to Christianize India, was largely unsuccessful

-Sepoys are Indian soldiers that fought in the BEI Army-1857-Sepoy Mutiny, rebellion sparked when they were forced to bite cartridges they thought werecovered in cow grease-Revolt lasts one year, BEI leaves, British government takes control of India-India becomes known as the Crown Jewel of the British Empire, represented by a Viceroy during atime period known as the Raj-The British could not control India by themselves, not enough white people, relied on the Indian CivilService, where educated Indian people would work-Frustrated by lack of control and discrimination, Indians begin to vie for more power-British control also helped Indians as education became much more available


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-Build roads, railroads, and canals to move goods and troops-British began using India for cotton, lead to famine as it replaced food production1820s- Ram Mohan Roy puts forward ideas to form an independent India-After Sepoy mutiny, Indians are allowed a little local participation in government-Two political parties in India: the BJP (conservative), and the INC (liberal)-Swadeshi - boycott of British goods, British concede and give Indians more power-Another nationalist group formed based on the Muslims, the Muslim League

CHINA-Saw the Europeans as barbarians, and China as the center of the world-Qing Dynasty - 1644-1911-British wanted tea, silk, and porcelain, China only wanted silver-The only entry the Europeans are allowed to use is Canton/Guangzhou-British sell opium, an addictive poppy plant, to China-People get addicted, Chinese repeatedly ban it, but it continues to be smuggled-By the late 1700s, it is estimated that 10% of Chinese were addicted to Opium-1829- Lin Zixin burns the opium, leads to Opium Wars, Chinese are massacred-British force China to sign the Treaty of Nanjing, opens five new ports-Extraterritoriality- European laws applied in their areas of control-Many felt that the Emperor had lost the Mandate of Heaven-Hong Xiuquan - The leader of the Taiping Rebellion - believed he was the brother of Jesus Christ,argues that he will bring the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace-Self-Strengthening Movement forms, stating that China needs to modernize, to educate, toindustrialize; traditionalists and eunuchs (castrated servants) opposed- Sino Japanese War: China loses to Japan, Japan saves Korea by capturing-Europeans solidify their control through spheres of influence-Cixi - Empress, very power-hungry, kills her husband and children-Cixi supports the Boxer Rebellion - The Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists attempts torid areas of China from European control-European troops remove the siege and sack the Summer Palace outside Beijing-Sun Yixian - leader of the United League orGuomindang Party, argues that China needs to be taughtdemocracy before it is ready to wield it-Had three basic principles: Nationalism, Democracy, and Peoples Livelihood (equality in land ownership)-1908- The Empress dies, leaving two-year-old Pu Yi in power

-October 1911 Revolution successful revolt against the Qing Dynasty-Sun Yixian is forced out; the First President of China is General Yuan Shikai

JAPAN-Medieval Tokugawa Clan ruled Japan from 1603 to 1867-1852- U.S. President Millard Fillmore sends Matthew Perry to Edo Bay in Japan, began to negotiate theTreaty of Kanagawa, opens up Japan to trade-In Japan, the power was in the hands of the Shogun, the head of the military-Emperor Mutsuhito dissolves shogunate, takes more power-Becomes known as Meiji Emperor, or Enlightened Ruler-Under Meiji, Japan advances to a world power in 60 years-Meijis slogan for the country - Rich Country, Strong Military-Sends Iwakura Mission, to see how the U.S. and Europe worked in their society-Institutes free education, helps industrialize at a very fast pace

-Japan takes no foreign loans, as they realize how it leads to failure like in China-Much military success: Sino-Japanese Warand Russo-Japanese War

SOUTHEAST ASIA-In the 1600s and 1700s, the Dutch had controlled the spice trade, began to grow sugar and coffee ontheir plantations in the Southeast Asian colonies-In the 1800s, the British begin to compete with the Dutch in Malaysia- French conquered part of Indochina. French missionaries and traders were active in Vietnam-The ruling Nyugen Dynasty saw French as a threat, tried to stop their missionaries-Napoleon III sends fleet to Vietnam in response, defeats them in the Mekong Delta, forces the


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Vietnamese ruler to sign the Treaty of Saigon-France also annexes Laos and Cambodia, area known as French Indochina-Diponegoro-a Javanese prince who opposed the Dutch colonial rule in the East Indies, played animportant role in the Java War-Only independent nation in Southeast Asia is Siam, buffer between GB and France

AFRICA

-The Europeans had no respect for Africa, saw Africans as sub-humans and slaves-1815 - British ban slavery, but still use Africa for raw materials-By 1914, every African nation except Ethiopia and Liberia is colonized-Technological and scientific advances allow this to happen: Quinine (a medicine against malaria), guns,railroads-French invade North Africa, Ottoman territory where Berberpirates reside-A resistance is led by Abd-al-Qadir, but eventually Algeria is a French colony

Egypt-Egyptian leaderMuhammad Ali sees himself a pharaoh, takes loans from GB and France to build largestructures-De Lesseps- the French engineer who was contracted to build the Suez Canal-1882- British government steps in to protect their interests with the Suez Canal, makes Egypt aprotectorate

-1898- GB advances into Sudan, defeat the Sudanese in the Battle of Omdurman-The British come into conflict with the French in the village ofFashoda-Through negotiations, GB gets Sudan, France is allowed to take Morocco-Italy wants colonies, so it takes, Libya, a barren desert

South Africa-Dutch settlers arrive in 1652, form a city called Cape Town as a base-When British come to Africa, they call the Dutch Boers, derogatory term for farmers-The Dutch call themselves Afrikaners/Afrikaaners-The British seize Cape Colony and try to abolish slavery, Afrikaners disagree and leave in the GreatTrek to the Orange Free State and Transvaal-Later, gold is discovered in these two states, and British entrepreneurs flock to them, leads to Boer Waras Dutch restrict them-The British win in 1902 and take South Africa, create the Union of South Africa, consisting of theOrange Free State, Transvaal, Cape Colony, and Natal.-In 1912 the South African Native National Congress (SANNC) is created and helps work for blackrights, their name is later changed to the African National Congress (ANC).

Belgian Congo-Leopold II, king of Belgium, hires Henry Morton Stanley to explore Belgian Congo and claim it in hisname-Leopold calls it his Private Plantation and wreaks havoc, European leaders tell him to stop, he sellsCongo to BelgiumAfrican Resistance- generally doesnt work-A tribe named the Zulu, led by a man called Shaka and later his descendant, Cetshwayo, are defeatedwhen the British move north to claim gold-Other resistance by the Malinke tribe, led by Samory Toure, also defeated-Italy invades Ethiopia, which was modernized underMenelik II, so Italy was defeated in Battle of Adwa

WORLD WAR IThe MAINcauses:Militarism - Generals had big armies, big weapons, wanted to use them.The British had enormous shipscalled dreadnoughts.Armies came from conscription, forcing soldiers to serve

Alliances - Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary form Triple Alliance 1882. Britain forms the EntenteCordiale with France 1904, Russia joins 1907, forms Triple Entente. These nations had to help eachother when threatened.Imperialism - Competition between nations for colonies, Germans and Italians were behind in colonies


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and angry about it, France and Germany had wanted Morocco, but France got itNationalism - Serbian nationalism wanted Bosnia to form Serbia, employed concept ofPan-Slavism,which is all Slavs in one nation. France also wanted Alsace-Lorraine back and wanted revenge onGermany after the Franco-Prussian war

June 28, 1914- Austro-Hungarian (AH) Archduke Franz Ferdinand visits Sarajevo (capital of Bosnia andHerzegovina), dont want to be AH. Gavrilo Princip from the terrorist group, the Black Hand, killsFerdinand

AH is mad, tells Serbia they would enter their nation to investigate murder or there would be war, Serbiadeclines, Russia comes to their aid. Wilhelm II and Nicholas II are cousins, send Willy-Nickytelegramsto each other to avoid war, doesnt work, everyone declares war on each other, alliances suck othernations in.Germans form Von Schlieffen Plan, decide to go through Belgium to France, this brings Britain into thewar, who had an alliance with Belgium.Allied Powers - France, Russia, Great Britain, Belgium, SerbiaCentral Powers - Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Ottoman EmpireRussians are defeated and stalemate occurs between both sides at the Battle of TannenbergBoth sides race to the sea, where stalemate occurs again and leads to trench warfare, with trenches,which suck because of rats, flooding, trenchfoot

Modern weapons appear, like machine guns, railway guns, tanks (first used in the Battle of the Somme,called the Devils Wagon by the Germans, disguised as water tanks by the British), poison gas (its usewas banned after World War I)Planes are used, begin an air war, they suck at firstAnthony Fokkerdesigns interrupter gearto stop machine guns from firing when the propellor blade isin front of itAces - pilots that had five kills, such as the Red BaronBritish called the Germans HunsBattle of Verdun - meat grinder, Germans inflict heavy casualties on FrenchGermans use U-boats (submarines), but dont follow the laws of war, unrestricted submarine warfareReasons for United States entering the war in April 1917:

-Zimmermann Note- German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann sends a telegram toMexico, asks them to attack the United States in exchange for territories in America, Mexico

refuses-sinking of the Lusitania-unrestricted submarine warfare

November 11, 1918 at 11:11 AM, an armistice (ceasefire) is established, Treaty of Versailles issigned.The Big Fourof the negotiations at Versailles were Georges Clemenceau (France), Vittorio EmanueleOrlando (Italy), David Lloyd George (Great Britain), and Woodrow Wilson (United States). At themeeting Wilson puts forward the Fourteen Points, his attempt to achieve world peace, which wererejected by the other nations-27 nations were present at Versailles, excluding any of the Central Powers or Russia. The purpose wassimply to punish GermanyResults:-Punitive peace treaty is formed-Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire are dissolved, Germany is forced to pay enormous

reparations, which it fails to do within a year or two-Through the War Guilt Clause, Germany is humiliated, the Rhine is demilitarized-League of Nations is established, though the United States did not join as it was unconstitutional-Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Ukraine achieve independence-Empires dissolved: German Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Russian Empire (now the USSR),Ottoman Empire-Mandates - German and Ottoman land are given to the British and the French so they could develop andbecome self-sufficient with the two countries help, ended up becoming basically colonies-Overall, 9 million soldiers died in WWI. 13 million civilians died, the first time more civilians than soldiers.The total casualties, including those injured, totaled 30 million, which had never occurred in a war before.


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-An entire generation of men was lost, the Lost Generation-Colonial unrest and Communism continues to grow

INTERWARRussian RevolutionEconomic conditions in Russia are bad. Russia was unprepared for WWI, they had a weak infrastructure,little industry, not enough weapons, and the weapons they did have were outdated.The war begins to spark patriotism. Czar Nicholas II takes charge and leaves his palace in St. PetersburgProtest occurs in St. Petersburg by the people, the army is called to put it down, some refuse and join theprotesters. Nicholas II, seeing that he is losing power, abdicates, gives the throne over to his brother, whorefuses and leaves-The power vacuum is filled by Alexander Kerensky (a Menshevik), a member of the Duma, takes powerin the Provisional Government-An opposing power forms, the Petrograd Soviet, made of Bolsheviks and hardcore Mensheviks. Thetwo groups exist together for some time-Kerensky agrees to continue fighting the war, though his army is weak-Meanwhile, after the revolution, Lenin, leader of the Bolsheviks, had been arrested and sent to Siberia,and then kicked out of Russia. He went to Switzerland, where German representatives went out to meet

him and offered to return him to Russia, which he accepted. The Germans purpose was to make Russialeave the war, so they would not need to fight on two fronts-Lenin begins a campaign for the Bolsheviks, with the promise to bring Peace, Land, and Bread toRussia-October 1917 (actually November in our calendar) - Armed Bolsheviks called the Red Guards attack theProvisional Government and overthrow it-An election is held, the Bolsheviks win 225 seats in the legislature, with 420 seats being won by aseparate party, the Social Revolutionaries. In response, the Bolsheviks shut the legislature down.-Leninism spreads- Lenin begins by redistributing land, turning over factories to the workers-Lenin sends Leon Trotsky to Germany, where the treaty ofBrest-Litovsk is signed. Under the treaty,Russia left the war, and gave up Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Poland, and Ukraine to Germany, Leninwas not worried as he believed he would get those territories back soon enough-Civil War occurs between the Reds (Communists) and the Whites (everybody else). There are more

Whites than Reds, but the Whites cant work together-War lasts from 1917-1920, the Bolsheviks win-1922- Lenin puts forth the New Economic Policy, infuses capitalist ideas into his communist system,never sees to see his ideas in action as he dies in 1924, although the economy does not move forwardvery much-The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) is formed-Joseph Stalin exiles Trotsky, takes full power. He was incredibly paranoid, and in 1940 sent his secretpolice to kill Trotsky, who was in Mexico.-His ideas were different from Marx, didnt want to expand communism outside of the Soviet Union.-Uses Five-Year Plans to rebuild the economy and modernize Russia-Focuses on central planning; all business is completely decided in Moscow-Focuses on heavy industry, consumer goods considered less important-Takes back land from the peasants in collectivization, the opposite of what Lenin did, this fails

-Sends people to Siberia or kills them if they do not support him-Kulaks were rebellious peasants, were sent to labor camps called Gulags, these were controlled by theCheka (predecessors to the KGB)-Stalin has complete power, but is extremely paranoid. He goes through with the Great Purge, killing andexiling people. A doctor had treated him and he had almost died, so he went after doctors. Later, hethinks the military will take over, so he kills people in the military.

Interwar China-1917- China joins WWI, they are worried about Japans activities-May 4, 1919 - series of student protests in China, want China to stand up for themselves and be rid of


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spheres of influence-The Guomindang was still in power, led by Jiang Jieshi-Their rival was the Communist Party, which formed in 1921, they offer to help Jiang Jieshi get rid of thewarlords that controlled areas of China. Jiang Jieshi really hated the Communists.-By 1925, most of the warlords are gone, the capital is moved from Beijing (then Peking) to Nanjing-1927 - Jiang attacks the Communists, marking the beginning of the Chinese Civil War-The leader of the Communists was Mao Zedong-The Communists flee to Jiangxi. Mao focuses his spread of communism on peasants, builds up supportamong them-1934- Long March- Mao leads the Communists in a march from southeastern China in Ruijn tonorthwestern China in Yanan. He starts with 100,000 followers, and ends with 8,000. These became thecentral core of his attempts to unseat the Guomindang-Meanwhile, Japan invades China and takes Manchuria. Mao offers Jiang to end the Civil War to fightJapan, Jiangs advisors tell him to agree, but he refuses. His generals capture him until he agrees, whichhe eventually does.-Japan starts WWII with China in 1937

Interwar India-800,000 Indians had served in WWI for the British, saw this as payment for their deservedindependence, but Britain refuses, and instead passes the Rowlatt Acts of 1919, which make it

extremely difficult for Indians to protest, as they would be jailed for it-The British deal harshly with Indian nationalists. In April 1919, a protest is scheduled in Amritsar, wherethe British open fire on the peaceful protesters, kill 400 of them, 1200 wounded-Mohandas Gandhi, an attorney,was a loud voice for Indian independence-Gandhi puts forward ideas for nonviolent resistance:

Ahimsa - non violence towards living thingsSatyagraha - truth force, describes the concept ofcivil disobedience, when one violates a lawthat one deems to be immoral or illegal, with the purpose of changing that law

-Gandhi comes to be called Mahatma, meaning great soul-Leads the Swadeshi (the boycott of British goods in India) as his first movement-The Spinning Wheel becomes the representation of the movement, as the Indians began to make theirown clothing as a result of the boycott-The Salt March - Gandhi walks 240 miles from his home to the sea to pick up one grain of salt and eat it,

protesting the British monopoly on salt. It inspired many Indians, and many joined him on his march. TheBritish would not let them pass, so they would take beatings again and again to reach their goal-British pass the Government of India Act in 1935, giving a limited degree of control in their owngovernment, including local and provincial elections-1936- in an election, 7 out of 11 provinces are won by the Hindu party, the INC (Indian NationalCongress). The other 4 are won by the Muslim League, who saw that they were the minority.-The Muslim League calls for an independent Muslim State, this movement is led by Mohammed AliJinnah-The leader of the INC was Jawaharlal Nehru

Interwar Turkey-The Treaty of Sevres was signed at the Versailles Conference after WWI - the Ottoman Empire wasdissolved and a small nation was formed, much smaller than Turkey today. Many of the land was meant

to be allocated to Greece, but the Turks rise up against the Greeks-Through the leadership of general Kemal Mustafa the Greeks are defeated, and the Republic ofTurkey formed in 1923-Mustafa was the leader of a Turkish nationalist group, theYoung Turks. He became the first presidentof Turkey and seeks to modernize Turkey-Changes his name to Kemal Ataturk, moves the capital from Istanbul to Ankara, separates church andstate, which was unusual for a Muslim society. He also builds roads, hospitals, better education, adoptsthe Latin alphabet and the metric system

Interwar Persia (becomes Iran)


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-Reza Khan overthrows the Shah (king) of Persia in 1925, assumes the title ofShah Reza Pahlavi,modernizes Iran using Turkey as a model-1930s- Pahlavi hears that Hitler is promoting the Aryan race, which Persians are, Pahlavi allies withHitler, who agrees as he wants the oil in Iran-1941-The British and Russians convince Pahlavis son Mohammed Reza Pahlavi to depose his father

Interwar Middle East-Husayn bin Ali - Middle-Eastern nationalist, promotes uniting all Arab nations in the concept ofPan-Arabism-Both the Arab nationalists and Jewish Zionists want Palestine-The British offer the Jews support in creating a Jewish homeland in Palestine in the BalfourDeclaration, in exchange for military support in defeating the Ottoman Empire. They then make the sameoffer to the Arabs in the White Paper. Both groups help the British, the Ottomans are defeated. TheBritish go back on both negotiations and instead take it for themselves and the French in the Sykes-PicotAgreement-1921- The British give Transjordan to Husayns son, Abdullah, becomes the first king ofJordan-Husayns other son Faisal is given Iraq, which he keeps until a coup overthrows him, led by SaddamHussein

Interwar Africa

-Colonial troops that died in WWI gave African nations the idea that they deserved independence, Britishand French refuse-Pan African Congresses - conferences that met for the purpose of African independence, did notachieve much-Egypt is granted limited independence in 1922, in 1936 they are granted full independence except for theSuez Canal, in 1939 it is taken away again when WWII begins-Kenya resents the British; 45,000 Kenyans died in WWI, given nothing in return-Harry Thuku, a Kenyan nationalist, leads a protest movement against Britain, they exile him from Kenyaas a warning to other nationalists-Jomo Kenyatta - negotiates with Britain, manages to convince them to give Kenya independenceeventuallyINTERWAR JAPAN-Japan had been growing militarily and economically, after WWI they become a very strong world power,

and are given Germanys pacific islands as mandates-Though they are powerful, Japan believes they are not being seen as equals in the eyes of Westerners-Economic problems arise - strikes, layoffs, peasants and lower classes realize they havent been sharingin Japans prosperity-Tariffs limit market availability-Population expands from 35 million in 1872 to 60 million in 1925-Creation ofZaibatsu occurs, which are holding companies that own other businesses and createmonopolies. The government works with these Zaibatsu, push economic growth-Japan is a constitutional monarchy, ruled by Emperor Hirohito-The Emperor is very distant from the people, when he issued the surrender in WWII, 95-99% of peoplehad never heard his voice before-Democracy was growing, young people were becoming more Westernized. Growth of unions andsocialism also occurs.

-The military grows very powerful, doesnt like democracy, wants a unified Japan ruled by themselves-1927- Japan has an economic crisis, the Japanese lose faith in the government, only the military is stillseen as strong, the military begins to point fingers at the West-Washington Naval Treaty- the world powers agree to cut back on production of naval ships andweapons, Japan only gets three, while Britain and America are allotted five, Japan sees this as racist-1924- the U.S. passes a law to ban Japanese immigration, the Japanese see it as final proof that everynation hates them-Japan focuses on production of soldiers rather than technology, because it cant compete there withother nations-Remove the words surrender, retreat, and defeat from all training manuals


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-Numerous assassination attempts, some successful, on their own Prime Ministers-1930-Manchurian Incident - Japanese military fakes that Chinese soldiers had attacked them while theywere building a railroad, take Manchuria in response, Prime Minister never knows about it or givesconsent until it was done, asks the military to stop, they refuse-Japanese military places Pu Yi in charge of the new independent nation, Manchukuo-The conflict between Japan and China leads to the Second Sino-Japanese War, the most famousbattle of which took place in Nanking/Nanjing. The Japanese went on a murderous rampage, raping,torturing, killing, in the Nanjing Massacre/Rape of Nanking

Italian Fascism-The first fascist was Benito Mussolini. He called himselfIl Duce. He was born in 1883 and was asocialist, later became a fascist.-1919- forms the political party, the Fasci di Combattimento (National Fascist Party), named after theFasces, a bundle of wooden sticks with an axe blade emerging from the center, representing the strengthof the state.-Fascism puts the good of the nation over the individual. It is basically a means of totalitarianism. Anotherdefinition: A political philosophy of glorification of the state, a single party system, a strong ruler, andaggressive nationalism.-By 1922, there is unrest in Italy, as they are upset over the outcome of WWI; two of their largest marketsare gone, their economy cant expand

-A fear of communism begins to spread throughout Europe.-Mussolini plays both sides: He convinces peasants that he would make them stronger and give them avoice, but also tells the middle class and the upper class that he will keep the peasants under control.-Mussolini had his own private army, the Black shirts-Mussolini starts a march on Rome in October 1922, but himself waits in Milan in case something goeswrong. The king is worried that people will side with Mussolini, so he meets with him and Mussolinibecomes Prime Minister-Italy becomes a totalitarian state, Mussolini makes a strong connection to Roman heritage, wants toreturn Italy to the grandeur of Rome.-He bans all other political parties. Nationalism begins to grow in Italy, they try to take Ethiopia again, thistime succeeding in the invasion. Haile Selassie, leader of Ethiopia, pleads his case to the League ofNations, who place economic sanctions on Italy in ammunition, which didnt work as Italy produced itsown ammunition

Germany-1919-1933- Germany is governed by the Weimar Republic, an unpopular government because it isforced to pay reparations. By 1923, Germany couldnt pay these reparations. As a result, France takescontrol of the Ruhr Valley-Inflation occurs, they begin to print more bills, which make it worse, the German mark becomes almostworthless-Adolf Hitlerhad served in the army in WWI. After the war, he joined the Nationalist Socialist Party (NaziParty). He had a great talent for public speaking and leadership.-October 1923-Hitler attempts to overthrow Germanys government, he fails and is thrown in prison for ashort time. In prison, he writes Mein Kampf(My Struggle), describing his political ideas.-Germanys economic crisis helped his cause, as they needed a strong leader. Hitler told them they werethe master race, orAryans, and gained many supporters as a result.

-1933-Hitler is appointed as chancellor of Germany, begins to crush all opposition. He calls himselfderFhrer(the Leader) and rebuilds the German military, as well as works to improve the economy throughstrict wage control and massive government spending on public works programs-The key component of the Nazi party was Anti-Semitism against Jews, who were blamed for Germanysproblems, including the loss of WWI. Many laws are passed in the 1930s against Jews, such asprohibiting them from marrying Germans.-1935- passes the Nuremberg Laws, creating a separate legal status for German Jews, taking away theircitizenship, voting rights, civil and property rights. Whether one was Jewish was determined by ancestry,not religion.-November 9 and 10, 1938- the Nazis encourage anti-Jewish riots across Austria and Germany, this


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becomes known as Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass). Nearly 100 Jews are killed, thousands ofJewish businesses and synagogues are destroyed

World War IIRoad to War: Europe- Lebensraum (Living Room) - Hitler saw slavs as less than human, decides to go eastward first-Hitler rebuilds Germanys military, the French, British, and Russians secretly help him, telling the Britishand the French that he wanted to get rid of the Communists. At the same time, he fed Stalins paranoia,telling him that the British and French were against him-Step 1 - Starts with the Rhineland, where no troops were allowed as of the Versailles treaty, Hitler sendstroops there in March 1936 to test if the British and French would act, they do nothing. Hitler knew theywould do anything to avoid war-Step 2 - The Nazis take over Austria, to make it part of Germany, in a move known as the anschluss(annexation)-The Austrians ask the British and French to help, they do nothing, March 1938 the Germans invade

Austria-Step 3 - The Germans want the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia (the only real democracy in Europe)-9/12/38 - Hitler demands that Sudetenland would get self-determination

-9/15/38 - Hitler meets with British Prime MinisterNeville Chamberlain-9/22/38 - Chamberlain comes back, allows Hitler to take the Sudetenland, Hitler adds a new demand-9/29/38 - A conference in Munich between Hitler and Mussolini vs. Daladier (France) and Chamberlain,they sign the Munich Pact, an appeasement (where nations would give up anything to avoid conflict)-In the pact, Hitler received the Sudetenland, agreed to not conquer any more nations or land in Europe,Chamberlain calls it Peace in our time-3/15/39 - Hitler takes the rest of Czechoslovakia-In Spain, a republican government was formed, very liberal, almost socialist (remove Catholic Churchsinfluence from education and redistribute land), the Spanish Civil War takes place, with the republicansvs. the conservative Nationalists, Hitler supports the Nationalists-Hitler wants to strengthen relations with Mussolini, wanted Iron ore, a place to test out weapons, and anew fascist state-Guernica is a village that is bombed in the Spanish Civil War

-Spain becomes a fascist state in March 1939-Anti-CominternPact, forms Axis Powers of Germany, Italy, Japan-Stalin worried, British and French become worried as well, Stalin tries to make a deal with them, theyrefuse-Stalin and Hitler formulate the Nazi Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, which split Poland betweenthemselves, the USSR got the spheres of influence from Finland to Romania, both know it wont last

WWII Europe-September 1, 1939, the Germans invade Poland in a blitzkrieg (Lightning War), a new tactic wheretroops just keep moving forward, takes about three weeks to defeat them-GB and France declare war September 3, cant do anything to help-Russia takes part of Poland for itself, doesnt help the Polish-Nothing happens from October to April, called the sitzkrieg (sitting war)

-April 1940 - Germans take Norway and Denmark so the British cant blockade them like they did in WWI-Advance of Germans is very similar to the Schlieffen Plan-May 1940 - France is invaded, go through Belgium and Ardennes to get to Dunkirk, completely avoid theMaginot Line, an extremely fortified series of bunkers with cannons pointed at the Germans, they wentaround it-The German Air Force, the Luftwaffe, choose to bomb the British instead of use infantry-British evacuate 300,000 troops from Dunkirk, using 850 vessels, across the English Channel-June 22, 1940, France surrenders-Germans occupy France - close to the sea-The southern part of France at that point was called Vichy France, it was a puppet state, led by a


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French General Petain-Charles De Gaulle, a French General, goes to Britain, led the free French troops-Chamberlain resigns, replaced by Winston Churchill-Churchill makes the famous Blood, Toil, Tears, & Sweat speech-Battle of Britain - airwar between the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the Luftwaffe, Germans attack airfields-Hitler begins to focus instead on the cities, this is a mistake, the British defeat the Germans-June 22, 1941, the Germans invade the USSR, Stalin surprised because he hadnt believed the Britishand U.S.-Russia uses the Scorched Earth Policy again, but their best ally is the winter, the Germans cannot defeatthem-The U.S. had been neutral-Pass the Neutrality Acts of 1937, cant sell weapons to belligerent states-Instead of selling, the U.S. trades 50 destroyers in exchange for bases in Bermuda and Canada-Develops the cash and carry program - if the British paid cash up front and carried the goodsthemselves, in British ships, they could have American supplies-Congress passes the Lend Lease Act, where they could lend bullets and weapons to those nationswhose existence was important to America, thousands of supplies are sent to the British and the USSR,FDR starts calling Stalin Uncle Joe to make people like him-June 1940 - Italy declares war on France, one day before they surrender

-Italy attacks eastern North Africa in 1940, the British begin beating them, Germany sendsreinforcements, in the form of the Afrika Korps, underGeneral Rommel, orDesert Fox-The British appoint Bernard Montgomery to commander, key supplier of weapons, stop the Germanadvance in Africa and reverse it in the Battle of En Alamein in October 1942-Stalin wants a second front at Northern France to draw German troops away from Russia, Europe rejectsit, instead invade western North Africa in Operation Torch, led by Dwight D. Eisenhower, and underhim, Commander Patton-May 1943 - the Afrika Korps are forced to surrender-Leningrad had been put under siege for over 900 days, winter helped them as well-Battle of Stalingrad was key, Stalin told his troops that there would be no surrender, the Germans aresurrounded in 1942, Hitler tells his troops the same thing, but in January 1943, the Germans surrender,this is the turning point of the war.-D-Day (operation Overlord) - Eisenhower in command, scheduled for June 5th, actually happened June

6th because of weather-Deception campaign - set up a fake army called the Fifteenth Army, with rubber tanks and trucks,Patton had been in charge of it, leaked fake plans to Mexico, who told it to Germany-The Germans expected an attack at Pas de Calais, actually happened in Normandy-Hitler thinks its a feint, doesnt send reinforcements, Patton smashes through, reaches Paris August25th, Christmas Day Hitler launches a massive counterattack called the Battle of the Bulge, it is snowingheavily, airpower inhibited-Bastogne - market town held by U.S. paratroopers, surrounded by Germans, tell the U.S. to surrender,they say Nuts and refuse, Patton comes in from the north, January 4th 1945 the Germans are crushed-April 1945 - Soviets take Berlin-Hitler supposedly commits suicide, the Soviets take the body, Germany surrenders-May 8th is VE Day (Victory Europe Day)

WWII Pacific-Tripartite Pact September of 1940 had required Germany, Japan, Italy to help each other-1941- the Japanese take Indochina-U.S. bans oil to Japan and freezes Japanese assets, this is considered by the Japanese as tantamountto war, they plan an attack on the U.S.-Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto is in charge, says the Japanese would win if they could defeat the

Americans in 6 months, because the Japanese couldnt compete industrially-The Japanese target Pearl Harbor, attack it on December 7, 1941-Key: no carriers in Pearl Harbor that morning, none sunk-The U.S. is very upset, Congress declares war on Japan


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-F.D.R. wants to declare war on Germany and Italy, Congress doesnt want to, but then Germany andItaly declare war on the U.S.A. on December 11, 1941-Japan is victorious across Southeast Asia: Malay, Singapore, Dutch East Indies, Burma, Hong Kong,Guam, Wake all conquered-Attack the Philippines, which are defended by U.S. General Douglas Macarthur-Bataan Death March - the Japanese take Filipino prisoners of war and put them into prison camps-The Navy is very important in the war - in the Battle of the Coral Sea, the U.S. and Japan each loseone carrier, which are key-June 1942- Battle of Midway Island - the Americans suspected an attack on Midway Island, but toconfirm that it was the correct one, they had to figure out the Japaneses code word for it. They sent outan uncoded radio transmission, that reported that the desalination plant had broken in Midway, to seewhether Japan would use the same word as before to discuss it. They did, and the U.S. organized itstroops in response. The U.S. wins the battle, 4 Japanese carriers are sunk. This is considered the turningpoint of the Pacific war (led by Admiral Chester Nimitz)-Island Hopping - Japanese bases were on different islands, some strong, some not, the U.S. wouldavoid strong bases entirely, and attacked the weak ones. As none of the islands were self-sufficient, thestronger bases would eventually run out of food and supplies-The U.S. takes Guadalcanal-The Battle of Leyte Gulf- major naval battle in the Philippines, with the first use of Japanese Kamikaze(Divine Wind, named after a typhoon that had come in medieval times and blew away a Chinese

invasion), where Japanese pilots were only taught how to take off, not to land, so they committed suicideto destroy carriers, but it did not have much impact.-The U.S. needed air bases close to Japan, they take Iwo Jima and Okinawa-The estimated casualties if they tried to take Japan was 1,000,000 soldiers wounded or dead. Ratherthan risk the men, President Harry Truman decides to drop the atomic bomb.-There were two - the Fat Man and Little Boy-July 26, 1945 - the U.S. asks Japan to surrender, they refuse.-August 6, 1945 - one plane flies overHiroshima, drops one bomb, kills 70,000 people instantly-U.S. asks for surrender again, again refused-August 9, 1945 - the second bomb is dropped on Nagasaki

RESULTS-Much of Asia/Europe is in ruins

-Extreme casualties (pg. 862 in textbook for those curious)-Large civilian deaths-Two conferences -Yalta Conference- in April 1945, the Allies make plans to split Germany into fourzones for each Allied Power, FDR gets Stalin to join in against Japan the day before the Pacific conflictens, asks him to have elections in the areas controlled by the Soviet Union, and to join the newly createdUnited Nations-Potsdam Conference - Truman, Attlee (replacement for Churchill), and Stalin get together, there is littleagreement, nothing really gets done

HOLOCAUST-1932- 9 million Jews in Europe

-1945- 3 million Jews in Europe-The Jews were easy scapegoats, they had been persecuted throughout history. The Nuremberg Lawswere passed to limit Jewish rights-Emigration was not an option for Jews. At first, when Hitler allowed them to leave, other nations wouldnot take them, due to economic depression and anti-Semitism-Some Jews manage to escape--Einstein, Freud, etc.-Hitler devises a Final Solution to deal with the Jews. Forms ghettos, to crowd large numbers of Jewstogether in small areas closed off from the rest of society, the most famous being the Warsaw Ghetto,with 400,000 Jews-Concentration Camps were created, where slave labor and medical experiments were conducted, as


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well as death camps to just kill Jews, some infamous ones being Birkenau and Mauthausen-Mobile killing units went to villages, rounded Jews up, and killed them-September 1941- Mass killing of Jews at Babi Yar-The Germans held the Wannsee Conference, created death camps such as Auschwitz-Used gas chambers filled with Zyklon B, a pesticide, to kill people-Hitler targeted Poles, Slavs, Homosexuals, and Romany (Gypsies) as well as Jews-A War Refugee Board was formed in the United States, Jews ask them to bomb the railroads intocamps, they do not because of apathy, anti-Semitism, and because it was not a high priority war target

EuropeEurope Helmut Kohl- first chancellor of unified Germany since before 1945. Reunified in 1990. Josef Stalin- Mean guy from Russiao Resisters sent to Gulagso Great Purge- sends people to Gulags Nikita Khrushchev- took over after Stalino DeStalinization and loosening of the more drastic economic and political restrictions of Stalinsera would lead to him being termed more liberal than Stalin.

o Most liberal AT THE TIME.o Removed from power after Bay of Pigs Polando USSR appoints Gomulkao Solidarity movement and Lech Walesa a leader. Karol Wojtyla later becomes Pope John Paul II.They are driving forces for revolution. Gorbachev- Mr. Teardownthatwallo After Brezhnevo Glasnost and Perestroika=openness and restructuringo Liberal, doesnt give up Soviet Republics. Popular ONLY in west. Rich people and military dontsupport him.

o Coup tries to take over.o Tries to create Commonwealth of independent states w/ former republics. Doesnt work out. Leonid Brezhnev- Leader after Khrushchev. He had to struggle with Kosygino Via the Warsaw Pact, he invaded Czechoslovakia to stop Prague Springo More conservativeo Limit intellectuals, dissidents Refuseniks=general term Writers Solzeithyn and Sakharov Brezhnev Doctrine: maintain communism and keep out democracy, etc. Boris Yeltsin-reformer.o Starts as mayor of Moscow, becomes President of Russian Republic. Saves Gorbachev

Czechoslovakia-o Last area taken by sovietso Novotny was leader. Economic stagnation means replacing with DubcekJo Soviets invade, Dubcek.o Velvet Revolution, 20 years later=Vaclav Havel. 1992 split: Czech Republic is industrial,Slovakia is agricultural. Alexander Dubcek- Slovakia. Led the Prague Spring. Beloved. Nicolai Ceausescu- tried to stop violentRomanian revolution. Tried and shot.


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Yugoslaviao Tito in charge. Many ethnicities. When he dies, danger.o Serb v Croat.o Nationalists win elections, this exacerbates paino Bosnia independent, but Serbians in Bosnia want Yugoslavia, which sends troops.o Ethnic Cleansing: Serbs v Bosnian Muslimso UN tries to set up safe zone, but Serbs kill guards.o Transition to NATO control.o Dayton Accords=agree on different regions for different groupso 1999 spring: Serbs v Albanians in Kosovo, Muslim Albanians in Serbia. Forced removal. NATObombs capital of Serbia, and Kosovo is independent.Serbia + Bosnia (Yugoslavia)

Ok so for most of the 20 th century, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, Albania, andMacedonia existed as a unified state named Yugoslavia (pretty much the left side of the Balkan

peninsula) Tito was able to keep this all together, but when he died shit started to break down Bosnia declares independence in 1992this angers the Serbians because Serbia wanted

Yugoslavia to stay togetherugly war Milosevic is leader of Serbia Izetbegovic is leader of Bosnia Serbians execute Ethnic Cleansing to Bosnian Muslims (Serbs are Catholic) [an example ofwhat the Serbs did was that they raped Bosnian females to prevent them from marrying]

It ends up being Serbians v. Muslims Dayton Accords end the Bosnian warceasefire Kosovo (southern Yugoslavia) conflict between Serbs and kosovars (ethnically Albanian)Kosovars kicked out. Kosovo declares independence in 2008.

Eric Honecker- built Berlin Wall. East German leader. Ireland- Most of Ireland was free & also Catholic.o Protestant Northern Irelanders formed Irish Republican Army b/c want Northern Ireland. Politicalpart called Sinn Fein. 1995 cease fire. Chechnya- in SW Russia, considered to be a part of Russia. When Chechens decided to breakaway, there was bloody fighting that still happens today. They are Islamic. Armenia- Azerbaijan: fought over Nagorno Karabagh people. May died fighting. European Economic Community-Coal and Steel Community this=aka Common Market.Regional free market to rival USA Hungary-o Harsh rule and complaints to Soviets put less of a dictator in chargeo Imrae Nagy leads revolt, west does nothing. Soviets retake controlo Withdraws from Warsaw Pact. USSR replaces Nagy with Kadar.

Cold WarPotsdam Conference: Allies divide Germany into 4 zones of occupation-USSR, US, France, and Great Britain.Also divide Berlin, and work to eliminate the Nazi Party from Germany

-Nuremberg trials: Allied military courts tried more than 200 Nazi and military officials-few weresentenced to death for their roles in the Holocaust and war crimes

-Soviet leaders want a buffer zone of friendly governments in Eastern Eruope: Stalin promises to respectrights of people in E. Europe to choose their own governments: Americans and British leaders believed Stalinwanted to establish pro-Soviet Communist governments


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-Tension and hostility: Cold War-propaganda, military, and economic aid issuesCold War begins

-Struggle for power and control between capitalist democracy and Communism-Soviet troops help establish pro-Soviet Communist governments: Satellites, except for Yugoslavia,

which was also led by Communist dictatorTito-Tension between Soviet Union and western democracies continue to grow: worsened by Soviet failure to

remove troops from northern Iran-President Truman: Another war is in the making.-British PM Churchill gives iron curtain speech to show sharp division of Europe as a result of Soviet

actions

West Resistance-47: Soviet-backed Communists threaten Greece and Turkey (US government has missiles here)-Truman Doctrine: pledge to provide economic and military aid to oppose the spread of communism-sent

hundreds of millions of dollars in aid to Greece and Turkey-Marshall Plan: Provided $13 billion for rebuilding Europe-helped preserve political stability-Both the Doctrine and the Plan show Wests policy ofcontainment-resisting Soviet aggression in order to

contain spread of communism-Confrontations and tensions begin to increase

Berlin Crisis-47: West wants to make an independent democratic German nation from the zones of occupation-Soviets

oppose their plan -Soviets block all land, rail, and water routes into West Berlin-Berlin Airlift: West effort to supply WestBerlin by air

-Western zones form Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany)-East zone (Soviet) forms German Democratic Republic (East Germany)-NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) is created to counter Soviet power in Europe-Warsaw Pact: Communist governments of Eastern Europe form their own alliance

Korea War-Allies have control of Korean Peninsula after Japans surrender-USSR and US had temporarily divided it in half at the 38th parallel-Soviets establish Communistgovernment in northern half of Korea led by Kim Il Sung

-US establishes non-Communist regime in southern half led by Rhee-UN forms military force with troops from 17 nations (Creation of the UN Army) when North Korea

attacks Southern to try and unite under Communist government-Significance: Shows that Cold War Rivalry could lead to conflict far from US/Soviet Union-led to

struggles for influence in countries around the world (Also the Communist scare in Vietnam which leads to theVietnam War)Arms Race (For details and weapons go to section I)

-Threats of Nuclear war draws closer-US and USSR start developing powerful new weapons-rivalrybetween the worlds 2 superpowers

-Both sides had to change their military tactics-instead of relying on conventional forces like troops andtanks, they increased stockpiles of nukes-Deterrence strategy

-Impact on the public: Many people built bomb shelters, American schools hold air-raid drills to prepare

students for possible Soviet attack-Movies, books, comic books center around dangers of radiation and nuclear war (1984 by George Orwell-

incredible book so you should read it k.)-Red Scare: Americans feared possible Communist influence in the 40s and 50s-Berlin Wall: Slowed flight of East Germans to West Germany (to escape Communism) symbolized

brutality of the Communist systemCuba

-Rebels under leadership of Castro overthrow the dictator, Castro establishes a centrally plannedeconomy and Communist dictatorship-close ties with the Soviets


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-Bay of PigsInvasion: US government trains invasion of Cubans who had fled Castros regime-fails-Cuban Missile Crisis: Installation of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba? 2 week standoff, Soviets remove

missiles after US removes missiles from TurkeyOther conflicts caused by the Cold War

-Egypt angered the West by controlling Suez Canal-after Britain, France, and Israel attack, USSR threatensto fight on Egypts side-US is afraid of war and demands West to halt attack

-Africa-final years of European colonial rule creates power struggles-Belgium Congo becomes DRC, USand West support dictatorship because they believe he would be a good ally against Soviet Union

-Angola Civil War- both sides support the conflict-Central and South America-US supported efforts to overthrow Communist regimes-support opposition to

Chilean leaderAllende (Socialist)-Nonaligned nations: Neutral nations who refuse to support either side

Efforts to repair the damage

-President Nixon seeks a dtente: reduced tension between superpowers-SALT (Strategic Arms Limitations Talks)-limit number of nuclear weapons held by each side-President Reagan and Gorbachev begin arms reduction talks-Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces- can

the relationship be repaired?

Soviet Union is led by Khruschev, de-Stalinization-Revolts in East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia-Eventually falls: led by Yeltsin who begins to alter the economy and basic structure: starts shifting

towards a capitalist economy-Ethnic unrest and new governments

Middle EastIsraelCreation of Israel

-Jewish Nationalism called Zionism led to the creation of Israel-After World War I, League of Nations gave Britain mandate ofPalestine and required Britain to

make preparations for a Jewish homeland there-After World War II, Jewish leaders in Palestine pressed Britain to create a Jewish State-Jews form a group called the Haganah, an underground army-Some believed the Haganah was not forceful enough and formed the Irgun and Stern Gang-The Irgun blow up a corner ofKing David Hotel and was led by Menachem Begin-The Holocaust resulted in the national community to be sympathetic to the Zionist cause-The UN proposed to partition, or divide, Palestine into a Jewish and Arab state with Jerusalemunder international control

-Jewish leaders accept the partition and Arab leaders reject it-Despite Arab objections, the UN General Assembly passed a resolution supporting the

partition as valid-David Ben-Gurion, the first Israeli Prime Minister declared the birth of democratic State of Israel

on May 14th 1948

War -The day after Israel declared its independence armies from Arab countries of Egypt, Syria,Lebanon, Transjordan, and Iraq invaded Israel, launching the first Arab-Israeli War-The war lasted from May to December 1948-The Arab nations, although allies, did not time their attacks with each other-If the Arab nations attacked at the same time, they would have blew Israel out of the water-In the end Arab armies were soundly defeat and they negotiated cease-fire agreements butwould not sign permanent peace treaties-One result of the war was that the Arab state proposed b the UN did not come into existence

-Egypt controlled the Gaza Strip


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-Transjordan controlled West Bank-The war also caused massive refugee problems

-700,000 Palestinian Arabs became refugeesArab-Israeli Conflict

-1964- Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is formed, with the purpose of destroying Israeland forming a Palestinian state-1969- Yassir Arafat comes to leadership of the PLO-In 1967 Egypt demanded that the UN remove its troops from Gaza and the Sinai Peninsula-Egypt began to close off the Gulf of Aqaba, Israels route to the Red Sea-Israel launched air strikes against Egypt, Syria, and Jordan, destroying most of the theirairplanes on the ground-Israeli ground troops then moved in and rapidly defeated Arab forces in what was known as theSix-DayWar

-Israel took control of Golan Heights, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank and EastJerusalem-Nasser needs a military victory before he can concede to peace.-1970- Nasser dies, replaced by Anwar Sadat-1973-Yom Kippur War- it was both Yom Kippur and Ramadan, no one expected an attack.Egyptian forces cross the canal into the Sinai area, push the front back about ten miles. Thesame happens in the North from Syria. Israel pushes back. The USA sends a massive amount of

military supplies to Israel. Israel punches through Egyptian lines, threaten Cairo, and a ceasefireis created.

Peace-Sadat contacts Menachem Begin in Israel, calls for Arab acceptance of Israel and an end tohostility-The two meet at Camp David in Maryland with President Jimmy Carter-March 1979- Camp David Accords created, all three men receive Nobel Peace Prizes-Sadat is assassinated in 1981 by the Muslim Brotherhood for creating peace with Israel-Sadat is replaced by Hosni Mubarak, who stays in power from 1981 to 2012

Palestinian Unrest-Tension continues to grow in Gaza and the West Bank, two groups begin to have influence asterrorists: The Hezbollah from Lebanon, and the Hamas from Palestine-1978- Israel goes into Lebanon, stops an incursion it happens again in 1982, Israelis go all the

way up to Beirut-1987- First Intifada - series of protests from Palestinians. Israel responds with non-lethal force:rubber bullets, tear gas, etc.-1993- The Oslo Accords are signed, the Palestinians recognize the state of Israel, and in returnIsrael would give up parts of Gaza and the West Bank-1994- Jordan achieves peace with Israel-Israeli Prime MinisterYitzhak Rabin assassinated by an Israeli religious man-2000-The Hamas begins to use suicide bombers-Israel stops Palestinians coming in from the West Bank, begin building a wall around the WestBank-2004- Arafat dies-2005- Israeli Prime MinisterAriel Sharon withdraws from Gaza-Current leaders: ISRAEL: Benjamin Netanyahu PALESTINE: Mahmoud Abbas

Egypt-Egypt had gained its independence in 1922, but British troops occupied Suez Canal-Egypts loss in the first Arab-Israeli war discredited King Farouk I

-This leads to a military coup led by Gamal Abdel NasserSuez Crisis

-Nasser refused to join Baghdad Pact, the US led alliance against communism in the MiddleEast

-Nasser requested that western countries to sell him arms and was refused


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-The Soviet Union signed an arms deal and paid for Egypts Aswan Dam on the Nile River-In response to the US and Britain refusal for funding Egypt, Nasser decides to nationalize Suez

Canal-This act was celebrated by the Arabs as an act of defiance against European

imperialism-The British and French were outraged

-In October 1956 Britain, France, and Israel invaded Egypt-Dwight Eisenhoweris angry since US did not support these actions-US government pressured Britain, France and Israel to withdraw

-Oil Producing and Exporting Countries (OPEC) is formed- an oligopoly/cartel on oil. OPEC calls foran embargo against nations that help Israel, gas prices in those nations skyrocket.-Works as a tactic in many places- African nations that supported Israel turn against themIran

-Mohammad Reza Pahlavi became shah of Iran in 1941-Iranian nationalists were determined to take control of the countrys oil resources, reduce thepower of the shah, and establish a constitutional monarchy

-Nationalists were led by Mohammad Mosaddeq-Was named prime minister by Iranian parliament in 1951 and voted to nationalize Iranian

oil industry-Great Britain calls for boycott on Iranian Oil

-Military were unhappy of Mossadegh's reforms and a coup supported by US and Britain put theShah back into power-After returning to power the shah began an ambitious program of reform

-Land reform and increased literacy-Industry,education and health care improved-Womens employment and education opportunities improved

-The shah continued to rule with a secret police called SAVAK-Many Iranians felt threatened by this rapid change-In 1978, Iranians began to protest against the shahs rule, led by Ayatollah RuhollahKhomeini, a Shia leader

-Unable to calm the unrest, the shah fled Iran in 1979-During the Iranian Revolution Iran became an Islamic republic with Khomeini as its

leader

-Under Khomeinis regime, the government suppressed political opposition and enforcedstrict social and religious values

-In 1979 Iranian revolutionaries seized the US embassy in Tehran and took 66 Americanshostage

-The Iranians demanded that the shah be returned to Iran to stand trial-The shah left the US shortly after-Iranians continued to hold hostages until January 1981

IraqIran-Iraq War

-In 1980, Iraq attacked Iran because of border disputes and because Irans new governmentcalled for revolution among Iraqs Shiite population

-Iraq used chemical weapons-Resulted in a stalemate and ceasefire after 8 years

Persian Gulf War-After the cease-fire Saddam Hussein continued to build up Iraqs military-In 1990 Iraq accused neighboring Kuwait of drilling into Iraqi oil field and stealing oil

-Hussein used this excuse to invade Kuwait-In an effort to end Iraqi occupation of Kuwait, the UN passed economic sanctions against Iraq,

but they failed-US forms a coalition against Iraq-Operation Desert Storm-The U.S invades Kuwait and drive the Iraqis out in weeks-UN continued economic sanctions and insist that Iraq destroy its chemical and biologicalweapons, but Iraq refuses inspection


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Iraq War-Following the attacks of 9/11, some US leaders believed that Saddam Hussein posed a greatthreat to US-George W. Bush forms a new coalition in 2003 and invaded Iraq, quickly forcing Hussein out ofpower

Kurdistan-Religious and ethnic tensions in Iraq, Shia, Sunni, and ethnic group called the Kurds are atodds. The Kurds want their own nation (which they basically have today), Kurdistan-Iraq forms constitution, creates Islamic federal democracy

Jordan-Hussein I is king, stays pro-west

Latin AmericaCentral America-Central Highlands-ideal place to live in Latin America: good weather for crops, near the port cities-Panama Canal: Construction begins by Ferdinand de Lesseps-his company gets ill after getting malaria

-US finish construction, but the canal is proved to be inefficient because most of its military vehicles

cannot fit through, Panamas government does not have the money nor the infrastructure to rebuild it.-Mestizos: Mixed raced Latin Americans-Roman Catholicism is the dominant religion here

-Liberation Theology: Church should be active in struggle for economic and social equality-Catholic Church criticizes this

-Cash crops: corn, tobacco, sugar-Industrialization and urbanizationCuba:-Revolution caused by social and economic trends, as well as heavy US influence-US business owned huge sugar/tobacco plantations-valuable exports

-Was one of the richest/developed Latin American countries-Business interests by US government to support corrupt dictators in Cuba-Batista: Anti-Communist dictator who seized power through a military coup-Rich country withtoo many poor people.-Discontent & Nationalism among the poor-Castro: Lawyer who leads an unsuccessful attack on Cuban army-arrested and imprisoned-Returns with revolutionaries and launches guerilla war-Batista flees-Castro takes control

-Goals: Restructuring the economy, society, government, and foreign policy-Communist Cuba-threat to US security-US creates Organization of American States: Organization of countries in the Americas that

promotes economic and military cooperation-anti Communist-Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis, Naval blockade-unsuccessful in overthrowing Castro-Benefits of Cuban Revolution-Good health care/education-Disadvantages of Cuban Revolution-restricted freedoms, one-party system, governmentjails dissidents-Cuban economy suffered afterfall of the USSRand US economic embargo

Guatemala:

-Arbenz: President who used land reform to redistribute land (Socialist/Communist)-CIA intervenes in a coup dtat to overthrow president-replaced with military dictator-Peasants joined rural guerilla forces-Civil War between guerrillas and government troops-Still an unstable nation

Mexico:-Unlike other Latin American countries, Mexico experiences political stability in the second half of 1900s-PRI ruled Mexico-industry dominated by foreign companies-debt increases-Oil prices fall-North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is signed with US, Mexico, and Canada-eliminated tariffs on trade between the 3 countries


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Nicaragua:-Ruled by members of the Somoza family-Anti-Communists-US in favor-Corruption/violent repressive tactics-Anti-Samoza movement by Nicaraguans-Somoza flees-Sandinistas (Revolutionary Group) take over-Castro style campaign-Reagan administration cuts off financial aid-US trains and funds rebel group Contras to carry out violence inNicaragua-guerilla warfare-Rely on Communist governments for funding-Sandinistas lose to party of moderate government led by ChamorroCosta Rica:-Stable nation-great tourist sitesEl Salvador:-Military dictatorships keep power through unfair elections/repression-Archbishop is gunned down-Civil War between Communist guerilla groups and army-Death squads-killing civilians-Political turmoil-violence continuesPanama:-Noriega: Communist dictator-used country as a base for drug smuggling-Panama Canal was under control of USand was scheduled to be handed over to Panama

-US sends troops to Panama City to arrest Noriega-sent to prison in FL on charges of drug trafficking-Democratic society

South America-Andes Mountains go through Chile-Amazon Rainforest is on the East-Roman Catholicism is dominant here as well-Pampas: Argentinian plains-Gauchos or cowboys are prevalent here

-Fertile land for farmingChile:-Allende: Chilean president (Marxist) who improves life of the working class, spends money on housing, education,health care-Industrial/farm production

Documents

World History Final Study Guide