History of the Four Cap Lip Hs Pages

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The Hiory of the Four Caliphs

Itmām al-Wafā’ fī Sīrat al-Khulafā’

Sak MḤaMMad

al-kḌaĪ Bak al-BĀjŪĪ

Wt u-cu mps



Contents

•

wd 11

aB a 13ndn 15

ala 19

e meig of the ciphte 19

e obigtio of ppoitig the ciph 20

A sige imām 20

e perso t the hem of the ciphte 21

e ueryig reso for reservig the ciphte for the Qurysh 22

Prerequisites for the ciph 24Choosig the ciph 24

Obeiece to the imām 26

Disobeyig the imām 27

Decrig r o the imām 27

Puishmet of those ho ge r o the imām 2

e uties of the imām 29

art 1: The Era of nity

ala aBŪ Bak 31

e proe of Abū r 33

His services to Isām urig his ciphte 37

Disptchig the rmy of Usāmh ib Zy 37

tters of postsy 3

ʿAbs Dhibyā 39

Abū r’s etter to the commers 41

Abū r’s etter to the posttes 42

Ṭuyḥh 44

āi ib Nuyrh 45usyimh 46



8 The History of the four caliphs

hri 49

Om 50

As 51

e Kih 53

Irq 55

e btte of Ubuh 56

e btte of iy 5

e btte of Wh 5

e btte of Uys 5

e coquest of īrh 59

eyo īrh 60

e coquest of Abār 61

e coquest of ʿAy t-Tmr 61

e coquest of Dūmt -J 61

uṣy Khās 62

Firāḍ 63

Khāi is set to the Levt 63

ābi (byo) 63

e Roms 64

e btte of Yrmū 6

e eth of Abū r 70

ala ʿMa Bn al-kaṭṭĀB 75

e proe of ʿUmr ib -Khāb 75

e Irqī cmpig urig the er of ʿUmr 79

e btte of Nmāriq 0

e btte of the rige ( Jisr ) 1

e btte of uyb 3

Khās ūq ghā 4

e croig of Yzir 4

ʿ is ppoite commer ʿUmr’s vice to him 5

e escet to Qāisiyyh Yzir is ivite to Isām 9

e btte of Qāisiyyh 91

Discussios ith Rustm 91

Rustm’s ress to his soiers 93

e rst y: the Dy of Armāth 94

e seco y: the Dy of Aghāth 94

e thir y: the Dy of ʿAmmās 95

e Night of Hrīr the Dy of Qāisiyyh 96

e coquest of urs ābi 97e coquest of Kūthā ābā 9



Contents

e coquest of āʾi 9

Crossig over to est āʾi the ā 100

Yzir ees the usims eter the White House 101

e coquest of Jūāʾ 102

e coquest of Tirīt 103

e coquest of Nīā (Nieveh) ṣi (osu) 104

e coquest of āsbhā, Hīt Qrqīsiyāʾ 104

ppig out Kūfh 105

Attcig the Persis from hri 106

e coquest of Ahāz 107

Hurmuzā bres the pece greemet 10

e coquest of Tustr ūs 110

Hurmuzā comes to ʿUmr 110

e btte of Nhā 112

e coquest of Hmhā 116

e coquest of Ryy Qūmis (Hectompyos) 116

e coquest of Jurā (Gorg) Ṭbristā (Tpuri) 117

e coquest of Iṣfhā 11

preig out i o-Arb s 11

e coquest of Azerbi 119

e coquest of āb 119

e coquest of Khurāsā 121

e coquest of Fsā Dārābir 123e coquest of Krmā iistā 124

e coquest of urā 125

e coquest of the Levt (hām) 126

e coquest of Dmscus 127

e coquest of imṣ (Homs) 129

e coquest of Qisrī 129

e coquest of b (Aeppo) Aāiyh (Atioch) 130

e coquest of yt -qis 131

e pgue of Aʿmās 132e coquest of Egypt 134

e coquest of Aexri 136

e oce of the ciphte 137

e ssssitio of ʿUmr 140

MaS 154

ala ʿMĀn Bn aʿĀn 155

His chievemets urig his ciphte 157

I Kūfh the Cmpigs of Armei Azerbiā 157I ṣrh 161



The History of the four caliphs

e Deth of Yzir 162

e Recoquest of Khurāsā 162

Abuāh ib bʾ soig the sees of seitio 163

I the Levt 163

e Coquest of Cyprus (Qubruṣ) 165

I Egypt 167

e Coquest of Ifrīqiyy (North Afric) 167

Prt 2: e Er of Diereces Tributios

e movemet Agist ʿUthmā 16

Ib bʾ: the sperhe of the seitio 169

e strt of the seitio 172

e ege etter 173

ʿUthmā is surroue 174

ʿUthmā’s etter to the usims 177

e ssssitio of ʿUthmā 11

e fse cims of the Rebes 12

ala aʿlĪ 15

e proe of ʿAī 16

e chievemets of ʿAī 1

uʿāiyh’s oppositio 19

e oppositio of ʿʾishh, Ṭḥh z-Zubyr 190

e btte of the Cme ( Jamal ) 193

e btte of Ṣiī 202

e rbitrtio 207

e rbitrtors meet 210

but they cou see o goo uti the ext morig. 212

e Khāriites 212

ome strge oigs of the Khāriites 213

e eth of uḥmm ib Abī r 21

e Assssitio of Aʿī 220

ḤaSan Bn aʿlĪ 223

His chievemets urig his ciphte 224

nlSn 227



Foreword

•

In naM of Ah. A prise is to Ah, Lor of the Wors. y cout-

ess pece bessigs be shoere upo our ster uhmm, ercy

for the ors; the oe ho ispire his Compios us to rech the

pices of exceece.

Durig the yers I spet i yri, I cme cross this or of the te hyh

uḥmm Khurī -āūrī of Ciro (my Ah hve mercy o him). Ifou it to be cocise, yet comprehesive eough to provie suciet overvie

of the ives of the four righty-guie ciphs . ere ere to fetures tht

me it st out for me. Oe s tht it provie cer strightforr

rrtive of the rst four ciphs, s e s tht of the h, s ib ʿAī .

Writte for the ym, it voie og excursios ito the vrit rrtios,

techic itriccies obscure historic eti fou o my issues. uch

excursios oe become the source of isiterest for the o-cemic reer.

e seco otbe poit s the bce refreshig y i hich theuthor et ith cotetious issues rete to the four ciphs. is icue

issues expoite by sectris to ivie the Ummh, such s ʿAī ib Abī Ṭāib’s

ey i givig the pege (bayʿa) to the rst ciph Abū r -Ṣiīq, the

viity of the isurgecy gist the thir ciph ʿUthmā, the bttes of the

Cme Ṣiī, the isputes betee the fourth ciph ʿAī uʿāiy

. His ysis of these evets eves the reer ith cer pure co-

sciece regrig the gret Compios of the Prophet of Ah , reigious

em o us, icrese i ove respect for their chievemets i thefce of tremeous icuty (my Ah be pese ith them ).




ese fctors, coupe ith shortge of high-quity ytic or o the

four ciphs i Egish, compee me to trste pubish this or. Ufor-

tutey, I s ube to persoy or o it through White re Press

suggeste tht it be uerte by Turth Pubishig. Our er frie Yhy

th of Turth is to be commee for tig up the request seeig theor through to its stges. e resut of this eevor is before you toy.

e trstio strives to preserve the uthor’s strightforr stye, fst-pce

ccout of the bttes, iter strugges of the four ciphs. e text hs

bee ehce ith iformtive mps, ot fou i the origi text, to ius-

trte the vces me by the vrious ciphs. A sm sectio from the origi

Arbic, here the uthor icue egthy iscussios o the ueryig pri-

cipes of Ism, hs bee omitte, retiig oy the historic ccouts for this

pubictio.

We ou ie to th coege the cotributios of the fooig

i this proect: u ohmm ohmmi for the origi trstio;

ui Husi Koi uī Ayyub Jee for their revisio; Ai Wi-

right for his thorough eitig; Num Vi for the crtogrphy of the mps;

uhmm As u hoib hh for their ssistce.

We pry tht Ah ccepts this or from the uthor of us s sicere

exercise of daʿwa to the beutifu y of Ism the gorious ives of these

ispirig umiries (my Ah be pese ith them ).

ABd-RaMan Bn YS ana

Loo UK

Friy 9th Rbīʿ -Ahr 1433

rch 01



Part 1: the era of Unity

The Caliphate of Abū Bakr

•

n SSn of Ah oie the Highest Compio37

(Ah ), his Compios from the Emigrts the Hepers

gthere i the boer (saqīfah) of ī āʿih i orer to choose

eputy (ciph) for him. e Aṣār (“Hepers”), the resiets of īh, te

the ciphte themseves becuse of the hep hich they extee to the es-

seger of Ah the refuge they gve him i their city. ey i ot co-sier the ciphte to be the soe right of the Qurysh. ut he Abū r

prove his poit by the sttemet of the esseger of Ah “e eers re

from Qurysh”,38 they istee to him gve up their cim of greter eigibi-

ity for the ciphte. As og s oppoet esists from perso esires, it is

esy to irect him tors the truth. ese Hepers ere the seior Compios

of the esseger of Ah. Nothig but the uity of the usims hepig

them to get bc o their feet mttere to them they i ot oo to this

or its speour.e ū Hāshim te the ciphte for ʿAī ib Abī Ṭāib becuse they

fet he s more eigibe for it ue to his cose retioship to the esseger of

Ah. e mority opiio hoever s i fvour of Abū r becuse

37 For further iformtio bout his iess, eth, shrouig, buri other importt mtters

tht occurre betee his eth buri, see the Ṣaḥīḥ of uhārī, e oo of ttes, “Chpter o the

iess eth of the esseger of Aāh,” the “Chpter o the eth of the esseger of Aāh

.” ee so Ṭbrī, vo. 3, pp. 199–3; ad-Durar , pp.37–331; al-Bidāyah, vo. 5, pp. 37–8; Ib Khū,

vo. , pp. 487–490; ʿUyūn al-Athar , vo. , pp. 418–45.

38 Aḥm, vo. 3, p. 19 183, vo. 4, p. 41; Ib Abī hybh i al-Musannaf , vo. 1, pp. 169–170 o.1438, p. 173, o. 1447.




the esseger of Ah ppoite him to e the pryer urig his iess.

e beievers therefore si: “e esseger of Ah s stise ith him

for our reigious irs [i.e. the pryer], hy shou e ot be stise ith him

for our ory irs [i.e. for the ciphte]?” A so he s give the pege

of egice o the 13th

of Rbiʿ -A 11 a. e rst to pege egice tohim s ʿUmr ib -Khāb.

ʿAī ib Abī Ṭāib eye his pege of egice uti er the eth

of Fāimh . Imām usim rrtes from ʿʾishh tht Fāimh, the

ughter of the esseger of Ah , set messge to Abū r sig

for her iheritce from the esseger of Ah hich Ah gve him s

booty i īh F ( vige i Khybr) htever remie of

the oe h of Khybr. Abū r repie syig: “e esseger of Ah

si: ‘We o ot eve ythig s iheritce. Whtever e eve behi isfor chrity. e fmiy of uḥmm sh et from this eth [i.e., the eth

of Ah s everyoe ese].’39 y Ah, I i ot chge the coitio of y of

the chrities of the esseger of Ah from ht they ere urig his er. I

i ot o ythig ith them prt from ht the esseger of Ah i.”

With this, Abu r refuse to give ythig to Fāimh it upset

her. he ept y from him i ot spe to him uti she psse y six

moths er the esseger of Ah. Whe she ie her husb ʿAī ib Abī

Ṭāib burie her t ight prye over her ithout iformig Abū r

bout it. As og s Fāimhs ive, peope ooe up toAʿīith hoour

but er her eth he fou chge i their ttitue, so he sought to recocie

thigs ith Abū r pege egice to him s he h ot yet oe so

er the six moths. He set messge to Abū r requestig him to come

oe; Aʿī i ot t ʿUmr ib -Khāb to come ith him. ʿUmr

si to Abū r: “y Ah, you shou ot go to them oe.” Abū r

si: “Wht c they possiby o to me? y Ah, I i go to them.”

Abū r et to them. Aʿī ib Abī Ṭāib gve the testimoy si:

“O Abū r! We ere fuy re of your merit ht Ah bestoe youith. We o ot evy you for ht goo Ah gve to you. Hoever, you

i ot give cosiertio to our opiio. We fet tht e ere eigibe [for the

ciphte] becuse of our fmiy ties ith the esseger of Ah .” He co-

tiue speig i this vei uti Abū r’s eyes beg oig ith ters.

Abū r the si: “I prefer mitiig ties of iship ith the retives of

39 usim (1759); Aḥm, vo. , p. 463. For etis o this subect see the commetry of uḥibb

-Dī -Khīb o the boo al-ʿ Awāṣim min al-Qawāṣim, pp. 65–76. It is quite etie of gretimportce. Aso see al-Bidāyah wa an-Nihāyah, vo. 5, pp. 8–91.



Abū Bakr

the esseger of Ah over my o retives. As for the ispute tht rose

betee you I bout this eth, I i ot tur y from the truth I

i ot eve out ythig tht I s the esseger of Ah oig, except

tht I i it.” ʿAī si to Abū r: “I i meet you toight to pege my

egice.”Whe Abū r performe the miy pryer (ẓuhr), he cimbe the

pupit, gve the testimoy (tht there is oe orthy of orship except Ah

tht uḥmm is the esseger of Ah), spoe bout ʿAī ,

his hoig bc from pegig egice his resos for oig so. He

the sought forgiveess.40 ereer ʿAī ib Abī Ṭāib gve the testimoy.

He spoe highy of Abū r stte tht ht he i s ot out of evy

tors Abū r or out of isregr for the merit hich Ah bestoe

him ith. Rther, it s becuse he fet tht they (the fmiy of the esseger of Ah) ere etite to shre i the mtter, but Abū r et he ith

it oe so they becme upset ith him. e usims ere pese by this

sttemet si: “You hve oe the right thig” the gi re cose

to ʿAī er the ir s sette i gooy y.

Whe the mtter s sette by the pege of egice to Abū r , he

cimbe the pupit, er prisig gorifyig Ah he si:

O peope! I hve bee ppoite over you though I m ot the best of you. If I o

goo, hep me. If I serve, correct me. Truthfuess is trust yig is trech-ery. e e of you is strog i my eyes uti I secure his right, the strog of

you is e i my eyes uti I te the right from him, if Ah so is. Noe

mog you shou give up ihā for s soo s peope gives up ihā, Ah

icts it ith humiitio. Obey me s og s I obey Ah His esseger

if I isobey Ah, I hve o right to obeiece from you. No st for

the pryer, y Ah hve mercy o you.

The Profile of Abū Bakr

He is Abū r ʿAbuāh ib Abī Quḥāfh ib ʿUthmā ib ʿAmr ib Kʿb ib

ʿ ib Tym ib urrh ib Kʿb ib Lu’yy ib Ghāib ib Fihr t-Tymī

-Quryshī.41 His iege meets ith tht of the Prophet t urrh ib Kʿb.

40 eeig forgiveess from Ah is customry y of cocuig speech.

41 He s so referre to s Aʿtīq (oe ho is free). It is si tht he s give this me becuse

the esseger of Aāh gve him the g tiigs tht he s free by Aāh from the Here. ( Murūjadh-Dhahab, vo. , p. 305) Others re of the opiio tht he s give this me becuse of his hsome





8

The Caliphate of ʿ Alī

•

T MSlMS ere e stue er the murer of the roge ciph,

they cou o refuge suere stte of chos. Aer ʿUthmā

oe s t for the ciphte other th ʿAī ib Abī Ṭāib. y of the

usims et to him requestig him to ssume the mte of ciph. He guge

the future s best he cou reise tht he ou hve to fce comig trib-utio tht cou ot be repuse, so he si to them: “Loo for someoe ese

for e re certiy goig to fce situtio tht i be icut i so my ys,

herts i ot be be to fce it mis i ot be be to cofrot it.” e

peope the se him to te up the resposibiity i the me of Ah for

the se of His reigio. He si to them: “I ccept. If you ccept, I i o ht

I fee is best for you. ut if you eve me be, I i be ust ie you , but most

obeiet subserviet to the perso you choose s ciph.” ey refuse this

si tht he oe shou be ciph.e peope fet tht the mtter cou ot be compete ithout z-Zubyr

Ṭḥh pegig their obeiece. A group et brought them

they pege their egice to ʿAī, though some sy they ere force. Oth-

ers re of the opiio tht z-Zubyr ever pege his egice. e rest of

the peope the fooe pege their egice. A group of seior Com-

pios of īh hich icue the fooig me ithhe the pege: ʿ

ib Abī Wqqāṣ, ʿī ib Zy, ʿAbuāh ib ʿ Umr, Usāmh ib Zy

, ughīrh ib huʿbh , ʿAbuāh ib ām , Quāmh ib ẓʿū, Abū ʿī -Khurī, Kʿb ib ʿUrh, Kʿb ib i , Nuʿmā ib



8 The History of the four caliphs

shīr, ssā ib ābit, smh ib h, Fuḍāh ib ʿ Uby

other seior Compios i the other cities.271

Whe ʿAī s the pege h bee me, he stoo resse the

peope, er prisig gorifyig Ah, he si:

O peope! Ah set guiig oo i hich He hs me goo evi cer,

so ho o to ht is goo bsti from ht is evi. Fu the obigtios to

Ah He i covey you to Prise. Ah me certi thigs scre

these re e o, but He hs give superiority to the sctity of usims

over other sctie mtters. He bou the rights of usims to evotio

beief i His oeess. us usim is oe from hose verb physic buse

other usims re sfe, except i mtters of truth. e boo of usim is ot

fu except i retio to certi obigtios. Hste to see to the irs of the

msses prepre for eth. e peope (i.e. the compios) hve goe heof you, the Fi Hour urges you o from behi. Lighte your bures to

ctch up becuse the st prt of (the sme group of) peope re ite for (me-

ig tht if you tre i their footsteps, you i be ite for i orer to oi up

ith them). O servts of Ah! Fer Ah ith regr to His His serv-

ts, for you re eve serbe for the ims. Obey Ah o

ot isobey Him. If you see goo, ho o to it foo it. If you see evi, bsti

from it.” “Remember the time he you ere fe victimise i the ”

(ūrt -Afā, 8: 6). He the cimbe o from the pupit.272

l ʿalĪ

He is ʿAī ib Abī Ṭāib ib ʿAb -uib ib Hāshim -Hāshimī -Qurshī,

the cousi of the esseger of Ah. His mother s Fāimh bit As ib

Hāshim ib ʿAb āf.273 He s bor 3 yers er the birth of the esseger

of Ah s sti boy he the esseger of Ah s commis-

sioe s Prophet. He s ivig ith him i his house, he use to proviehim ith foo ri becuse his fther suere poverty. He thus fooe

i the ys of the esseger of Ah s ot ee by the impurities of

jāhiliyyah such s the orship of ios other fou thigs.

Whe the esseger of Ah emigrte to īh ʿAī rise his

ife for him by seepig o his be to eceive those ho h surroue his

71 Al-Muqaddimah of Ib Khū, p. 14. Aso see Ṭbrī, vo. 4, pp. 47–430; al-Kāmil , vo. 3, pp.

190–191; Ib Khū, vo. , pp. 60–603.

7 Ṭbrī, vo. 4, p. 436; al-Kāmil , vo. 3, p. 194.73 ee al-Iṣābah, o. 5690; Ṣifat aṣ-Ṣafwah, vo. 1, p. 308; Ḥilyat al-Awliyāʾ , vo. 1, pp. 61–87.

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History of the Four Cap Lip Hs Pages