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Cosmetics

Assorted cosmetics and tools

Woman wearing makeup

Cosmetics (colloquially known as makeup or make-up) are caresubstances used to enhance the appearance or odor of the human body.They are generally mixtures of chemical compounds, some beingderived from natural sources, many being synthetic.[1]

In the U.S., the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which regulatescosmetics, defines cosmetics as "intended to be applied to the humanbody for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or alteringthe appearance without affecting the body's structure or functions."This broad definition also includes any material intended for use as acomponent of a cosmetic product. The FDA specifically excludes soapfrom this category.[2]

History

Nefertiti bust showing the use of eyeliner

The word cosmetics derives from the Greek κοσμητικὴ τέχνη (kosmetikētekhnē), meaning "technique of dress and ornament", from κοσμητικός(kosmētikos), "skilled in ordering or arranging"[3] and that from κόσμος(kosmos), meaning amongst others "order" and "ornament".[4] The firstarcheological evidence of cosmetics comes from the hollowed out tombs of theAncient Egyptian pharaohs.[5] Archaeological evidence of cosmetics dates atleast from ancient Egypt and Greece. According to one source, early majordevelopments include:

• Castor oil used by ancient Egypt as a protective balm.• Skin creams made of beeswax, olive oil, and rosewater, described by Romans.• Vaseline and lanolin in the nineteenth century.• Nivea in 1911.

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An 1889 Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec painting of awoman applying facial cosmetics

Kissproof brand face powder from 1926, from thepermanent collection of the Museo del Objeto del

Objeto in Mexico City.

The Ancient Greeks also used cosmetics.[6][7] Cosmetics are mentionedin the Old Testament, such as in 2 Kings 9:30, where Jezebel paintedher eyelids—approximately 840 BC—and in the book of Esther, wherevarious beauty treatments are described.

One of the most popular Traditional Chinese Medicines is the fungusTremella fuciformis; used as a beauty product by women in China andJapan. The fungus reportedly increases moisture retention in the skinand prevents senile degradation of micro-blood vessels in the skin,reducing wrinkles and smoothing fine lines. Other anti-ageing effectscome from increasing the presence of superoxide dismutase in thebrain and liver; it is an enzyme that acts as a potent antioxidantthroughout the body, particularly in the skin.

Cosmetic use was frowned upon at many points in Western history.For example, in the 19th century, Queen Victoria publicly declaredmakeup improper, vulgar, and acceptable only for use by actors.

During the sixteenth century, the personal attributes of the women whoused make-up created a demand for the product among the upperclass.[8]

Of the major cosmetics firms, the largest is L'Oréal, which wasfounded by Eugene Schueller in 1909 as the French Harmless HairColouring Company (now owned by Liliane Bettencourt 26% andNestlé 28%; the remaining 46% is traded publicly). The market wasdeveloped in the USA during the 1910s by Elizabeth Arden, HelenaRubinstein, and Max Factor. These firms were joined by Revlon justbefore World War II and Estée Lauder just after.

Beauty products are now widely available from dedicated internet-only retailers, who have more recently beenjoined online by established outlets, including the major department stores and traditional bricks and mortar beautyretailers.Although modern make-up has been traditionally used mainly by women, an increasing number of males aregradually using cosmetics usually associated to women to enhance or cover their own facial features. Concealer iscommonly used by self-conscious men. Cosmetics brands release cosmetic products especially tailored for men, andmen are increasingly using such products.

Criticism and controversy

EthicsDuring the 20th century, the popularity of cosmetics increased rapidly.[9] Cosmetics are increasingly used by girls ata young age, especially in the United States.[citation needed] Due to the fast-decreasing age of make-up users, manycompanies, from high-street brands like Rimmel to higher-end products like Estee Lauder, cater to this expandingmarket by introducing flavored lipsticks and glosses, cosmetics packaged in glittery, sparkly packaging andmarketing and advertising using young models.[citation needed] The social consequences of younger and youngercosmetics use has had much attention in the media over the last few years.Criticism of cosmetics has come from a wide variety of sources including some feminists, religious groups, animalrights activists, authors, and public interest groups.

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SafetyCosmetic companies successfully resist regulation by government agencies like the FDA, and have also lobbiedagainst this regulation throughout the years. The FDA does not have to approve or review cosmetics, or what goes inthem, before they are sold to the consumers. The FDA only regulates against the colors that can be used in thecosmetics and hair dyes. The cosmetic companies do not have to report any injuries from the products; they also onlyhave voluntary recalls of products.[10]

There has been growing awareness of and preference for cosmetics lacking toxic ingredients, especially thosederived from petroleum, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), and parabens. Numerous reports have raised concern over thesafety of a few surfactants. SLS causes a number of skin problems, including dermatitis.[11]

Parabens can cause skin irritation and contact dermatitis in individuals with paraben allergies, a small percentage ofthe general population. Animal experiments have shown that parabens have a weak estrogenic activity, acting asxenoestrogens.Synthetic fragrances are widely used in consumer products. Studies concluded from patch testing show syntheticfragrances are made of many ingredients which cause allergic reactions.Cosmetics companies have been criticized for making pseudo-scientific claims about their products which aremisleading or unsupported by scientific evidence.Often, though, the speculation of safety of cosmetics originates from scare stories and internet hoaxes unsupportedby science. Many ingredients deemed unsafe by the media have been found safe by scientists in the EU whereastringent regulations are enforced.

Animal testingCosmetics testing on animals is particularly controversial. Such tests involve general toxicity, eye and skin irritancy,phototoxicity (toxicity triggered by ultraviolet light), and mutagenicity.[12]

Cosmetics testing is banned in the Netherlands, Belgium, and the UK, and in 2002, after 13 years of discussion, theEuropean Union (EU) agreed to phase in a near-total ban on the sale of animal-tested cosmetics throughout the EUfrom 2009, and to ban all cosmetics-related animal testing. France, which is home to the world's largest cosmeticscompany, L'Oreal, has protested the proposed ban by lodging a case at the European Court of Justice inLuxembourg, asking that the ban be quashed. The ban is also opposed by the European Federation for CosmeticsIngredients, which represents 70 companies in Switzerland, Belgium, France, Germany, and Italy.[]

Makeup typesCosmetics include skin-care creams, lotions, powders, perfumes, lipsticks, fingernail and toe nail polish, eye andfacial makeup, towelettes, permanent waves, colored contact lenses, hair colors, hair sprays and gels, deodorants,hand sanitizer, baby products, bath oils, bubble baths, bath salts, butters and many other types of products. A subsetof cosmetics is called "make-up," which refers primarily to coloring products intended to alter the user’s appearance.Many manufacturers distinguish between decorative cosmetics and care cosmetics.Cosmetics that are meant to be applied to the face and eye area are usually applied with a brush or the fingertips.Most cosmetics are distinguished by the area of the body intended for application.• Primer, come in various formulas to suit individual skin conditions. Most are meant to reduce the appearance of

pore size, prolong the wear of makeup, and allow for a smoother application of makeup, and are applied beforefoundation.

• Lipstick, lip gloss, lip liner, lip plumper, lip balm, lip conditioner, lip primer, and lip boosters. Lipsticks are intended to add color and texture to the lips and often come in a wide range of colors, as well as finishes such as matte, satin and lustre. Lip stains have a water or gel base and may contain alcohol to help the product stay on the

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lips. The idea behind lip stains is to temporarily saturate the lips with a dye. Usually designed to be waterproof,the product may come with an applicator brush, rollerball, or be applied with a finger. Lip glosses are intended toadd shine to the lips, and may also add a tint of color, as well as being scented or flavored. Lip balms are mostoften used to moisturize and protect the lips. They often contain SPF protection.

• Concealer, makeup used to cover any imperfections of the skin. Concealer is often used for any extra coverageneeded to cover blemishes, undereye circles, and other imperfections. Concealer is often thicker and more solidthan foundation, and provides longer lasting, more detailed coverage. Some formulations are meant only for theeye or only for the face. This product can also be used for contouring your face like your nose, cheekbones, andjaw line.

• Foundation is used to smooth out the face and cover spots or uneven skin coloration. Usually a liquid, cream, orpowder, as well as most recently a light and fluffy mousse. Foundation provides coverage from sheer to fulldepending on preference. Foundation primer can be applied before or after foundation to obtain a smoother finish.Some primers come in powder or liquid form to be applied before foundation as a base, while other primers comeas a spray to be applied after the foundation to help the make-up last longer.

• Face powder is used to set the foundation, giving it a matte finish, and also to conceal small flaws or blemishes.Tinted face powders may also be worn alone as a light foundation.

• Rouge, blush or blusher is cheek coloring used to bring out the color in the cheeks and make the cheekbonesappear more defined. Rouge comes in powder, cream, and liquid forms.

• Contour powder/creams are used to define the face. They can be used to give the illusion of a slimmer face or tomodify a person’s face shape in other desired ways. Usually a few shades darker than one's own skin tone andmatte in finish, contour products create the illusion of depth. A darker toned foundation/concealer can be usedinstead of contour products for a more natural look.

•• Highlight, used to draw attention to the high points of the face as well as to add glow to the face, comes in liquid,cream, and powder forms. It often contains a substance to provide shimmer. A lighter toned foundation/concealercan be used instead of highlight to create a more natural look.

• Bronzer is used to give skin a bit of color by adding a golden or bronze glow, as well as being used forcontouring. It comes in either matte, semi matte/satin, or shimmer finishes.

• Mascara is used to darken, lengthen, thicken, or draw attention to the eyelashes. It is available in natural colorssuch as brown and black, but also comes in bolder colors such as blue, pink, or purple. Some mascaras alsoinclude glitter flecks. There are many different formulas, including waterproof versions for those prone toallergies or sudden tears. It is often used after an eyelash curler and mascara primer. Many mascaras now havecertain components intended to help lashes appear longer and thicker.

Eye shadow being applied

• Eyeliner is used to enhance and elongate the size of the eye.• Eyebrow pencils, creams, waxes, gels and powders are used to color and

define the brows.• Nail polish is used to color the fingernails and toenails. Transparent, colorless

versions may be used to strengthen nails, or used as a top or base coat toprotect the nail or polish.

• Setting Spray is used to keep applied makeup intact for long periods of time.An alternative to setting spray is setting powder, which may be eitherpigmented or translucent.

• False eyelashes are frequently used when extravagant and exaggeratedeyelashes are desired. Their basic design usually consists of human hair orsynthetic materials attached to a thin cloth-like band, which is applied with aneyelash glue to the

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Broadway actor Jim Brochu applies make-upbefore the opening night of a play.

The chin mask known as chutti for Kathakali, aperforming art in Kerala, India, is considered the

thickest makeup applied for any art form.

lashline. Designs vary from short, natural-looking lashes toextremely long, wispy, rainbow-colored lashes. Rhinestones, gems,and even feathers and lace occur on some false eyelash designs.

Cosmetics can be also described by the physical composition of theproduct. Cosmetics can be liquid or cream emulsions; powders, bothpressed and loose; dispersions; and anhydrous creams or sticks.

Makeup remover is a product used to remove the makeup productsapplied on the skin. It is used to clean the skin before other procedures,like applying bedtime lotion.

Skin care products

Skin care products can also fall under the general category ofcosmetics. These are products used to improve the appearance andhealth of skin, formulated for different types of skin and associatedcharacteristics. Skin care products include cleansers, facial masks,toners, moisturizers, sunscreen, tanning oils and lotions, skinlighteners, serums and exfoliants.

Skin types

There are five basic skin types, including:

1. Normal skin

This type of skin has a fine, even and smooth surface due to its ideal balance between oil and moisture content and istherefore neither greasy nor dry. People who have normal skin have small, barely-visible pores. Thus, their skinusually appears clear and does not frequently develop spots and blemishes. This type of skin needs minimal andgentle treatment, but does still require maintenance.

2. Dry skin

Dry skin has a parched appearance and tends to flake easily. It is prone to wrinkles and lines due to its inability toretain moisture, as well as an inadequate production of sebum by sebaceous glands. Dry skin often has problems incold weather, which dries it out even further. Constant protection in the form of a moisturizer by day and amoisture-rich cream by night is essential. It is important not to over-exfoliate even in cases of extreme flaking, asthis only dries out the skin further; gentle exfoliants using sugar, rice bran or mild acids are the most suitable,although they should not be used more frequently than once per week to avoid causing irritation and dryness.

3. Oily skin

As its name implies, this type of skin surface is slightly to moderately greasy, which is caused by the over secretionof sebum. The excess oil on the surface of the skin causes dirt and dust from the environment to adhere to it. Oilyskin is usually prone to blackheads, whiteheads, spots and pimples. It needs to be cleansed thoroughly every day,especially in hot or humid weather. Moisturizing with an oil-free, water-based and non-comedogenic moisturizer isrequired in addition. Exfoliation is also necessary, but over-exfoliation can cause irritation and increase in oilproduction; exfoliants that contain fruit acids are particularly helpful, and fine-grained exfoliants may help to clearblocked pores, discouraging breakouts and improving the skin's appearance.

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4. Combination skin

This is the most common type of skin. As the name suggests, it is a combination of both oily and dry or normal skin,where certain areas of the face are oily and the others dry. The oily parts are usually found on a central panel, calledthe T–Zone, consisting of the forehead, nose and chin. The dry areas usually consist of the cheeks and the areasaround the eyes and mouth. In such cases, each part of the face should be treated according to its skin type. There arealso skin care products made especially for those who have combination skin; these contain ingredients that cater toboth skin types.

5. Sensitive skin

Sensitive skin has a tendency to react to many potential triggers with irritation, redness, stinging or burning, flaking,lumpiness, and rashes. The most common causes of irritation are chemical dyes and fragrances, soaps, some flowerand spice oils, shaving creams, tanning lotions or spray tans, changes in temperature, excessive cleansing orexfoliating, waxing, threading, shaving, and bleaching. People with sensitive skin should try to avoid products withunnecessary fragrances or dyes, and generally avoid using products that cause irritation. Sensitive skin is typicallydry, but can be oily, normal, or combination as well.

General skin care routines

Cleansing

Cleansing is the first essential step to any daily skin care routine. Cleansers are generally applied to wet skin over theface and sometimes also the neck, avoiding the eyes and lips.Cleansing the face once per day is typically adequate for normal or dry skins. However, a mild cleanser should alsobe used at night if makeup has been worn to remove any excess dirt or oil. Oily skins should be cleansed morefrequently, at least twice per day. Water-based, gentle cleansers are ideal for all skin types, though particularlyacne-prone skin may require medicated cleansers containing benzoyl peroxide or salicylic acid to discourage acne.While soap can be used as a cleanser, it should be avoided in cases of dry and sensitive skins; many alternatives areavailable. Oil-based cleansers have become particularly popular with oily skin, as they are very gentle and do notover-dry the skin, but still effectively remove dirt and makeup. It is important to cleanse before applying makeup,regardless of skin type, as this helps to create a clean surface for makeup application. Many cleansers are alsosuitable for use as a makeup remover, but a proper makeup remover is preferable, particularly for the removal of eyemakeup.

Masks

Face masks are treatments applied to the skin for a period of time, then removed. Typically, they are applied to a dry,cleansed face, avoiding the eyes and lips.There are many kinds of face masks available, which typically fall into one or more of the following categories:•• Clay-based masks use kaolin clay or fuller's earth to transport essential oils and chemicals to the skin, and are

typically left on until completely dry. As the clay dries, it absorbs excess oil and dirt from the surface of the skinand may help to clear blocked pores or draw comedones to the surface. Because of its drying actions, clay-basedmasks should only be used on oily skins.

•• Peel masks are typically gel-like in consistency, and contain various acids or exfoliating agents to help exfoliatethe skin, along with other ingredients to hydrate, discourage wrinkles, or treat uneven skin tone. They are also lefton to dry, and then gently peeled off. They should be avoided by people with dry skin, as they also tend to be verydrying.

•• Sheet masks are a relatively new product that are becoming extremely popular in Asia. Sheet masks consist of athin cotton or fiber sheet with holes cut out for the eyes and lips and cut to fit the contours of the face, onto whichserums and skin treatments are brushed in a thin layer; the sheets may also be soaked in the treatment. Masks are

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available to suit almost all skin types and skin complaints. Sheet masks are quicker, less messy, and require nospecialized knowledge or equipment for their use compared to other types of face masks, but they may be difficultto find and purchase outside of Asia.

Exfoliants

Exfoliants are products that help slough off dry, dead skin cells to improve the skin's appearance. This is achievedeither by using acids or other chemicals to loosen old skin cells, or abrasive substances to physically scrub them off.Exfoliation can even out patches of rough skin, improve circulation to the skin, clear blocked pores to discourageacne and improve the appearance and healing of scars. Exfoliants should be applied to wet, cleansed skin, avoidingthe eye area; abrasive exfoliants or scrubs should then be rubbed into the skin in a circular motion for at least 30seconds. Dry skin should only be exfoliated in spots with severe flaking, and no more than once per week; oily skinsmay be able to tolerate twice weekly exfoliation. Signs of over-exfoliation include sore, dry and irritated or reddenedskin and excessive dryness or oiliness.Chemical exfoliants may include citric acid (from citrus fruits), acetic acid (from vinegar), malic acid (from variousfruits), glycolic acid, lactic acid or salicylic acid. They may be liquids or gels, and may or may not contain anabrasive to remove old skin cells afterwards. Abrasive exfoliants include gels, creams or lotions, as well as physicalobjects. Loofahs, microfibre cloths, natural sponges or brushes may be used to exfoliate skin, simply by rubbingthem over the face in a circular motion. Gels, creams or lotions may contain an acid to encourage dead skin cells toloosen, and an abrasive such as beads, sea salt, sugar, ground nut shells, rice bran or ground apricot kernels to scrubthe dead cells off the skin. Salt and sugar scrubs tend to be the harshest, while scrubs containing beads or rice branare typically very gentle.

Toning

Toners are used after cleansing the skin to freshen it up and remove any traces of cleanser, mask or makeup, as wellto help restore the skin's natural pH. They are usually applied to a cotton pad and wiped over the skin, but can also besprayed onto the skin from a spray bottle.Toners typically contain alcohol, water, and herbal extracts or other chemicals depending on skin type. Tonerscontaining alcohol are quite astringent, and usually targeted at oily skins. Dry or normal skin should be treated withalcohol-free toners. Witch hazel solution is a popular toner for all skin types, but many other products are available.Many toners also contain salicylic acid and/or benzoyl peroxide. These types of toners are also targeted at oily skintypes, as well as acne-prone skin.

Moisturizing

Moisturizers are creams or lotions that hydrate the skin and help it to retain moisture; they may also contain variousessential oils, herbal extracts or chemicals to assist with oil control or reducing irritation. Night creams are typicallymore hydrating than day creams, but may be too thick or heavy to wear during the day, hence their name. Tintedmoisturizers contain a small amount of foundation, which can provide light coverage for minor blemishes or to evenout skin tones. They are usually applied with the fingertips or a cotton pad to the entire face, avoiding the lips andarea around the eyes.All skin types need moisturizing. Moisturizer helps prevent flaking and dryness, and may help to delay the formationof wrinkles. People with dry skin should choose oil-based moisturizers with ingredients to help the skin retainmoisture and protect it from dryness, heat or cold in the environment. People with normal skin can choose from awide variety of moisturizers, but light lotions or gels are typically all that is required. Water-based, low-oil andnon-comedogenic moisturizers should be used on oily skin; medicated moisturizers containing tea tree extracts orfruit enzymes can help to control oil production or treat acne.

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Eyes require a different kind of moisturizer compared with the rest of the face. The skin around the eyes is extremelythin and sensitive, and is often the first area to show signs of ageing. Eye creams are typically very light lotions orgels, and are usually very gentle; some may contain ingredients such as caffeine or Vitamin K to reduce puffinessand dark circles under the eyes. Eye creams or gels should be applied over the entire eye area with a finger, using apatting motion.

Protecting

Sun protection is an important aspect of skin care. The sun can cause extreme damage to the skin, not only in theform of sunburns and skin cancer; exposure to UVA and UVB radiation can cause patches of uneven skin tone anddry out the skin, reducing its elasticity and encouraging sagging and wrinkle formation. It is important to make useof sunscreen to protect the skin from sun damage; sunscreen should be applied at least 20 minutes before exposure,and should be re-applied every four hours. Sunscreen should be applied to all areas of the skin that will be exposedto sunlight, and at least a tablespoon (25 ml) should be applied to each limb, the face, chest, and back, to ensurethorough coverage. Many tinted moisturizers, foundations and primers now contain some form of SPF.Sunscreens may come in the form of creams, gels or lotions; their SPF number indicates their effectiveness inprotecting the skin from the sun's radiation. There are sunscreens available to suit every skin type; in particular, thosewith oily skin should choose non-comodegenic sunscreens; those with dry skins should choose sunscreens withmoisturizers to help keep skin hydrated, and those with sensitive skin should choose unscented, hypoallergenicsunscreen and spot-test in an inconspicuous place (such as the inside of the elbow or behind the ear) to ensure that itdoes not irritate the skin.

IngredientsIngredient listings in cosmetics are highly regulated in many countries.

Organic and natural ingredientsOnce a niche market, handmade and certified organic products are becoming more mainstream. Even though manycosmetic products are regulated, health concerns persist regarding the presence of harmful chemicals in theseproducts.[citation needed] Aside from color additives, cosmetic products and their ingredients are not subject toregulation prior to their release on the market. Many new products are released every season, often after only slighttesting. Many cosmetic companies claim to produce "all natural" and "organic" products. Products claimed to beorganic should be certified "USDA Organic".

Mineral makeupThe term "mineral makeup" applies to a category of face makeup, including foundation, eye shadow, blush, andbronzer, made with loose, dry mineral powders. Lipsticks, liquid foundations, and other liquid cosmetics, as well ascompressed makeups such as eye shadow and blush in compacts, are also often called mineral makeup if they havethe same primary ingredients as dry mineral makeups. However, liquid makeups must contain preservatives andcompressed makeups must contain binders, which dry mineral makeups do not.

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Ingredients

The main ingredients in mineral makeups are usually coverage pigments, such as zinc oxide and titanium dioxide,both of which are also physical sunscreens.Other main ingredients include mica (Sericite) and pigmenting minerals, such as iron oxide, tin oxide[13], andmagnesium myristate.Mineral makeup usually does not contain synthetic fragrances, preservatives, parabens, mineral oil, and chemicaldyes. For this reason, many dermatologists consider mineral makeup to be purer and kinder to the skin than makeupthat contains those ingredients.However, some mineral makeups contain Bismuth oxychloride, which can be irritating to the skin of sensitiveindividuals. Others also contain talc, over which there is some controversy because of its comedogenic tendencies(tendency to clog pores and therefore cause acne) and because some people are sensitive to talc.

Benefits

Because titanium dioxide and zinc oxide have anti-inflammatory properties, mineral makeups with those ingredientscan also have a calming effect on the skin, which is particularly important for those who suffer from inflammatoryproblems such as rosacea. Zinc oxide is also anti-microbial, so mineral makeups can be beneficial for people withacne.Mineral makeup is noncomedogenic (as long as it does not contain talc) and offers a mild amount of sun protection(because of the titanium dioxide and zinc oxide).Because they do not contain liquid ingredients, mineral makeups can last in their containers indefinitely as long asthe user does not contaminate them with other liquid or fingertips.

Cosmetic industry

Cosmetics at department store Farmers Centre Place in Hamilton,New Zealand

The manufacture of cosmetics is currently dominatedby a small number of multinational corporations thatoriginated in the early 20th century, but the distributionand sale of cosmetics is spread among a wide range ofdifferent businesses. The worlds largest cosmeticcompanies are The L'Oréal Group, The Procter &Gamble Company, Unilever, Shiseido Company,Limited and Estée Lauder Companies, Inc.[14] Themarket volume of the cosmetics industry in the US,Europe, and Japan is about EUR 70B/y, according to a2005 publication. In the United States, the cosmeticindustry's size was US$42.8 billion in 2008. InGermany, the cosmetic industry generated €12.6billion of retail sales in 2008, which makes the Germancosmetic industry the third largest in the world, afterJapan and the United States. It has been shown that in Germany this industry grew nearly 5 percent in one year, from2007 to 2008. German exports in this industry reached €5.8 billion in 2008, whereas imports of cosmetics totaled €3billion. The main countries that export cosmetics to Germany are France, Switzerland, the United States and Italy,and they mainly consist of makeup and fragrances or perfumes for women.

The worldwide cosmetics and perfume industry currently generates an estimated annual turnover of US$170 billion (according to Eurostaf - May 2007). Europe is the leading market, representing approximately €63 billion, while sales in France reached €6.5 billion in 2006, according to FIPAR (Fédération des Industries de la Parfumerie - the

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French federation for the perfume industry). France is another country in which the cosmetic industry plays animportant role, both nationally and internationally. Most products with a label, "Made in France" are valued on theinternational market. According to data from 2008, the cosmetic industry has grown constantly in France for 40consecutive years. In 2006, this industrial sector reached a record level of €6.5 billion. Famous cosmetic brandsproduced in France include Vichy, Yves Saint Laurent, Yves Rocher and many others.

Cosmetics at Life Pharmacy at Westfield Albany on the North Shoreof Auckland, New Zealand

The Italian cosmetic industry is also an importantplayer in the European cosmetic market. Although notas large as in other European countries, the cosmeticindustry in Italy was estimated to reach €9 billion in2007. The Italian cosmetic industry is howeverdominated by hair and body products and not makeupas in many other European countries. In Italy, hair andbody products make up approximately 30% of thecosmetic market. Makeup and facial care, however, arethe most common cosmetic products exported to theUnited States.

Due to the popularity of cosmetics, especiallyfragrances and perfumes, many designers who are notnecessarily involved in the cosmetic industry came upwith different perfumes carrying their names. Moreover, some actors and singers have their own perfume line (suchas Celine Dion). Designer perfumes are, like any other designer products, the most expensive in the industry as theconsumer pays not only for the product but also for the brand. Famous Italian fragrances are produced by GiorgioArmani, Dolce and Gabbana, and others.

Recently, Procter & Gamble, which sells CoverGirl and Dolce & Gabbana makeup, funded a study concluding thatmakeup makes women seem more competent. Due to the source of funding, the quality of this Boston Universitystudy is questioned.

The cosmetic industry worldwide seems to be continuously developing, now more than ever with the advent of theInternet companies. Many famous companies sell their cosmetic products online also in countries in which they donot have representatives.Research on the email marketing of cosmetics to consumers suggests they are goal-oriented with email content thatis seen as useful, motivating recipients to visit a store to test the cosmetics or talk to sales representatives. Usefulcontent included special sales offerings and new product information rather than information about makeup trends.

Legislation

EuropeThe main directive in the European Union affecting the manufacture, labelling and supply of cosmetics and personalcare products is Cosmetics Directive 76/768/EEC.[15] It applies to all the countries of the EU as well as Iceland,Norway and Switzerland. These regulations apply to single-person companies making or importing just one productas well as to large multinationals. In the UK the directive is enacted as the Cosmetic Product (safety) Regulations2008.[16] Manufacturers and importers of cosmetic products must comply with the applicable regulations in order tosell their products in the EU. In this industry it is common fall back on a suitably qualified person, such as anindependent third party inspection and testing company, to verify the cosmetics’ compliance with the requirements ofapplicable cosmetic regulations and other relevant legislation, including REACH, GMP, hazardous substances,etc.[17]

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In the European Union, the circulation of cosmetic products and their safety has been a subject of legislation since1976. One of the newest amendments of the directive concerning cosmetic industry is a result of the attempt to bananimal testing. Testing cosmetic products on animals has been illegal in the European Union since September 2004,and testing the separate ingredients of such products on animals is also prohibited by law, since March 2009.Cosmetic regulations in Europe are often updated to follow the trends of innovations and new technologies whileensuring product safety. For instance, all annexes of the Directive 76/768/EEC were aimed to address potential risksto human health. The new and latest EU Cosmetic Regulation 1223/2009 will take full effect in July 2013. Underthis new regulation, manufacturers, retailers and importers of cosmetics in Europe will be designated as “ResponsiblePerson”.[18] This new status implies that the responsible person has the legal liability to ensure that the cosmetics andbrands they manufacture or sell comply with the current cosmetic regulations and norms. The responsible person isalso responsible of the documents contained in the Product Information File, a list of product information includingdata such as Cosmetic Product Safety Report, product description, GMP statement or product function.

United StatesIn the U.S., the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is the body making legislation in what concerns cosmeticindustry and its various aspects within the United States.[19] The FDA joined with thirteen other Federal agencies informing the Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM) in 1997,which is an attempt to ban animal testing and find other methods to test cosmetic products.

BrazilThe Anvisa is the Brazil’s Health Agency, the regulatory body responsible for cosmetic legislation and directives inthe country. The rules apply to manufacturers, importers and retailers of cosmetics in Brazil, and most of them havebeen harmonized so they can apply to the entire Mercosur.The current legislation restricts the use of certain substances such as pyrogallol, formaldehyde or paraformaldehydeand bans the use of others such as lead acetate in cosmetic products.[20] All restricted and forbidden substances andproducts are listed in the regulation RDC 16/11 and RDC 162, 09/11/01.More recently, a new cosmetic Technical Regulation (RDC 15/2013) was set up to establish a list of authorized andrestricted substances for cosmetic use, used in products such as hair dyes, nail hardeners or used as productpreservatives.[21]

Most Brazilian regulations are optimized, harmonized or adapted in order to be applicable and extended to the entireMercosur economic zone.

InternationalThe International Organization for Standardization (ISO) published new guidelines on the safe manufacturing ofcosmetic products under a Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) regime. Regulators in several countries and regionshave adopted this standard, ISO 22716:2007, effectively replacing existing guidance and standards. ISO 22716provides a comprehensive approach for a quality management system for those engaged in the manufacturing,packaging, testing, storage, and transportation of cosmetic end products. The standard deals with all aspects of thesupply chain, from the early delivery of raw materials and components until the shipment of the final product to theconsumer.[22]

The standard is based on other quality management systems, ensuring smooth integration with such systems as ISO9001 or the British Retail Consortium (BRC) standard for consumer products. Therefore, it combines the benefits ofGMP, linking cosmetic product safety with overall business improvement tools that enable organisations to meetglobal consumer demand for cosmetic product safety certification.[23]

Cosmetics 12

In July 2012, since microbial contamination is one of the greatest concerns regarding the quality of cosmeticproducts, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has introduced a new standard for evaluating theantimicrobial protection of a cosmetic product by preservation efficacy testing and microbiological risk assessment.

Cosmetic careers

A professional make-up artist servicing a client

An account executive is responsible for visiting department andspecialty stores with counter sales of cosmetics. They explain newproducts and "gifts with purchase" arrangements (free items given outupon purchase of cosmetics items costing over some set amount).A beauty adviser provides product advice based on the client's skincare and makeup requirements. Beauty advisers can be certified by anAnti-Aging Beauty Institute.

Model Alek Wek receiving make-up from aprofessional.

A cosmetician is a professional who provides facial and bodytreatments for clients. The term cosmetologist is sometimes usedinterchangeably with this term, but the former most commonly refersto a certified professional. A freelance makeup artist provides clientswith beauty advice and cosmetics assistance. They are usually paid bythe hour by a cosmetic company, however they sometimes workindependently.

Professionals in cosmetics marketing careers manage research focusgroups, promote the desired brand image, and provide other marketingservices (sales forecasting, allocation to different retailers, etc.).

Many involved within the cosmetics industry often specialize in a certain area of cosmetics such as special effectsmakeup or makeup techniques specific to the film, media and fashion sectors.

References[1][1] Günther Schneider, Sven Gohla, Jörg Schreiber, Waltraud Kaden, Uwe Schönrock, Hartmut Schmidt-Lewerkühne, Annegret Kuschel, Xenia

Petsitis, Wolfgang Pape, Hellmut Ippen and Walter Diembeck "Skin Cosmetics" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005,Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.

[2][2] Lewis, Carol. FDA. "Clearing up Cosmetic Confusion."[3] κοσμητικός (http:/ / www. perseus. tufts. edu/ hopper/ text?doc=Perseus:text:1999. 04. 0057:entry=kosmhtiko/ s), Henry George Liddell,

Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus[4] κόσμος (http:/ / www. perseus. tufts. edu/ hopper/ text?doc=Perseus:text:1999. 04. 0057:entry=ko/ smos), Henry George Liddell, Robert

Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus[5] historyofcosmetics.net. N.p., n.d. Web. 2013. <http://www.historyofcosmetics.net/cosmetic-history/history-of-cosmetics/>.[6] Lesley Adkins, Roy A. Adkins, Handbook to life in Ancient Greece, Oxford University Press, 1998[7] Bruno Burlando, Luisella Verotta, Laura Cornara, and Elisa Bottini-Massa, Herbal Principles in Cosmetics, CRC Press, 2010[8][8] Angeloglou, Maggie. The History of Make-up. First ed. Great Britain: The Macmillan Company, 1970. 41-42. Print.[9][9] Millikan, Larry E. "Cosmetology, cosmetics, cosmeceuticals: definitions and regulations." Clinics in dermatology 19.4 (2001): 371-374.}[10][10] "cosmetics and your health." womensheatlh.gov.nd.web.4 nov 2004[11] CIR publication. Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate and Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate. Journal of the American

College of Toxicology. 1983 Vol. 2 (No. 7) pages 127–181.[12] An overview of Animal Testing Issues (http:/ / www. hsus. org/ web-files/ PDF/ ARI/ ARIS_An_Overview_Of_Animal_Testing_Issues.

pdf), Humane Society of the United States. Retrieved February 27, 2008.[13] http:/ / toolserver. org/ %7Edispenser/ cgi-bin/ dab_solver. py?page=Cosmetics& editintro=Template:Disambiguation_needed/ editintro&

client=Template:Dn

Cosmetics 13

[14] http:/ / www. scribd. com/ doc/ 3027409/ Top-100-Cosmetic-Manufacturers[15] EU Cosmetics Directive (http:/ / ec. europa. eu/ consumers/ sectors/ cosmetics/ documents/ directive/ index_en. htm)[16] Cosmetic Product (safety) Regulations 2008 (http:/ / www. legislation. gov. uk/ uksi/ 2008/ 1284/ introduction/ made)[17] Cosmetic Products Safety Regulations (http:/ / www. bis. gov. uk/ policies/ consumer-issues/ product-safety/

cosmetic-products-safety-regulations-2008-as-amended)[18] “EU Cosmetic Regulation 1223/2009” (http:/ / newsletter. sgs. com/ eNewsletterPro/ uploadedimages/ 000006/

sgs-safeguards-07213-eu-cosmetic-regulation-1223-2009-a4-en-13. pdf), SGS SafeGuards, Retrieved 05/2013[19] Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (http:/ / www. fda. gov/ RegulatoryInformation/ Legislation/

FederalFoodDrugandCosmeticActFDCAct/ default. htm)[20] Brazil – New Cosmetic Regulation (http:/ / newsletter. sgs. com/ eNewsletterPro/ uploadedimages/ 000006/

sgs-safeguards-06512-brazil-consults-on-draft-regulations-for-formaldehyde-lead-acetate-in-cosmetic-a4-en-12. pdf) SGS SafeGuardsBulletin, Retrieved 06/22/2013

[21] New Cosmetic Regulation approved in Brazil – RDC N° 15/2013 (http:/ / newsletter. sgs. com/ eNewsletterPro/ uploadedimages/ 000006/sgs-safeguards-08413-cosmetic-regulation-rdc-n-15-2013-approved-in-brazil-a4-en-13. pdf) SGS Consumer Compact, Retrieved 05/30/2013

[22] ISO 22716 Whitepaper (http:/ / www. sgs. com/ en/ White-Paper-Library/ 2011/ Cosmetics-GMP. aspx) Retrieved 09/27/2012[23] ISO 22716 (http:/ / www. iso. org/ iso/ home/ store/ catalogue_tc/ catalogue_detail. htm?csnumber=36437) ISO Guidelines on Good

Manufacturing Practices, Retrieved 09/27/2012

• Cosmetics Products (http:/ / www. oxyglowcosmetics. com/ )

Further reading• Winter, Ruth (2005) [2005]. A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Complete Information About the

Harmful and Desirable Ingredients in Cosmetics (Paperback) (in English). US: Three Rivers Press.ISBN 1-4000-5233-5.

• Begoun, Paula (2003) [2003]. Don't Go to the Cosmetics Counter Without Me(Paperback) (in English). US:Beginning Press. ISBN 1-877988-30-8.

• Carrasco, Francisco (2009) [2009]. Diccionario de Ingredientes Cosmeticos(Paperback) (in Spanish). Spain:www.imagenpersonal.net. ISBN 978-84-613-4979-1.

Article Sources and Contributors 14

Article Sources and ContributorsCosmetics  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=599572603  Contributors: (jarbarf), 100110100, 10metreh, 123thumbwar, A.amitkumar, A53collins, AED, AKeen, Aboalbiss,Abrahami, AbsolutDan, Achowat, Acm1989, AgnosticPreachersKid, Ahoerstemeier, Aitias, Ajitm77, Alan Liefting, Alansohn, Alex43223, Alexis Seewald, Ali, Alice853, AliceJMarkham,AlphaEta, Altg20April2nd, Alvina90, Alxeedo, Amanda naso, Ammy12332, Andrealynnxo88, AndrewHowse, Andycjp, AngelOfSadness, Angela, Anoop24, Anoopkn, Anstice, Apple3364,Arcandam, Aristophanes68, Armypeople, Arolga, Art LaPella, Ashmoo, Asifsra, Ataraxis1492, Atomicstring, Audrey7, BMX2, Babycakes92, Bahar101, Baiji, Bambi2123, Banaticus, Barek,Batavier2.0, Baybear143, Beezer137, Behdad, Betacommand, Betterusername, Beve, Binksternet, Biopresto, Blanchardb, Blehfu, Blonde2max, Bobo192, Bobzchemist, Bonadea, Bookandcoffee,Bouxetuv, Bprongay, Brandt Luke Zorn, Brat32, Bringinsmexyback, BrokenSegue, BuzzWoof, Cadsuane Melaidhrin, Cakebosshenlover, Californiapro, Calliopejen1, Calmer Waters,CambridgeBayWeather, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Canthusus, Capt. James T. Kirk, Carax, CarmelitaCharm, Castoroil101, Cat1236912369, Catchthedream, CatherineMunro, Ccacsmss,CensoredScribe, Cereal box conspiracy, Cheap cosmetic, Chendy, Chevychaser, Chibbert10, Chick Bowen, Chickem4o, Chris the speller, Christian75, Chuckybear101, Cjwright79, Ckatz,Closedmouth, Cmichael, Cmil134, Cold Season, CommonsDelinker, ConCompS, Cookie101200, Courcelles, Craig Pemberton, Cremepuff222, Crisis, Cst17, Cute 1 4 u, Cxz111, D. Recorder,DMacks, DVdm, Da Vynci, Dancinchick421, Daniel Case, Danleaf, Dark Tea, Davethedope, David Shay, David Stewart, Daydreambeliever, Dcljr, Deanmono, Dedonite, Defygravity3, Deli nk,Dendlai, Denniss, Deor, Dina, Discospinster, Djkade, Dknowhow, Donner60, Downwards, Dragon76, Dreaded Walrus, Dspradau, Dthomsen8, Dureo, Dylan620, Dysprosia, EagerToddler39,Eekerz, Ehheh, Elronxenu, Emmalee00, Enchanter, Ephraimhunte, Epicgenius, Ericbsamson, ErickaDouglas, Erud, EuroCarGT, Evil chaos, FCSundae, Falcon Kirtaran, Falcon8765,Farosdaughter, Federalcufflink, Fiilott, FloraDawn, Fltlvl170, Flyer22, Frap, Freshacconci, Fruitpop56, Fui in terra aliena, Funnyyy, Fuzheado, GL, Gambit5639, Gameboybunny, Gantuya eng,Gayeon, George Ho, Geraldshields11, Gethealthynaturally, Gilliam, Giraffedata, Gobulcoque, Godlord2, Gogo Dodo, Gokul.gk7, Goldenpoppyflower, Golgibody, Goodnightmush, GraemeL,Graham87, GretDrabba, Ground Zero, Gsklee, Gurubrahma, Guylarge, Hadal, Halon8, Hans Dunkelberg, Hebrides, Hede2000, Hello-bbz, Hinder54321, Hmains, Hms329, Hnjang810,Hollypov123, HorsePunchKid, II MusLiM HyBRiD II, Iantresman, Icarus of old, Icarus3, IceKarma, Icmradmin, IkonicDeath, Imdermie201, Immunize, Incubus12345, Inkola11, Invertzoo,Ipso2, Irena Trajchevska, J Di, J.delanoy, J04n, JForget, JGabbard, JNW, JYolkowski, JaGa, JamesBurns, Jamion, Jasmin963, Jauhienij, Javert, Jb3141, Jdufresne, Jelliebelliebean, Jerriester,Jfdwolff, Jgirl940, Jim1138, Jmh649, Jncraton, Jovianeye, Joyous!, Jsayre64, Jtm71, Jujubean55, Juliette1996, Jusdafax, JustAGal, K6ka, KVDP, Kaobear, Karada, Karl 334, Karl-Henner, Kate,Katenb, KathrynLybarger, Katiewren, Kbh3rd, Ke4roh, Keegan, KelseyA728, Keny56, Kenzie kimball, Kintetsubuffalo, Kku, Kngdiana1, Knowledge Seeker, Korland, Kraftlos, Kraminator,Krislongden, Kristwin, Kummi, Kurieeto, Kurt Shaped Box, Kuru, Kwamikagami, L Kensington, LALLsim, LOVELY786, LadyofShalott, Lagirl4evea, Laloavalos2000, Lalozer65,LarryReuben, Lauren9966, Laveaux, LeCire, Leedeth, LegitBud12, LegitimateAndEvenCompelling, Lenary, Leonini, Leopardkitn, Lgmoore, Lightning Island, Lights, LindsayH, Ling.Nut,Linkspamremover, Lisa-BFWM, Lisssaa, LodeRunner, Louisfachedn47, LovelyLillith, Lubos, LuciferMorgan, Lucky bone13, Lugia2453, Luna Santin, Lupin, Lutterworth, Luuwoojm, MER-C,MKil, MPLX, Macedonian, Madisenrose, Madkayaker, Mahewa, Makeupdiva, Malfury, Mandarax, Mandible6ph, Manha1234, Manop, Mante1, Manway, MarinaMichaels, Mark Arsten,Markdx777, MartinHarper, Maxwhr, Mdwh, Meaghanlehrer, Meekywiki, MelbourneStar, Mentifisto, Meursault2004, Mild Bill Hiccup, Miltopia, Mineralogy, Minesweeper, Minsar, Mintleaf,Mo0, Mommafaith, Montrealais, MrOllie, MusikAnimal, Muytristeza, NHRHS2010, NYScholar, Nadria, Nakon, Naniwako, Natalie Erin, Nauticashades, NawlinWiki, Neigh94, NeilN,Neurolysis, Niceguyedc, Nick deg, Nicolemanley, Nik19, Nono64, Nrestrepo, Nsaa, Oatmeal batman, Ohnoitsjamie, OlavN, Oleggad, Omegatron, Omnipaedista, Optimale, Oreocookie97,Oxyglow, Oxymoron83, Papa Lima Whiskey, Paradoctor, Pass a Method, Pat Berry, Patrick, Paul Erik, Pb30, Pdcook, Pear285, Pederz, Peoplesfrontofjudea, Pepper, Pfctdayelise,Phantomgwapper, Philg88, PhilipR, PhnomPencil, Phoebeholston, Piano non troppo, Piegirl340, Pierlot, PierreAbbat, Pinethicket, PinkAmpersand, Pinkadelica, Piscowie, Pkirlin, Ponder, Ponyo,Portrino, Primorye, Prodego, Protoplast08, Quaeler, QuiteUnusual, R'n'B, RDBrown, RGloucester, RJaguar3, Raastin, Raghav321, RainbowOfLight, Rarelibra, Reach Out to the Truth,Redtigerxyz, Remotelysensed, RenamedUser01302013, Res2216firestar, Rich Farmbrough, Rich4560, RightWayCommunications, Rjwilmsi, Robbieb676, Rosenknospe, Rovia, Rozemarys,Rsabbatini, Rsr123, Rukawa, Rukenoral, SCEhardt, SDC, SFK2, SJP, SNIyer12, Sachacosmetics.com, Sakasti, Sally Belle, Samkng91, Sandstein, SandyWA, SarahStierch, Satori Son,Savana.schubert, ScottSteiner, Seaphoto, Seattlenow, Sfacets, Sfmammamia, Shaddack, Shadowjams, Shanmugamp7, Shannernanner, Shantavira, Shawn in Montreal, Sheelajones, Sheldon65,Shilpa More, SidP, Sigma 7, Silly rabbit, Silvanya, SimonP, SiobhanHansa, Sionus, Skincareproducts, Skizzik, Smack, Smilesfozwood, Smokefoot, Snow1222wons, Sonam0585, SoniaB,Sonicyouth86, Sonjaaa, Sophiecook, Spellcast, SpikeToronto, Spikey128, SpuriousQ, Squids and Chips, Srsingh75, Starionwolf, Stephen Burnett, Stephenb, Stevegallery, Stifle, SunsideUP,SuperHamster, Superm401, Sushilisa, Synchronism, Talatis, Talisaurous, Tangotango, Tanveerpkpk, Tarquin, Tasha05, Tassedethe, Tbsmith, Technopilgrim, Teethwhitener, Tenro1, Tfl, TheAnome, The Famous Movie Director, The Knight in shining armor, The Thing That Should Not Be, The Ungovernable Force, TheSPY, TheTito, Thebarracuda, Thedjatclubrock, Thelmadatter,Theresa001, Thinktank58, Thirtythree343536373839, Thivierr, Tiaccait, Tide rolls, Tills, Tim Ross, TinaSparkle, TitanOne, Tmarche, Tocotrienols, Tommyg3355, Toniann.geidel, Tony Corsini,Tpbradbury, Tregoweth, Triona, Tros777, Tryptofish, Twopilots, Ugog Nizdast, Ultrahotfootball, Undine keptuveje, Unyoyega, Usability 2, UtherSRG, V1011ski, VMS Mosaic, Vaishnav2010,Valerie J. Lee, Valley2city, Vancouver Outlaw, Vanessatevesti, Vanished user ikijeirw34iuaeolaseriffic, Vdegroot, Veevex, Veinor, Velella, Versageek, Versus22, Veteropinguis, Victorgrigas,Violetriga, Viriditas, Vishnu2011, Vojtech.dostal, Vsmith, WLU, Wadems, Watchitbit**, Wayne Slam, Wayward, Weregerbil, Wickethewok, Widr, Wiki alf, Wikidudeman, Will Beback,Wilstrup, WilyMatzo, Wilycayote, Win366, Woohookitty, Xenoce, Xmts, Xnobzx, Xnuala, XxBaBiE-BuBbLeZxx, Yamla, Yintan, Yoccho, Yug, Yuliya7, Zachlipton, Zanimum, Zer0fighta,Zerglin, ZillurRehman, Zombiema7, Zzuuzz, ²¹², 맑은날에지렁이, 1116 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Cosmetics.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cosmetics.JPG  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Herbythyme, Jorgebarrios, KaurJmeb,Mikomaid, Wst, 3 anonymous editsFile:Makeup .jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Makeup_.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:VanessatevestiFile:Nefertiti 30-01-2006.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nefertiti_30-01-2006.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors:Arkadiy EtumyanFile:Lautrec woman at her toilette 1889.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lautrec_woman_at_her_toilette_1889.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:AndreasPraefcke, Hailey C. Shannon, Petrusbarbygere, Ranveig, Sandik, WstFile:Kissproof.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kissproof.JPG  License: unknown  Contributors: JuTa, Thelmadatter, Trijnstel, 2 anonymous editsFile:Pre-wedding make-up.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pre-wedding_make-up.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Ruth EllisonFile:Jim Brochu.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jim_Brochu.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Andre Engels, Nilfanion, Para,Pfctdayelise, Ranveig, Thuresson, VonvonFile:Kerala kathakali makeup.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kerala_kathakali_makeup.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors:Thorsten Vieth from Bangalore, IndiaFile:JPG Farmers Centre Place cosmetics 2013.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:JPG_Farmers_Centre_Place_cosmetics_2013.jpg  License: Creative Commons Zero Contributors: Pear285, Sfan00 IMGFile:Life Pharmacy Westfield Albany cosmetics 2013.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Life_Pharmacy_Westfield_Albany_cosmetics_2013.jpg  License: CreativeCommons Zero  Contributors: Pear285, Sfan00 IMGFile:Professional Make-up Artist.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Professional_Make-up_Artist.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: TitanOne (talk)File:Alek Wek.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alek_Wek.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: Vonvon

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