History of Photography It could be said that photography was
not invented but that it evolved over time.
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The word Photography was first used in 1839. It was coined by
Sir John Herschel. It comes from the Greek words phos meaning LIGHT
and graphein which mean TO WRITE.
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The pinhole camera or the CAMERA OBSCUREA (Dark Chamber) can be
traced back to the Greeks and Chinese as early as the 4 th
centuries. Artist used the CAMERA OBSCUREA to create more accurate
drawings/paintings.
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In the 1500s many artists, including Michelangelo and Leonardo
da Vinci, used the "camera obscura" to help them draw pictures. A
person or object would be outside the dark room and their image was
reflected on a piece of paper and the artist would trace it.
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The camera obscura was made portable by the 1700s by putting it
in a box with a pinhole on one side and a glass screen on the
other. Light coming through this pinhole projected an image onto
the glass screen, where the artist could easily trace it by hand.
Artists soon discovered that they could obtain an even sharper
image by using a small lens in place of the pinhole.
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In 1727 a German professor, Johann Heinrich Schulze, observed
that silver salts darkened when exposed to light. But the idea of
making pictures using this information did not occur to him. That
invention required the talents of a later generation of
scientists.
Slide 8
The birth of photography happened in 1826 when a French
scientist, Joseph Nicephore Niepce, put a metal plate coated with
bitumen (a tarlike material) in a camera obscura. The Bitumen would
harden when exposed to light. The unhardened material was washed
away making a negative image which was then printed using ink. His
first photograph was latter destroyed. His earliest remaining
photograph he did by placing his camera obscura facing his house
for eight hours.
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DAGUERREOTYPE Made by Louis Daguerre in 1835 The first
practical photographic process The Process Highly polished
silver-plated copper sheet exposed to iodine vapor. The Latent
image would appear by heating the sheet with hot mercury fumes.
(Latent Image means you cant see the image until it is developed)
Remaining light-sensitive particles were removed fixed with a hot
salt solution.
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Pros of the Process Greater sensitivity to light Shorter
exposure times 3-15 min Clearer images Cons of the Process Very
expensive Complicated Images would oxidize in the air, must be kept
in a sealed case.
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Still Life in Studio 1837 Daguerre
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Robert Cornelius, self-portrait, Oct. or Nov. 1839, approximate
quarter plate daguerreotype. The back reads, "The first light
picture ever taken." This self- portrait is the first photographic
portrait image of a human ever produced
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Portraiture
Slide 15
People had to sit for 6 to 10 minutes for an exposure to be
made. Bright Sun Head clamp
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One sitter recalled the ordeal: "(He sat) for eight minutes,
with strong sunlight shining on his face and tears trickling down
his cheeks while...the operator promenaded the room with watch in
hand, calling out the time every five seconds, until the fountains
of his eyes were dry."
Slide 17
CALOTYPE & TALBOTYPE William Fox Talbot of England. 1835
The Process Paper coated with silver chloride. The paper negative
was waxed to make it translucent. Another sheet of sensitized paper
was placed under the waxed negative and exposed with a bright
light. When the right density was reached, the paper was fixed,
washed, and dried. Duplicate prints could be made.
Slide 18
Talbots process of making a positive print from a negative is
the basis of modern photography. Pros Could make multiple prints
from a negative Cons The prints were not as good as the
daguerreotypes. The lower quality was caused by the grain or
texture of the paper negative. This defect was transmitted to the
print.
Slide 19
Window in the South Gallery of Lacock Abbey made from the
oldest photographic negative in existence Henry Fox Talbot
1835
Slide 20
WET PLATE/WET COLLODION Invented by Frederick Scott Archer, and
English sculptor in 1851. The Process. Glass coated with
light-sensitive sliver salts (Collodion was a plastic-like
substance containing potassium iodide) When the collodion had dried
to a tacky state, a bath in silver nitrate sensitized it to light.
The wet plate was loaded into the camera and exposed immediately.
Exposed plates also had to be developed, fixed, and washed
immediately. If the colodion dried before the sequence was
completed, it became water-resistant and could not be
developed.
Slide 21
Pros Created a more stable and detailed negative (Unlimited
Prints). Could record fine detail and register slight differences
in tone (Sharper). Cons Had to be developed quickly before the
emulsion dried. Could only do one exposure at a time, then
immediately develop. In the field this meant having taking a
portable darkroom everywhere with you.
Slide 22
This photograph shows a typical field setup of the Civil War
era. The wagon carried chemicals, glass plates, and negatives - the
buggy used as a field darkroom.
Slide 23
An old deteriorated wet plate featuring Theodore
RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt
Slide 24
Glass Negatives: the Collodion Wet Plate State Archives of
Florida
Slide 25
A portable photography studio in 19th century Ireland.
Slide 26
DRY PLATE PROCESS 1871 Richard L. Maddox, a British physician
The Process Replace the wet collodion coat with a thin coating of
gelatin and silver nitrate. The gelatin/nitrate was dryed and
retained its sensitivity to light for some time.
Slide 27
DRY PLATE PROCESS In 1879, the dry plate was invented, a glass
negative plate with a dried gelatin emulsion. Dry plates could be
stored for a period of time. Photographers no longer needed
portable darkrooms and could now hire technicians to develop their
photographs. Dry processes absorbed light quickly and so rapidly
that the hand-held camera was now possible.
Slide 28
Pros The plate taken could be developed anytime after exposure.
The cumbersome, portable darkroom was no longer needed. This
advancement make the commercial manufacture of photographic plates
possible. Cons Still big and bulky. Still not available to the
average person.
Slide 29
Example of a Dry Plate Photograph Leonard Dakin 1887
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In 1888 George Eastman introduced a 100-shot box camera (The
Kodak Brownie). The camera and film were returned to Eastman for
processing. The camera and the new prints were then returned. The
camera was also reloaded, ready to take another 100 prints. Eastman
launched the sale of the camera with the slogan, You press the
button, we do the rest. Eastman also introduced his trademark name
Kodak. Kodak was a word that Eastman came up with. It started and
ended with his favorite letter K.
Slide 32
In 1889, Eastman replaced the paper backing with a clear,
flexible, celluloid film. Prints were easier to make because the
gelatin did not have to be stripped from the backing to make the
print.
Slide 33
Mr. Eastman wanted everybody to be able to take photographs. He
worked hard to develop a camera that everybody could afford to buy.
He did it in 1900. It was the Kodak Brownie box roll-film camera.
It cost $1.00. Now everyone could take photographs, not just
professional photographers.
Slide 34
Photograph taken with a Brownie camera. Notice how the
photograph is round, just like the opening in the camera. The
Brownie The Kodak Brownie was the first one time user camera (kind
of like a disposable camera today).
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Slide 36
Color Photographs People had tried to make color photographs
since 1860. It wasn't until 1906 that a film sensitive to all
colors called "panchromatic film" was produced. You had to take
three separate negatives and then use a special viewer so you could
see all three slides layed on top of each other. The first color
plates were invented in 1907 by Auguste and Louis Lumiere. They
named it Autochrome. The colors appeared in delicate pastel.
Slide 37
The Magic Lantern - Lantern Slide
Slide 38
Slide 39
Birth of motion pictures Leland Stanford unwittingly started a
chain of events that contributed to the development of motion
pictures. To settle a wager regarding the position of a trotting
horse's legs, he sent for Eadweard Muybridge, a British
photographer who had recently been acclaimed for his photographs of
Yosemite.
Slide 40
Although Muybridge initially considered the task impossible, he
made history when he arranged 12 cameras alongside a race track.
Each was fitted with a shutter working at a speed he claimed to be
"less than the two- thousandth part of a second." Strings attached
to electric switches were stretched across the track; the horse,
rushing past, breasted the strings and broke them, one after the
other; the shutters were released by an electromagnetic control,
and a series of negatives made.
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Though the photographs were hardly more than silhouettes, they
clearly showed that the feet of the horse were all off the ground
at one phase of the gallop. Moreover, to the surprise of the world,
the feet were bunched together under the belly. None of the horses
photographed showed the "hobbyhorse attitude" - front legs
stretched forward and hind legs backward -so traditional in
painting. The photos were widely published in America and
Europe.
Slide 43
The Scientific American printed eighteen drawings from
Muybridge's photographs on the first page of its October 19, 1878
issue. Readers were invited to paste the pictures on strips and to
view them in the popular toy known as the zoetrope, a precursor of
motion pictures. It was an open drum with slits in its side,
mounted horizontally on a spindle so it could be twirled. Drawings
showing successive phases of action placed inside the drum and
viewed through the slits were seen one after the other, so quickly
that the images merged in the mind to produce the illusion of
motion.
The flashbulb was invented in the 1930. Polaroid instant
photographs in 1947 by Edwin Land 1986 Fuji introduced the
disposable camera 1984 Canon demonstrated the first digital
electronic still camera
Slide 46
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Digital Photography How it came to be
Slide 48
A step towards Digital Television plays a part in the
development of digital photography. In 1952 the first video tape
recorders were used to record TV programs. Before this, most
television was either live, or was a broadcast movie.
Slide 49
With video tape an image was recorded, not as an image in
itself, but as a coded signal (Electrical Impulses Digital) onto
magnetic tape. Later that coded tape was run through a decoding
machine (I.E. a video tape player) and the machine converted the
coded signal back into pictures.
Slide 50
Why is video tape so important? It is the start of recording an
image in as a coded signal
Slide 51
Find an old cinema reel and youll see the different frames with
an actual image on them. Find an old cassette tape and youll see
nothing. It needs to be decoded for you first.
Slide 52
Developed Film and you see an image. Memory card, you cant see
the image. It needs to be decoded first.
Slide 53
The Scanner 1957 A scanner doesn't actually take pictures, but
they do copy an image already created. Why this is important/The
new technology. Scanners can pick up the different intensities of
light and shade in a pictures as save them as a binary, i.e.
digital signal.
Slide 54
What does space have to do with digital photography?
Slide 55
Sputnik 1957 Jump-started the US into doing everything they
could to compete, on every level they could think of.
Slide 56
What do satellites do? They spy on the enemy. Take pictures of
earth and space.
Slide 57
Satellites could have a camera Cameras could spy on the enemy
No Film developers in space Must send film back to Earth somehow,
or no pictures
Slide 58
Digital Cameras were the answerer Record photographs and beam
the digital signal back to Earth. The signal was then decoded and
the images could be viewed.
Slide 59
Charge-Coupled Device CCD In 1969 George Smith and Willard
Boyle experimented with computer memory chips at Bell Labs. They
developed the first CCD. CCD: A sensitive integrated circuit for
storing image signals based on the color spectrum.
Slide 60
Color on a Computer Computers began implementing digital
technology in the late 1970. Images began using tiny cells of tone
and color calledPixels. Pixel is a computer term that is short for
the words picture elements and describes the thousands to millions
of individual dots of light that produce digital images
Slide 61
The resolution of an image is determined by pixel density-the
grater the density of pixels, the more memory the images required
to process. So as computers evolved to process greater amounts of
information, so too did image resolution increase. Modern digital
cameras use designations such as dynamic range and megapixel to
describe the maximum resolution the camera can record images
at.
Slide 62
1973 Steven Sasson working for Kodak used a CCD to produce an
digital image Camera weighed 8 Pounds.1 Megapixel
Slide 63
Sonys Mavica 1981 Magnetic Video Cam Recorded analog images on
two-inch floppy disks and played them back on a TV set or Video
monitor. The Mavica was not a digital camera, but a still analog
version of video cameras of the time..3 Megapixel, not good enough
to print Could use more then one floppy disk 1MB 25 photos
Slide 64
1987 DCS Kodak scientists first megapixel sensor Professional
Digital Camera System (DCS) 1.3 megapixel sensor
Slide 65
Apple: digital camera into homes Before 1994 digital cameras
were only used by professional photographers and others who worked
with the print and media industry. In 1994 Apple brought digital
cameras into the lives of consumers for their use. Introduced a
color digital cameras 640x480pixel CCD and fixed focus 50mm lens,
called Quick Take 100 Great step, but had drawbacks. Only could
story 8 images. Quality mediocre.
Slide 66
Olympus Memory Cards 1-6 minutes to download Ricoh 1995 first
camera to take moving images with sound recording and still images
Movies could only be 10 seconds long
Slide 67
1995 Kodak introduced a digital camera that took low resolution
images and was quite expensive at $995
Slide 68
1998 Sony Cybershot Laser Technology to record JPEG on small
plastic discs Fuji SmartMedia: memory cards credit card sized
Slide 69
1999 First Internet Photography site to allow people to load
photos directly from a digital camera to a website. Nikon first
introduced cameras with 2 megapixel ability for consumers
Slide 70
2002 Foveon new image sensor. Can record different colors on
each individual photosite. Before it could only do one color.
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Slide 72
Digital catches up to Film 2003 Canon Rebel: First affordable
digital SLR 6.3 Megapixels Interchangeable Lens 2004 Nikon D70
Slide 73
Quality keeps going up, and prices go down. It is hard now to
find a 3 megapixel camera, even in a Phone.
Slide 74
It could be said that photography was not invented but that it
evolved over time.
Slide 75
Photography will continue to evolve What do you think will be
the next step?
