a. Mecanical EraA mechanical computer is a computer whose

components are gearwheel, shaft, crank, and plat made from iron/steel

To move it, powerful energy is neededMechanical computer has several weaknesses:• Counting speed is limited by mechanical

movements.• Information transformation (through gear

wheel, lever, crank) is difficult and unreliable.

Table Mechanical Computer Development

Year Inventor: Machine Capability

1642 Blaise Pascal Addition, subtraction

1617 Gottfried Leibniz Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division

1827 Charles Babbage: Difference Engine

Polinominal Evaluation with finite difference method

1834 Charles Babbage: Analytical Engine

Multi-purpose computation 

1941 Zuse: Z3 Multi-purpose computation

1944 Aiken: Harvard Mark 1 Multi-purpose computation

EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) was the first stored program computerIn 1946 John von Neuman began to create the new stored program computer, i.e. IAS Machine. This system has been used as the basic concept of electronic computer development up to now. Von Neuman Machine has five parts:• Memory• Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)• Program control unit• Input/output (I/O) device

• The transistor era was marked by the innovation on hardware and some program design methodology (software technology).

• It used transistor as vacum tubes substitute.• “High level” programming language did not

depend on independent machine such as ALGOL, COBOL, FORTRAN.

• Some of the computers were PDP, IBM, and CDC.

In this era some of the development were:•IC was used as transistor substitute, so the size was smaller.•Semiconductor memory was used as main memory.•Microprogramming technique, makes CPU design simpler and more flexible.•Parallel processing was used, so counting was faster.•Operating system was used.Some types of third generation computer from IBM (Mainframe) were:•IBM System/360 IBM System/370•IBM System/4300 IBM System/3900•Others were the series of PDP from DEC

Fourth Generation Computer (VLSI): 1980 to now

In 1980, technology of VLSI (very large scale integration) has enabled the use of hundreds and finally millions of transistors in one chip. This technology enables the creation of CPU, memory and other components in a single chip which can be produced massively in a cheap price. At last, it can produce smaller, faster, and cheaper computers, that everyone can afford. This technology starts the era of Personal Computer (PC).

The term fifth generation computer is created by a Japanese to describe a “smart” computer which was built in the mid 1990s. The development involves artificial intelligence, expert system, and natural programming language. The focus of the fifth generation is connectivity, by connecting a computer to other computers, to form parallel computation.

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The History of Telephone

Who first invented a telephone? He is Alexander Graham Bell. He asked his friend Thomas Watson to help him provide the equipments

On 14 February 1876, Bell patented his invention, but according to US Patent Office Bell, it was legally patented on March 7 under the term “electric speaking telephone”.

Bell kept on developing his invention and for the first time he succeded to send a message saying ”Watson, come here, I want you” on 10 March 1876.

On 30 Januari 1877, Bell's U.S. patented electromagnetic telephone using a permanent magnet, iron diaphragm, and call bell. The patent number is 186,787.

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The History of Wireless

In 1896 Marconi showed his invention in England and obtained his first patent for this invention