History of Energy Crisis and History of Energy Crisis and Converting Solar Energy to Converting Solar Energy to

usable Energy by using usable Energy by using NanoscaleNanoscale

By Lisa TrinhBy Lisa Trinh

Chem. 12BChem. 12B

Dr. AdamczeskiDr. Adamczeski

OutlineOutline

Energy CrisisEnergy Crisis Solar PanelSolar Panel

– DisadvantagesDisadvantages– Cost vs. EfficiencyCost vs. Efficiency

Carbon NanotubeCarbon Nanotube– StructureStructure

Organic Solar Cell Solar Cell Design of NanotechnologySolar Cell Design of Nanotechnology Photocatalysis with Metal-Semiconductor Composites

– Model Reaction Conclusion Citations

ABSTRACTABSTRACT

Knowing the importance of natural resource and Knowing the importance of natural resource and finding out that the Earth will soon run out of the natural finding out that the Earth will soon run out of the natural resources that human can depend on; we have find resources that human can depend on; we have find ways to prevent this. Therefore, I find this article ways to prevent this. Therefore, I find this article interesting because it helps find a new method to reduce interesting because it helps find a new method to reduce the waste of resources that were used for energy. The the waste of resources that were used for energy. The process of scaling down solar power technologies using process of scaling down solar power technologies using nanoscale science is interesting even though there isn't nanoscale science is interesting even though there isn't much information that nanoscale will actually work. This much information that nanoscale will actually work. This presentation will help students learn how we can help presentation will help students learn how we can help expand solar energy globally and not waste any part of expand solar energy globally and not waste any part of our energy in forms of natural gas or petroleum. It will our energy in forms of natural gas or petroleum. It will also include a detailed discussion of the chemistry and also include a detailed discussion of the chemistry and manufacture process of voltaic cells.manufacture process of voltaic cells.

Energy CrisisEnergy Crisis

nations suffers nations suffers – from a disruption of energy suppliesfrom a disruption of energy supplies– rapidly increasing energy prices rapidly increasing energy prices

ExamplesExamples– Many warning signs before 1973 and 1979 exist todayMany warning signs before 1973 and 1979 exist today– Indicates that current situation could be even worseIndicates that current situation could be even worse

30% of energy imported in form of petroleum and 30% of energy imported in form of petroleum and natural gasnatural gas

85% of energy comes from fossil fuel85% of energy comes from fossil fuel– Pump of gasoline is exceeding $3.00 per gallonPump of gasoline is exceeding $3.00 per gallon

ENERGY CRISIS IS STILL RISINGENERGY CRISIS IS STILL RISING

Solar PanelSolar Panel

Flat collection of solar Flat collection of solar cells (multicrystalline cells (multicrystalline silicon wafer) or solar silicon wafer) or solar thermal collectorthermal collector

Use for converting Use for converting solar energy to solar energy to electricity or heatelectricity or heat

Solar Cell

Disadvantage of Solar PanelDisadvantage of Solar Panel

Not enough solar energy can be capture Not enough solar energy can be capture when days are not brightwhen days are not bright

Only contributes one part in a million total Only contributes one part in a million total energy energy

5 to 10 time more expensive on a kilowatt-5 to 10 time more expensive on a kilowatt-hour basis than electricity derived from hour basis than electricity derived from burning petroleum resourcesburning petroleum resources

Shatter like glassShatter like glass

Cost vs. Efficiency Cost vs. Efficiency http://cnst.rice.edu/conference_energy.cfm?doc_id=5168http://cnst.rice.edu/conference_energy.cfm?doc_id=5168

Efficiency 1/2

Long dHigh High Cost

d

Long dLow Lower Cost

d

(unit of magnetic flux density) decreases as grain size (and cost) decreases

Large GrainSingleCrystals

Small Grain,PolycrystallineSolids, and/orDisorder organic film

Carbon Nanotubes are minuscule wiresCarbon Nanotubes are minuscule wires discovered by the Japanese electron discovered by the Japanese electron

microscopist Sumjo Ijima in 1991 microscopist Sumjo Ijima in 1991

Structure of Carbon NanotubesStructure of Carbon Nanotubes

Cylinder shape was Cylinder shape was formed by rolling up a formed by rolling up a graphene sheetgraphene sheet

the ends of the chiral the ends of the chiral vector meet each other vector meet each other and was Cap with half of a and was Cap with half of a fullerene moleculefullerene molecule

the circumference of the the circumference of the nanotube's circular cross-nanotube's circular cross-section was form by the section was form by the chiral vectorchiral vector

Different value of n and m Different value of n and m leads to different structure.leads to different structure.

Armchair Nanotube

Chiral Nanotube

Zigzag Nanotube

Structure of Carbon Nanotubes Structure of Carbon Nanotubes (continue)(continue)

It is entirely composed It is entirely composed of spof sp22 bonds bonds

Stronger than spStronger than sp33 bonds bonds found in diamondfound in diamond

Align themselves into Align themselves into “ropes” held together by “ropes” held together by Van Der Waals forcesVan Der Waals forces

Nanotubes can merge together by trading some sp2 and sp3 bonds under high pressure

producing strong unlimited wire through

Solar Cell Design of NanotechnologySolar Cell Design of Nanotechnology

Organic Solar Cells

Assembly of molecular Assembly of molecular cluster cluster

Photoinduced charge separation in donor-acceptor based molecular clusters

Conversion of light energy into electricity

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Photocatalysis with Metal-Semiconductor Composites

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ConclusionConclusionChallenges for the Chemical Sciences

Provide Disruptive Solar Technology: – Inexpensive conversion systems, effective storage systems

Provide the New Chemistry to Support an Evolving Mix in Fuels for Primary and Secondary Energy:– Multi-electron transfer reactions

Methane Activation to Methanol: CH4 + (1/2)O2 = CH3OH Direct Methanol Fuel Cell: CH3OH + H2O = CO2 + 6H+ + 6e- CO2 (Photo)reduction to Methanol: CO2 + 6H+ +6e- =

CH3OH H2/O2 Fuel Cell: H2 = 2H+ + 2e-; O2 + 4 H+ + 4e- = 2H2O (Photo)chemical Water Splitting:

2H+ + 2e- = H2; 2H2O = O2 + 4H+ + 4e- Improved Oxygen fuel cell Cathode; O2 + 4H+ + 4e- = 2H2O

Works CitedWorks Cited Ericson, Lars M. “Macroscopic, neat, single-walled carbon nanotube fibets.” Ericson, Lars M. “Macroscopic, neat, single-walled carbon nanotube fibets.” Science.Science. 3 3

September 2004: 4. September 2004: 4. Expanded Academic ASAPExpanded Academic ASAP. InfoTrac. Evergreen Valley Coll. Lib., . InfoTrac. Evergreen Valley Coll. Lib., San Jose, CA. 22 April 2006. San Jose, CA. 22 April 2006. <http://0-web7.infotrac.galegroup.com.library.sjeccd.org/itw/infomark/<http://0-web7.infotrac.galegroup.com.library.sjeccd.org/itw/infomark/988/555/84179398w7/purl=rc1_EAIM_0_A122325297&dyn=3!xrn_12_0_A122325297?988/555/84179398w7/purl=rc1_EAIM_0_A122325297&dyn=3!xrn_12_0_A122325297?sw_aep=san57663sw_aep=san57663

Jacoby, Mitch. “Expanding Solar Energy Globally.” Jacoby, Mitch. “Expanding Solar Energy Globally.” Chemical & Engineering.Chemical & Engineering. 30 May 2005: 30 May 2005: 35-3735-37

““Models of Nanotubes.” 1996-2006. Models of Nanotubes.” 1996-2006. Physics WorldPhysics World. 5 April 2006. . 5 April 2006. <http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/11/1/9/1/world%2D11%2D1%2D9%2D2>.<http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/11/1/9/1/world%2D11%2D1%2D9%2D2>.

““Nanotechnology solar breakthrough will help spur viability of alternative energy.” 8 October Nanotechnology solar breakthrough will help spur viability of alternative energy.” 8 October 2005. 6 March 2006. <http://nanotechwire.com/news.asp?nid=2411&ntid=120&pg=1>.2005. 6 March 2006. <http://nanotechwire.com/news.asp?nid=2411&ntid=120&pg=1>.

Smalley, Richard E. “The Richard E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Smalley, Richard E. “The Richard E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology.” 2006. Rice University. 6 March 2006. <Technology.” 2006. Rice University. 6 March 2006. <http://cnst.rice.edu/conference_energy.cfm?http://cnst.rice.edu/conference_energy.cfm?doc_id=5168>.doc_id=5168>.

““U.S. faces oil crisis on variety of front.” 2006. The Desert Sun. 23 April 2006. U.S. faces oil crisis on variety of front.” 2006. The Desert Sun. 23 April 2006. <http://www.evc.edu/it/library/handouts/MLA.htm>.<http://www.evc.edu/it/library/handouts/MLA.htm>.

““Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia.” 1 May 2006. Wikimedia Foundations, Inc. 6 March Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia.” 1 May 2006. Wikimedia Foundations, Inc. 6 March 2006. <http://en.wikipedia.org/>.2006. <http://en.wikipedia.org/>.

William, James L. “The Coming Energy Crisis?” 2003. 6 March 2006. William, James L. “The Coming Energy Crisis?” 2003. 6 March 2006. <http://www.wtrg.com/EnergyCrisis/>.<http://www.wtrg.com/EnergyCrisis/>.