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History of Computing
• The abacus is a calculating machine used for centuries
• Pascal invented an adding machine in 1673 (for taxes!)
Algorithm
In the 12th century, a Tashkent cleric namedMuhammad ibn Musa Al'Khowarizmi, wrote about the concept of a writtenprocess to be followed in order toachieve a goal.
Jacquard’s Loom
• In 1801 Joseph-Marie Jacquard invented an automatic loom using punched cards for the control of the patterns in the fabrics
Riots ensued!
Babbage and Byron
• In 1822, Charles Babbage designed the “Difference Engine,” powered by steam and using gears.
• A decade later, Babbage and Augusta Ada Byron worked on the “Analytical Engine.”
• A Difference Engine was finally built in 1991:
Herman Hollerith• The 1880 census took 7 years to tabulate• In 1890, the census was tabulated in 2 years
due to Hollerith’s invention of a machine with– Punched cards encoding census data– A card puncher, reader,and sorter
• Hollerith founded the predecessor company to IBM
Vannevar Bush
• Vannevar Bush at MIT built a large-scale differential analyzer in the 1920s
• The machine had the capabilities of integration and differentiation.
The First Computer?
• In the 1930s, John Vincent Atanasoff developed a machine for the solution of sets of linear equations in Physics.
• It had an electronic arithmetic unit and a regenerative, cyclic memory.
• The Patent Office eventually awarded the patent for the first computer to Atanasoff, although most had never heard of him.
Alan Turing
• In the 1930’s, Alan Turing developed the idea of a "Universal Machine" capable of executing any describable algorithm.
• Turing introduced the concept of "symbol processing,” moving beyond arithmetic problems.
ENIAC 1946
• Developed to calculate trajectories in WWII (too late)
• Built across the street at Penn.
• First machine using the Stored Program Concept
• Programmed by rewiring
UNIVAC 1951
• The developers of ENIAC left Penn. (in a patent dispute) to build a computer for the U.S. Census Bureau
• In 1951, after a financial buyout, the computer was delivered
• In 1952, UNIVAC predicted the winner of the U.S. presidential election, but the television network was afraid to broadcast it
Admiral Grace Hopper
• Worked on UNIVAC• Invented the “compiler”• Developed the idea of
“reusable software”• Led development of the
first high-level programming language: COBOL
• Named computer problems “bugs” and called fixing them “debugging”
The first “bug”.Really!
First Generation Computers
• 1940’s-1950’s
• Based on vacuum tubes
• Used only machine language
• Required experts to program
High Level Languages and Ideas
• In 1954, John Backus developed FORTRAN, a high-level language for expressing formulas (in 1957, IBM packaged it for sale)
• In 1957, John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky convened the first conference on the concept of “Artificial Intelligence” (AI)
• In 1958, John McCarthy developed LISP, a language for AI
Second Generation Computers
• 1960’s
• From vacuum tubes to transistors
• High-level languages
• More widespread business computing
Time Sharing
• Fernando Corbató, MIT, produced CTSS (Compatible Time Sharing System) for IBM in 1961
• Batch processing versus time sharing
Integrated Circuits• Invented in 1958 by Jack St. Clair Kirby
and Robert Noyce.
• The 1960’s and 1970’s saw increasing numbers of transistors placed on ICs and used to make computers
Networks
• In the early 1970’s, Robert Metcalfe worked on– Wide area networks (WANS)– ARPAnet– Internet– Internet protocols (TCP/IP)– Local area networks (LANS)
Personal Computers• In 1976, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak
produced the Apple II– Assembled and ready to go– Complete with keyboard and monitor
• In 1981, the IBM PC is introduced
Douglas Engelbart• In 1959 Douglas Engelbart launched the SRI
Augmentation Research Center– hypertext system
– outline processor
– video conferencing
– mouse
– two-dimensional editing
– concept of windows
– uniform command syntax
– mixed text-graphic files– structured document files– idea processing
Computers for Real People
• 1978 – BASIC
• 1979 – VisiCalc
• 1981 – Alto– Xerox PARC project– Graphical user interface– Mouse
• 1984 - Macintosh
Fourth Generation Computers
• 1970’s-1990’s?
• VLSI and microprocessors
• Networks
• Personal computing
• GUIs
• Internet