history of bowling assignment

7/29/2019 history of bowling assignment

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THE HISTORY OF BOWLING

The history of bowling is traceable to ancient Egypt. A discovery made in the twentieth

century revealed an ancient Egyptian grave that contained, among other objects, bowling pins

and a bowling ball. This dates the first bowling equipment as being nearly 5200 years

old. Bowling has evolved since that time and it is estimated that anywhere from 65 to 95

million people play the game today. The game of bowling is presently appreciated in more than

ninety countries worldwide.

In the beginning of the history in the year 1930s, Sir Flinders Petrie, an anthropologist

from Britain, found a variety of objects buried in the grave of an Egyptian child. Some of the

objects appeared to be crude and ancient bowling equipment; this allowed Petrie to trace the

game of bowling to the year circa 3200 BCE. This assertion is not accepted by all historians

however; some researchers like William Pehle, a German historian, argue that the game of

bowling can be traced to regions in Germany and to the year 300 CE. There is some

considerable evidence documenting the fact that bowling was a very popular game in England

in the late 1360s; in fact, Edward III, the reigning king at the time, had banned bowling games

because it was causing his military to avoid archery training. Historians also assert that King

Henry VIII enjoyed bowling during his rule ship and that he may have used a cannon ball as a

bowling ball when he played.

The way bowling has been played has also changed over time. Many of the earliest

games involved the use of a ball that was fingerless; todays bowling balls have two to three

finger holes intentionally drilled into the balls for ease of grip. In Edinburgh, Scotland, one

version of ancient bowling involved using a ball absent of finger holes that was then heaved at

bowling pins; the bowler however, would flop down onto the lane when casting the ball and

land on his stomach. There were a number of game variations and the game of bowling

remains equally diverse today. Some researchers trace the game of bowling to games like

bocce, played in Italy, and petanque, played in France, which later led to lawn bowling in

Britain.


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Its evolution started by the Germans, English, and Dutch colonists brought different

bowling variations to America. The earliest documented American reference to the game is

made by the author Washington Irving in his story about Rip Van Winkle; having been asleep,

the character is awakened by the loud, crashing sound of ninepins. The first location that was

made a permanent site for lawn bowling activities may have very well been established in

Battery, New York: this location is still identified as Bowling Green.

The game of bowling was acceptable entertainment for a period of time and then it

became unacceptable in some areas. In the early 1840s, the game was banned in Connecticut

and no one was allowed to maintain ninepins; this may have something to do with the game of

bowling being associated with gambling activities at the time. Nevertheless, the game still

remained one enjoyed by many and many people had bowling lanes installed in their newly

erected mansions.

The ninepin game of bowling proved popular until the ten pin game came into being

sometime in the late 1800s. The ten-pin variation of bowling proved most popular in places like

Illinois, Ohio, and New York. Ball and pin weights and sizes differed from one location to the

next until Joe Thum, a restaurant owner, decided to call forth representatives from a variety of

bowling clubs. By 1895, the American Bowling Congress was established and the game of

bowling was on its way to being regulated and standardized. With the American Bowling

Congress was an association for males, by the year 1917 another congress was formed for

female: the Womens International Bowling Congress.

By the late 1920s, there were regulations put into place at many bowling alleys that

threatened to cast out any players who gambled when they bowled or gambled on bowling

games. The latter regulations were again changed in the mid 1970s, when gambling once again

became acceptable in a number of bowling alleys in Reno and Las Vegas, where the casinoenvironment thrives. By the 1940s, bowling alleys were regulated inspected by law and in the

same year the first National Negro Bowling Association, now changed to the National Bowling

Association, was established. A year later a Hall of Fame was created: the ABC hall of Fame,

and from 1941 to 1945 many military members in World War II played bowling after 4500 alley

beds were built by the military. By the late 1940s, arrow markers and dots appeared on

bowling lanes in Brunswick to improve bowling accuracy.


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By the late 1950s, the Professional Bowlers Association was established by a sports

newscaster and an Akron based attorney by the name of Eddie Elias. In the early 1960s, the

first disabled association for bowlers was established too; the American Wheelchair Bowling

Association. Later, in 1978, an African American bowling pioneer by the name of J. Elmer Reed

was the first African American to ever be officially inducted into the ABC Hall of Fame for

bowlers: formerly, the Hall of Fame was a white only honor. In the early 1980s, a pro tour for

women was established: the Ladies Pro Bowlers Tour. A year later, the ABC-WIBC collegiate

divisions, the Youth Bowling Association, the American Junior Bowling Congress, and the Young

American Bowling Alliance were formed for youthful players in the United States. Finally, it was

not until the early 1990s that females could be inducted into the ABC Hall of Fame: a decision

made only after women activists protested the exclusion of females from the prestigious title.

Bowling balls, bowling pins, bowling shoes, and bowling ball styles all evolved from the

creation and eventual development of the sport. Thus, the use of bowling equipment is

intricately woven into the history of the bowling game itself. Nowadays more than 65 million

people play bowling games on an annual basis. Presently, bowling games are played with

different bowling balls made of a variety of materials and consisting of varying

weights. Modern bowling balls are made to perform well with surface variations and can be

chosen to further enhance a bowlers playing style. The bowling balls in use today are nothing

like the first bowling balls used in games like lawn bowling.

Bowling balls during the Medieval era were asymmetrical and they were not exactly

round in shape; their unique shaped allowed for the balls to have a natural curve when they

were tossed. The first bowling balls had an asymmetrical shape because it affected the balance

of the ball as well as its spin. The earliest bowling bowls were absent of the finger holes one

would find on modern bowling balls today too. Bowling balls were originally created out of a

wood material identified as lignum vitae. By 1905, the first bowling balls made of rubber

materials were offered. Later, in the early 1920s, a newer kind of bowling ball made of rubber

was offered by Brunswick Corporation: the ball was identified as the Minerality. This ball

proved popular until the 1970s. Even later, bowling balls were created out of polyester

materials and by the mid 1980s; the most popular bowling balls were manufactured with

materials consisting of urethane. Today, bowling balls are made with one of three distinct

exterior coatings including polyester, urethane, and reactive urethane.


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Just like bowling balls, bowling pins have changed over time in terms of their overall

design. The first bowling pins, just like bowling balls, were made of wood materials like

Maple. Sometimes the pins were made of stone. Pins were shaped through the use of a lathe

tool. Wooden pins were coated with a plastic exterior coating and the pins are given a high

gloss finish with a polyurethane coating. Today, the size and weight of bowling pins is strictly

regulated by the American Bowling Congress. All pins have to be no greater than 4 3/4 inches

in width and they can must be exactly 15 inches in height which this allows for an uniformity in

terms of pins design. Every pin is designed so that it weighs exactly four pounds too. Pins are

offered in standard varieties, they come in duckpin, and candlepin forms as well.

In the 1930s, archaeologists found bowling pins in Egyptian tombs; these pins, along

with bowling balls were dated to circa 320 BCE. This finding is the earliest known reference to

the game. Some historians argue that bowling and bowling equipment came from Germany

sometime around 300 CE. This German link is associated with the game of Kegelspiel or Kegal:

a game using nine skittles or pins and rolling balls. The first written documentation of the game

is traced to England during the reign of King Edward III when he banned the military from

participating in the game because it caused them to neglect their training in archery. Some

historians believe that King Henry VIII used a cannon ball to bowl; interestingly, this same king

banned the game for the elite members of society because the game was causing so many to

neglect the duties of their trade.

As mentioned earlier, the very first bowling games were played on outdoor

lawns. Bowling alleys as they are now appreciated were not really developed until the late

1950s and the 1960s. The first alleys were erected in the western region of the United States

and a lot of money to build. A bowling alley was erected in Santa Monica in 1959 that cost

nearly USD 2,000,000 to complete. Another bowling alley was created in California in Indio in

the 1960s at the cost of USD 750,000. By the year 1962, a total of nine alleys had been created

in the western United States; the largest being situated in El Cajon: the Parkway Lanes sported

sixty alleys for bowling and cost one million dollars to develop. This bowling alley also

maintained five acres of space for parking.


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The exact date when bowling shoes were first used and manufactured is unclear. In

certain cultures it may have been that footwear while bowling was optional, however, since the

game of lawn bowling occurred outdoors, it is relatively safe to assume that shoes were worn

by participants in the game. Of what little traceable history there is related to bowling shoes,

historical records indicate that a Dermative shoe was introduced in America in the year

1888. The shoe was crafted out of leather and had water resistant properties. These early

shoes were so versatile that they proved beneficial for those who enjoyed boating, cricket,

tennis, or bowling. Over time, bowling shoes were crafted with stronger stitching: since lanes

were oiled down so that the ball could move done the lane with greater ease, bowling shoes

had to offer superior grip.

In Malaysia, the first bowling center was built in the year 1961 in Pulau Pinang or

Penang called International Bowl. In 1965, Malaysia Tenpin Bowling Congress, MTBC, was

established under Raja Kamaruddin Udar. The first Malaysia victory outside from Malaysia was

in 1970 at the FIQ Asia Championship in Hong Kong. MTBC has been deregistered in 1973. In

1974, Dato PS Nathan reestablished the congress by rename it to MTBC 74.


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BASIC RULES AND REGULATIONS

Bowling is played with 10 scoring frames. Each frame is one turn, but each player get

two throws in each frame except for the tenth frame if a strike or a spare is scored. The number

of pins knocked down with both throws is added to your total score. Each frame must be

completed by each player in regular order. At the end of the game the player who has the most

points wins.

A game might be also played on two lanes, a pair of player, immediately adjoining each

other. Members of the competing teams, doubles and singles entrants shall successively and in

regular order bowl one frame on one lane, and for the next frame alternate and used other

lane until 5 frames are bowled on each lane of the pair.

Foul in bowling gives differ definition from other sports. Foul in bowling means that

when any part of the player touches any part of the lane or the foul line during or after delivery.

The delivery counts, but any pins knocked down are not recorded.

When a dead ball is called, the delivery of the ball does not count and the correct pins

must be respotted. And player is allowed to throw again the ball. A ball declared dead if the

following problems occur:

i) After a delivery, attention is immediately called to the fact that one or more pinswere missing from the setup.

ii) A human pinsetter interferes with any standing pin before the ball reaches thepins.

iii) A human pinsetter removes or interferes with any downed pin before it stopsrolling.

iv) A player bowls on the wrong lane or out of turn.v) A delivered ball comes in contact with foreign obstacles.
http://www.sportsdefinitions.com/bowling/Foul-line.htmlhttp://www.sportsdefinitions.com/bowling/Pins.htmlhttp://www.sportsdefinitions.com/bowling/Pins.htmlhttp://www.sportsdefinitions.com/bowling/Foul-line.html


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Legal pin fall is pins to be credited to a player following legal delivery as below:

i) Pins knocked down or off the pin deck by the ball or another pin.ii) Pins knocked down or off the pin deck by a pin rebounding from a side partition

or rear cushion.

iii) Pins knocked down or off the pin deck by a pin rebounding from the sweep barwhen it is at the rest on the pin deck before sweeping dead wood from the pin

deck.

iv) Pins that lean and touch the kickback or side partition.v) All such pins that are termed dead wood and must be removed before the next

delivery. No pins may be conceded and only pins actually knocked down or move

entirely off the playing surface of the lane as a result of legal delivery is

considered.

Illegal pin fall is happened when any of the following occur, where the delivery is counts

but the resulting pin fall does not:

i) A ball leaves the lane before reaching the pins.ii) A pin rebounds after coming in contact with the body, arms or legs of human

pinsetter.

iii) A pin is touched by mechanical pinsetting equipment.iv) Any pin knocked down when dead wood is being removed.v) Player committed fouls.


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Bowling, like any other sport, has a set of DO'S and DON'TS that must be followed so

that all can enjoy the game. The rules are based on common sense, and express courtesy and

good sportsmanship. Here are ten of the most important ones:

1) DO yield the 'right of way' when two bowlers are on adjacent lanes, and

simultaneously ready to bowl, the bowler on the right delivers first. The other bowler

ought to remain off or to the rear of the approach area. This rule doesn't apply if the

bowler on the left is shooting for a spare.

2) DON'T take a practice swing with your bowling ball on the concourse or behind the

approach. Wait until you are upon the approach itself before doing any practice

exercises.

3) DO be ready when it's your turn to bowl. Remain in your lane area while your

teammates are bowling, don't wander off.

4) DON'T use an excessive amount of body gyrations at the foul line after delivering the

ball. Confine your body 'English' to your own lane.

5) DO bowl immediately when it is your turn. Once you have your ball, assume your

stance and start your delivery, it isn't necessary to wait for lanes on either side of you

to be cleared before you bowl, just observe the 'right of way' rule.

6) DON'T bring food or drink into the settee or bowlers area, a drop of liquid or any type

of foreign substance spilled on the approach could cause a slip and serious injury.

7) DO wait until you have completed the frame before checking your score. Don't come

back to the scorekeeper after the first ball has been rolled.

8) DON'T bench jockey while others are bowling. Friendly bantering is an accepted part

of the sport, but don't overdo it. Be a good competitor.

9) DO return your bowling shoes to the counter control desk after bowling, and if you've

borrowed a 'house ball' return it to the storage rack.


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10) DON'T linger at the foul line after releasing the ball. As soon as your ball hits the pins

return to your seat.

Beside those 10 dos and donts, there are also many thing more that need to be look

out for. Etiquette in bowling can be divided into 3 main points that are:

i) General bowling etiquette Always wear bowling shoes. Street shoes will ruin the approaches and

equipment.

Keep nasty language and outbursts in your head. Nobody wants to hear it. Keep any food or drinks away from the lanes. Spilling anything can damage the

equipment and also be dangerous for others.

Remove your street shoes away from the lanes, especially if wet. If any of thatwater ends up on your bowling shoes, you might end up on your face in the

middle of a lane.

ii) Dealing with bowlers on your own lane Be ready to take your turn. Dont make everyone wait. Dont step over the foul line. Its against the rules and can also result in you

tracking oil all over the approach, which is dangerous and ruins the enjoyment of

the game for others.

Dont use someone elses ball unless given permission. Use common courtesy.iii) Dealing with bowlers on surrounding lane Yield to the bowler to your right if youre both up at the same time. Stand off the approach and out of the line of sight of the other bowler until she

finishes.

Do not intrude on the adjacent lanes in any way. That includes throwing your ballonto the wrong lane, standing or playing on another lanes approach, or doing

anything that infringes on the adjacent bowlers lane.


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EQUIPMENT

1. ShoesBowling shoes is a special footwear just for bowling. Bowling shoes are designed

to mimic any style of flat shoe from regular dress shoes to athletic shoes. The sole of the

non sliding foot is generally made of rubber to provide traction, while the sliding foot's

sole is made of a smooth and flat material that allows a bowler to slide into his release

with a rubber heel to allow for braking. Rental shoes are typically leather and rubber on

both feet for durability. These shoes can be bought, but most casual players rent the

shoes each visit to a facility. Players must be very careful while wearing them that the

soft material does not get wet or excessively dirty; if it does get wet or dirty, it will not

slide properly, and could damage the approach surface.


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2. BallsBowling balls vary, depending on the type of bowling game. Ten-pin balls are

large, up to 27 inches in circumference or approximately 8.59 inches diameter, and

have as many as twelve holes, typically three holes. The balls come in various weights

from 6 to 16 lbs, with the size and spacing of the finger holes often smaller on lighter

balls to accommodate smaller hands. Different kinds of balls are available for different

styles of bowling. There are balls for hook shots and balls for bowling straight. Balls for

other games vary, e.g., candlepin balls which fit in the palm of the hand need no holes.

Unlike most sports, the ball can be different weights based upon the player.

3. GlovesA bowling glove is a glove with a metal wrist support and a textured face that

offers support in order to enhance grip. There are different glove styles, including those

with a full metal finger design and ones with an uncovered portion for the middle and

ring fingers. There are also wrist guards. They allow a bowler to keep their wrist locked

into place to generate revolutions on a ball or assist with position and/or weak wrists.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_ballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_ball


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4. BagsTraditionally, personal bowling balls are carried in special zippered bags, along

with shoes and a polishing cloth. Some bags are only large enough to fit shoes, while

others can accommodate multiple balls, resembling roller bag luggage.


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LANE SPECIFICATION

A regular bowling lane, including flat gutters, kickbacks, and the approach must be

constructed of wood and/or other synthetic materials which have been tested fully and

approved by the United State Bowling Congress.

The approach extends from and is exclusive of the foul line and shall be an unobstructed

level approach not less than 15 feet in length, free from depression inches or more and not

less than the width of the lane. The foul line must not be less than 3/8 inches or more than 1

inch in width, extend across the entire width of the lane at a minimum and be distinctly marked

or embedded between the lane and the approach.

When a bowler stands the full distance back on the approach with the heels of the

bowling shoes positioned at the far back edge of the approach, a distance of about 75 feet

exists to the head pin. Many bowlers will take five steps from 15 feet away from the foul line

and over-stride to reach the line to deliver the ball leading to poor balance and tempo. Because

the approach extends 15 feet back from the foul line does not mean any given 5-step bowler

must stand that distance from the foul line when assuming the stance position and getting

ready to bowl.

The set of guides located 12 feet back from the foul line are also useful to align player

but it is not indicate a bowlers that using either 4 or 5 steps stand 12 feet from foul line. Many

bowlers struggle reaching the foul line and therefore release the ball into the approach surface

rather than beyond the foul line on to the lane surface where oil conditioner exists to help skid

the ball properly down the lane.


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The opposite is true for bowlers who do need to stand further from the foul line and get

the feet moving more quickly and stretch out steps to achieve improved balance, leverage, and

ball speed than standing too closely to the foul line. These are good reasons to consult a

certified coach if you are learning to bowl or is you are seeking to improve your game. Make

sure your footwork matches best with your natural stride and pace of steps.

Dimensions of the lane are as follows:

1. the kickback is 24" above the pin deck at the highest point and 17" above the deck ata lower point.

2. the tailplank is 2" maximum thickness and the pit cushion is 9 7/8" thick. 3. the pin spots are fiber spots 2 1/4" in diameter. 4. the center of the 7 & 10 pin spots are between 2 1/2" and 3" from the edge of the pin

deck and the centers of the pin spots are 12" apart set in a equilateral triangle formation.

5. the gutter (channel) width is 9 1/4" in width. 6. the gutter is 1 7/8" beneath the lane surface. 7. the lane is made of tongue and grooved bed stock.

typically laid on edge or of a synthetic material giving the appearance of boards sitting

on their edges.

8. the center of the head pin spot is 60 feet plus or minus 1/2" to the foul line. 9. the overall length of the lane to the pin deck is 62 feet 10 3/16". 10. the lane is 41 1/2" in width.

The lane and approach markings allow for a maximum of 7 guides embedded in or

stamped on the approach at each of the following points: 2"-6", 3'-4', 6'-7', 9'-10', 11'-12', and

14'-15'. Seven targets or visually seen the arrows may be embedded into or stamped onto the

lane 12'-16' distance past the foul line and must be uniform in length and in shape and must be

at a maximum of 1 1/4" in width and 6" in length. At a distance 33'-44' beyond the foul line,

there maybe 4 targets uniform in appearance no wider than a single board nor longer than 36".

Each series of guides 6'-7' past the foul line must be parallel to the foul line and circular in

shape with a maximum of 10 guides not to exceed 3/4 inches in diameter.


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The Pin Deck

The tail plank must be a Maximum of 2 inches in width and the back line of pins are 3

inches further on. Each pin is 12 inches from its neighbor in any direction (as measured from

the center of each pin) so the pins are in an equilateral triangle with the head pin 34 and3/16ths inches from the tail board.

Bowling Pins

Pin Composition: Pins are shaped from Maple wood, which is then coated with a 3/32-

inch-thick layer of plastic.The pins weigh between 3 lb 6 oz and 3 lb 10 oz.


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WORLD TEN PIN BOWLING RANKING

WORLD BOWLING TOUR 2012 (MEN)

P Last name First name FederationTotal

ranking

points

1 Koivuniemi Mika Finland 358

2 Fagan Mike USA 327

3 Barnes Chris USA 248

4 Rash Sean USA 223

5 Palermaa Osku Finland 204

6 Belmonte Jason Australia 176

7 MacLelland Dan Canada 174

8 Jones Tommy USA 169

9 O'Neill Bill USA 137

10 Barrett Dominic England 135

WORLD BOWLING TOUR 2012 (WOMEN)

P Last name First name Federation

Total

Ranking

points

1 Dorin-Ballard Carolyn USA 280

2 Parkin Missy USA 273

3 Kulick Kelly USA 269

4 Johnson Liz USA 265

5 Andersson Sandra Sweden 157

6 Asbaty Diandra USA 151

7 Flack Nina Sweden 137

8 Pllnen Krista Finland 133

9 Pluhowsky Shannon USA 11510 Macpherson Wendy USA 110

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