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Ferdinand Magellan

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Born Fernão de Magalhães1480Sabrosa, Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal

Died April 27, 1521 (aged 40–41)Kingdom of Mactan(now Mactan, Philippines)

Nationality Portuguese

Known for The first circumnavigation of the Earth, from Europe to East, and to West; for the first expedition from Europe to Asia by the West; and for captaining the first expedition across the Atlantic Ocean to the Strait of Magellan and across the Pacific Ocean

Life

Magellan was born in northern Portugal in around 1480, either at Vila Nova de Gaia, near Porto, in Douro Litoral Province, or at Sabrosa, near Vila Real, in Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro Province. He was the son of Rodrigo de Magalhães, Alcaide-Mor of Aveiro (1433–1500, son of Pedro Afonso de Magalhães and wife Quinta de Sousa) and wife Alda de Mesquita and brother of Leonor or Genebra de Magalhães, wife with issue of João Fernandes Barbosa.[5] After the death of his parents during his tenth year, he became a page to Queen Leonor at the Portuguese royal court because of his family's heritage.[citation needed]

In March 1505 at the age of 25, Magellan enlisted in the fleet of 22 ships sent to host D. Francisco de Almeida as the first viceroy of Portuguese India. Although his name does not appear in the chronicles, it is known that he remained there eight years, in Goa, Cochin and Quilon. He participated in several battles, including the battle of Cannanore in 1506, where he was wounded. In 1509 he fought in the battle of Diu.[6] He later sailed under Diogo Lopes de Sequeira in the first Portuguese embassy to Malacca, with Francisco Serrão, his friend and possibly cousin.[7] In September, after arriving at Malacca, the expedition fell victim to a conspiracy ending in retreat. Magellan had a crucial role, warning Sequeira and saving Francisco Serrão, who had landed.[8] These actions earned him honors and a promotion.[citation needed]

In 1511, under the new governor Afonso de Albuquerque, Magellan and Serrão participated in the conquest of Malacca. After the conquest their ways parted: Magellan was promoted, with a rich plunder and, in the company of a Malay he had indentured and baptized Enrique of Malacca, he returned to Portugal in 1512. Serrão departed in the first expedition sent to find the "Spice Islands" in the Moluccas, where he remained. He married a woman from Amboina and became a military advisor to the Sultan of Ternate, Bayan Sirrullah. His letters to Magellan would prove decisive, giving information about the spice-producing territories.[9][10]

After taking a leave without permission, Magellan fell out of favour. Serving in Morocco, he was wounded, resulting in a permanent limp. He was accused of trading illegally with the Moors. The accusations were proved false, but he received no further offers of employment after 15 May 1514. Later on in 1515, he got an employment offer as a crew member on a Portuguese ship, but rejected this. In 1517 after a quarrel with King Manuel I, who denied his persistent demands to lead an expedition to reach the spice islands from the east (i.e., while sailing westwards, seeking to avoid the need to sail around the tip of Africa[11]), he left for Spain. In Seville he befriended his countryman Diogo Barbosa and soon married his daughter by his second wife María Caldera Beatriz Barbosa.[12] They had two children: Rodrigo de Magalhães[13] and Carlos de Magalhães, both of whom died at a young age. His wife died in Seville around 1521.

Meanwhile, Magellan devoted himself to studying the most recent charts, investigating, in partnership with cosmographer Rui Faleiro, a gateway from the Atlantic to the South Pacific and the possibility of the Moluccas being Spanish according to the demarcation of the Treaty of Tordesillas.

Education

Fernão Magalhães (Ferdinand Magellan is an anglicized version of his name) was born in approximately 1480 in the small Portuguese town of Villa de Sabroza. As the son of the mayor, he led a privileged childhood, and at an early age he went to the royal court in Lisbon to serve as page to the Queen. He was very well educated, studying with some of the finest tutors in Portugal, and from an early age showed an interest in navigation and exploration.

Career

The famous explorer you may know as Ferdinand Magellan was really Fernao de Magalhaes. Why? Over the years, historians came to refer to him by the French version of his name, just like we have anglicized Christopher Columbus’ name. Magellan was born in Portugal in 1480 and in his youth, he worked in the Portuguese court as a page. While sailing on Portuguese ships, he learned the skill of navigation and wanted to discover a westward route to the Spice Islands, or

Moluccas. Like Christopher Columbus, he wanted to go west; unlike Columbus, he knew that the obstacles of North and South America stood in his way.

Magellan served on ships in the Portuguese navy, until he was accused of theft. Although he was proven innocent, his reputation was ruined amongst Portuguese sailors. Three times, Magellan petitioned the king of Portugal to support him on a voyage to search for a passage through South America to Asia. And three times, the king denied him. He finally asked permission of the king to seek support from another country. Permission was granted, and Magellan went to Portugal’s greatest rival – Spain’s King Charles I.

Ruy López de Villalobos

Personal Profile

Born ca. 1500

Málaga, Spain

Died April 4, 1544 (aged 43–44)

Ambon, Moluccas Islands, Indonesia

Known for He gave the name Las Islas Filipinas to the Philippines to honor Philip II of Spain

Life

Little is known of his early life, but in 1540 he was famous in Mexico as a skilful navigator, and therefore was chosen by the viceroy, Antonio de Mendoza, to command the expedition to discover Spice islands, that were still unoccupied by the Portuguese. He left Acapulco in 1542 in command of four vessels, discovered the Caroline and Pelew groups, and sighted a large island, which he called Caesarea Caroli, and which is supposed to be Luzon. Finally he found an island which he called Antonio or Saragan, and there established a colony, notwithstanding the strenuous opposition of the natives. Soon his provisions and ammunition began to fail, and he despatched three of his vessels for a supply to Mexico; but they were wrecked in sight of the port of departure, and, driven by hunger, he abandoned the settlement and sought refuge in Amboina, where he and the survivors were imprisoned by the Portuguese. One of the number, Guido de Labezares, escaped in 1549 and carried to Mexico the report of the expedition.

Education

López de Villalobos was commissioned in 1541 by the Viceroy of New Spain, Antonio de Mendoza, who was the first colonial administrator in the New World, to send an expedition to the Islas del Poniente, meaningIslands of the West, now known as the Philippines. His fleet of six galleon ships, the Santiago, San Jorge, San Antonio, San Cristóbal, San Martín, and San Juan,

left Barra de Navidad, Jalisco, Mexico with 370 to 400 men on November 1, 1542. The fleet first encountered the Revilla Gigedo Islands off the west coast of Mexico, among which the sighting of Roca Partida was reported for the first time. On 26 December 1542 they sighted a group of islands in the Marshalls that they called Corales (Corals in Spanish), which most probably are those of the Wotje Atoll. They thought these to be the Los Reyes islands previously charted by Álvaro de Saavedra in his 1528 expedition. They anchored at one of the islets that they named San Esteban (St. Stephen). They left on 6 January 1543 and that same day they sighted several small islands on the same latitude as the Corales, which they named Los Jardines (The Gardens), which were those of Kwajalein. On 23 January 1543 the expedition found Fais in the Carolines that they charted as Matelotes.[2] On 26 January 1543 they charted some new islands as Los Arrecifes (The Reefs) which have been identified as the Yaps also in the Carolines.[3][4]

Career

López de Villalobos was commissioned in 1541 by the Viceroy of New Spain, Antonio de Mendoza, who was the first colonial administrator in the New World, to send an expedition to the Islas del Poniente, meaning Island of the West, now known as the Philippines. His fleet of six galleon ships, the Santiago, Jorge, San Antonio, San Cristóbal, San Martín, and San Juan, left Barra de Navidad, Jalisco, Mexico with 370 to 400 men on November 1, 1542. On December 25, the fleet headed towards Revilla Gigedo Islands off the west coast of Mexico. They sighted Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón'sLos Reyes galleon ship. The following day they discovered a group of islands at 9° or 10°N which they named Corrales, and anchored at one of these islands. On January 6, 1543, several small islands on the same latitude were seen, and named them Los Jardines (The Gardens). This was the island of Eniwetok, and Ulithi.

Between January 6 to 23, 1543, the galleon San Cristóbal piloted by Gines de Mafra, who was a member of the crew of the Magellan expedition in 1519-1522, was separated from the fleet during a severe storm. This ship eventually reached the island of Mazaua, a place were Magellan anchored in 1521. This was the second visit of de Mafra to the Philippines, which is identified today as Limasawa in the southern island of Leyte. The story of Limasawa was written in 1667 by a Jesuit priest, Friar Francisco Combés. His documents on"Limasawa" has been translated by historians.[1]

On February 29, 1543, they entered Baganga Bay, which they named Malaga on the eastern coast of Mindanao. López de Villalobos named Mindanao "Caesarea Karoli" after the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V of Spain. The fleet stayed there for 32 days; the entire crew suffered extreme hunger. He ordered his men to plant corn but it failed. On March 31, 1543, the fleet left in search of Mazaua for food. Because of low-winds they could not sail on. After several days of struggle, they reached Sarangani.

The galleon San Cristóbal, which had been driven ashore on Limasawa Island 2 months before, appeared unexpectedly with a load of rice and other foodstuffs for the commander. On August 4, 1543, the San Juan, and San Cristóbal were sent back to Leyte and Samar for more food, with the San Juan to stock up for the Pacific crossing and to proceed to Mexico.[2] A Portuguese contingent arrived on August 7, and delivered a letter from Jorge de Castro, governor of the Moluccas, demanding an explanation for the presence of the fleet in Portuguese territory. López de Villalobos responded, in a letter dated August 9, that they were not trespassing, and were within the Demarcation Line of the Crown of Castile.

The San Juan left for Mexico on August 27, 1543, with Bernardo de la Torre as captain. Another letter from Castro arrived in the first week of September with the same protest, and López de Villalobos wrote a reply

dated September 12, 1543, with the same message as his first. He departed to Abuyog, Leyte with his remaining ships, the San Juan, and the San Cristóbal. The fleet could not make headway because of unfavorable winds. In April 1544, he sailed for Island of Amboyna. He, and his crew members then made their way to the islands of Samar, and Leyte, which he named Las Islas Filipinas (The Philippine Islands) in honour of the Prince of Spain, Philip II. Driven away by hostile natives, hunger, and a shipwreck, López de Villalobos was forced to abandon his settlements in the islands, and the expedition. He, and his crew members sought refuge in the Moluccas, where they quarrelled with the Portuguese, who imprisoned them.

López de Villalobos died on April 4, 1544, in his prison cell on the island of Amboyna, of a tropical fever, or as the Portuguese said "of a broken heart".[3] Some 117 remaining crew members survived, among them were de Mafra, and Guido de Lavezaris. De Mafra produced one manuscript on the Magellan circumnavigation, and had this delivered to Spain by a friend on board. They sailed for Malacca, where the Portuguese put them on a ship bound for Lisbon. Thirty elected to remain, including de Mafra. His manuscript remained unrecognized for many centuries. It was discovered in the 20th century, and published in 1920.

Miguel López de Legazpi

Personal Profile

Governor-General of Spanish East Indies

In office

April 27, 1565 – August 20, 1572

Monarch Phillip II

Succeeded by Guido de Lavezaris

Personal details

Born Miguel López de Legazpi

c. 1502

Zumarraga, Gipuzkoa, Crown of Castile

Died August 20, 1572 (aged 69–70)

Manila, Spanish East Indies(now   Philippines)

Resting place San Agustin Church, Manila

Life

Miguel López de Legazpi, (born c. 1510, Zumárraga, Spain—died Aug. 20, 1572, Manila, Phil.), Spanish explorer who established Spain’s dominion over the Philippines that lasted until the Spanish-American War of 1898.

Legazpi went to New Spain (Mexico) in 1545, serving for a time as clerk in the local government. Although Ferdinand Magellan had discovered the Philippine archipelago in 1521, no European settlements had been made there, so Luis de Velasco, the viceroy of New Spain, sent Legazpi to claim it in 1564. He left Acapulco with five ships and reached Cebu, one of the southern islands of the archipelago, in April 1565, founding the first Spanish settlement on the site of modern Cebu City.

Legazpi served as the first governor of the Philippines, from 1565 until his death. In 1570 he sent an expedition to the northern island of Luzon, arriving there himself the next year. After deposing a local Muslim ruler, in 1571 he established the city of Manila, which became the capital of the new Spanish colony and Spain’s major trading port in East Asia.

Legazpi repulsed two attacks by the Portuguese, in 1568 and 1571, and easily overcame the poorly organized Filipinos’ resistance. The Muslims in the southern islands resisted Spanish rule up to the 19th century, but Islām was weak in Luzon and the northern islands, and Legazpi and his chaplain, Andrés de Urdaneta, were able to lay the foundations for the conversion of the people to Christianity, which proved their most durable legacy.

Education

Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (1502-1572) was a Spanish conquistador who travelled to Mexico shortly after Hernan Cortes conquered the Aztec Empire. After a distinguished career in New Spain (modern-day Mexico), in 1564, he was commissioned by the Spanish viceroy in Mexico City to lead an expedition across the Pacific Ocean with the goal of obtaining Spanish access to the Spice Islands. Portugal at that time controlled the maritime trade route from the Spice Islands across the Indian Ocean and along the Atlantic coast of Africa. Access across the Pacific was theoretically open to whichever power got there first. The expedition, consisting of 500 men on five ships, departed from the west coast of New Spain on November 21, 1564. They landed first in the Marianas and then headed south to the Philippine archipelago. In 1570, a permanent settlement was established in what is now Manila. Legazpi served as the first Governor-General of the Philippines (which had previously been referred to as the Spanish East Indies). Regular trade was established with Chinese merchants who sailed across from the coastal provinces of China. Over the years, the trade with China became a dominate factor in the Spanish economy, not just in the Philippines, but in Mexico and Spain. Legazpi, also known by the honorific El Adelantado, though, did not live to see the fruit of his pioneering labors. He died in Manila of heart failure on August 20, 1572.

Career

Expedition to the Philippines

A route of the Spanish expeditions in the Philippines.

In 1564, López de Legazpi was commissioned by the viceroy, Luis de Velasco, to lead an expedition in the Pacific Ocean, to find the Spice Islands where the earlier explorers Ferdinand Magellan and Ruy López de Villalobos had landed in 1521 and 1543, respectively. The expedition was ordered by King Philip II of Spain, after whom the Philippines had earlier been named by Ruy López de Villalobos. The viceroy died in July 1564, but the Audiencia and López de Legazpi completed the preparations for the expedition.

On November 19 or 20, 1564, five ships and 500 soldiers, sailed from the port of Barra de Navidad, New Spain, in what is now Jalisco state, Mexico (other sources give the date as November 1, 1564, and mention 'four ships and 380 men').[citation needed] Members of the expedition included six Augustinian missionaries, in addition to Fr. Andrés de Urdaneta, who served as navigator and spiritual adviser,[2] Melchor de Legazpi (son of Adelanto de Legazpi), Felipe de Salcedo (grandson of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi), and Guido de Lavezarez (a survivor of the expedition of Ferdinand Magellan).

López de Legazpi and his men sailed the Pacific Ocean for 93 days. In 1565, they landed in the Mariana Islands, where they briefly anchored and replenished their supplies. There they fought with Chamorro tribes and burned several huts.

Arrival in the Philippines

Statue of López de Legazpi with Datu Sikatuna in Tagbilaran, Bohol, marks the location where the Blood compact alliance took place.

López de Legazpi's expedition anchored off the Indianized Rajahnate of Cebu on February 13, 1565, but did not put ashore due to opposition from natives.[3]:77

On February 22, 1565 the expedition reached the island of Samar and made a blood compact with Datu Urrao. The Spaniards then proceeded to Limasawa and were received by Datu Bankaw, then to Bohol, where they befriended Datu Sikatuna and Rajah Sigala. On March 16, Legazpi made a blood compact with Datu Sikatuna.[3]:77

On April 27, 1565, the expedition returned to Cebu and landed there. Rajah Tupas challenged the Spaniards, but were overpowered by them. The Spaniards established a colony, naming the settlements "Villa del Santisimo Nombre de Jesús" (Town of the Most Holy Name of Jesus) after an image of Sto. Niño in one of the native houses.

Panay and Mindoro

In 1569, due to scarcity of food provisions in Cebu, Legazpi transferred to Panay where they were peacefully welcomed by the people in the Confederation of Madya-as and they founded a second settlement on the bank of the Panay River. In 1570, Legazpi sent his grandson, Juan de Salcedo, who had arrived from Mexico in 1567, to Mindoro (Location of the Huangdom of Ma-i) to punish Moro pirates who had been plundering Panay villages. Salcedo also destroyed forts on the islands of Ilin and Lubang, respectively South and Northwest of Mindoro[3]:79[4]

Luzon and the capture of Manila

In 1570, having heard of the rich resources in Luzon, Legazpi dispatched Martín de Goiti to explore the northern region. Landing in Batangas with a force of 120 Spaniards and 600 Visayans from Cebu and Panay islands, de Goiti explored the Pansipit River, which drains Taal Lake[3]:79 On May 8, they arrived in Manila Bay. There, they were welcomed by the natives. Goiti's soldiers camped there for a few weeks, while forming an alliance with the Muslim leader, Tariq Suleiman, who was a vassal under Sultan Bolkiah of Brunei. Legazpi wanted to use Manila's harbor as a base for trade with China, but Sulayman refused.[5] On May 24, 1570, after disputes and hostility had erupted between the two groups, the Spaniards occupied the Islamized states of Tondo and Manila using scores of colonized Cebuanos and mercenary Illongos as the bulk of the Spanish army, those same Visayans having been at war with those Islamic states even before the Spaniards arrrived.

In the same year, more reinforcements arrived in the Philippines, prompting López de Legazpi to leave Cebu to Panay and then to Luzon. He recruited 250 Spanish soldiers and 600 native warriors to explore the regions of Leyte and Panay. The following year he followed Goiti and Salcedo to Manila, after hearing the villages had been conquered.

During the early phase of the exploration of the northern part of the Philippines López de Legazpi had remained in Cebu, and had not accompanied his men during their colonization of Manila, because of health problems and advanced age.

In Manila, López de Legazpi formed a peace pact with the native councils as well as the local rulers, Tariq Suleiman and Lakan Dula. Both groups agreed to organize a city council, consisting of two mayors, twelve councilors and a secretary. López de Legazpi established a settlement there on June 24, 1571 and he also ordered the construction of the walled city of Intramuros. He proclaimed the town as the island's capital, and the seat of the Spanish government in the East Indies.[1]

In July 1571, he established La Laguna, Calumpit and Malolos in November 14,1571 and other towns mostly along Manila Bay together with the help of Augustinian Friars mostly Martin de Rada,Andres de Urdaneta,Diego de Herrera,Diego Ordoñez de Vivar,Alonso Alvarado, he established a government on the islands, and went on to become the first Spanish governor of the Philippines.

Last years

López de Legazpi governed the Philippines for a year before dying of heart failure in Manila in 1572.[citation needed] He died poor and bankrupt, leaving a few pesos behind[quantify], due to having spent most of his personal fortune during the conquest. He was laid to rest in San Agustin Church, Intramuros.

By the time of López de Legazpi's death, the parts of the Visayas had passed to Spanish rule. The Spanish met strong resistance from Muslim sultanates on the island of Mindanao, the Zambal tribes of Zambales, and the Igorot of the Cordilleran mountains, as well as some Wakuo pirates from China and Japan.[citation needed]

Letters to the King of Spain

During his last years, López de Legazpi wrote several letters to Philip II of Spain about his journey to the East Indies, and the conquest he had achieved. These were collectively known as the "Cartas al Rey Don Felipe II: sobre la expedición, conquistas y progresos de las islas Felipinas" (Letters to the King Lord Philip II: on the expedition, conquests, and progress of the Philippine Islands). The letters are still preserved today at the General Archive of the Indies in Seville, Spain.

Role of religion on the expedition

At the time of Legazpi's arrival, Filipinos practiced Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism. Part of the motivation of the Spaniards was to impose the Roman Catholic religion

With the Augustinian, Franciscan and other friars, who had helped him established a government on the islands, López de Legazpi worked to convert the natives to the Christian religion. In 1609, Antonio de Morga, Alcalde of Criminal Causes, in the Royal Audiencia of New Spain wrote:

"After the islands had been conquered by the sovereign light of the holy gospel which entered therein, the heathen were baptized, the darkness of their paganism was banished and they changed their own for Christian names. The islands also, losing their former name, took—with the change of religion and the baptism of their inhabitants—that of Filipinas Islands, in recognition of the great favors received at the hands of his Majesty Filipe the Second, our sovereign, in whose fortunate time and reign they were conquered, protected and encouraged, as a work and achievement of his royal hands."