L.S.

?

SELAGINELLA

HETEROSPOROUS

M

L.S.

MEGASPORANGIUM

SELAGINELLA

HETEROSPOROUS

M

MEGASPORES

L.S.

MEGASPORANGIUM

SELAGINELLA

HETEROSPOROUS

?

MICROSPORANGIUM

L.S.

?

SELAGINELLA

HETEROSPOROUS

M

MICROSPORANGIUM

L.S.SELAGINELLA

HETEROSPOROUS

M

MICROSPORES

MICROSPORANGIUM

L.S.SELAGINELLA

HETEROSPOROUS

MICROSPORE

MEGASPORE

MEGAGAMETOPHYTE

ANTHERIDIUM

SPERM

EGGARCHEGONIUM

SELAGINELLA

MICROGAMETOPHYTE

M

MITOSIS

MITOSIS

MEGAGAMETOPHYTE

ANTHERIDIUM

SPERM

EGGARCHEGONIUM

SELAGINELLA

MICROGAMETOPHYTE

G

MICROSPORE

MEGASPORE

MEGAGAMETOPHYTE

ANTHERIDIUM

SPERM

EGGARCHEGONIUM

SELAGINELLA

MICROGAMETOPHYTE

MEGAGAMETOPHYTE

MEGASPORE

MICROSPORE

MEGASPORE WALL

EMBRYO

ARCHEGONIUMZYGOTE

RHIZOIDS

SPERM

MEGAGAMETOPHYTE

MICROSPORE WALL MICROGAMETOPHYTE ANTHERIDIUM

GAMETOPHYTES

E

MEGAGAMETOPHYTE

MEGASPORE

MICROSPORE

MEGASPORE WALL

EMBRYO

ARCHEGONIUMZYGOTE

RHIZOIDS

SPERM

ENDOSPORIC

MEGAGAMETOPHYTE

MICROSPORE WALL MICROGAMETOPHYTE ANTHERIDIUM

U

MEGAGAMETOPHYTE

MEGASPORE

MICROSPORE

MEGASPORE WALL

EMBRYO

ARCHEGONIUMZYGOTE

RHIZOIDS

SPERM

UNISEXUAL

MEGAGAMETOPHYTE

MICROSPORE WALL MICROGAMETOPHYTE ANTHERIDIUM

S

H

TRACHEOPHYTE

HETEROSPOROUS

LIFE CYCLE

SUMMARY

SELAGINELLA

H

SELAGINELLA

HETEROSPOROUS

M

M

SELAGINELLA

MICROSPORES & MEGASPORES

E

SELAGINELLA

ENDOSPORIC GAMETOPHYTE

U

SELAGINELLA

UNISEXUAL GAMETOPHYTE

^

SPERM

B

BIFLAGELLATED

SPERM

FLAGELLUM

FLAGELLUM

ANTHERIDIUM

M

MULTIPLE

FLAGELLA

MULTIFAGELLATED

SPERM

ANTHERIDIUM

^

SYNGAMY

P

GAMETOPHYTE

ARCHEGONIUM

ANTHERIDIUM

EGGZYGOTEFLAGELLATED SPERM

PTERIDOPHYTES

+

SPERM

ARCHEGONIUM

ANTHERIDIUM

EGGZYGOTE

PTERIDOPHYTES

GAMETOPHYTE

FLAGELLATED SPERM

+

SPERM

SWIM

ARCHEGONIUM

ANTHERIDIUM

EGGZYGOTE

PTERIDOPHYTES

GAMETOPHYTE

FLAGELLATED SPERM

+

SPERM

SWIM

ARCHEGONIUM

ANTHERIDIUM

EGGZYGOTE

PTERIDOPHYTES

GAMETOPHYTE

FLAGELLATED SPERM

S

SPERM

SWIM

SWIM

ARCHEGONIUM

ANTHERIDIUM

EGGZYGOTE

SYNGAMY

PTERIDOPHYTES

GAMETOPHYTE

W

FLAGELLATED SPERM

SWIM

SWIM

MYCORRHIZAE

ARCHEGONIUM

EGGZYGOTE

SYNGAMY

SYNGAMY

REQUIRES

WATER

PTERIDOPHYTES

FLAGELLATED SPERM

S

SWIM

SWIM

PTERIDOPHYTE

LIFE CYCLE

MEIOSIS

SPOROCYTES 2N

SPORES 1N

MITOSISGAMETOCYTES 1N

MITOSIS

GAMETE

SPERM

1N

GAMETE

EGG

1N

SYNGAMY

ZYGOTE 2N

MITOSIS

2N PHASE

MULTICELLULAR

SPORE PRODUCING PHASE

SPOROPHYTE

1N PHASE

MULTICELLULAR

GAMETE PRODUCING PHASE

GAMETOPHYTE

V

VASCULAR

PLANT

EVOLUTION

^

~420MILLION YEARS

RHYNIOPHYTA

EVOLVE

~420 MILLION YEARS AGO>

RHYNIOPHYTE

EVOLUTION

PARKA

C

CHAROPHYTE

RHYNIOPHYTE

EVOLUTION

A

AGLAOPHYTONCHAROPHYTE

RHYNIOPHYTE

EVOLUTION

P

PROEMBRYOPHYTECHAROPHYTE

RHYNIOPHYTE

EVOLUTION

E

EMBRYOPHYTEPROEMBRYOPHYTECHAROPHYTE

RHYNIOPHYTE

EVOLUTION

T

PROEMBRYOPHYTECHAROPHYTE

RHYNIOPHYTE

EVOLUTION

TRACHEOPHYTE

R

PROEMBRYOPHYTECHAROPHYTE

RHYNIOPHYTE

EVOLUTION

RHYNIOPHYTE

^

PHYLUM

RHYNIOPHYTA

>

E

PHYLUM

RHYNIOPHYTA

EXTINCT

PHYLUM

EXTINCT

PHYLUM

VILLAGE OF RHYNIE

ABERDEEN, SCOTLAND

^

COMMON NAME

RHYNIOPHYTES

^

FOSSIL RECORD

^

~420MILLION YEARS

SILURIAN

~420 MILLION YEARS AGOE

RHYNIOPHYTES

EVOLVE

~420 MILLION YEARS AGOO

RHYNIOPHYTES

OLDEST

TRACHEOPHYTES

~420 MILLION YEARS AGO?

?

C

COOKSONIA

O

COOKSONIA

OLDEST

TRACHEOPHYTE

?

HOW DO BOTANISTS

KNOW COOKSONIA

IS A TRACHEOPHYTE?

QUESTION

QUESTION

+

COOKSONIA

OLDEST

TRACHEOPHYTE

XT

COOKSONIA

VASCULAR TISSUE

COOKSONIA

STEM

M

COOKSONIA

MACERATED

COOKSONIA

MACERATED

ANNULAR SCALARIFORM PITTEDHELICAL

L.S.

STEM

SECONDARY

CELL WALL

DEPOSITION

A

ANNULAR SCALARIFORM PITTEDHELICAL

L.S.

STEM

SECONDARY

CELL WALL

DEPOSITION

H

ANNULAR SCALARIFORM PITTEDHELICAL

L.S.

STEM

SECONDARY

CELL WALL

DEPOSITION

S

ANNULAR SCALARIFORM PITTEDHELICAL

L.S.

STEM

SECONDARY

CELL WALL

DEPOSITION

P

ANNULAR SCALARIFORM PITTEDHELICAL

L.S.

STEM

SECONDARY

CELL WALL

DEPOSITION

XT

ANNULAR SCALARIFORM PITTEDHELICAL

L.S.

STEM

XYLEM TISSUE

SECONDARY

CELL WALL

DEPOSITION

VT

COOKSONIA

VASCULAR TISSUE

T

COOKSONIA

TRACHEOPHYTE

OT

COOKSONIA

OLDEST

TRACHEOPHYTE

^

~380MILLION YEARS

DEVONIAN

~380 MILLION YEARS AGOE

RHYNIOPHYTES

EXTINCT

~380 MILLION YEARS AGO^

GENERAL

CHARACTERS

^

ORGANS

COOKSONIA

AB

COOKSONIA

ROOTS

LEAVES

ABSENT

S

COOKSONIA

ROOTS

LEAVES

ABSENT

STEM

^

STEM

COOKSONIA

STEM

P

COOKSONIAPHOTOSYNTHETIC

STEM

^

STEM

ANATOMY

COOKSONIA

STEM

STEM

VASCULAR STELE

C.S

L

STEM

LIMITED VASCULAR TISSUE

C.S

P

PROTOSTELE

STEM

C.S

H

PROTOSTELE / HAPLOSTELE

STEM

C.S

STEM

C.S

E

~1 XYLEM MATURATION

ENDARCH

STEM

C.S

^

STEM

MORPHOLOGY

COOKSONIA

STEM

D

BRANCHING

COOKSONIADICHOTOMOUS

BRANCHING

STEM

RENALIA

M

BRANCHING

RENALIA

MONOPODIAL

BRANCHING

?

SAWDONIA

?

E

SAWDONIA

ENATIONS

A

COOKSONIADICHOTOMOUS

BRANCHING

ENATIONS

ABSENTSTEM

^

SPORANGIUM

SPORANGIUM

COOKSONIA

MULTIPLE

CELL

INITIALS

WALL CELLS THICK WALL

SPOROCYTES

WALL CELLS

SPOROCYTES

TAPETUM

NUMEROUS

SPORES

L.S.

LARGE SIZE

E

MULTIPLE

CELL

INITIALS

WALL CELLS THICK WALL

SPOROCYTES

WALL CELLS

SPOROCYTES

TAPETUM

NUMEROUS

SPORES

EUSPORANGIUM L.S.

LARGE SIZE

^

SPORANGIUM

POSITION

SPORANGIUM

STEM

COOKSONIA

SPORANGIUM

C