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SUBMITTED BY:
NEERAJ MEHTA NEETU MEHRA NEHA ARORA NEHA ASIJA NEHA BHALLA NEHA GUPTA
MANAGEMENT THEORIES
HISTORICALBACKGROUND
SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT
GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE THEORIESTS
QUANTITATIVE APPROACH
ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR
SYSTEMS APPROACH
CONTINGENCY APPROACH
EARLY ADVOCATES EARLY EXAMPLES OF MANAGEMENT HAWTHORNE STUDIES ADAM SMITH
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
PART I -THOUSAND YEARS AGO
ORGANIZED ENDEAVORS HAVE EXISTED FOR THOUSAND YEARS THE EGYPTIAN PYRAMIDS AND THE GREAT WALL OF CHIN PART 2 - IN EARLY 1400s
VENETIANS DEVELOPED AN EARLY FORM OF BUSINESS E FOR INSTANCE AT THE ARSENAL OF VENICE, WARSHIPS FLOATED ALONG THE CANAL .
PART 3 - PRE- TWENTIETH CENTURY EVENT
ADAM SMITH PROPOSED DIVISION OF LABOUR . INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION - GUIDED THE REQUIREMENT O
SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT
FREDERICK W. TAYLOR1)Develop a science for each element of an individuals work. 2) Scientifically select and then train ,teach and develop the worker. 3) Heartily cooperate with the workers 4) Divide work and responsibility 5) Management takes over all work for which it is better fitted than workers.
FRANK AND LILLIAN GILBRETH1) Studied work to eliminate wasteful hands and body motions.
2) Use of the proper tools and equipment for optimizing work performance
SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT PRESENT ERAFORMER ERA CHALLENGES
MODERN SOLUTIONS TIME-MOTION STUDY
WORKER INSUFFICIENCY
TAKE IT EASY NO WORK STANDARDS
DESIGN INCENTIVE SYSTEM ANALYZE BASIC
NO MATCHING ABILITY/APTITUDE
WORK TASK HIRE BEST QUALIFIED WORKER
ESPRIT N OF DE WORK CORPSINITIAT IVE STABILI TY
DIVISIO AUTHO RITY DICIPLI NE
UNITY OF COMM FAYOLS AND PRINCIPLE OF UNITY MANAGEMEN OF T EQUITY DIRECT INDIVI ION DUALGENER ORDER AL INTERE REMUN SCALAR CENTR ERATIO ST CHAIN ALIZATI N ON
MANAGE RS NOT OWNERS
SIMPLEROUTINEWELL DEFINED TASKS
DIVISION OF LABOURCAREER ORIENTATI ON
WEBERS BUREAUCRAC Y
AUTHORIT Y HIERARCH Y
POSITIO N ORGANIZ EDCLEAR CHAIN OF COMMA NDS
IMPERSONALI TY
UNIFOR M APPLICA TIONS
FORMAL RULES AND REGULATION S WRITTEN RULESSTANDARD OP PROCEDURES
FORMAL SELECTION
SELECTI ON ON TECHNIC AL QUALIFI CATION
QUANTITATIVE APPROACH TO MANAGEMENT(OPERATIONS RESEARCH / MANAGEMENT SCIENCE )
EVOLUTION Quantitative approach developed out of
mathematical and statistical solutions to military problems during world war II. Techniques used to solve military problems were applied to business. Robert McNamara and Charles Tex Thornton used statistical and quantitative models. It involves in improvement in decision making.
APPLICATION OF THE QUANTITATIVE MODELSTATISTICS OPTIMIZATION MODELS COMPUTER SIMULATIONS INFORMATION MODELS
MANAGEMENT OF ACTIVITIES
ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
The field of study concerned with the behavior of people at work is called as organizational behavior (OB).
Behavioral problems are more widespread and visible. Easy to relate to real, day to day people problem than to more abstract of constructing quantitative models.
OUTCOME Human resource management Contemporary views on : a) Motivation b)leadership c) trust d) teamwork e) conflict management
deplorable working conditions. idealistic workplace smart investment.
Robert Owen Late 1700s Early advocates of OB
Created field of industrial psychology Scientific study of people at work. Suggested using psychological tests for employee selection, learning theory concepts for employee training, and study of human behaviour for employee motivation.
Chester Bernard 1930s
Mary Parker Follett Early 1900s
Hugo Munsterberg Early 1900s
Cooperation. communicate and simulate employees high levels of effort. Organizations were open systems.
Organizations could be viewed from perspective of individual and group behavior. Proposed more people oriented ideas than scientific management followers. Thought organizastions should be based on group ethic.`
THE HAWTHORNE STUDIES AIM To examine the effect of various illuminations levels on worker productivity. METHOD It encompass numerous experiments in the redesign of jobs and includes
changes in -a )workday b) workweek length c) introduction of rest periods d) individual versus group wage plans CONCLUSION -- Social norms or groups standards were the key determinants of
individual work behavior. Organization is more than a formal arrangement of functions but is also a social system. USE OF THE BEHAVIORAL APPROACH IN ORGANIZATIONS
# designing motivating jobs # teamwork # open communication
Definition:
System is a set of interrelated and interdependent parts arranged in a manner that produces a unified whole. Two types: Closed Open
Organisation as an open system ENVIRONMENTinputs Transformation process Employees work activities Management activities technology Operation methods Outputs Products and services Financial results. Information Human results
Raw materials Human resources Capital Technology information
FEEDBACK
ENVIRONMEN T
The systems approach and managersAn organization is made up of interdependent factor, including individuals, groups, attitudes, motives, formal structures, interactions, goals, status and authority.Managers coordinate the work activities of various parts of organization and ensure all parts are working together so that goals are achieved. It implies that decisions and action taken in one organizational area will affect others and vice versa. It recognizes that organisations are not self contained. They rely on their environments for essential inputs and as sources to absorb their outputs.
The Contingency ApproachSometimes called situational approach. Organisations are different, face different situations(contingencies), and require different ways of managing. But surprisingly some management rules are universally applicable that would work in all situations.
Popular Contingency VariablesOrganization size:As size increases, so do the problems of coordination. Routineness of task technology: It requires organizational structures, leadership style and control systems that differ from customized technology. Environmental uncertainty: Environmental changes influence the management process, it being rapidly changing and unpredictable. Individual differences: Each one is different in terms of their desire for growth, autonomy, tolerance of ambiguity and expectation and accordingly managers select motivation techniques style and designs
Globalization Ethics Workforce diversity
Entrepreneurship Managing in an E Business World Knowledge Management and Learning Organizations Quality Management
Globalization Working with people
from different Cultures Coping with
Anticapitalist Backlash Movement of jobs to
countries with Low costLabor
EthicsProcess of addressing ethical delimasStep 1: What is the ethical dilemma? Step 2: Who are the affected stakeholders? Step 3: What personal, organizational, and external factors are important to my decision? Step 4: What are possible alternatives? Step 5: Make a decision and act on it.
Workforce DiversityA workforce thats heterogeneous in terms of gender, race, ethnicity, age, and other characteristics that reflect differences Broad range of view
points Problem solving
skills Better understanding
of diverse customerbase
EnterpreunershipIt is the process of starting new businesses, generally in response to opportunities. Pursuit of
opportunities Innovation
Growth
Managing in an E-Business WorldE-BusinessThe way the organization does work by using electronic(Internet based)linkages with its key constituents to efficiently & effectively achieve the goals including the e-commerce.
Categories of e-business involvement E-Business Enhanced OrganizationCategory 1
E-Business Enabled OrganizationCategory 2
Category 3
Total E-Business Organization
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT Cultivating a learning culture where organizational
members systematically gather knowledge & share it with others in the organization to achieve better performance.
Learning Organizations Organizations must be dynamic & learning i.e
continuously learn, adapt & change. Create
learning organization.
capabilities
throughout
the
Manage the base of knowledge for good decision
making.
Learning Organization v/s Traditional organizationParameters Attitude towards Change Attitude towards new ideas Whos responsible for innovation Main Fear Competitive Advantage Managers Job Traditional Organization No change if working Not Open R&D Making Mistakes Product & Service Learning Organization Changing is must Always open & accepting Everyone in Organization Not learning, not adapting Ability to learn, Knowledge & Expertise Enable others
Control Others
Quality Management A philosophy of management driven by
continual improvement & responding to customer needs & expectations. Committed to continuous improvement in
work processes. Departure from earlier management theories. TQM started during 1980s & 1990s Inspired by W.Edwards & Joseph M.Juranmin
1950
Cont.. Customer focused Process focused Accurate Measurements Empowerment of employees
Summary Historical Background Early management examples Adam Smith Industrial Revolution Major Management Theories Scientific management(Taylors principles, Frank, use in todays management) General Administrative theories (Fayols principles, Max Weber) Quantitative approach(Robert McNamera,Charles Thornton)
Cont Organizational Behavior (Early Advocates, Hawthorne
studies) Systems Approach Contingency Approach
Current Trends & Issues Globalization Ethics Workforce Diversity Entrepreneurship E-business Knowledge & learning Organizations Quality Management
Questions Discuss the development of major management theories. Write short notes on:1. Globalization 2. Quality management A philosophy of management that is driven by continual
a) b) c) d)
improvement and responding to customer needs and expectations is: Contingency approach Quality management System approach Scientific management
A theory of management that is focused on describing what
managers do and what constitutes good management practice is the general administrative theory. a) Correct b) Incorrect Quantitative techniques are used to improve:a) Decision making b) Leadership qualities Open systems are those which do not interact with the environment. a) Correct b) Incorrect
Workforce diversity is heterogeneous in terms of gender,
race, ethnicity, age, and other characteristics that reflect similarities. a) Correct b) incorrect
THANK YOU