EXAM I CLASS LECTURE NOTES

(lecture 1) The Protestant Reformation in Western EuropeMain Goals and Ideas:

Demonstrate how I use outlines in class

Europe was not a unified whole, but full of internal conflicts and divisions, both before and after the Protestant Reformation.

Religion was the strongest division between individuals in early Modern Eu-rope.

The Reach of the Catholic Church, 313-1500sApostolic Succession

-the “ordaining” of popes, bishops, all trace roots back to peter, and therefor jesus

-only way to get to heaven is through priest

-only way to get to heaven is to heaven is through the priest, who has ties to pope

The Limits of the church outside of Western Europe/ the limits of the church within Western Europe-every local area is going to have some version or hybridization attached to catholicism

-there were many debates about the life of jesus (was he human, divine, or both?)

Paganism

Heresy

Protestant ReformationMartin Luther and the 95 theses (the symbolic beginning)

-statement of things church was doing wrong

-believed that the bible should be translated, the church was too political, and that you do not need a priest to get to heaven

Peasants revolt

-revolt against landlords due to luther’s actions

-luther did not approve when they became violent

-caused lose of appeal in rural poor because princes reacted cruelly

Counter-Reformation by the Catholic ChurchCouncil of Trent (1545-1563)

-standardization of beliefs

-catholic mass emerges (mass is still in latin)

-attempt to spread catholicism-changes due to protestant reformation-set out clear differences with protestantism-condemned corruptions such as simony (sale of church offices), pluralism (one individ-ual held several offices), and nepotism (favoritism granted to relatives)-index of forbidden booksCreation of Jesuits-missionaries that carried catholicism to distant nationsReligious Conflict:

St. Bartholomew Day’s Massacre (1572)-Huguenots (protestant family of bride)

-started out by the assassination of the brides protestant family and then turned to a mob of violence

-mass murder of protestants by catholics

Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

-holy roman emperor had conflicts with protestant princes

-sparked in progue (two catholic officials thrown out of protestant prince’s window)

-war between catholics and protestants

-violence was extreme

-every major power was involved: transformed from religious to political

-places where there is not warfare people had abandoned their fields, there is famine

-ended with treaty of wesphalia

-importance: how serious people took religion

Concluding Thoughts:Europe was not a unified whole, but full of internal conflicts and divisions, both before and after the Protestant Reformation.

Religion was the strongest division between individuals in early Modern Europe.

(lecture 2) pg. 475-490 9:3-5

Main Points:The system of nation-states is a relatively new creation in world history.

Focusing only on one single nation-state will make you miss the things that are happening in many places at once.

Medieval Spain provides a good case study of a local place that served as a global crossroads.

Setting up Europe for future comparisons:Hierarchy

-levels of society

Heterogeneous

-diversity

-ex: protestantism vs. catholic

Historical

-all societies have own, different backgrounds

-every society changes

What does it mean to be ahistorical?-assumption that this or that society has not changed-to see a place and assume it has always been like thatWeak States in Europe before and during the Reformation:-kings did not have much power

-they depended on local forces (decentralized)

Four goals of centralizing monarchies, 1500-17001. Bureaucracy (ppl who work for the gov’t)

Intendants-king pays bureaucrat, they are dependent and loyal to king

-selected official from outside of nobility and payed them in small scattered estates

-kings also granted towns privledges in return for payments (reduced dependence on no-bles)

-more sophisticated state structure, can now go further into country to tax

2. Militarization

-forces the payment of taxes

vagabonds; vagabondage

-bandits in european countryside

-brought in to serve in military

-advantageous to state because you take away crime to fight crime

3. Creation of Legitimacy

-prove to people that you deserve to rule

Louis XIV – “Après moi, l’état.” (I am the state)

-called himself the “sun king”

Absolutism

-king decides everything

-placed king at highest point

-king louis moved palace to versailles from paris because he could, was a way to project total power

- no checks and balances on king

- however, power doesnt compare to modern president

4. Homogenizing population (desire to make population similar)

-less tolerance for certain minorities

Cardinal Richelieu

-standardized french language, unified population

-inquistition (spanish tribunal for detection and punishment of heresy, operated as agency of state, free from church’ control)

Global processes in a local setting: Iberian PeninsulaThe places we call Spain and Portugal were loose collections of subregions

-has not always been roman catholic

-practiced muslim and catholicism

Hispania

Castile, Granada, Aragon, Cataluña, Asturias, etc. (GOOGLE) <-------

The wedding of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabel of CastileReconquista

-struggle of 2 powers

-ended with marriage of ferdinand and isabel (united argon and castile to form spain)

The significance of 1492: Then and Now-many minorities were being expelled

Limpieza de sangre (Purity of Blood)-further you could trace relatives to catholicism, the purer you blood was

Inquisition

-police branch of catholic church

-used torture to persuade confession

-to increase nobility, you could purchase a position

(lecture 3) pg. 438-44, 451-8, 8:13-15

The Ottoman Empire in World HistoryI. Lecture’s Main Points

As in Christianity, there were major divisions within Islam, making it a hetero-geneous religion.

The Ottoman Empire partly emerged out of the religious conflict that oc-curred in Central Europe and the Middle East.

Ottoman rulers’ ability to manage this religious heterogeneity helps to explain their success.

II. Religious Fragmentation and the Erosion of the Byzantine Empire, 1095-1453-Byzantine empire: eastern orthodox catholicism (ruled by patriarch)

Christian Crusades to reclaim the Holy Land

-christains AND muslims claim bits of empires for themselves

Divisions within Christianity and attacks on the Byzantine Empire

III. Rise of the Ottoman Turks and the Invasion of Constantinople, 1300s-1453

Ghazi – “border warrios”

Mehmet II and the Invasion of Constantinople

-first to invade constantinople

Patriarch

-previous one was killed and they appointed a new one

Hagia Sephia

-symbol of previous catholic church, was turned into a mosque

IV. Three Strategies for Administering a Heterogeneous PopulationKadis

-judge who follows islamic law and is incharge of settling all disputed

Millet System

-way to let religious minorities to follow own laws as long as they know kadis word is final (as long as they paid their taxes and kept to themselves)

-people who were getting kicked out of spain moved to ottoman empire because there was religious freedom

-previous political offices stayed in tact

Devshirme

-tribute children (1 of 15 children between 7 and 15 were captured and trained as warriors, farmers, or state officials. all were converted to islam)

Janissaries

-tribute children warriors

Hierarchy

-sultan ruled, everyone else is an outsider at the place in which they are stationed.

-unfamiliar territories

-no political ties= loyalty to sultan

Viziers

-was a tribute child and became right hand to sultan

Sokullu Mehmet Pasha

-became powerful, right hand man to sultan and ruled behind the scenes while sul-tans child who inherited the thrown grew to be of age

V. The Ottoman Empire at the Height of its Power, 16th centurySultan Selim (1512-1520) and the Conquest of the Safavids (other shi’a muslims)

-invaded territory to east

-ottomans were sunni

-selim slaughtered many safavids in iraq (30-40,000)

The invasion of Egypt and the seizure of the Caliphate

VI. A Victim of their own Success?: Ottoman Crises in the 17th cen-tury

-Jannisaries became too powerful and difficult to control

The assassination of Osman II

-assassinated by jannisaries, then appointed and incompetent sultan, decline in power

VII. What we learnedAs in Christianity, there were major divisions within Islam, making it a hetero-

geneous religion.

The Ottoman Empire partly emerged out of the religious conflict that oc-curred in Central Europe and the Middle East.

Ottoman rulers’ ability to manage this religious heterogeneity helps to explain their success.

Main Points:The system of nation-states is a relatively new creation in world history.

Focusing only on one single nation-state will make you miss the things that are happening in many places at once.

Medieval Spain provides a good case study of a local place that served as a global crossroads.

(lecture 4) pg. 550-9, 2:4, 3:15, 10:6-9

From Ming to Qing rule in China Main Points of the Lecture:

The area we call China is made up of culturally, linguistically, and religiously diverse groups of people.

Both the Ming and the Qing rulers used a combination of force and compromise in order to rule these groups.

In terms of technology and statecraft, China was more advanced than Europe in the pe-riod leading up to 1700.

The Cultural Heterogeneity of China

Linguistic Divisions in Contemporary China (Numbers from the 1980s):

Mandarin (680 Million)

Cantonese (55 Million)

Wannan (4 million)

Gan (25 million)

Xiang (50 million)

Wu (85 million)

Minbei (12 million)

Minnan (40 Million)

Mongol

Manchu Tibetan

Religious Divisions in Chinese History:

Taoism (starts in the fourth century, still prominent in 1500’s)

Lao-Tzu and the Tao Te Ching Tao – the “road”

Tao principles can get you to forsake the leader

Chinese Buddhism Guatama

-started in india, at some point spread to china

-no concept of heaven after you die (no soul)

-purpose: to find enlightenment while on earth

-all human beings are equal

Ch’an or Zen Buddhism (most well known form of buddism)

Bodhidharma (sent from india to convert people in china to buddism. Taught them the need for reaching enlightenment, dont need teachers. Disliked other leaders of Buddism, had 4 main concepts behind Zen buddism:

-no need for books, just practice religion

-supposed to go directly to the heart of men

-you can see your own nature, and if you can see your own nature you can see the nature of the whole world and become just like budda.

-budda: similar to martin luther, lived in the 6th century

Ethnic Groups: Then and Now

Religious Conflict: Taoist - Buddhist Conflict

Political Rule in China:

Jin (1115-1234)

Mongols (1280-1368)

Ming (1368-1643)

Ming Rule Hierarchy:

Han Chinese

“Mandate of Heaven” (those in power were given a right to rule from a divine source)

Confucianism and the examination system

Ming Political Decline

Emperor Wanli (starts to increase taxes)

-regarless of taxes, there is a lot of inflation due to the large amount of silver com-ing from the americas

Ming Economic Crisis

Global Connection: American Silver and Ming Decline

Pressures from Below and Ming Defeat

Manchurians

-nomadic people from manchuria

-Nurachi (manchu chief) set up a permanent capitol and chinese gov’t

Peking

-manchu joined forces with ming to aid in defeat of rebel forces, with success, Abahai was enthroned

-took almost 100 years for Qing to have control

Yunnan Province

What did the Qing Dynasty do?

-used a method of force within all the groups

Incorporation and Force: The Qing and Imperial administration

The Queue

-required all men under qing rule to have have same hairstyle called queue and when people resisted they said “lose your hair or lose your head”

-hairstyle symbolizes qing citizen “wear their loyalty on their bodies”

Confucianism (believe that people can reach level of perfection or “enlighten-ment”

-kept, from the old way

-added banner system

-every platoon had own color banner

-easy way to organize soldiers, people, and aspects of life

-obey or go to jail

-new banners were created when qing took over

Tusi system

-if there was a region that was stable but had a non manchu leader in charge that was already successful, they kept it that way

-similar to millet system in ottoman empire

Qianlong (1736-1795)

-represented himself as a practitioner of buddism

-have use of symbols to get mongols on board

Bodhisattva

Universalism

Banner system (all men were enrolled in military in one of eight banners, once non-manchus were conquered and incorped. into the state, these men were placed restrict-ing to fighting and management while nonmanchus worked the fields)

-diarchy: requirement for equal number of Han and bannerman as advisors. cre-ated a collegial form of government and system of checks and balances.

-bureaucrats had to pass exam system but admitted previously ineligible groups

Incorporation of diverse population

-prohibition of marriage between bannerman and nonbannerman

-han and manchu both held high positions

-qing adopted ming-style government

-Han men were forced to adopt to qing fashion and dress

-kept the mandate of heaven

(lecture 5) pg. 351-64, 7:1-3

Indigenous People in the AmericasMain Points:-The term “Indian,” which we use to lump all indigenous people together into a single category, did not exist before Europeans arrived in the Americas.-There was no single identity that all indigenous people felt like they shared with one an-other. One group could have considered European arrivals just as foreign as another group that lived only a few miles away.The Uniqueness of the Americas in World History-last region to be settled

Homo-Sapiens-first “homo-sapien” came from africa-entire globe settled by migration-americas were last (separate from other lad masses, to get there you had to go through cold places, had to cross land mass

Nomadic (constantly moving for food)Sedentary (settle long term)Semi-Sedentary (live on seasonal routine)

Heterogeneity in the Americas before 1492-ALL groups differed

Avoiding the trap of being “ahistorical”-difficult to track groups over time

Example: Cabeza de Vaca -detailed diaries of contact with indians, no one knows who he is writing about because societies changeTainos in the Caribbean-semisedentary-first contact with europeans-naked, 30 and below, scars signify conflict with other groups, do not SEEM to have reli-gion (all according to Columbus)

Creation Myth:-Yaya (“name no one knows”)-Yayael (yaya’s son): tries to kill dad, dad kills him and places body in

gord, when gord was emptied, the universe came out)Taino and Aztecs did have interactionAztecs and Incas: New Kids on the Block?-more recent larger society in americasThe Mexica From Aztlán to Tenochtitlan

Mexica-spoke language still used today-had many gods-built city of tenochtitlan where the eagle with an snake in its beak was spotted after wan-dering for years (founding story)

Nahuatl (native language)Aztlán (“promise land”)???HuitzilopochtliTenochtitlan

-Aztec capitolThe Triple Alliance – Mexica, Tacuba, Texcoco-demanded tribute from conquered-mexica begins to dominate-call themselves “Mexica”; Aztec is the stateWhat was Tenochtitlan like in 1500?-cleaner than any city in europe-some buildings came from previous groups (ppl lived there before Aztecs)-extremely well defended

-surrounded by water and had huge bridges with gaps (was an island) and was parasitic; pulling resources from outside areas

Teothihuacan??Tlatelolco??The Social and Political Structures:

Calpulli (division into subdistricts)Slaves and Workers

-slaves do work, were brought in from outsideTribute from outside the cityWarriors-were sent outside of city to demand food, water, and slaves (tribute)The Role of Women-were expected to stay and do housework within homeHierarchy1. emperor2. priests and priestesses (religious leaders)3. warriors4. skilled laborers 5. slaves

The Role of Human Sacrifice in the Aztec Empire-number of sacrifices was HUGE-done often and publicly-blood was caked onto many walls-people sacrificed were outsiders (nonmexica)The Incan Empire in Peru-massive empire, skilled at managementHow was the Incan Empire different from the Aztec Empire?

Inca = name of the rulerTawantinsuyu = name of territory

How did the Incas govern such a large amount of territory?Kilpu System-way to send messages quickly throughout empire-knots on rope as messages, became a sort of relay-messengers became a common job of the peopleCultural Policies-ppl had to adopt incan culture and religion as well as their own, kept ppl from uniting, reason why it was illegal to change the dressTribute Labor Payments:

Mita (forced labor of incan subjects)Indigenous People in the Caribbean Aztecs vs Incans-both taken over by spanish-Aztec fell quicker, because the spanish use of Aztec enemies, and had a centralized power (single-city)-Aztec: 2 yrs, Inca: decadesReflecting on the First Part of the Course

Of the societies we have discussed, what do they all have in common?-everywhere had hierarchy-heterogeneous-had own history (did not stay the same over time)

(lecture 6) pg. 496-506, 9:12, 9:14-16The Spanish Colonies in the Americas-The second part of this course will be concerned primarily with connections across regions, rather than comparisons.-European powers sought to recreate their way of life in the Americas though they ended up creating new societies that mixed indigenous, European, and African cultures.The European Colonies in the Americas

The benefits and the drawbacks of the “13 colonies” approach-where everything started-England did have colonies as well, not seen-if we only focus on 13 colonies, we lose track of what is happening in surrounding areas-jamestown founded: 1607, first european colony founded in 1400sThe Economic Justification for Spanish Colonialism-sailing business is booming in portugal, new technologies, ships dominate seas, estab-lished trading routes to obtain spices in asia and sell in europe-Christopher Columbus story

Large-scale: Why does the Spanish crown want it? (Americas)-can trade goods and tax traded goods

Small-scale: Why would individual Spaniards want it?-Hidalgo (lowest level of nobility in spain, do not pay taxes and do no labor; not

wealthy): looking for glory and adventure and have economic motivesReligious Justifications for Spanish Colonialism: A Sequel to European History?

The Reconquista, part 2-want to fight to spread catholicism in AmericasThe Counter-Reformation, part 2

-discovery of Americas happened at same time as reformation-the fight to convert natives to catholicism or protestantismEarly Blueprints for Colonizing the Americas

La Isabela, Hispaniola (present-day Dominican Republic)-1500 men sent to create “perfect” society-built town: churches, stores, houses...-unsuccessful (refused to eat native foods and accommodate to native traditions)The “Columbian Exchange”

What did Europe bring to the Americas?-disease, livestock, technology (wheel and scissors)What did the people of the Americas contribute to Europe?

-chocolate, tobacco, cornFoodways?

How did European and Indigenous cultural forms come together to shape the Spanish colonies in the Americas?

Military-spanish united with aztec enemies (tlaxcalans)

The Spanish Conquest of the AztecsTlaxcalans (aztec enemies)

Labor-enslaved certain groups until discovery of tribute

Tribute-the performance of work for free by natives, went from being placed on certain groups to all groups-common labor: gold mines

Religion-big goal of spanish was to convert natives to catholicism-built churches and icons on native religious sites

Case Study: The Virgin of Guadalupe????From Religion to RaceSocial hierarchy-indians pay tribute, africans were slaves, whites managed-intermarriage confused hierarchy

Castas Paintings-portraits that displayed rules of hierarchy with mixed genes What do we see?European powers sought to recreate their way of life in the Americas though they ended up creating new societies that mixed indigenous, European, and African cultures.

(lecture 7) pg. 378-87, 491-6, 9:17, 11:19West Africa and the Slave TradeTwo big ideas:

As in the Americas, there was no single African identity between 1500 and 1800. Individuals and groups in the continent defined themselves according to their eth-nic group, their family, their religion, their position within their society, and per-haps the region where they lived.Societies within the continent of Africa changed fundamentally as a result of their trading relationships with Eurasia. Many of the problems faced by contemporary Africa were the result of the slave trade, not the cause of it.

Africa as a Global CrossroadsReligion

Islam

Christianity

-practiced in Kingdom of Kongo

-many small scale tribal religions

-Vodun (one of many small scale religions)

What is the problem with the dominant images of Africa?Dominated by Europe?

Technologically primitive?

Disdained because of racism?

Place of constant warfare and violent dictators?

Senegambia -numerous rivers produce diversity (with trade and products)

-good from sahara and tropics

Senegambia before direct interactions with EuropeGeographic Characteristics

Rivers: Niger, Senegal, Gambia

Topography: Sahara Desert and tropical environment of the Sudan

Ethnic Groups: Wolof, Peul, Tukulor, Manding, Sercer, Soninke, Susu, Joola, Nalu, Baga, Beafada, Bainuk, BasariChanging Rulers:

Ghana Empire (500-1250)

Mali Empire (1250-1450)

Two types of societies:South (small social organizations, peasants farming rice, equal amounts of

wealth, not fighting)

North (rigid caste system, division of labor, competition for resources, sol-diers demanded tribute from other places [the south])

The Portuguese in SenegalThe Colony at Arguin

The Emergence of Large-Scale Slave TradingColony at Arguin was settled

Trade was taken to a new level (slavery took off)

Captive System

-Captives previously had some privledges

-children did not inherit “slave” title

slaves became a massive business-area became a bloodbath, unstable and violent region

The Decline of the Jolof Confederation?

Ceddo Regimes

-highly centralized states whose sole purpose was the capture and sale of slaves

Lat Sukaabe Faal

-created a massive, violent ceddo regime

(lecture 8) pg. 9:18

Sugar Production from the Old World to the NewMain Points:-Analyzing the production and consumption of sugar reveals a lot about the history of the entire world.-If you consider the technology, capital, land and labor required to produce sugar, it be-comes clear that all the world contributed to the development of the sugar industry.-If you consider the effects of sugar production, sale, and consumption, it becomes clear that sugar played a strong role in shaping world history.-If you think about it, one of the parts of our own lives where we experience globalization is through food.What is the nature of sugar production?-sugar is not just grown in back yard, must be done on a large scale... sugar cane must be processed in an elaborate perfect manor.-modern sugar plantation appears as a factory-”Factory in the field”-because it requires so much industrialization, there were many side effects for those who produced sugarAll the World Made Sugar-all of the world made sugar-began as early as the era of mesopotamia-when sugar is brought to egypt, their formal chemical processes previously used on honey were applied to sugar (emergence of white powder sugar)

Mesopotamia Present-day Iraq Byzantine Empire Egypt Mediterranean countries Spain

-sugar production comes to spain, has all chemical processes from egypt, use agricultural implements to continue sugar processes, and additionally use irrigation to farm.-initially seen in mesopotamia and spread through islamic world and reaches spain. each civilization adds own contribution to processing.Sugar’s Use in the Earliest Centuries-primarily used as medicine or as a luxury (was expensive)-used in a very limited way

Sugar Crosses the Atlantic Ocean-first two places where sugar takes off:-areas were flat enough and no precious metals could be found there

Barbados-600,000 slaves brought inBrazil-5.8 million slaves brought in-people would start cutting in the morning. At 4pm the mill would start processing the cane.-10pm it would stop and people would then clean-ppl working 18 hours a day-people were tired while working dangerous machines (limbs were caught in ma-

chines)-no concern for people working in factories-enslaved people outnumbered free people-free people maintained control by severe punishments as well as the reliance on

hunger and sleep depravity of slaves.What are the effects of sugar production…

…on the environment?-entire forests and massive ecosystems cleared-trees used for fuel-trenches built for water supplyMalaria-mosquitoes spread disease because their population ex-

plodes-killed everyone, every ethnic group-once disease is contracted, you died-cure discovered in cuba

…for plantation owners?-some populations survived malaria-sugar has transformed from just medicinal to a commonly used

product-money can be made in the sugar industry, can make people

rich-any time there was new money coming into great britain, it

came from the sugar plantations over seas-absentee landlords-the money is not just made from sugar: you need ppl to work

on plantation, you need to buy and sell slaves, food for workers imported, lumber and timber imported.

…for traders of other goods?-see below. products that were needed to support plantations

boomed…for business owners in other parts of the world?

-if you are growing food, making ships, importing slaves you are making money

…for industrialists in Europe?-ppl coming together to share the risk of starting a sugar planta-

tion-sugar paid to industrialize parts of europe, provided money

to invest-cause birth of modern world

…for industrial workers in England?-sugar comes into the diet of many-amount of sugar consumed was high-only way they could keep up pace was to consume sugar-sugar fed industrial workers

Who is producing the sugar?-plantations required large and steady labor force

Indigenous People in the Americas-first people to cut sugar cane-within one generation plantation owners realized there were not enough ingen-

uous people to support plantationIndentured Servants from Europe-unvaluable people from europe were sent to work on plantationsAfrican Slaves-endless supply of workers-ppl eat sugar, sugar fields eat ppl. mortality rate is high-cheaper to work someone to death than to allow time to raise children.

What is it like to work on a sugar plantation in the Americas?-life expectancy on plantation: 7 years-slavery was most deadly in areas that produced sugar-highest number of slaves went to areas that produced sugar-full of bugs and snakes-very dangerous environment-everything is timed, sugar cane must be processed within a certain num-

ber of hours. requires a specific rhythm. -18 hours a day-only had 6 hours to eat or sleep

Did racism come before slavery? Or did slavery come before racism?-both human inventions-when societies have levels of hierarchy, whites having to reign over black slaves, racism emerges.-after slavery is spread, more layers of racism is produced-plantation owners justify the ownership of other human beingsMain Points:-Analyzing the production and consumption of sugar reveals a lot about the history of the entire world.-If you consider the technology, capital, land and labor required to produce sugar, it be-comes clear that all the world contributed to the development of the sugar industry.-If you consider the effects of sugar production, sale, and consumption, it becomes clear that sugar played a strong role in shaping world history.

-If you think about it, one of the parts of our own lives where we experience globalization is through food.

(lecture 9) pg. 630-38

“The Great Divergence”Main Points:Only in the early 1800s do we see a European country (England) begin to surpass other parts of the world in economic productivity and technology.

On the eve of British industrialization, China had the same science, technology, and many other advantages associated with industrialization.

Many of the elements that allowed England to industrialize came from outside of Eng-land itself.

What is industrial capitalism in theory?- machines that are making stuff

- if it takes a bunch of people to do a certain task, why not replace 9 of those with a machine

- machines produce more, more quickly

- people buy machines and machines make product, sell goods, accumulate prop-erty and wealth, buy more machines and accumulate more.

- if you do not own a machine, you sell your labor

- having a surplus of product is a difficult thing to achieve

- these aspects represent a shift

- In 1753, goal was to make agriculture as proficient as china

- great divergence: ‘two things that go in opposite direction’

- what caused british industrialization? (potential theories)

more livestock in english countryside than in asia-people could produce more food

Farming techniques in Britain were better

Demography (patterns in populations)

Better health

Factory owners started with desire to be efficient as possible

England traded more and better than other countries

accident

Europe had better natural resources

-Great divergence theory

combination of factors that can be found within and outside of Britain

story of industrialization is a global story

-problem with theories

people are only looking at England, not checking to see what was

happening in Asia

What does an industrial economy require?-machines

-workers

-people with money to invest

-people to buy what you make (consumers)

-final product

-fuel to power machine

-food

-raw materials

-all of these things came together in Britain and england but we are not sure how it did.

Did England (or Western Europe as a whole) fulfill these requirements more than parts of Asia?The Story of Textiles in England: A Combination of Local and Interna-tional Factors-ability to take cotton and turn it into thread, weave it, and sell it

-machines require workers but not nearly as much as before

-machines need fuel (trees from forests, which are declining)

-people begin to use coal for fuel

-britain has a lot of coal (internal Factors for revolution)

-use steam powered pumps to pull water out of coal mines

-coal mining provides many types of work for people (uses child labor)

-cotton comes from india and americas to produce textiles

-cotton in american south became a cash crop when british textile industry boomed

-textiles became one of the most widely traded goods in Africa (traded textiles for slaves)

-only way to obtain workers is to get them off of the farm (have to produce enough food to feed them)

-more that people are mining coal, the more the forests begin to grow

-food from americas feed the workers

-potato became a filling, major source of food

-stuff that damaged soil was grown in americas and shipped to europe

-when british first went to Caribbean they sent scientists, a lot of we know about soil con-servation came from them

-Destruction of of carribean showed europe what not to do

-fertilizer comes to europe from americas

Main Points:Only in the early 1800s do we see a European country (England) begin to surpass other parts of the world in economic productivity and technology.

On the eve of British industrialization, China had the same science, technology, and many other advantages associated with industrialization.

Many of the elements that allowed England to industrialize came from outside of Eng-land itself.

Requirements Local vs. InternationalFood and food technology (international)

Coal (local)

Steam power to access coal (local and international)

People to buy your products (local and international)

Money to invest (international)

Raw materials (international)

Effects Local vs. InternationalPoor working conditions [local (industrial workers)] [international (slaves)]

Environmental destruction (international)

Wealth (local)