Final Exam HIS 122 Notes

8/10/2019 Final Exam HIS 122 Notes

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Japan also won at sea, the Battle of the Yellow Sea.

Pitted Japanese against Chinese northern fleet.

The Japanese naval ships were newer, smaller and faster in comparison to

the Chinese naval ships.

The real difference lay in the quality of the officer core, the technical trainingof the sailors and an integrated command center.

Lacking in the Chinese ships.

After an hour, Japanese had sunk five major battleships while suffering

significant damage to only one of their own.

Little Japan had won the war, and it was intent on exploiting that victory.

It implemented a treaty on China.

Treaty between two powers, China and Japan, and was unequal.

They demanded indemnity (230 million silver).

It crippled China.

Chinese were forced to recognize Korea as a fully independent state.

Implications?

The Koreans cant fall back to China for protection.

Korea was no longer a vassal state.

Opened four new treaties in China, in addition to the earlier treaties from

Treaty of Nanjing.

Foreigners were granted the rights to open factories and to engage in

industry and manufacturing in China. Significance?New development for Japan in terms of foreign policy. As well as

outsourcing.

Significant portion of manufacturing base was under foreign control.

Textile plants in Shanghai and Manchuria etc.

Japan founded its first colonial empire, which was Taiwan, which became a

formal Japanese colony until 1945.

Foreign Spheres of Influence in China after 1898

Recognition that Japan had become an important power.

It was achieving civilization and was moving towards great power.

Becoming a colonial power.

Japans victory, which had dislodging effects on the Chinese psyche, led

individuals to think about China in a new way.

Led to the birth of Chinese nationals.


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Hadnt thought of themselves as a nation before.

In the 1890s, China started thinking of itself as a nation, borrowing the

term from Japan.

New term of self-identification.

It was mainly individuals, and intellectuals, not everyone.


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Political and Cultural Revolutions:China, 1900-1927 10/07/2014


5/40

Taisho Democracy andthe Japanese Colonial Empire 10/09/14

Japan was described as a democracy.

Named after the emperor that succeeded Meiji.

Taisho

Defined as an imperial democracy.

Imperialism and democracy were viewed as part of a seamless hole.

Meiji Japan experienced an industrial revolution.

Manufacturing output between 1890 and 1914 rose about 5% every year.

The pace which outraced that in the United States.

The economy was more dynamic than that of the US.

The Industrial revolution took off in-:

Textiles

Light industry

By the beginning of WWI, most of Japans silk fabrics were manufactured bysteam machines.

Over 3/4thof all silk production was marketed overseas.

Cotton fabrics were mechanized between 1890 and 1920, and geared

towards overseas market.

The oversea markets were in the East Asian region.

Japan owned colonies, but more generally, China and Korea, both of which

absorbed about of Japans production of cotton garments and fabrics.

By 1900, the Japanese government had constructed more than 3,400 miles

of railway line.

Railroads connected the countries major marketing centers.

lowered Shipping costs were products.

Japanese coastal ports

Constitute the backbone of Japans transportation background.

Linked importantly to railroads, was mining.

Mining of coal, and metal ores such as iron and copper.

There were coal fields in the islands of Kaido and something Japanese.

Coal was important was because it was used as fuel.Powers the industrial revolution.

Copper and iron are significant in materials that are used in construction and

in heavy manufacturing.

Light industry in the form of textiles and heavy industry in the form of coal

and metal mining.


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Japans industrial revolution was spearheaded by Zaibatsu.

They were industrial banking conglomerate.

What is an industrial banking conglomerate?

Its a giant company at the top, under which there are a dozen independent

subsidiaries.Some of these conglomerates traced their roots back hundreds of years.

Mitsui: an important mercantile firm in the early Tokugawa.

Mitsubishi was a more recent one that emerged in the late 19thcentury.

The owners of these firms (family owned till 1930s-40s) cultivated close

relationships with elites in the realms of politics, as well as members of the

bureaucracy and military.

Benefited from state subsidies, opaque relationships between economic and

business elites.

They remained family owned enterprises and recruited heavily from Japans

new universities.

Drawing in salary men, who often infused into the conglomerate.

Japan has a workforce that are wage laborers (paid by the hour).

They could unionize and became active in urban politics.

Higher pay, health insurance etc.

Industrial revolution had taken a firm root in Japan and it ultimately changed

the structure of the economy by eclipsing the older economy.

Finance linked to industrial progression.

Shandong Peninsula and port of Qingdao

Japan first created its colonial empire in Taiwan.

Defeats China in the FSJW and outright annexes the island of Taiwan.

We also saw that having defeated an Asian opponent, Japan went against

white European civilization and defeated St. Petersburg.

Consolidated a sphere of influence over Korea and Southern Manchuria.

Consolidated its control over Korea and formalized it.

What steps might Japan take to transform Korea into an actual colony?

Dismantle and replace. (1910 1945)

In 1907, the Japanese removed who had been in charge of Korea (the

emperor) and disbanded the Korean army.

Three years later, Korea was annexed and became a formal part of the

Japanese empire.


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Assigned a resident general who decided everything.

Set Korean foreign policies and became an adjunct of the Japanese.

He was in charge of the justice system and issued legal proclamations.

Korea was unhappy and the Japanese established an extensive branch of

secret police people and spies who would spy on fellow Koreans and reportto the Japanese.

Repressive and authoritarian.

China was the next target for the Japanese.

World War I provided the distraction that Japan needed to take over China.

Pressed its claims on the new republican government in China.

The Japanese seized all the German possessions.

They took Shandong, where they remained in Japan hence after.

Twenty-one demands

In 1915, Japan took advantage of Europes distraction to impose a series of

notorious demands.

Total of 21 demands.

Grouped in five sets that would transform China into a Japanese colony.

Set five was rejected and it inflamed Chinese public opinion.

What was set five?

They demanded the creation of joint Chinese-Japanese police forces all

through China.Implication? Not that far from the occupation of a country.

Meant armed Japanese all throughout China.

Transparent means to introduce armed Japanese all throughout China.

The other four demands boiled down to appointing Japanese advisors to

every government department.

Defense ministry, foreign ministry, commerce ministry etc.

Implication? Gives Japan the power to colonize China.

Japan backed away because of protests from US and Britain.

Backed away with the understanding that the other sets would be approved.

Gave Japan more rights to build railroads and more.

Throughout early 1900s, Japan was the center of boycotts, riots, etc

i.e. in Shanghai, where there were a large number of factories.

Chinese intellectuals and students and similar people categorized themselves

as Chinese because they all hated the Japanese.


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By the 1920s, the overseas empire had taken on a definitive shape and had

formal colonies of Taiwan, Korea and also had an informal sphere in China,

i.e in Manchuria (railroads) and in China proper.

Seiyukai


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The Nationalist Era in China,1927-37 11/20/2014 12:23:00 PM


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Wars Desolations: The Second Sino-Japanese War, 1937-45 10/21/14


11/40

Red Star Over China: The Communist Revolutionand the Early Socialist State 10/23/14

10/23/14 HIS 122 Notes

Hostilities resumed with the surrender of Japan in August 1945.

China was reunified by military force.

Nationalists were stronger than they looked.

More men, better weapons, more logistical support, US Marines involved in

faring around nationalistic troops.

Communists were better institution builders and had a more organized army

and were more coherent and cohesive state.

They had during the war experimented with many reform policies.

Better army, more discipline, which proved to be a better advantage.

There was another outside intervention in the Chinese Civil War.

FDR had sent someone to explore and give some sort of negotiated solution.Between Dec 1945 and Jan 1947, a sort of truce was held between

Nationalists and Communists under the United States.

Whom did the US send to negotiate the Chinese Civil war and why is he

important?

George Marshall. Who is Marshall?

He was a general of the United States Army. (Army Chief of Staff during

WWII)

He was secretary of staff and secretary of state.

Before the Marshall plan, he was the emissary that was sent to China.

Both parties received General Marshall with cordiality and respect, but were

highly suspicious.

Why did they receive him? For the support and they could be an ally. Didnt

want to alienate the most powerful outside party.

Incredibly detailed plans were worked out with written constitutions, and

three branches, all of which came to naught.

Why did this happen? Why couldnt the US bring about an end to the

Chinese Civil War?They both wanted control of the country, and they had fundamentally

incompatible goals.

There was no solution to the Chinese Civil War and all of the plans for a

wholish government hinged on one issue: when the Chinese communists

would unarm themselves.


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The policies included central economic plan, with an emphasis on building up

______.

Parting control of state and society.

Propaganda, womens group,youth group.

Even before the communists came to power, they had experimented withLand Reform on many occasions.

One of their first nationwide policies was of sweeping land reform control

with the aim to completely restructure the class system in rural areas.

Namely people with land and property owners.

To achieve a more equitable profits.

Between 1949 and 52 they implemented a sweeping policy.

Obvious targets? Not all land owners, but landlords as well as upper

peasants and wealthy peasants.

Wealthier landlords had their homes and lands and animals and the contents

of their homes confiscated and redistributed.

Middle peasants got nothing and tenant farmers; whore landowners and

landless wage owners received homes, furniture, books etc. that had been

confiscated from the wealthy landlords.

The point was to make them suffer, and to break their power economically

and to eliminate an entire class of people.

The landlords were humiliated and were brought before the village,

denounced and were forced to confess, and were beaten along with theirfamilies.

More odious ones were murdered on the spot after ritual denunciation by

their favorites.

The party orchestrated these performances, although they were made to

appear spontaneous.

The victims were chosen carefully, not because they had committed an

offense, but because they were jerks.

Those who were executed or beaten were chosen carefully.

They confessed to crimes like capitalistic exploiters, bullies, repressing,

suppressing, oppressing the Chinese masses, stealing from the Chinese

masses, practicing cultural feudal stuff.

Anything and everything.

Most people supported the Land Reform because they werent effected and

because the lower classes were better off.


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It was however an extremely violent experiment.

Between one and two million people were murdered on the spot, and a very

small % of them had done anything to deserve it.

People who were killed had either exploited in an earlier period.

It depended on what you had done. And the actual victims were carefullychosen. There is some correlation, although everybody in the category is

going to go through that.

With Land Reform you bring out everyone in the village who bloodies their

own hands, who are seen as participating in the revolution.

Land Reform took property in the countryside and shuffled it around, but it

will still private party.

Communists reached out to get collectivization.

1954, 1955 farms were created and by 1957 most land was communized

and was owned by groups of people.

Individual land owning as abolished.

Collectivization took their lands away a few years later, which means that all

the people had lost all their new lands.

For the party, it represented a higher level of communism.

Collective ownership of land still remains in the countryside today.

By 1957 there are about 800k collective lands in China.

Collective ownership of land also meant collective ownership of props,

fertilizer, farms etc.A five year plan was introduced.

A centralized economic plan.

A soviet model was followed.

One of Stalins aims was to build up a massive industrial base to enhance

the new countries military power and its general place in the international

place.

China followed this. Monkey see monkey do.

What kind of heavy industries would be developed in China?

Coal and Steel mining, general metals, energy, electricity, natural gas, fossil

fuels, cement, petrochemicals, nuclear industry/power, as well as

transportation (railroads.)

So where did the money come from?

Some of it is confiscated property, some aid from the Soviet Union (not a

blank check), and from agriculture.


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Post 1949, in close alliance with the Soviet Union, in opposition to the US as

the alternative super power.

The strategt worked up till 1958.

China experienced heavy industry growth. It grew by 25% in 1956, but at a

cost.Economic distortion. Humans. They same money could have been put

towards bettering human life and farming techniques.

Party and Government are kind of meshed. Party controls society, i.e. labor

unions are controlled by the state, there are womens group controlled by the

state.

Any form of civil something was used by the state.

To spread propaganda and to mobilize people for campains and state goals.

All of this was modeled on Stalins Russia.

There was a slight Golden Age of Chinese-Soviet relationships. China was

the little brother and generally during the Stalin period, relationships were

warm.

In part because China was seen as emulating and replicating experiences of

Soviet Union.

However, this ultimately came to an end in 1958, with one of the most

disastrous economic policies called the great leap forward.

The policy borrowed from the Union, i.e. the five year plan, wasnt working

fast enough and that new policies needed to be found.Great leap forward decentralized this five-year plan. Same idea was applied

to agriculture.

Send everyone out and make him or her work 24/7, so that production

would increase at a ridiculous rate.

People went around their villages and basically went around and got

everyday things and melted them down to make steel ingles from them.

The steel they made was useless and they took useful things and made

them useless.

3/4thof the steel made was useless because it had impurities and was brittle

etc.

The agricultural campaign made claims like tripledgrain production and

similar stuff, and passed it on to the county level.

There was mass starvation as a result of this campaign and at least 30-45

million people starved to death.


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Worst famine ever in all of human history, and people were left with nothing.

Were eating tree barks and corpses.

This man made nightmare was entirely avoidable and when in 1959 saw the

signs were failing, he insisted that it continue for a several more years,

where around 10 million people died.Even the Soviet said that the Chinese had gone crazy.


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Post-war Japan: From Allied Occupationto the Economic Miracle 10/28/14


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The Forgotten War: Korea 10/30/14

Korean war consolidated the lines of the cold war.

Significant impact on Japan:

All the American stuff boosted the economy.

Massive infusion of American capital helped.

Japan had formally colonized Korea in 1910, until 1945. With the Japanese surrender, Korea was divided (38thparallel)

Each side had military soviet union on North and the USA on the

south.

Each installed regime friendly to its interests.

Communist regime to the North led by Kim-Il-Sung. (Guerilla, close

ties to Chinese communist party.)

o Managed to set up a Stalinist state (not a puppet state.)

o Generally independent; repressive, communist, totalitarian.

South was led by Syngman Rhee.

o It was anything but a democracy. It was repressive,

authoritarian, US friendly.

He was a Korean nationalist by the had no support.

He was more of a direct client of the united states.

He was also strongly anti-communist, and led a dictatorship.

Regimes emerged from post-Korean war.

After withdrawals of troops, each of the two sides wanted to reunify

Korea by force. Rhee was weaker and the Korean war was initially civil, but there

was low-scale fighting.

In 1955, both sides wanted power under their regimes.

North started it and the US was against it.

o Washington didnt want a war, and Rhee couldnt invade.

Sung invaded after permission from Stalin.

June 1950, Stalin allowed Sung to start military invasion using regular

military forces.

Stalin saw no direct threat of super power invasion due to

withdrawal of the super powers.

Rhee and North Koreans retreated, and by August they were down in Pusan.

North Korea was everywhere and Rhee reached out to the Truman

association.

It was viewed as a part of Soviet master conspiracy.


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Truman decided on a military response; he reached out to UN and

sponsored for an international police policy to halt the Soviet.

Why did Soviets not veto it?

o The soviet member of the UN council wasnt present there

due to the fact that he was protesting that the people ofChina werent recognized.

o He decided to not attend the meetings due to protesting,

which is what allowed the bill to pass.

The United States intervened and stabilized front along the Russian

perimeter.

United States munitions orders were given to Japan, so it War

War material, base, logistics.

By September, many generals approached cautiously. However, McArthur

decided on a very risky gamble.

Expanded beyond Pusan Perimeter.

Laundering behind enemy lines on the Western coast in China.

Largest invasion since WWII, a couple hundred miles were hit in a

surprise attack.

It caught the enemy off guard and was a success, due to poorly

trained enemy troops.

Initially China had prevented expansion of communist war.

The US decided to unify Korea using the North Korea and the South Koreatroops.

The war for settlement became a war for rollback.

When the law is violated, the US will respond forcefully.

What is a rollback?

Meant to roll the North all the way back and recapture everything.

It pushed North Korea further.

The Chinese protested. Why?

There is a long standing commitment to the protection of the

Korean peninsula; important river; fraternal association (The North

Korea communists with the Chinese communists.)

China had only come to power very recently and participating in

this war helped the Emperor to get his people to participate.

China issued statements of intolerance (these statements were

disregarded.)


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The US wasnt threatened by the Chinese.

Possibility of becoming a much broader war.

China had just reunified and was a brand new regime. Why fight a

losing war. The Northern side was cocky.

The US also ignored its own intelligence of increasing number ofpeople.

The United States was focused on its war and it disregarded the

test.

Mao was not well supported when he made his decision (almost everyone

was against it.)

In November, they were waiting for the US to approach the Yalu river for a

massive counter attack, which is exactly what they did.

McArthur was eventually removed from his post.

He refused to salute Truman, on purpose.

Half a million Chinese people waited at the border for the United Nations.

The US paused for thanksgiving, unaware of the perils that were waiting for

them.

The Morning after thanksgiving, the Chinese attacked. In

November/December, war changed from a war of containment to a war of

rollback and then back again.

What were we fighting for? What are our basic aims?

Should war be expanded to include all of Asia? Use atomic bonds?Ultimately, the answer was no.

McArthur said yes, to create a radioactive wasteland.

o If war expanded to Soviet Union, then we were stronger

anyway.

The US sent its seventh fleet to protect Taiwan.

Truman expedition wanted to prevent the rekindling of Chinese war.

United States would fight a limited war and not attack China or the

Soviet Union.

McArthur was removed in 1951, and was replaced by Ridgeway.

US and South Korea were forced back South and it ultimately stabilized.

This would become the border later on.

In 1953, there was no major movement.

Chinese attempted to alter the battlefield.

Human wave it didnt matter if people died, or were injured.


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They had a lot of cannon fodder.

There were so many troops; to overwhelm superior technology with a lot of

people.

Front lines also stayed stable because the US held peace talks with the

communists. US and allies didnt attack for the last two years.

They launched renegotiations at Panmunjom and many issues were

discussed.

There was one sticking point (Why no truce?)

Prisoners of war (Give us ours back and we will give you yours)

US negotiated that all POW should get to chose if they wanted to

stay where they were or go somewhere else.

Would result in massive problem for communists in North Korea.

o Major embarrassment for North Korea and China. (Many

people hated it there and were willing to do anything to not

go back.)

This caused the war to go on.

Truce when all POWs were given to the Swedes, where they would chose

whether or not they wanted to go back to North Korea.

Some people decided to stay in North Korea because it was a communists.

Truce finally took place in July of 1953.

They agreed to stop firing. South Korea didnt sign the armistice butit stuck by the treaty.

In March 1953, Stalin died.

Chinese, Koreans, US and the UN backed the treaty.

75,000 communists and 12,000 UN people were set free.

No peace treaty means that the war was still on going.

Korea was pretty much razed.

The economy was devastated and decimated.

Korean war solidified the division of Korea.

It remained a flash point of cold war.

Even today, North Korea and South Korea are legally at war and are

hostile towards each other.

Japans economic recovery grew out of the Korean war.

The standards of living were still bad, but the economy was great.

If it hadnt been for the war, China wouldve grown and taken over Taiwan.


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Technically Sung was responsible for that.

Americans in, Germans down and Soviet Out.

Nato was an alliance on paper that didnt have a functional military

command.

Impact of Korea on US domestic politics? Led to the re-election of Truman.

Joseph McCarthy was senator -> led to the red scare.

o It claimed that the communists had take over the government

and caused fear.

The red scare reached its peak and it led to the domestic scare.

Was Chinas involvement a mistake?

Too much casualty, other conditions-: US not expand war; china

had participated against a super power.

It came back to power and did well.

It got rid of the unfair treaties and it looked good in terms of

military power.

Mao thought that Korea was worth it.


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Little Red Book: Mao Zedongand the Great Proletarian CulturalRevolution

11/04/14


24/40

Nixon in China: The Cold Waras Geopolitics 11/06/14

Sino-Soviet Split

In the early 1950s, the leader of China travelled to Moscow and got what he

wanted, which was a treaty between China and the Soviet Union.

It was an ideological fraternity between the brother communist states.

In 1957, the tensions began to mount and led to military conflict. Why did

this happen?

Different approaches to communism.

o Marxism vs. Leninism

o Domestic, political and international relations.

China moved in its own direction and created its own form of communism.

Maoist communism.

Soviet Unions ideal plan had been abandoned because Mao didnt

like it.Internationally peaceful coexistent with the west.

Lenin saw a war between communists and non-communists.

Mao wanted war and saw it as inevitable.

o Soviets are guilty of revisionment.

Geopolitical interests. The US approach was to split Soviet Union and China

and be polite towards the Soviet Union while ignoring China.

China objected at the idea of peace between the Soviet Union and

the United States and saw it as a form of betrayal.

Why did the Soviets want peace with the United States?

Warfare had changed and any war would have been a mutually

destructive war.

Eisenhower was approached with peace.

United States and the Soviet Union wanted to propose a nuclear ban treaty.

China objected to this because they didnt have any nuclear arsenal

and they feared exclusion.

They also felt as if the States was being put before its own

interests (Chinas interests.)Mao and Khrushchev werent fans of each other.

After Stalins death, a succession arose. Mao wanted to lead and so

did Khrushchev Both clashed with each other.

o One notable incident was when Khrushchev referred to Mao

as a cold brute (this was over exaggerated.)


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In 1960, the Soviet Union withdrew all advisors and informed Beijing that it

would no longer be helping.

In 1963, relationships had degraded and both Beijing and the Soviet Union

were publicly denouncing each other.

By the middle of the 1960s, actual clashes took place in Manchuria andSiberia (1969).

Series of clashes along the Usurri river that threatened to turn into a full

fledged war.

Both China and the Soviet Union were convinced of the possibility of a war

and wanted an alliance with the States.

Mao considered the possibility of a realignment in the cold war.

As early as 1967, Nixon had proposed reconciliation.

Henry Kissinger was brought in by Nixon. He was a NSA and later

on became the chief of state.

Nixon realized that Kissinger was a valid partner in crime and they

eventually started working together.

Kissinger worked in the white house and Nixon wanted to get rid of

Kissinger and Nixon engaged in back channel negotiations.

What are back channel negotiations?

o Not public diplomacy and not performed in front of everyone.

Why were they used?

o

A lot of reasons, including government bureaucracy, allieswho got in the way, no formal diplomatic relationship with

China.

They used the presidents of Pakistan and Romania for

communications; they also used the ambassador of Poland.

All of these private, clandestine relationships signaled interest in

one another.

Going out in Public would have cost Nixon his face and re-elections.

o Privately he can do whatever he want.

o The president was the foreign policy leader and could do it.

Ultimately, sports diplomacy was the way to go.

Ping-Pong team was invited to Japan to play.

Kissinger visited China to lay down some rules for Nixons visit and to

reinstate the cold war.


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President Yahya Khan had arranged flight for Kissinger in Beijing and came

together.

Issue of Taiwan needed to be addressed.

Kissinger said that the US would withdraw 2/3rdof its troops and

the remainder would go over time.Vietnam Peace settlement to end war by removing troops and realigning.

Kissinger went back to China in 1971 to work out the basis for diplomatic

documents that would lay down the rules for relationships.

Kissinger found En-lai everything a diplomat and a negotiator should be and

worked together on the draft.

During the end result (in 1971) Taiwan was expelled from the UN and the

security council.

This was a loss of recognition for Taiwan and it was replaced by

China.

Kissinger never saw it coming and didnt really care.

In February of 1972, Nixon visited China and the trip was a success.

Shanghai communiqu came out of this and committed both sides to oppose

any third country from seeking an agenda.

Tacit alliance between the US and China and Russian and Taiwan.

All the Chinese on both sides of Taiwan agreed that there was only one

China and that Taiwan was a part of it.

China is a legitimate representative of China and Taiwan is a part ofChina.

o Vague enough for both Chinas to sign off on it.

Implication was that there is only one China and it crushed Taiwanese

independence.

The policy is still present.

1979 Jimmy Carter

Repercussions-:

China moved to supporting the United States and Japan against

Russia.

Four nations were on one side and India was a soviet ally.

China was key in the balance.

Facilitated a growth of trade and diplomatic relationships.

Marked the beginning of the end of Taiwan.


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o Communist government was recognized instead of the

national government.


28/40

Japan, Inc. 11/11/14


29/40

Asian Dragons: Democracyand Development in Taiwan andSouth Korea 11/13/14


30/40

Liberalism and Repression: The TiananmenIncident 11/18/14


31/40

Global Superpower?: The Rise ofChina in the Era of Deng Xiaopingand His successors 11/20/14

LHIS 122 Notes The Party Hierarchy

You can see parallels between China in 2014 and China of the NationalistPeriod (1927 and 1937)

The idea of an Authoritarian Development.

Contemporary China-:

In 2014, China remains a one party state dominated by the Chinese

communist party since 1949.

Total crackdown on the student system, and led to many deaths.

The political system today is authoritarian and is selectively

repressive.

o

Since 1989, the state has moved away from attempting to

regulate every single part of the economy and peoples lives.

Dont talk about politics and you wont be molested by

the state.

o The state generally doesnt use coercion unless it feels

cornered.

o In the first generation, the second generation, a paramount

leader resided and one guy was in charge despite claims to

collective decision-making. That changed and there is now a collective leadership in

China.

None of the old or retired policy leaders can

participate

Indeed today different factions within the China

communist party vie for resources, cites, offices and for

political power and influence.

Scholars refer to one party two factions.

One Chinese communist party and no one outside that party has

access but within the part there is a clear division between the

people in one camp and the other.

o Which camp wins and gets what it wants?

o One of the factions is defined as the elitist faction, composed

of princelings.


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What are princelings?

o Children of current or important party leaders; given level of

access to power and silver spoons, they are conceived of as

princelings. They act like that as well, with a sense of

entitlement.o This was Maos fear. He said after his death, China would go

the way of Soviet Union.

Exactly what happened after his death, China became a

kind of neo aristocracy.

Male children, offspring of high-ranking leaders and of

the first and second-generation revolutionary

leaderships.

Many princelings began their careers in urban

centers, and many in wealthy eastern coastal

provinces (like Shanghai.)

They generally tended to have a voice in

favor of economic entrepreneurship.

o But this faction and its opponent

arent driven by ideology. They are

driven by political and financial self-

interest and the desire to monopolize

as much as they possibly can.o Xi Jinping is a princeling.

The other faction is sometimes known as because many of its members

belong to the communist youth league.

Princelings are wealthy, urban, coasting, while CYL are different in

background.

Come from poor interior provinces, smaller cities, and were not the

sons/grandsons of high-ranking members of the parties and were

more self-made.

Rhetorically the CYL would also claim to stand more for

marginalized groups. In practice, they are in it for themselves.

What they can gain politically and economically.

The CYL would claim to represent more of a sense of social justice,

wealth fare and people who had been left behind by Chinese

growth.


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o Not entirely untrue but it is overly exaggerated.

Politburo standing committee

Since 2012, the princelings have had an upper hand over the CYL faction.

This is the highest organ of the party (PSC) and they are the 7 most

powerful men in China. Currently 6 of the 7 belong to the princeling faction.

o Either related to one or are one.

o Jiang Zemin had a lot to do with it since he had a great deal

of influence in determining who was going to be on the

committee.

Li Keqiang is the only representative of the CYL faction. He was supported by

the previous head of the party,

In 2012 there was a leadership transformation and the two

predecessors of Xi Jinping basically fought it out.

Princelings have the upper hand. Within the party, there is a bit of

an even balance, but the men at the top of the party are either

princelings or are closely allied to the princelings.

So what in practice is happening is that Jinping and Qishan are collaborating

to wipe out their rivals.

They will identify someone who has been corrupted and pursue the

case through the government.

Princelings have the upper hand and are eliminating their rivals through ananticorruption campaign.

How do factions vie for power?

How do you beat your rivals and enhance your position?

o You bribe people by promising them positions if you get

appointed. You make certain that you can appoint as many

people as you can through the bureaucracy so that they owe

you.

o You try to deny positions to members of the other camp and

you make sure they get the wrong kind of attention.

o Someone getting prosecuted for corruption means they have

kind of a political rival who is hunting them out.

o How you build a good faction? You make it look like youre

doing well and you control the media.


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Slander them in the press, in the peoples mind, in the

newspapers and air their dirty laundry.

In theory members of the party congress elect members of the central

committee, which elects members of the politburo, who elect members of

the PSC. It doesnt work that way. Maybe the central committee is elected by

the party congress. Beyond that, the 7 men that control china come

to power through party elders and through political jockeying.

The current and retired leaders chose the future leaders every ten years.

Serve two five year terms and then cycle out.

Its a party-state and there is no clear distinction.

What are the ultimate goals in Chinese communist parties?

What have they been trying to accomplish? Complete control of the country.

They want to remain in power and all other political needs are subsumed to

that end. The communist party exists to serve itself.

In the past the party drew in communist ideologies, i.e. Leninism,

to legitimate ourselves and say that they have immoral claim to

power as well as the guns and bombs and tanks to maintain

ourselves in power for as long as we want.

o The abandonment of Maoism meant that the communist party

could no longer legitimize itself.

How did they overcome that? What gives them claim topower? What are they doing for the Chinese people?

How are they better off?

Theyre prosperous and one of the means of

legitimization is economic growth.

We have moral claim to power because we

are making your life better. Why is there a

risk in that strategy? Some people have

been left behind, but about 300 million have

joined the middle class who can say that

they are way better off.

o 100s of millions have been left

behind. These days not everyone is

better off.


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What happens when the economy stops

growing? Change party? Cant exactly do

that.

o That calls the legitimacy of the party

into question. Hasnt happened yet. They try to draw on nationalism, and representing

a Chinese nation to claim moral authority.

There is a bit of a problem with that. The

communist party tries to exploit nationalism for

its own good.

Economic improvers who tried to grow the economy. Nationalism is the main

strategy.

People didnt love their government all that much.

There is only one country in human history that has posted high growth

rates for a long period, and that is Japan (aside from China)

Unprecedented until China did something very similar between

1978 and today.

China has averaged more than 10% growth rates every single year.

o In 2013, it has the second largest economy in the world.

Over the course of the reform period, China moved from low-income

category to high-income category, which resulted in large foreign reserves.

How do you get foreign currency?Trade; China sells more to the world than it buys from the world, which is

what set the US off.

US was buying more from Japan than it was selling to Japan.

Same thing exists with China. US borrows money from them. It

paid for the wars.

This reverses the relationship. The richer country is borrowing from the

poorer country. Theyre paying our debts.

Much of this is driven by Chinese currency manipulation; purposefully

undervaluing their product so that it is inexpensive.

Manufacturing dominates the Chinese economy; it dominates pretty much

everything and services also play a significant part in the economy. The

structure of the economy has changed with agriculture diminishing.

The state sector is advancing in China and these SOEs dominate the

economy and the manufacturing economy.


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CNPC, telecommunications China mobil, China railway

In almost all cases, party leaders have links to these SOEs; theyre part

owners and are lining their pockets and all of them have offshore accounts

with a lot of money.

Private enterprises tend to be medium and small in overall scope and size.Smaller in profits and smaller in terms of technologies available to them.

If youre a private business, you have to play by the rules, which are made

up as they go along and generally tend to discriminate against them.

So where does the state end and business begin? Its all fuzzy and we

cannot distinguish between them.

The upside is that since 1978, fastest economic growth in history, 300

million people lifted from poverty to become middle class.

Party claims that they did it, but in reality Chinese people did it.

Extraordinary economic transformation in China, but at high cost.

Horrible environment degradation, home to 17 out of the 20 most

polluted cities.

o Air pollution is almost fatal, and there are places that are

really bad, like Beijing.

o There is soil erosion, desertification and massive

environmental trauma that shaves off 5% of GDP every single

year which is lost due to unsustainable due to the bad

environment.o China has made its issues worse.

Water pollution, toxic contaminants etc.

There has been an effort to move towards

environmental protection, but is it too little too late?

1.6% of GDP is devoted to environmental protection.

A second important repercussion is growing inequalities

between classes.

Economists have a scale called Gini that is used to

measure inequality and it runs from 0 to 1.

0 means that everyone is equal and 1

means that there is only one person that

controls every single thing.

Scandinavian countries have a Gini coefficient of

around 0.01, and the US is about 0.041 or 0.043.


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China is about 0.61.

Post 1992, countryside experiences no real

growth. People have to leave if they want any

kind of growth.

In the 80s, most people were better off. These days there is very cleargeographical disparity.

Urban centers have billionaires and then people who are poor (slum

dwellers)

Another access of disparity is ethnic identities.

Han Chinese you might get screwed, but if youre Tibetan or some

other ethnic minorities, youre screwed.

Environmental degradation, mass disparities and finally another repercussion

is social tension, which regularly boils over into mass forms of protest.

Social instability.


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Documents

Final Exam HIS 122 Notes