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HIS 121 Part II. World War II. Italy. Remained neutral during Hitler’s attacks in Europe until late 1940 September 1940 – attacked Egypt October 1940 – attacked Greece British pushed the Italians out of Egypt Greeks pushed the Italians out of Greece - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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WORLD WAR I I
HIS 121Part II
Italy
Remained neutral during Hitler’s attacks in Europe until late 1940
September 1940 – attacked EgyptOctober 1940 – attacked GreeceBritish pushed the Italians out of Egypt Greeks pushed the Italians out of GreeceHitler was unaware of Mussolini’s plans
showing an uncoordinated effortHitler stepped in to help
Spring 1940 – Germans moved in on North Africa under the command of Irwin Rommel, the Desert Fox; Germans fought for 2 years before being defeated
Hitler did defeat Greece and Yugoslavia
Operation Barbarossa
Soviets felt they were partners with Hitler because of the Nazi-Soviet Pact
However, Hitler had only used the Soviets so that he wouldn’t have a 2-front war like in World War I
After Hitler subdued western Europe, he turned on the Soviets in Operation Barbarossa
22 June 1941 – 4 million Germans crossed into Soviet Russia
Within 2 weeks the Germans were 2/3 of the way to Moscow
Germans felt they were winning
Then winter hit, Russia’s best defense
Winter halted the Germans 20 miles from Moscow
Hitler lost 750,000 men in the first year of fighting in the USSR
Japan
The third member of the Axis powers and part of the Tri-Partite Pact with Italy and Germany
Overcrowded set of islandsFew raw materialsAttacked China in 1931 mostly for economic
reasons, but also because of their increased militarism
Japan wanted more control of the Asian tradeTheir attack on China caused President Franklin
Roosevelt to impose an embargo on scrap metal and weapons on Japan in 1940
This embargo was extended to include oil and steel in 1941 when the Japanese took over Indochina
The embargo would be lifted if Japan withdrew from China
They did notThe embargo made Japan feel antagonistic
towards the United States because they needed the oil and the raw materials
So Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941
This attack damaged much of the Pacific fleet of the United States
Causes for the Disaster at Pearl harbor: Secrecy surrounding the Japanese strike force Racist overconfidence of the United States Habits of peacetime routine
This ended U.S. isolationism
The United States declared war on Japan
Germany then declared war on the United States
The U.S., in response, declared war on Germany
The United Sates joined in the Grand Alliance with Britain and the Soviet Union
The tide of war changed by June 1942 favoring the Allies as they were called
Immediately after Pearl harbor, the Japanese under Admiral Yamamoto quickly took: Malaya British Singapore Hong Kong Burma Philippines Dutch East Indies Java Guam 2 of U.S. Aleutian Islands
Yamamoto wanted to establish a defensive perimeter around Japan
But the U.S. began a campaign of island hopping pushing the Japanese from one island and then the next
The Japanese were on the runGermans surrendered North Africa in May 1943Hitler then ordered the total occupation of
FranceIn the battle at sea, Germans were on the run by
March 1943
Hitler and the Jews
Hitler and the Nazis had always wished to remove their “inferiors” from Europe – either to slave camps to work in German industry or to death camps where most Jewish women, children, the elderly , and also the disabled, homosexuals, the mentally ill, and gypsies were shot or gassed and then cremated
12 million human beings were killedOf those 12 million, 6 million were Jews
Victims & Crematory
Shoes
Defeat
Italy was the first to fall in September 1943Germany surrendered in May 1945 and only
after D-Day 6 June 1944Operation Overlord or D-Day brought
together the Allied on 6 June 1944 with an invasion of France; they landed on the beaches of Normandy
After a long fight, France was back in Allied hands
Admitting the war was lost, Adolf Hitler married his mistress, Eva Braun, and then shot himself; Eva took poison
D-Day
Hitler left a note blaming the Jews for Germany’s defeat
Hitler committed suicide on 30 April 1945He left Admiral Karl Doenitz in charge; he
surrendered in early May 1945The Japanese surrendered only after the
dropping of 2 atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945; formal papers were signed in September 1945
Hiroshima
The end of the war marked the beginning of the Cold War primarily between the United States and the USSR