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Functional Classification
1. Obstructive HCP
Granulatio arachnoidea
2. Communicating HCP
ETIOLOGIES
Congenital
• Chiari type 1• Chiari type 2• Aqueductal stenosis• Dandy-Walker malformation
Acquired
• Post Infections : meningitis• Post hemorrhagic : SAH, IVH• Secondary to masses
• Non neoplastic : vasc malformation• Neoplastic, especially tumors around
aquaductus Medulloblastoma• Post op cerebral tumor removal
Arrested hydrocephalus• Compensated HCP• No progression or deleterious sequelae
due to HCP that would require shunt• Crit : near N ventricular size
N head growth curvecont’ psychomotor development
Family education : seek medical help if they develop symptoms of intracranial hypertension (headache, vomiting, ataxia, visual symptoms)
Diagnosis
• TH > 2mm• FH/ID > 0,5• Mickey mouse• Transependymal absorption• Evan’s ratio FH/BPD > 30% (N : 23-
27%)• Upward bowing corpus callosum
Signs and Symptoms
• Craniofacial disproportion• Irritability, poor head control• Fontanelle full and bulging• Enlargement scalp veins• Cracked pot sound (Macewen’s sign)• Abducens palsy• Sun set phenomen (upward gaze palsy)• Irregular respiration with apneic spells• Splaying of cranial suture (Xray)
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
•HCP ex vacuo(Atrophy cerebri)
•Hydrancephaly
Hydrocephalus ex vacuo
- enlargement of ventricles
- cerebral atrophy- usually aging- not true
Hydrancephaly
• Post neurulation defect• Absence of brain tissue supplied by ICA
but intack by PCA• Filled with CSF• HCP : cortical mantel +• In shunting : control head size, no re-
expansion• Kx : hyperirritable, no social smiling, retain
primitive reflexes, seizure• EEG : no cortical activity
TREATMENT
• Medical• Spinal taps• Surgical
Medical therapy
Diuretics
As adjunct to definitive treatment or as a temporizing measure
Acetazolamide25mg/kg/day (PO,TID)Increase until 100mg/kg/day
Furosemide1mg/kg/day(PO,TID)
Spinal taps
Ventricular or Lumbar taps
• In IVH serial taps until resorption resumes
• When resorption does not resume ( prot > 100mg/dl), usually need shunt
Complications of shunts
• Obstruction• Disconnection at a junction• Break• Infection• Hardware erosion through skin• Silicone allergy• Conduit for extraneural metastases
VP shunt complications• Inguinal hernia• Need tom lengthen with growth• Obstruction of peritoneal cath• Peritonitis• Hydrocele• Ascites• Tip migration in to scrotum• Perforation of viscus• Intestinal obstruction• Volvulus• Overshunting
Complications VA shunt
• Repeated lengthening • High risk of infection• Septicemia• Retrograde flow of blood in to
ventricles• Embolus• Vasc complications :
thrombophlebitis, perforation