2-1

HFSS边界与端口设置

电子科技大学贾宝富

2-2

Boundary/Excitations - Overview

2-3

Boundary/Excitations - Overview

2-4

Boundary/Excitations - Overview

2-5

HFSS Boundary List

Perfect E and Perfect H/Natural Ideal Electrically or Magnetically Conducting Boundaries ‘Natural’ denotes Perfect E ‘cancellation’ behavior

Finite Conductivity Lossy Electrically Conducting Boundary, with user-provided conductivity and

permeability Impedance

Used for simulating ‘thin film resistor’ materials, with user-provided resistance and reactance in /Square

Layered Impedance Screen Impedance Radiation

An ‘absorbing boundary condition,’ used at the periphery of a project in which radiation is expected such as an antenna structure

Symmetry A boundary which enables modeling of only a sub-section of a structure in

which field symmetry behavior is assured. “Perfect E” and “Perfect H” subcategories

Lumped RLC Master and Slave

‘Linked’ boundary conditions for unit-cell studies of infinitely replicating geometry (e.g. a slow wave circuit & an antenna array)

PML (Perfect Match Layer)

2-6

边界条件定义的覆盖

2-7

HFSS Boundary Descriptions: Perfect E and Perfect H/Natural

Parameters: None Perfect E is a perfect electrical conductor*

Forces E-field perpendicular to the surface Represent metal surfaces, ground planes,

ideal cavity walls, etc. Perfect H is a perfect magnetic conductor

Forces H-field perpendicular to surface, E-field tangential

Does not exist in the real world, but represents useful boundary constraint for modeling

Natural denotes effect of Perfect H applied on top of some other (e.g. Perfect E)boundary

‘Deletes’ the Perfect E condition, permitting but not requiring tangential electrical fields.

Opens a ‘hole’ in the Perfect E plane

Perfect E Boundary*

Perfect H Boundary

‘Natural’ Boundary

larperpendicuE

continuousE

parallelE

*NOTE: When you define a solid object as a ‘perf_conductor’ in the Material Setup, a Perfect E boundary condition is applied to its exterior surfaces!!

2-8

Perfect E应用实例

2-9

Perfect H应用实例

2-10

Perfect H for 2D Aperture (I)

Monopole Over a Ground plane

Perfect H Surface Interior to the Problem Space Behaves Like an Infinitely Thin 2D Aperture

Perfect H

2-11

Perfect H for 2D Aperture (II)

Small Hole Can be “Cut” in infinitely Thin Septum Between the Upper and Lower Guide Using a Perfect H Surface at the Hole

Perfect H

2-12

Finite Conductivity

趋肤深度 1=f

2-13

DC versus AC

2-14

HFSS Boundary Descriptions: Finite Conductivity

Parameters: Conductivity and Permeability Finite Conductivity is a lossy

electrical conductor E-field forced perpendicular, as with

Perfect E However, surface impedance takes

into account resistive and reactive surface losses

User inputs conductivity (in siemens/meter) and relative permeability (unitless)

Used for non-ideal conductor analysis*

Finite Conductivity Boundary

gattenuatinlarperpendicuE ,

2-15

HFSS Boundary Descriptions: Impedance

Parameters: Resistance and Reactance, ohms/square (/　) Impedance boundary is a direct, user-

defined surface impedance Use to represent thin film resistors Use to represent reactive loads

Reactance will NOT vary with frequency, so does not represent a lumped ‘capacitor’ or ‘inductor’over a frequency band.

Calculate required impedance from desired lumped value, width, and length

Length (in direction of current flow) Width = number of ‘squares’

Impedance per square = Desired Lumped Impedance number of squares

EXAMPLE: Resistor in Wilkenson Power Divider

Resistor is 3.5 mils long (in direction of flow) and4 mils wide. Desired lumped value is 35 ohms.

squareN

RR

N

lumpedsheet /40

875.35

875.045.3

2-16

HFSS Boundary Descriptions: Layered Impedance

Parameters: Surface Roughness; Layer; Thickness/Type; Materials

用于定义多层均匀材料组成的边界。如在某种涂敷吸波材料散射特性的计算中，可以使用这种边界。

2-17

2-18

HFSS Boundary Descriptions: Radiation

Parameters: None A Radiation boundary is an absorbing

boundary condition, used to mimic continued propagation beyond the boundary plane

Absorption is achieved via a second-order impedance calculation

Boundary should be constructed correctly for proper absorption

Distance: For strong radiators (e.g. antennas) no closer than /4 to any structure. For weak radiators (e.g. a bent circuit trace) no closer than /10to any structure

Orientation: The radiation boundary absorbs best when incident energy flow is normal to its surface

Shape: The boundary must be concave to all incident fields from within the modeled space

Note boundary does not follow ‘break’ at tail end of horn. Doing so would result in a convex surface to interior radiation.

Boundary is /4 away from horn aperture in all directions.

2-19

HFSS Boundary Descriptions: Radiation, cont.

Radiation boundary absorption profile vs. incidence angle is shown at left

Note that absorption falls off significantly as incidence exceeds 40 degrees from normal

Any incident energy not absorbed is reflected back into the model, altering the resulting field solution!

Implication: For steered-beam arrays, the standard radiation boundary may be insufficient for proper analysis.

Solution: Use a Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) construction instead.

Incorporation of PMLs is covered in the Advanced HFSS training course. Details available upon request.

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

Ref

lect

ion

Coe

ffici

ent (

dB)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

theta (deg)

Reflection Coefficient (dB)

70 80 90

Reflection of Radiation Boundary in dB, vs. Angle of Incidence relative to boundary normal (i.e. for normal incidence, = 0)

ETM

θ

2-20

Radiation

2-21

HFSS Boundary Descriptions: Symmetry

Parameters: Type (Perfect E or Perfect H) Symmetry boundaries permit modeling of

only a fraction of the entire structure under analysis

Two Symmetry Options: Perfect E : E-fields are perpendicular to the

symmetry surface Perfect H : E-fields are tangential to the

symmetry surface Symmetry boundaries also have further

implications to the Boundary Manager and Fields Post Processing

Existence of a Symmetry Boundary will prompt ‘Port Impedance Multiplier’ verification

Existence of a symmetry boundary allows for near- and far-field calculation of the ‘entire’structure

Conductive edges, 4 sides

This rectangular waveguide contains a symmetric propagating mode, which could be modeled using half the volume vertically....

Perfect E Symmetry (top)

...or horizontally.

Perfect H Symmetry(left side)

2-22

HFSS Boundary Descriptions: Symmetry, cont.

Geometric symmetry does not necessarily imply field symmetry for higher-order modes

Symmetry boundaries can act as mode filters

As shown at left, the next higher propagating waveguide mode is not symmetric about the vertical center plane of the waveguide

Therefore one symmetry case is valid, while the other is not!

Implication: Use caution when using symmetry to assure that real behavior in the device is not filtered out by your boundary conditions!!

Perfect E Symmetry (top)

Perfect H Symmetry(right side)

TE20 Mode in WR90

Properly represented with Perfect E Symmetry

Mode can not occur properly with Perfect H Symmetry

2-23

Impedance Multiplier

2-24

Symmetry

2-25

Symmetry

2-26

Lumped RLC

2-27

HFSS Boundary Descriptions: Lumped RLC

Parameters: Resistance; Inductance; Capacitance

2-28

2-29

HFSS Boundary Descriptions: Master/Slave Boundaries

Parameters: Coordinate system, master/slave pairing, and phasing Master and Slave boundaries are used

to model a unit cell of a repeating structure

Also referred to as linked boundaries Master and Slave boundaries are

always paired: one master to one slave The fields on the slave surface are

constrained to be identical to those on the master surface, with a phase shift.

Constraints: The master and slave surfaces must be

of identical shapes and sizes A coordinate system must be identified

on the master and slave boundary to identify point-to-point correspondence

Unit Cell Model of End-Fire Waveguide Array

WG Port(bottom) Ground Plane

Perfectly Matched Layer(top)

Slave BoundaryMaster Boundary

Origin

V-axis

U-axis

2-30

Screen Impedance

2-31

Screen Impedance

2-32

Screen Impedance

2-33

HFSS Boundary Descriptions: PML

由物体表面创建PML层

2-34

HFSS Boundary Descriptions: PML

2-35

HFSS Boundary Descriptions: PML

由三维物体创建PML层

2-36

HFSS Boundary Descriptions: PML

2-37

HFSS中的缺省边界条件

2-38

默认边界条件

2-39

HFSS Source List（HFSS中的激励源类型）

2-40

HFSS中的端口类型

2-41

Wave Port 表面

2-42

2-43

Wave Ports 位置

2-44

端口延伸和高次模问题

2-45

高次模传输问题

2-46

HFSS Ports: Spacing from Discontinuities

Structure interior to the modeled volume may create and reflect non-propagating modes

These modes attenuate rapidly as they travel along the transmission line

If the port is spaced too close to a discontinuity causing this effect, the improper solution will be obtained

A port is a ‘matched load’ as seen from the model, but only for the modes it has been designed to handle

Therefore, unsolved modes incident upon it are reflected back into the model, altering the field solution

Remedy: Space your port far enough from discontinuities to prevent non-propagating mode incidence

Spacing should be on order of port size, notwavelength dependent

PortExtension

2-47

HFSS Ports: Single-Direction Propagation

Wave ports must be defined so that only one face can radiate energy into the model

Lumped Ports have no such restriction

Position Wave Ports on the exterior of the geometry (one face on background) or provide a port cap.

Cap should be the same dimensions as the port aperture, be a 3D solid object, and be defined as a perfect conductor in the Material Setup module

Port on Exterior Face of Model

Port Inside Modeled Air Volume; Back side covered with Solid Cap

2-48

HFSS Ports: Mode Count

Ports should solve for all propagating modes Ignoring a mode which does propagate will result

in incorrect S-parameters, by neglecting mode-to-mode conversion which could occur at discontinuities

However, requesting too many modes in the full solution also negatively impacts analysis

Modes in cutoff are more difficult to calculate; S-parameters for interactions between propagating and non-propagating modes may not converge well

What if I don’t know how many modes exist? Build a simple model of a transmission line only,

or run your model in “Ports Only” mode, and check!

You can alter the mode count before running the full solution.

Degenerate mode ordering is controlled with calibration lines (see next slide)

Circular waveguide, showing two orthogonal TE11 modes and TM01 mode (radial with Z-component). Neglecting the TM01 mode from your solution would cause incorrect results.

2-49

HFSS Ports: Degenerate Modes

Degenerate modes have identical impedance, propagation constants

Port solver will arbitrarily pick one of them to be ‘mode(n)’ and the other to be ‘mode(n+1)’

Thus, mode-to-mode S-parameters may be referenced incorrectly

To enforce numbering, use a polarize the first mode to the line

OR, introduce a dielectric change to slightly perturb the mode solution and separate the degenerate modes

Example: A dielectric bar only slightly higher in permittivity than the surrounding medium will concentrate the E-fields between parallel wires, forcing the differential mode to be dominant

If dielectric change is very small (approx. 0.001 or less), impedance impact of perturbation is negligible

For parallel lines, a virtual objectbetween them aids mode ordering. Note virtual object need not extend entire length of line to help at port.

In circular or square waveguide, use the calibration line to force (polarize) the mode numbering of the two degenerate TE11 modes. This is also useful because without a polarization orientation, the two modes may be rotated to an arbitrary angle inside circular WG.

2-50

HFSS Ports: Impedance Definitions

HFSS provides port characteristic impedances calculated using the power-current definition (Zpi)

Incident power is known excitation quantity Port solver integrates H-field around port

boundary to calculate current flow For many transmission line types, the power-

voltage or voltage-current definition is preferred

Slot line, CPW: Zpv preferred TEM lines: Zvi preferred

HFSS can provide these characteristic impedance values, as long as an impedance line is identified

The impedance line defines the line along which the E-field is integrated to obtain a voltage

For a Coax, the impedance line extends radially from the center to outer conductor (or vice versa). Integrating the E-field along the radius of the coaxial dielectric provides the voltage difference.

In many instances, the impedance and calibration lines are the same!

2-51

HFSS Source Descriptions: Wave Port

2-52

HFSS Source Descriptions: Wave Port

EXAMPLE WAVE PORTS

EXAMPLE LUMPED PORTS

Parameters: Mode Count, Calibration, Impedance, Polarization A port is an aperture through which

guided electromagnetic field energy is injected into a 3D HFSS model.

Wave Ports: The aperture is solved using a 2D eigensolutionwhich locates all requested propagating modes

Characteristic impedance is calculated from the 2D solution

Impedance and Calibration Lines provide further control

2-53

X-波段波导中的传输模式

2-54

Impedance and Polarization Lines

Impedance line and polarization line are optional in port setup. They are located in the port and have a starting point and an end point.

Port = cross section of waveguide

I and/or P Line

2-55

Impedance Line

Without impedance line, HFSS computes port impedance from power and current: Zpi

With impedance line, a voltage can be defined: Edl . Two more port impedances result: Zpv and Zvi . These are not the same for non-TEM transmission lines.

2-56

Integration Line （积分线）

2-57

Polarization Line （极化线）

2-58

HFSS Source Descriptions: Lumped Port

Parameters: Mode Count, Calibration, Impedance, Polarization A port is an aperture

through which guided electromagnetic field energy is injected into a 3D HFSS model.

Lumped Ports: Approximated field excitation is placed on the gap source port surface

Characteristic impedance is provided by the user during setup

2-59

HFSS Source Descriptions: Incident Wave

2-60

HFSS Source Descriptions: Incident Wave

Parameters: Poynting Vector, E-field Magnitude and Vector Used for radar cross section (RCS)

scattering problems. Defined by Poynting Vector

(direction of propagation) and E-field magnitude and orientation

Poynting and E-field vectors must be orthogonal.

Multiple plane waves can be created for the same project.

If no ‘ports’ are present in the model, S-parameter output is not provided

Analysis data obtained by post-processing on the Fields using the Field Calculator, or by generating RCS Patterns

In the above example, a plane incident wave is directed at a solid made from dielectrics, to view the resultant scattering fields.

2-61

HFSS Source Descriptions: Voltage Drop and Current Source

Voltage Drop

Current Drop

2-62

HFSS Source Descriptions: Voltage Drop and Current Source

Example Voltage Drop (between

trace and ground)

Example Current Source (along trace

or across gap)

Parameters: Direction and Magnitude A voltage drop would be used to

excite a voltage between two metal structures (e.g. a trace and a ground)

A current source would be used to excite a current along a trace, or across a gap (e.g. across a slot antenna)

Both are ‘ideal’ source excitations, without impedance definitions

No S-Parameter Output User applies condition to a 2D or 3D

object created in the geometry Vector identifying the direction of the

voltage drop or the direction of the current flow is also required

2-63

Sources/Boundaries and Eigenmode Solutions

An Eigenmode solution is a direct solution of the resonant modes of a closed structure

As a result, some of the sources and boundaries discussed so far are not available for an Eigenmode project. These are: All Excitation Sources:

Wave Ports and Lumped Ports Voltage Drop and Current Sources Magnetic Bias Incident Waves

The only unavailable boundary type is: Radiation Boundary

A Perfectly Matched Layer construction is possible as a replacement

2-64

HFSS Source Descriptions: Magnetic Bias

Parameters: Magnitude and Direction or Externally Provided The magnetic bias source is used

only to provide internal biasing H-field values for models containing nonreciprocal (ferrite) materials.

Bias may be uniform field (enter parameters directly in HFSS)...

Parameters are direction and magnitude of the field

...or bias may be non-uniform (imported from external Magnetostatic solution package)

Ansoft’s 3D EM Field Simulator provides this analysis and output

Apply source to selected 3D solid object (e.g. ferrite puck)

2-65

HFSS Ports: A Detailed Look

The Port Solution provides the excitation for the 3D FEM Analysis. Therefore, knowing how to properly define and create a port is paramount to obtaining an accurate analysis.

Incorrect Port Assignments can cause errors due to... ...Excitation of the wrong mode structure ...Bisection by conductive boundary ...Unconsidered additional propagating modes ...Improper Port Impedance ...Improper Propagation Constants ...Differing phase references at multiple ports ...Insufficient spacing for attenuation of modes in cutoff ...Inability to converge scattering behavior because too many

modes are requested Since Port Assignment is so important, the following slides will

go into further detail regarding their creation.

2-66

HFSS Port Selection: Wave Port or Lumped Port?

什么时候你选择 LumpedPort 而不是 Wave Port呢?

当模型中导线之间的间隙太小时；

当使用Wave port很难确

定一个端口的参考定位时；

当你希望使用电压降，而不是S参数作为输出

时。

Lumped Ports (blue)

2-67

HFSS Ports: Sizing

A port is an aperture through which a guided-wave mode of some kind propagates For transmission line structures entirely

enclosed in metal, port size is merely the waveguide interior carrying the guided fields

Rectangular, Circular, Elliptical, Ridged, Double-Ridged Waveguide

Coaxial cable, coaxial waveguide, squareax, Enclosed microstrip or suspended stripline

For unbalanced or non-enclosed lines, however, field propagation in the air around the structure must also be included

Parallel Wires or Strips Stripline, Microstrip, Suspended Stripline Slotline, Coplanar Waveguide, etc.

A Coaxial Port Assignment

A Microstrip Port Assignment (includes air above substrate)

2-68

HFSS Ports: Sizing, cont.

The port solver only understands conductive boundaries on its borders Electric conductors may be finite or perfect

(including Perfect E symmetry) Perfect H symmetry also understood Radiation boundaries around the

periphery of the port do not alter the port edge termination!!

Result: Moving the port edges too close to the circuitry for open waveguide structures (microstrip, stripline, CPW, etc.) will allow coupling from the trace circuitry to the port walls! This causes an incorrect modal solution,

which will suffer an immediate discontinuity as the energy is injected past the port into the model volume

Port too narrow (fields couple to side walls)

Port too Short(fields couple to top wall)

2-69

HFSS Ports: Sizing Handbook I

Microstrip Port Sizing Guidelines Assume width of microstrip trace is w Assume height of substrate dielectric

is h Port Height Guidelines

Between 6h and 10h Tend towards upper limit as dielectric

constant drops and more fields exist in air rather than substrate

Bottom edge of port coplanar with the upper face of ground plane

(If real structure is enclosed lower than this guideline, model the real structure!)

Port Width Guidelines 10w, for microstrip profiles with w h 5w, or on the order of 3h to 4h, for

microstrip profiles with w < h

w

h

6h to 10h

10w, w hor

5w (3h to 4h), w < h

Note: Port sizing guidelines are notinviolable rules true in all cases. For example, if meeting the height and width requirements outlined result in a rectangular aperture bigger than /2 on one dimension, the substrate and trace may be ignored in favor of a waveguide mode. When in doubt, build a simple ports-only model and test.

2-70

HFSS Ports: Sizing Handbook II

Stripline Port Sizing Guidelines Assume width of stripline trace is w Assume height of substrate dielectric is h

Port Height Guidelines Extend from upper to lower groundplane,

h Port Width Guidelines

8w, for microstrip profiles with w h 5w, or on the order of 3h to 4h, for

microstrip profiles with w < h Boundary Note: Can also make side

walls of port Perfect H boundaries

wh

8w, w hor

5w (3h to 4h), w < h

2-71

HFSS Ports: Sizing Handbook III

Slotline Port Guidelines Assume slot width is g Assume dielectric height is h

Port Height: Should be at least 4h, or 4g (larger) Remember to include air below the

substrate as well as above! If ground plane is present, port should

terminate at ground plane

Port Width: Should contain at least 3g to either side

of slot, or 7g total minimum Port boundary must intersect both side

ground planes, or they will ‘float’ and become signal conductors relative to outline ‘ground’

g

Approx 7g minimum

h

Larger of 4h or 4g

2-72

HFSS Ports: Sizing Handbook IV

CPW Port Guidelines Assume slot width is g Assume dielectric height is h Assume center strip width is s

Port Height: Should be at least 4h, or 4g (larger) Remember to include air below the substrate

as well as above! If ground plane is present, port should

terminate at ground plane

Port Width: Should contain 3-5g or 3-5s of the side

grounds, whichever is larger Total about 10g or 10s

Port outline must intersect side grounds, or they will ‘float’ and become additional signal conductors along with the center strip.

Larger of approx. 10g or 10s

s

h

Larger of 4h or 4g

g

2-73

CPW Wave Ports: Starting Recommendations

Wave Port SizeThe standard recommendation for most CPW wave ports is a rectangular aperture

Port width should be no less than 3 x the overall CPW width, or 3 x (2g + w)Port height should be no less than 4 x the dielectric height, or 4h

Wave Port LocationThe wave port should be centered horizontally on the CPW trace

If the port is on GCPW, the port bottom edge should lie on the substrate bottom ground plane

If the port is on ungrounded CPW, the port height should be roughly centered on the CPW metal layer

Wave Port RestrictionsAs with all wave ports, there must be only one surface normal exposed to the field volume

Port should be on exterior model face, or capped by a perfect conductor block if internal

The wave port outline must contact the side grounds (all CPWs) and bottom ground (GCPW)

The wave port size should not exceed lambda/2 in any dimension, to avoid permitting a rectangular waveguide modal excitation

3 (2g + w)

w

h

4h minimum

g

Ungrounded CPW

(Port height centered on trace)

Grounded CPW

(Port height begins at lower ground)

3 (2g + w)

w

h

4h minimum

g

2-74

HFSS Ports: Sizing Handbook V; Lumped Ports

Lumped ports behave differently from Wave Ports Any port edge not in contact with metal structure

or another port assumed to be a Perfect H conductor

Lumped Port Sizing (microstrip example): “Strip-like”: [RECOMMENDED] No larger than

necessary to connect the trace width to the ground

“Wave-like”: No larger than 4 times the strip width and 3 times the substrate height

The Perfect H walls allow size to be smaller than a standard port would be

However, in most cases the strip-like application should be as or more accurate

Further details regarding Lumped Port sizing available as a separate presentation

Perfect H

Perfect H

Perfect E

Perfect E

Perfect H

Perfect H

Perfect E

Perfect H

2-75

HFSS Port Selection Example: Parallel Traces

Spaced by 8 or more times Trace WidthInputs sufficiently isolated that no coupling behavior should occur

Sufficient room for Wave port apertures around each trace

Use Wave Ports as shown

Spaced by 4 – 8 times Trace WidthInputs still fairly isolated, little to no coupling behavior should occur

Insufficient room for Wave port apertures around each trace without clipping fringing fields

Use Lumped Ports as shown

Spaced by less than 4 times Trace WidthTraces close enough to exhibit coupling

Even and Odd modes possible; N modes total for N conductors and one ground reference [odd mode shown at right]

Lumped Ports from trace to ground neglect coupling behavior and are no longer appropriate

Use multi-mode Wave Port

Terminal line assignments can permit extraction of S-parameters referenced to each ‘trace’

2-76

Phase Calibration

2-77

Impedance Definitions

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