Quantitative The technique is sufficiently sensitive to detectmost gas phase pollutants as they occur at

Analysis: the source. Furthermore sample concentra-tion methods are being developed in

Linear to 100% order to detect many pollutants at theextremely low concentration levels in which they sometimes existafter dispersal in the atmosphere. Such sample handling ap-proaches are aided by the fact that this technique has been shownto be quantitatively linear from the minimum detectable limitsto 100% pollutant concentration.Boundary conditions for this linearity have been investigated

and can be readily achieved experimentally. While this char-acteristic has obvious importance for the quantitative analysis ofa particular mixture, it may be even more valuable to assesssample concentration methods and to detect adsorption takingplace within the sample container.

Second-generation After some 5 years of applicationexperience with the original MRR

Spectrometer (Microwave) Spectrometer, HP scientistshave completed the design of a second-Now Available generation instrument which is now avail-

able as the 8460 MRR Spectrometer. The new instrumentincorporates a number of improvements that increase its useful-ness and simplify its use.

It generates only a few milliwatts of microwave energy anddoes not require cooling water, air conditioning or other specialservices.The 8460 is a research instrument with broad-band capability

that extends its application to the qualitative and quantitativeanalysis of most of the small, gas phase pollutants that are cur-rently in the limelight, and many that are not but may soon be.For example, most of the gases that have a bad odor or are toxicto human life are small molecules with a nitrogen or sulfur atom.The great majority of these have a permanent dipole moment andare therefore susceptible to MRR analysis. As we get the currentproblems in hand, these will almost certainly be included moreforcefully in future air quality standards.The HP MRR Spectrometer is being used presently as a

research tool. Intramolecular forces are evaluated through exactstructural determination, line splitting and accurate intensitymeasurements. Intermolecular forces can be determined fromabsorption line shapes.HP scientists are constantly accumulating information on rota-

tional microwave spectroscopy, in the study of molecular struc-ture, air pollution analysis and other fields. We'll be happy tosend you the recently published Data Booklet on MRR technique,the Data Sheet on the 8460 MRR Spectrometer, or to place youon the mailing list for Molecules and Microwaves which period-ically reports results of experimental work with the MRR Spec-trometer. Hewlett-Packard, 1507 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto,California 94304. In Europe: 1217 Meyrin-Geneva, Switzerland.

HEWLETT&PACKARD

Measurement, Analysis, Computation 00973

'a IPra: I

- - I ~~p

0 a

M I m

4

L

It T 7 i ai iL

Bestselling AAAS Volumes on the Environment

Air ConservationThis is a report of deliberations of the Air Conservation Commission of the

AAAS over a 2-year period. It pulls together into a single reference a wealthof information presented by authorities in the fields of conservation, pollutioncontrol, pollutants and their effects, law, economics, meteorology, public health,public opimion and government.The Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society calls this work "the

most thoughtful, realistic and penetrating analysis of air pollution as a factorin the societies of today and tomorrow now available. It is a must for theserious student and professional, and can be highly recommended to the inter-ested citizen."

Report of the AAAS Air Conservation Commission; James P. Dixon, Chair-man. 1965. 2nd printing, 1968. 348 pages. Illustrated. Bibliography. Index.

EstuariesThe development of coastal areas has been very rapid in recent years, but

knowledge of estuarine environments has not kept pace with the necessity toresolve problems arising from their intensive use. This is the first comprehensivecollection of scientific papers covering the comparatively new field of estuarineresearch.

This volume contains 71 articles on physical and biological factors, geomor-phology, sediments and sedimentation, microbiota, ecology, evolution, fisheries,human influences and pollution.

Edited by George H. Lauff. 1967. 2nd printing, 1968. 776 pages. Illustrated.Bibliography. Indexes.

Mail to AAAS, Dept. HN, 1515 Massachusetts Ave., NW, Washington, D.C. 20005Please send the following:

Quantity~~Esuaie

Estuaries (Retail price, $27; AAAS member price when payment enclosed $24)Agriculture and the Quality of Our Environment (Retail price, $1350nAAAS member price when payment enclosed,$11.50).

___ Air Conservation (Retail price, $8 tAAAS member price when payment enclosed, $7)Oceanography (Retail price, $14.75; AAAS member price when payment enclosed, $12 50)

Name

Address

Zip01M SCIENCE, VOL. 16982U

these books. These include the dielec-tric theory of ionicity, electrical studiesof native donors and acceptors inZnTe, ZeSe, CdTe, and CdSe, detailedstudies of the shallow acceptors Li andNa in CdS, and the deep acceptors Pin ZnSe and Cu in ZnO, studies of theisoelectronic traps, and experiments inion implantation.The author succeeds in his primary

goal of providing the reader with aconcise summary of electrical and op-tical phenomena in II-VI compoundsand their commercial applications. Inorder to remain concise, he excludesall discussion of the physical chemis-try of defects or the observation ofdefects by electron spin resonance.This makes it rather difficult for thereader to gain an understanding (inso-far as one exists) of the role of nativedefects in determining why these mate-rials behave the way they do. For in-stance, no explanation is given whyvarious II-VI compounds will not con-duct both n-type and p-type.

C. H. HENRYBell Telephone Laboratories,Murray Hill, New Jersey

Fim PhysicsThin Film Phenomena. KASTuRI L.CHOPRA. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1969.xx, 844 pp., illus. $24.50.

Chopra has set out to write a one-volume review of the research on thinsolid films that has been carried outduring the last few years. Much of therecent effluence has been stimulated bydevice-development programs. Thequantity has been enormous and thequality mixed. A brave attempt is madein Thin Film Phenomena to touch onall significant scientific and technicalaccomplishments involving films, how-ever prepared. The discussion of indi-vidual points is necessarily brief. Typi-cally, there is an outline of the theo-retical ideas followed by a recital ofexperimental results. The treatment iscritical ("Wherever disorder exists inthe literature, I have declared my ownviews and provided a reasonable syn-thesis.") and conservative ("Both theobserved . . . effect and the explanationoffered need further verification.").The major theme of the book is that

films usually have complicated micro-structures which play a role at leastcomparable to that of the thinness ofthe samples in determining the observa-

850

ble physical properties. Sections of thebook on nucleation and growth givereasonably complete discussions of whatis known about the way the specialstructures found in evaporated andsputtered films come about. The effectof structural details on physical prop-erties is then illustrated in chapters onmechanical properties and on electricaland thermal transport in metal, semi-conductor, and insulator films. I findthese parts of the book especially satis-fying, quite possibly because the areasare ones in which Chopra has himselfmade numerous research contributions.A very good chapter discussing fer-

romagnetism in films has been contrib-uted by M. H. Cohen. It is the one casewhere Chopra has deviated from hisplan of presenting a unified treatmentby doing everything himself.The main part of the book is

rounded out with chapters on opticalproperties of films and on superconduc-tivity. Although not exhaustive, thesecontain a large amount of materialand offer a reasonable entry into thedescribed areas of research.

There is one case in which I wouldwant to quarrel a little with Chopra'sinsistence on the critical importance ofmicrostructure. Very fortunately, super-conducting properties are determinedby a spatial average over a region con-taining thousands of atoms. This large-ly, though not completely, eliminatesthe influence of the microstructure andis probably responsible for the consid-erable success that has been experi-enced with superconducting film ex-periments.

Another minor reservation I haveabout the book concerns the sectionon experimental technique. Every wordis true but there are not enough ofthem. Film preparation is made tosound simple and straightforward, al-most trivial. This is an illusion whichcould bring forth another flock of com-plicated measurements on poorly char-acterized samples, just the sort of thingagainst which the author does battlethroughout most of the book.Chopra has made a good job of an

impossible task. Everyone engaged inresearch using thin films will want tobuy this book. The good sections aretoo numerous and too long to Xerox.The book is a bargain. Chopra providesa review of over 2000 research papersfor about a penny apiece.

ROLFE E. GLOVER, IIIDepartment of Physics and Astronomy,University of Maryland, College Park

Books Received

Advances in Food Research. Vol. 17.C. 0. Chichester, E. M. Mrak, and G. F.Stewart, Eds. Academic Press, New York,1969. x + 302 pp., illus. $14.50.Afro-American Anthropology. Contem-

porary Perspectives. Norman E. Whitten,Jr., and John F. Szwed, Eds. Free Press,New York; Collier-Macmillan, London,1970. x + 470 pp. + plates. $5.95.

Analysis of Reflector Antennas. W. V.T. Rusch and P. D. Potter. AcademicPress, New York, 1970. x + 182 pp., illus.$12.50. Electrical Science Series.Annual Summary of Information on

Natural Disasters. No. 1, 1966. UNESCO,Paris, 1970. 84 pp., illus. Paper, $3.50.The Architecture Machine. Toward a

More Human Environment. Nicholas Ne-groponte. M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Mass.,1970. x + 154 pp., illus. Paper, $5.95.Atomic, Molecular, and Solid-State The-

ory and Quantum Biology. Proceedings ofan international symposium, Sanibel Is-land, Fla., January 1969. Part 2. Per-OlovLbwdin, Ed. Interscience (Wiley), NewYork, 1970. Illus. Paper, $32.50. Interna-tional Journal of Quantum ChemistrySymposium No. 3, pp. 349-910.

Basic Nutrition and Diet Therapy. Co-rinne H. Robinson. Macmillan, New York;Collier-Macmillan, London, ed. 2, 1970.x + 358 pp., illus. Paper, $4.25.

Bleeding Problems in Clinical Medicine.Armand J. Quick. Saunders, Philadelphia,1970. xii + 228 pp., illus. $9.50.

Cell Fusion. The Dunham Lectures,Cambridge, Mass., 1969. Henry Harris.Harvard University Press, Cambridge,1970. x + 110 pp., illus. Cloth, $6; paper,$2.95.

Climate, Man, and History. RobertClaiborne. Norton, New York, 1970. 444pp., illus. $8.95.Computer Languages. A Practical Guide

to the Chief Programming Languages.Peter C. Sanderson. Philosophical Library,New York, 1970. viii + 200 pp. $15.The Cuyahoga River Watershed. Pro-

ceedings of a symposium, Kent, Ohio,November 1968. G. Dennis Cooke, Ed.Institute of Limnology and Department ofBiological Sciences, Kent State University,Kent, Ohio, 1969. viii + 144 pp., illus.Spiral bound, $4.The Design Within. Psychoanalytic Ap-

proaches to Shakespeare. M. D. Faber.Science House, New York, 1970. xii +554 pp. $13.50.

Dictionnaire d'informatique. Anglais-Frangais. Michel Ginguay. Masson, Paris,1970. vi + 140 pp. Paper, 36 F. Les tech-niques de base de l'informatique.

Diversity and Stability in EcologicalSystems. A symposium, Upton, N.Y., May1969. Biology Department, BrookhavenNational Laboratory, Upton, N.Y., 1969(available from the Clearinghouse for Fed-eral Scientific and Technical Information,Springfield, Va.). viii + 266 pp., illus.Paper; $3; microfiche, 65b.

Electric Power Transmission. The PowerSystem in the Steady State. John Zabor-szky and Joseph W. Rittenhouse. Rens-selaer Bookstore, Troy, N.Y., 1969. Twovolumes, xii + 676 pp., illus. Paper, $6.

(Continued on page 903)

SCIENCE, VOL. 169