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Hemodynamics of
Cardiac Assist Devices
Daniel BurkhoffCardiovascular Research Foundation
and
Columbia University
Disclosure
• Unrestricted institutional (CRF) educational grant from Abiomed
• Pharmacology• Inotropic agents
• Pressors
• Devices• IABP
• RA→Ao (ECMO)
• LA→Ao (Tandem)
• LV→Ao (Impella)
• ECMO + Impella
Different Effects on
Heart and Lungs
Trials have shown to be ineffective
Combination Therapies
Therapeutic Options for Shock
Increase LV workload, HR and
oxygen consumption,
associated with high mortality
Impact of IABP in CGS
Pressure-Volume
LVP and AoP
Small PCWP
Small CO
Hemodynamic Parameters Pre vs. PostThiele, Schuler et al Eu Heart J 2005
IABP
pre post pCO (l/min) 3.20.9 3.61.1 0.18
CI (l/min/m2) 1.60.4 1.80.5 0.13
BP mean (mmHg) 6514 7212 0.09
Heart rate (b/min) 11124 10723 0.63
Cardiac Power
Index (W/m2)
0.23 0.07 0.290.07 0.02
PCWP (mmHg) 25±6 22±6 0.10
CVP (mmHg) 15±6 14±6 0.67
PAP mean (mmHg) 32±7 30±8 0.52
Lactate (mmol/l) 6.0±4.6 5.0±3.6 0.34
BE -7.0±5.4 -6.3±5.8 0.72
pH 7.32±0.1 7.33±0.1 0.73
Intraaortic Balloon Pump:No significant effects on hemodynamics (CPO) or
mortality
Impact of LV→Ao MCS on
Hemodynamics and Energetics
Pressure-Volume
LVP and AoP
↓ Peak LVP↓ Preload
↑ AoP↓ LVPLV-Ao
Uncoupling
HRPCI under IMPELLA supportCourtesy of William O’Neill
PV Loops during Impella
support and NTG injectionImpella Removed from LV
REAL PV Loops assume triangular shape during LVAD Support
Hemodynamic Improvement ImpellacVAD Registry™
p<0.0001
Pre-
Support
On Support
62.7±19.2
94.4±23.1
51%
MAP
p<0.0001
31.9±11.1
19.2±9.7
40%
PCWP
Pre-
Support
On Support
O’Neill, et. al. J Interven Cardiol, 2013
p<0.00010.48±0.17
Cardiac Power Output(MAP x CO x 0.0022)
120%
1.06±0.48
Pre-
Support
On Support
(n=143)
(n=25)(n=23)
p<0.0001
Pre-
Support
On Support
3.4±1.3
5.3±1.7
56%
Cardiac Output
(n=23)
cVAD RegistryThe catheter based VAD Registry is a worldwide, multicenter, IRB approved, monitored clinical registry of all patients at participating sites; registry data is used for FDA PMA submissions
VA-ECMORA→FA or RA→Ao
Impact of RA→Ao MCS (ECMO) on
Hemodynamics and Energetics(no contractile reserve)
↑ Afterload↑ Preload
Pressure-Volume
AoP and LVP
↑ AoP↑ LVP
ECMO FLOW
IMPACT OF PUMP FLOW ON HEMODYNAMICS
Harlequin Syndrome / North-South Syndrome
LV Distention and Pressure Overload during ECMO Support
• Loss of aortic valve opening• Lung edema• Bronchial bleeding• LV thrombosis
Curtesy of Dr. Jiri Maly, IKEM, Prague
Several Ways to Deal with LV
Loading during ECMO support
1. Reduce ECMO speed
2. Inotropes
3. Afterload reduction (e.g., nitropruside)
4. IABP
5. Atrial Septostomy
6. LA→FA bypass (TandemHeart)
7. LV Vent
8. LV→Ao bypass (pVADs, e.g., Impella, Protek Duo)
Rao et al, Circ HF 2018
RA→Ao MCS + LV→Ao MCS
(ECPELLA)
↑ Afterload↑ Preload
Pressure-Volume
AoPLVP
Rapid and Marked Reduction of PCWP
with Impella added to ECMO
Schrage et al, JACC:HF, in press
HS Lim, Artificial Organs, 2017; 41:1109
Summary• With acute hemodynamic compromise
• Restore normal hemodynamics
• Minimize LV filling pressure
• prevent remodeling
• Minimize oxygen consumption
• enhance myocardial salvage
• Pharmacological approaches increase
MVO2 and increase load on the LV
• Different MCS options have different
effects on hemodynamics
• Responses to MCS differ among
different devices but, regarding
unloading, LVAD>ECMO