Height of Imperialism1819 CE – 1914 CE

Key Terms• Imperialism: (sec 1) The extension of one

nations powers over another.• Indigenous: (sec 2) Native to a region• Viceroy: (sec 3) A governor who rules in place

of a monarch.• Nonviolent resistance: (sec 3) opposition a

government without violence.• Creole: (sec 4) Person of European descent,

living in West Indies or South America.• Monroe Doctrine: (sec 4) 1823 President

James Monroe guaranteed no European interference in the Western Hemisphere.

Section 1: Colonial Rule in Southeast Asia

• Section 1 Colonial Rule in Southeast Asia The nineteenth century saw the emergence of a new imperialism in Asia and Africa.

• By establishing overseas colonies, Western powers saw an opportunity to improve their access to both raw materials and new markets for their manufactured goods.

• Racism, Social Darwinism, and the "white man's burden" all helped Westerners justify colonization.

• Virtually all of Southeast Asia came under the control of Great Britain, France, and the United States. Only Thailand stayed independent.

• Colonial powers ruled either indirectly, relying mainly on local elites, or directly by sending a governor.

• Although some local people profited from the colonial arrangement, most suffered from the harsh conditions of plantation work.

• Resistance movements sought to protect local economic and religious interests but were crushed by the colonial powers.

• Later, Western-educated elites led resistance movements with a new goal—national independence.

Chapter 21: Imperialism•With industrialism, Western nations begin to look to Asia and Africa as source of raw materials.•Colonial nations want to control the politics and economics of colonies•Strategic and religious concerns also come into play.

Cartoon depictingBritish imperialism

“White Man’s Burden”• Colonial countries believed their

efforts were justified by the following:

• Desire to help the ‘uncivilized’• Desire to spread Christianity• ‘Social Darwinism’

• Critics charge Europeans and Americans with using double standard (freedom and rights at home, but none in their colonial possessions).Cartoon titled ‘White Man’s Burden’

•Between 1800 and 1900, most of Asia was carved up by Western powers.•Great Britain developed colonies in Singapore (city), Burma (Myanmar), New Guinea and India.•France developed colonies in Indochina (Vietnam) Cambodia and Laos.•Thailand (Siam): The exception, with wise kings, they kept control of themselves.•Spain: Philippines the US took control of the Philippines after Spanish-American War.

Colonial Map of Southeast Asia

Section 1: Colonial Rule in Southeast Asia

Direct Rule: (officials from the ‘mother country’ rule the land) Burma, Southern MekongIndirect Rule: (local rulers maintained their control) N. Vietnam, Dutch East Indies

•Colonial powers would rule by differing methods.•Indirect rule involved associations with local leaders.•Direct rule replaced local leaders with officials from mother nation.•Political rights of local people varied by colony. Fleet of Dutch East

Indian trading ships

Section 1: Colonial Rule in Southeast Asia

Problems from Imperialism: • Demeaned local people• Abused natural resources; forced locals to grow what colonists wanted, etc.• Persecuted local religions• Stole profits from exports• Caused animosity amongst East vs. West (establishing future wars ie. WWII,

Korean War and Vietnam War.

Resistance to Colonialism in Asia

•Many Asian people were unhappy with treatment at hands of colonial rulers.•Resistance and revolts occurred throughout Asia.•Economic and religious issues, not nationalism, generally were the focus of resistance.

Who fought Colonialism?•Monarchs fought the foreign rule.•Peasants fought against foreign rule.•Educated “westernized” people based upon nationalism.

University of Rangoon became a center of colonial resistance

Section 2: Empire Building in Africa

Section 2 Empire Building in Africa • European control over Africa began with British annexations in West Africa. • After 1880, great power rivalries prompted France, Germany, Portugal, Belgium,

and Italy to begin seeking territory in Africa. • In Egypt, an Ottoman army officer named Muhammad Ali set up an independent

state and began modernizing the country. • Great Britain's interest in the Suez Canal led to Egypt's establishment as a British

protectorate. • Belgium and France staked claims to lands around the Congo River in central

Africa, while Germany, despite the reluctance of Bismarck, claimed territories in West and East Africa.

• British involvement in southern Africa led to the Boer War against the descendants of seventeenth-century Dutch settlers, and then to the establishment of the Union of South Africa.

• Resentment of the colonial powers led to the emergence of nationalist movements, especially as a new class of educated middle-class Africans began to point to the hypocrisy and discriminatory nature of colonial rule.

Colonialism in Africa

•Prior European involvement in Africa was limited to coasts•Africa is completely carved up between 1880 and 1900•Desire for prestige, raw materials, strategic lands drove imperialism•African efforts to resist colonization are met with European military might•Sudan, 1898:

• Muslim deaths: 11,000

• British deaths: 28

Section 2: Colonialism in AfricaNorth Central East South

• Egypt, controlled by the Ottoman Empire (Muhammad Ali).

• Ferdinand de Lesseps contracted to build the Suez Canal by 1869.

• 1914: Egypt was a British protectorate.

• French controlled Algeria, Tunisia & Morocco.

• Dr. Livingston explored and when he disappeared, the NY Times sent Henry Stanley to find him. “Dr. Livingston I presume.”

• Belgium colonized at the urging of Stanley.

• The Congo was the area controlled by Belgium

• Britain and Germany controlled.

• Portugal and Belgium also colonized the area.

• Most heavily influenced by Europeans.

• Boers (decedents of the Dutch people AKA Afrikaners)

• British started to take over control from the Boers.

• Boers fought the Zulu with Shaka as their leader.

• Cecil Rhodes: British, gold/diamond, Rhodesia named after him, began the Boer War.

Colonialism in South Africa

•Boers (Afrikaners) and British desired control of strategic area of Africa.•Fought Boer War from 1899-1902 over area.•Zulu people also resisted colonialism.•In 1910, British create independent nation in South Africa.

British officers during Boer War

• As in Asia, many Africans disliked colonial rule.

• Native Africans rarely were involved in governing their own nations.

• New organizations devoted to African Nationalism grew in early 1900s.The flag of African Nationalism

Section 3: British Rule in IndiaSection 3 British Rule in India• The British controlled India through the British East India Company, which had

its own forts and soldiers. • A revolt led by Indian soldiers prompted the British government to appoint a

British viceroy to rule the country. • The British developed India economically—building railroads and creating an

education system for the upper class. • Indians paid a high price for British rule. British manufactured goods destroyed

local industries. • The abuses of tax collectors and the superior British attitude and lifestyle

caused many Indians to resent the British. • The Indian National Congress, made up mostly by Hindus, led calls for reform. • A Muslim League was later formed to represent Muslim concerns. The most

prominent Indian leader was Mohandas Gandhi, a Western-educated lawyer who advocated nonviolent resistance as a way to gain independence. Tense relations with the British led to an Indian cultural revival.

The Sepoy Mutiny•British controlled their economic interests in India through East Indian Company.•Indian soldiers known as ‘Sepoy’s’ revolted in 1857 due to a religious misunderstanding.•As a result, British Parliament transfers control of India directly to British government.

A portrait depicting The Sepoy Mutiny

British Colonial Rule in India

• British ruled directly though viceroy and civil service.

• British set up school system, and developed infrastructure.

• Peace and stability at cost of freedom and rights for Indian people.

British officers in India

Sec 3: Colonial Rule in IndiaBenefits Costs

• Brought order & stability• New School system• Railroads, telegraph & postal

service established.

• Lost economic power to foreigners

• British textiles put women out of work.

• Zimandars collect taxes, abused power

• Cash crops instead of food crops.• Best of everything given to

Britons.• Indians never considered equals.

Indian Nationalism

•Indian nationalists work towards reforms of British system.•Eventually nationalists push for ouster of British completely.•Lawyer Mohandas Gandhi is leader.•Group uses nonviolent resistance to push for independence.

Indian nationalistMohandas Gandhi

Section 4: Nation Building in Latin America

Section 4 Nation Building in Latin America • After the Napoleonic Wars, Spanish and Portuguese authority in Latin America

became weak.• A slave revolt in Hispaniola was the first of many successful bids for

independence. • Many Europeans favored the restoration of Spanish control, but the American

Monroe Doctrine and British naval power discouraged European intervention. • Caudillos, or strong leaders backed by military force, took power throughout

Latin America. • American settlers in the Mexican state of Texas gained independence and, later,

American statehood. • Great Britain, and later the United States, became the dominant foreign power in

Latin America• . In the Spanish-American War, the United States gained control of Cuba and

Puerto Rico. American investment and military intervention in Latin America grew.

• Revolution in Mexico produced a new reformist constitution. • However, the new professional sector in Latin American society was generally

conservative and allied itself with landholding elites.

Section 4: Nation Building in Latin America.

Mexico Haiti Cuba S.America

Miguel Hidalgo (priest), Sept. 16, 1810 Mestizos rose up against Spanish, but were crushed. Agustin de Iturbide, became Emperor of Mexico in 1822

Originally called Hispaniola, revolt led by Francois-Dominique Toussaint-Louverture where slaves rose up to take control. First independent state in Latin America.

War with the US in 1898, the US received Puerto Rico in the deal. 1903 US supported a rebellion from Colombia that gave the US the Panama Canal.

Jose de San Martin (Argentina) Simon Bolivar (Venezuela) led revolts to free S. American countries from control of Spain and Portugal. By 1824 Peru, Uruguay, Paraguay, Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, Bolivia & Chile we free of Spain. 1822 Brazil was free from Portugal.

Peninsulares: Top social class. Spanish & Portuguese officials. Temporary residence. Creoles: First generation from Europeans. Wanted equality. Wanted everything to be ‘free’ (press, trade etc.)Mestizos: Largest social group, Indian & European blood. worked as servants or laborers.

• Ideals of American Revolution spur others in Latin America to seek independence.•Local people in Mexico and Bolivia revolt against their colonial masters.•Haitian Toussaint-Louverture leads successful slave revolt casting French out.

Toussaint-Louverture

of Haiti

Section 4: Nation Building in Latin America

• U.S. issues Monroe Doctrine to keep European nations out of Latin America.

• U.S. makes effort to keep friendly leaders in power.

• Revolutionary Emiliano Zapata rallies peasants to overthrow Mexican government in 1920.

Mexican revolutionary Emiliano Zapata

Review of Imperialism