Upload
harry-sumardi
View
226
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/2/2019 Heavy Oil the Road a Head
1/27
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI DAN SAINSBANDUNG
OLEH :HARRY RAMADHANSUMARDI
8/2/2019 Heavy Oil the Road a Head
2/27
PETROLEUM
What is Petroleum ?Petroleum is the general term for solid, liquid or gaseoushydrocarbons.
What is hydrocarbon ?Hydrocarbons are a class of organic compoundsconsisting only of carbon and hydrogenand which arethe basis of oil, natural gas and coal.
What is conventional crude oil ?Conventional is oil that flows naturally or that can bepumped without being heated or diluted.
8/2/2019 Heavy Oil the Road a Head
3/27
WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK2011
Global primary energy demand grows 40%
between 2009 & 2035, oil remain the leadingthrough natural gas demand rises the most in
absolute terms.
U.S. EIA, World Energy Outlook 2011, 2010
8/2/2019 Heavy Oil the Road a Head
4/27
WORLD ENERGYCONSUMPTION
8/2/2019 Heavy Oil the Road a Head
5/27
OIL AND GAS INDUSTRYTODAY
HigherDemand
LowerSupply
HigherE&P Cost
8/2/2019 Heavy Oil the Road a Head
6/27
Using EORNew EnergyResources
RenewableEnergy
8/2/2019 Heavy Oil the Road a Head
7/27
THE UNCONVENTIONAL
RESOURCES
What is unconventional resources ?Unconventional resources is petroleum produced andextracted usingtechniquesotherthan the conventionalmethod.
What is heavy oil or extra heavy oil ?Heavy oil and bitumen (the primary hydrocarbon component ofoil sands) are types of crude oil, a naturally occurringpetroleum.
What is oil sand ?Oil sand are mixtures of sand, water, clay and crude bitumen.
What is tar sand ?
Tar sand are sandstones saturated with heavy or extra-heavyoil.
8/2/2019 Heavy Oil the Road a Head
8/27
HEAVY OIL (DEFINITION)
Heavy oil is a crude oil with API gravity lower than 25
(API gravity < 25).
Changes on physical properties because biological,geological, or chemical process during hydrocarbon
migration or after hydrocarbon entrapment on the reservoirrock.
Heavy oil is crude oil which consist large amount of heaviermolecule structure such as asphaltenes, resins, and
preasphaltenes.
8/2/2019 Heavy Oil the Road a Head
9/27
HEAVY OIL CLASSIFICATION
(BASED MAINLY ON DOWNHOLEVISCOSITY)
100 cPo > > 10 cPo
25 > dAPI > 18
Mobile at resrvoir condition
MediumHeavy Oil (A
Class) 10.000 cPo > > 100 cPo 20 > dAPI > 7
Mobile at reservoir condition
Extra HeavyOil (B Class)
> 10.000 cPo
12 > dAPI > 7
Non mobile at reseroir condition
Tar Sands and
Bitumen (CClass)
No permaibility
Reseroir = source rock
Mining extraction only
Oil Shale
(D Class)
8/2/2019 Heavy Oil the Road a Head
10/27
WORLD HEAVY OIL IN PLACEDISCOVERED
North
America, 650
SouthAmerica, 1099
Europe, 75
Africa,83
Transcaucasia
, 52
MiddleEast,971
Russia,
182
SouthAsia,18
EastAsia,168
Southeast
Asiaand
Oceania, 68
8/2/2019 Heavy Oil the Road a Head
11/27
WHERE HEAVY OIL FOUND ?
8/2/2019 Heavy Oil the Road a Head
12/27
ORINOCO FIELD& DURI FIELD
Faja del Orinoco, Mene Grande, 1914
Thickness 550 ft
Depth 1,700 -2,350 ft
API gravity 8.4 -10 API
Oil production 264 BOPDW
IOIP 1.36 TBO
Porosity 30% - 35%
Rs 60 - 70 scf/bbl
Viscosity (dead oil) 5000 cP
Viscosity (live oil) 1200 - 2000 cP
Sand characteristic Unconsolidated
Compressibility 80 - 90 (10-6) psi-1
Reservoir Pressure 630 - 895 psi
Reservoir Temperature 100 -135 F
Duri Field
Thickness 120 ft
Depth 500 ft
Area 55,000 m2
API gravity 17 -21 API
Permeability 1,500 mD
IOIP 1.36 TBO
Porosity 34%
Rs 15 scf/bbl
Viscosity (100 F) 330 cP
Viscosity (300 F) 8.2 cP
8/2/2019 Heavy Oil the Road a Head
13/27
HOW HEAVY OIL FORMED ?
Heavy oil can be formed by :
1. Oil expelled from its source rock as immature oil.
2. Oil accumulation on the entrapment zone is later elevatedinto an oxidizing zone and several processes (waterwashing, bacterial degradation, and evaporation) can
convert the oil to heavy oil.3. Biodegradation occur at depth in subsurface reservoirs
(Tmax = 176 F). (Head, Jones, and Larter, 2003)
The low molecular weight components also may be lost throughwater washing in the reservoir, thermal fractionation, andevaporation when the reservoir is breached at the earths
surface. (Barker, 1979)
Found indication that 75% of the original oil constituents in the
C15+ range had been removed as a result of alterationprocesses. (Tannen-baum, Starinsky, and Aizenshtat,1987)
8/2/2019 Heavy Oil the Road a Head
14/27
GEOLOGICAL PROCESS
8/2/2019 Heavy Oil the Road a Head
15/27
BACTERIAL DEGRADATION
An active watersupply is
required to carrythe bacteria,
inorganicnutrients, and
oxygen to the oilreservoir, and toremove toxic by-
products, suchas hydrogen
sulfide, with lowweight
hydrocarbonsproviding the
8/2/2019 Heavy Oil the Road a Head
16/27
8/2/2019 Heavy Oil the Road a Head
17/27
Viscosity is the resistance a material has tochange in form. It is commonly described asinternal friction.
Viscosity (Physical Property)
Flows through reservoir very slowly : wellproduce at lower rates than light oil wells.
Heavy oil development involve lot of wells.
Waterflooding is not viable due to viscositycontrast between heavy oil and water.
Thermal techniques can be effective inincreasing recovery but energy balance is anissue and conditions must be just right in thereservoir.
Viscosity reduction : heat & dilution (diluent)
HEAVY OIL VISCOSITY
8/2/2019 Heavy Oil the Road a Head
18/27
HEAVY OIL
VISCOSITY
8/2/2019 Heavy Oil the Road a Head
19/27
Attribute Unit
ConventionalOil
Medium Oil Heavy OilNaturalBitumen
(131 basins,8148 deposits)
(74 basins, 774deposits)
(127 basins,1199 deposits)
(50 basins, 305deposits)
Depthft 5,139.60 3,280.20 3,250.00 1,223.80
C1-C4vol%
2.8 0.8 0.6
Gasoline + naphtha vol% 31.5 11.1 6.8 4.4
Conradson Carbon wt% 1.8 5.2 8 13.7
Coke wt% 2.9 8.2 13 23.7
Asphalt wt% 8.9 25.1 38.8 67
Carbon wt% 85.3 83.2 85.1 82.1
Hydrogen wt% 12.1 11.7 11.4 10.3
Nitrogen wt% 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6
Oxygen wt% 1.2 1.6 2.5
Sulfur wt% 0.4 1.6 2.9 4.4
Residuum vol% 22.1 39.8 52.8 62.2
Asphaltenes wt% 2.5 6.5 12.7 26.1
Asphaltenes + resins wt% 10.9 28.5 35.6 49.2
Aluminum ppm 1.174 1.906 236.021 21,040.03
Copper ppm 0.439 0.569 3.965 44.884
Iron ppm 6.443 16.588 371.05 4,292.96
Mercury ppm 19.312 15 8.74 0.019
Nickel ppm 8.023 32.912 59.106 89.137
Leadppm
0.933 1.548 1.159 4.758Titanium ppm 0.289 0.465 8.025 493.129
HEAVY OILCOMPONENT
Hydrogen Content(Chemical Property)
Heavy oil isdepleted in
hydrogen relativeto light oil.
Fewer refinedproducts arederived from heavyoil.
Heavy oil fetches alower price on themarket.
8/2/2019 Heavy Oil the Road a Head
20/27
HEAVY OIL DEPLETION
TECHNOLOGY
HeavyOilExtraction
Technology
Wells
Cold
Primary
Without Sand
High Density VerticalWells
Horizontal Wells
With Sand CHOPS*
EOR
Floods
Waterflood
Polymerflood
Solvent
NGLs
VAPEX**
CO2Microbial
Thermal (EOR)
Steam Drive
Cyclic SteamStimulation (CSS)
Steam Assisted GravityDrainage (SAGD)
Downhole ElectricHeating
In-Situ Combustion &THAIMining
Shaft
Open Pit Mining
Lower EconomyRecovery (
8/2/2019 Heavy Oil the Road a Head
21/27
RECOVERY METHODS
HeterogenReservoir Homogen
Reservoir
ColdPrimary
CHOPS
(Cold
Heavy OilProductionwith Sand)
Horizontal Wells &
Fish Bone Wells
SAGD
(SteamAssited
GravityDrainage)
CSS(CyclicSteam
Stimulation)
THAI & In-Situ
Combustion
Microbial
CO2 &Solvent
OilQ
uality
Low Viscosity
High Viscosity
8/2/2019 Heavy Oil the Road a Head
22/27
HORIZONTAL WELLS &MOTHERBORES
The horizontal well concept is to maximize contact with thereservoir. Horizontal wells are operationally simple as they
keep sand out, but recovery factor is likely low and welldensity must be high to compensate
8/2/2019 Heavy Oil the Road a Head
23/27
THERMALLY RECOVERY
METHODS
Cyclic Steam StimulationOr Huff & Puff
SAGD (SteamAssisted GravityDrainage)
EOR METHODS FOR HEAVY OIL
8/2/2019 Heavy Oil the Road a Head
24/27
EOR METHODS FOR HEAVY OILSHOWING PRIMARY THRESHOLDCRITERIA
8/2/2019 Heavy Oil the Road a Head
25/27
THANK
YOU
8/2/2019 Heavy Oil the Road a Head
26/27
REFERENSI
Extra Heavy Oil and Bitumen; Impact ofTechnologies on the Recoery Factor. Total S.A.,2003. (pdf)
Heavy Oil vs. Light Oil. British Petroleum plc.,2011. (pdf)
Heavy Oil and Natural Bitumen Resources inGeological Basins of the World. Meyer, Richard F;Attanasi, Emil D; Freemen, Philip A. USGS. 2007.(pdf)
Biological Activity in the Deep Subsurface and theOrigin of Heavy Oil. Head, Ian M; Jones, D.Martin; Larter, Steve R. Nature Publishing Group.
2003 (pdf)
http://www.centerforenergy.com/8/2/2019 Heavy Oil the Road a Head
27/27