HEART FAILURE ALERTSYSTEM USING RFID

TECHNOLOGY

-Paper Presented By,

S.Shiva Kumar P.Madhuri

IT 2nd year IT 2nd year

shiva_kumar_55@ madhuri_ bhavya@

yahoo.com yahoo.com

Ph.no:-9848911643 Ph no:-9705872187

Padmasri Dr . B . V . Raju Institute Of Technology

(Vishnupur, Narsapur, Medak District)

Heart Failure Alert System using Rfid Technology

.Abstract:

Now-a-days the deaths caused due

to the heart failure have been of major

concern .The majority of the deaths caused

by heart failures are due to the lack of

medical assistance in time. This paper

gives an insight of a new technology

that relates directly to the exploding

wireless marketplace. This technology is

a whole new wireless and RFID (Radio

Frequency Identification) enabled frontier

in which a victim’s actual location is

integral for providing valuable medical

services.

The paper will be demonstrating for the

first time ever the usage of wireless

telecommunications systems and

miniature sensor devices like RFID passive

Tags , that are smaller than a grain of rice

and equipped with a tiny antenna which

will capture and wirelessly transmit a

person's vital body-function data, such as

pulse or body temperature , to an

integrated ground station. In addition, the

antenna will also receive information

regarding the location of the individual from

the GPS (Global Positioning Satellite)

System. Both sets of data medical

information and location will then be

wirelessly transmitted to the ground station

and made available to save lives by

remotely monitoring the medical conditions

of at-risk patients and providing

emergency rescue units with the

person's exact location.

1. Introduction:

It is tough to declare convincingly

what is the most important organ of our

body.Infact every organ has its own

importance contributing and coordinating

superbly to keep the wonderful machine

the human body functioning smoothly.

And one of the primary organs which

the body cannot do without is the heart,

72 beats a minute or over a trillion in a

lifetime. The pump house of our body

pumping the blood to every corner of our

body every moment, thus sending oxygen

and nutrients to each and every cell. Over a

period of time, the heart muscles go weak,

the arteries get blocked and sometimes

because of a shock a part of the heart

stops functioning resulting in what is called

a HEART ATTACK. Heart attack is a

major cause of death and in today’s tension

full world it has become very common.

Presently there is no mechanism by

which a device monitors a person’s heart

24 hours a day, 7 days a week and

gives him instant protection in case of

problem. Our primary focus is on people

with a history of heart problem as they

are more prone to death due to heart

failure. In the 1970s, a group of

scientists at the Lawrence Livermore

Laboratory (LLL) realized that a handheld

receiver stimulated by RF power could send

back a coded radio signal. Such a system

could be connected to a simple computer

and used to control access to a secure

facility.

This system ultimately became one of the first building entry systems based on the first commercial use of RFID.

RFID or Radio Frequency identification is a technology that enables the tracking or identification of objects using IC based tags with an RF circuit and antenna, and RF readers that "read" and in some case modify the information stored in the IC memory. RFID is an automated data-capture technology that can be used to electronically identify, track, and store information about groups of products, individual items, or product components. The technology consists of three key pieces:

• RFID tags;

• RFID readers;

• A data collection and management system.

Rfid tags:

RFID tags are small or miniaturized computer chips programmed with information about a product or with a number that corresponds to information that is stored in a database. The tags can be

located inside or on the surface of the product, item, or packing material.

The RF tags could be divided in two major groups: Passive, where the power to energize the tag’s circuitry is draw from the reader generated field.

Active, in this case the tag has an internal power source, in general a battery that could be replaceable or not, in some case this feature limited the tag lifetime, but for some applications this is not important, or the tag is designed to live more than the typical time needed.

Rfid readers:

RFID readers are querying systems that interrogate or send signals to the tags and receive the responses. These responses can be stored within the reader for later transfer to a data collection system or instantaneously transferred to the data collection system. Like the tags themselves, RFID readers come in many sizes. RFID

readers are usually on, continually transmitting radio energy and awaiting any tags that enter their field of operation. However, for some applications, this is unnecessary and could be undesirable in battery-powered devices that need to conserve energy. Thus, it is possible to configure an RFID reader so that it sends the radio pulse only in response to an external event. For example, most electronic toll collection systems have the reader constantly powered upon that every passing car will be recorded. On the other hand, RFID scanners used in veterinarian’s offices are frequently equipped with triggers and power up the only when the trigger is pulled. The largest readers might consist of a desktop personal computer with a special card and multiple antennas connected to the card through shielded cable. Such a reader would typically have a network connection as well so that it could report tags that it reads to other computers. The smallest readers are the size of a postage stamp and are designed to be embedded in mobile telephones.2. General Model for Heart Failure Alert System:

The Heart Failure Alert System consists of:

• RFID Tag (Implanted into Human body).

• RFID Reader (Placed in a Cellular Phone).

• Global Positioning Satellite System.

• Locating & Tracking Station.

• Mobile Rescue Units.

The grain-sized RFID Tag is implanted into the human body, which keeps track of the heart pulse in the form of Voltage levels. A RFID Reader is placed into the Cellular Phone. The RFID Reader sends a Command to the RFID Tag which in turn sends these Voltage pulses in the form of bits using the Embedded Software in the Tag as Response which is a continuous process. These bit sequence is then sent to Software Program in the Cellular Phone as input and checks for the Condition of Heart Failure. If any sign of Failure is sensed then immediately an ALERT Signal will be generated and in turn results in the AUTODIALING to the Locating & Tracking Station. This station with the use of GPS System comes to know the Whereabouts of the Victim. The Locating & Tracking Station also simultaneously alerts the Rescue Units.

3. Working of implanted rfid tags:

Passive RFID systems typically couple the transmitter to the receiver with either load modulation or backscatter, depending on whether the tags are operating in the near or far field of the reader, respectively. In the near field, a tag couples with a reader via electromagnetic inductance. The antennas of both the reader and the tag are formed as coils, using many turns of small gauge wire. The reader communicates with the tag by modulating a carrier wave, which it does by varying the amplitude, phase, or frequency of the carrier, depending on the design of the RFID system in question. The tag communicates with the reader by varying how much it loads its antenna. This in turn affects the voltage across the reader’s antenna. By switching the load on and off rapidly, the tag can establish its own carrier frequency (really a sub carrier) that the tag

can in turn modulate to communicate its reply.

Fig: Grain sized RFID Tag:

RFID Tags are smaller than a grain of rice and equipped with a tiny antenna will capture and wirelessly transmit a person's vital body-function data, such as pulse and do not require line of sight. These tags are capable of identifying the Heart pulses in the form of Voltage levels and converts into a bit sequence. The first step in A-D Conversion is Pulse Amplitude Modulation(PAM).This takes an Analog signal, samples it and generates a sequence of pulses based on the results of the Sampling(measuring the Amplitude at equal intervals)PCM(Pulse Code Modulation)quantizes PAM Pulses.ie the method of assigning integral values in a specific range to sampled instances. The binary encoding of these integral values is done based on the Algorithm BIN_ENC depending on the Average Heart pulse voltage of the Victim (Avg_pulse).

Alg BIN_ENC:

Step1: Read the Analog Signals from the Heart. Step2: Sample the Analog Signal and generate series of pulses based on theResults of Sampling based on the Tag Frequency. Step3: Assign Integral Values to each Sampled Instances generated.Step4: Consider every Individual Sampled Unit and Compare with the Average Voltage Level of the Heart.

Step5: If the Sampled Instance Value is in between the avg_pulse Values

Then Assign BIT=0 Otherwise

Assign BIT=1

Step6: Generate the bit sequence by considering all the generated Individual Sample Instances.

Fig: Analog-Binary Digits Conversion in Tags

Working of rfid reader inside cellular phone:

The RFID reader sends a pulse of radio energy to the tag and listens for the Tag’s response. The tag detects this energy and sends back a response that contains the tag’s serial number and possibly other information as well. In simple RFID systems, the reader’s pulse of energy functioned as an on-off switch; in more sophisticated systems, the reader’s RF signal can contain commands to the tag, instructions to read or write memory that the tag contains. Historically, RFID readers were designed to read only a particular kind of tag, RFID readers are usually on, continually transmitting radio energy and awaiting any tags that enter their field of operation.

The Reader continuously sends the

Command to the tags and in turn receives the Voltage levels in the form of bit sequence as Response from the tags with the help of the BIN_ENC algorithm. The reader sends the received Bit Sequence to a software embedded in the cellular phone , In case of detection of a weak heart pulse this software automatically alerts the Tracking & Location station . The software uses the algorithm ALERT. Alg ALERT:

Step 1: Read the bit sequence from the Reader. Step 2: Count for the no of bit zeros in the data using a counter.Step 3: If you encounter a bit one,

then set counter to zero.Step 4: If the counter is equal to five

then go to Step 5 else go to Step 1.Step 5: Send alert to the nearest

Locating & Tracking Station.

4. Stages In Heart Failure Alert System:

Stage 1:

Fig: RFID Reader in cellular phone.The Tag continuously senses

the Heart Pulses, when the Reader sends a Command it sends the output of the BIN_ENC() as the Response to the Reader.

/*Module for the Conversion of Analog Signals to Binary digits*/

BIN_ENC()

{

Scanf (“The Value of the generated Sample %f”, Value); If (+Avg_pulse<Value<-Ang_pulse)

{Bit=0 ;}

else if (Value>+Avg_pulse || Value<-Avg_pulse) {Bit=1 ;}

}

Stage 2:

The bits obtained are sent to the ALERT() program to check whether the bit is ’BIT 0’ or ’BIT 1’.If a ‘BIT 0’ is encountered, the counter is incremented and again it checks for the next bit. If a ‘BIT 1’is encountered then counter is set to zero and it again checks for the next bit. If counter=5 then it alerts the Locating & Tracking Station.

/*Module for checking the Weak Pulse */

ALERT (){

if (bit==0){ counter++; }

else{counter=0 ;}

if(counter==5)

{

printf(“ Report ‘Weak Pulse Detected’ to Locating & Tracking System”);

counter=0;

}}

Stage 3:

Simultaneous ALERT to both the GPS System & Mobile Rescue Unit in order to alert the Rescue team in the Mobile Rescue Unit to indicate a possible Heart Failure within the radius of the Unit. The GPS System mean-while tracks the exact location of the Victim and it guides the Mobile Rescue Unit to the destination in time and provides immediate medical assistance to the Victim.

5. Conclusion:

This new technology will open up a new era in the field of Biomedical Engineering .The only drawback of this technology is that, It doesn’t give the promise of saving every person who is implanted with the tag and using this technology. In the near future; we would like to extend the technology so that every customer who is implanted with the tags and those who have been using the technology will be saved. The Worlds first GSM phone (NOKIA 5140)offering with RFID reading capability has already come into the market, In the near future the rfid readers would come into the wrist watches, which would be handy than the cellular phones. This new technology would probably become cheaper in the future. In the near future we hope this new technology would probably reduce the deaths due to heart failure.

Fig: Nokia 5140 Handset offering RIFD Reader

A Special ALERT message is sent to the Locating & Tracking System through the Cellular Phone by making use of features like AutoMessaging, Autodialling which will be provided by the Cellular Network Service Provider. Then the Locating & Tracking Station simultaneously sends an ALERT to the Mobile Rescue Unit and sends a request to GPS System for the proper location of the RFID Reader (or the Cellular Phone).6. Web References:

1.”Identity chip planted under the skin approved for use in Health care”.

URL: http://www.spychips.com 2.”RFID Tags and RFID Chips” URL: http://www.rfidjournal.com 3.”Latest Updates on RFID”